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題名 美國干預蘇丹內戰之研究(1983-2011)
United States intervention in Sudan Civil War (1983-2011)
作者 鄭雅文
Cheng, Ya-Wen
貢獻者 盧業中
鄭雅文
Cheng, Ya-Wen
關鍵詞 第三方干預內戰
內戰
美國
蘇丹內戰
國際和平行動
日期 2019
上傳時間 7-Aug-2019 16:58:19 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文的研究目的在於觀察美國干預蘇丹內戰的模式,了解其干預是否有助於蘇丹內戰和平結束。透過「第三方干預內戰」的相關文獻,以及當前國關學界對於「國際和平行動終結內戰的效果」的課題探討,來了解美國對蘇丹內戰的干預與國際社會所推動的和平進程的關係,以及對內戰結果的影響。

內戰情勢的變化與美國的干預模式,是本文主要探討的兩大重點。在具體的研究步驟上,以美國歷屆政府(柯林頓總統、小布希總統以及歐巴馬總統)作為章節的排序,呈現出兩個層次的內容,第一、內戰的背景因素:檢視蘇丹內戰的發展脈絡,進行深入的探討,以釐清問題的癥結與和平的阻礙,進一步評估國際社會介入的困難程度。第二、美國的干預模式:呈現美國政府對干預蘇丹內戰的思考與決策,以及實際干預的策略。

最後,本文研究發現,美國三任政府有三種不同的干預樣態。美國依據自身國家利益的考量,決定是否干預,以及使用何種態度和策略干預。而美國參與蘇丹內戰的意願與決心至關重要,尤其是國際社會介入內戰之環境困難程度越高的情況下,因為有美國強力的支持與資源投入,使得東非政府間發展管理局(Intergovernmental Authority on Development, IGAD) 所推動的和平談判進程得以成功,蘇丹內戰和平落幕。
參考文獻 參考文獻
中文文獻
一、專書
麥可‧曼德爾邦(Michael Mandelbaum)著;林添貴譯,美國如何丟掉世界?後冷戰時代美國外交政策的致命錯誤 (八旗文化,2017年)。
羅伯特‧柯林斯(Robert O. Collins)著,徐宏峰譯,蘇丹史 (北京:中國大百科全書出版社,2009年)。
羅伯特.凱根(Robert Kagan)與威廉.克里斯多爾(William Kristol)編,當前威脅:美國外交與國防政策的危機與契機 (國防部史政編譯局編印,民國91年)。
劉鴻武、姜恆昆編著,蘇丹 (北京:社會科學文獻出版,2008年6月)。
張蘊玲主編,西方新國際干預的理論與現實。張蘊玲主編。(北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2012)。
楊灝城主編,民族衝突與宗教爭端 (北京:人民出版社,1996年6月)。
約翰.史斑尼 (John Spanier);方海鶯譯,當代美國外交史 (桂冠圖書出版,1991年,初版三刷)。
二、期刊論文
鄒念祖,「美國柯林頓政府的海地政策」,美歐月刊,第10卷第2期 (84年2月),頁26。
楊彪,論冷戰後蘇丹與美國關係的演變,重慶交通大學學報(社會科學版),第14卷第4期 (2014年8月),頁105。




英文文獻
一、專書
Abrams, Elliot, ed., The Influence of Faith: Religious Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy, (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001).
Assefa, Hizkias, Mediation of Civil Wars: Approaches and Strategies- The Sudan Conflict, (Westview Press, 1987)
Beardsley, Kyle, The mediation dilemma (Cornell University Press Ithaca and London, 2011).
Bloomfield, Lincoln P. and Amelia C. Leiss, Controlling Small Wars: A Strategy for the 1970s (New York : Knopf, 1969).
Bratton, Michael and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa Regime Transition in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997).
Checkel, Jeffrey T., ed., Transnational dynamics of civil wars (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
Diehl, Paul and Ann Arbor ed., In The Scourge of War: New Extensions on an Old Problem (University of Michigan Press, 2004).
Esposito, John L., The Islamic threat: Myth or reality? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
Evans, Gareth J, God, Oil and Country : Changing the Logic of War in Sudan, (Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2002)
Finnemore, Martha, The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force (NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).
Flint, Julie and Alex de Waal, Darfur: A New History of a Long War, (New York: Zed Books, 2008)
Furley, Oliver and Roy May, Ending Africa’s Wars: Progressing to Peace, (Aldershot, ENG: Ashgate, 2006)
Grawert, Elke, ed., After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan, (James Currey, 2010)
Ikle, Fred Charles, Every War Must End (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971)
Jackson, Elmore, Meeting of Minds: A Way to Peace through Mediation (New York: McGraw Hill, 1952).
Johnson Douglas H., The root causes of Sudan’s civil wars: peace or truce (James Currey, 2011).
Kanter, Arnold and Linton F. Brooks, ed., US Intervention Policy for the Post-Cold War World: new challenges and new responses (the American Assembly, 1994).
Keddie, Nikki R. and Mark J. Gasiorowski. ed., Neither East nor West: Iran, the Soviet Union and the United States (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990)
Khalid, Mansour, The Paradox of Two Sudans: The CPA and the Road to Partition (Africa World Press, 2015).
Khalid, Mansour, War and Peace in Sudan: a Tale of Two Countries, (London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2010)
King, Charles., Ending Civil War (London ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1997).
Licklider, Roy, ed., In Stop the killing: How civil wars end (New York: New York University Press, 1993).
McLaughlin, Abraham, Why Sudan Has Become a Bush Priority, ( Christian Science Monitor, 2004)
McCormick, James, The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence, (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012)
Oren, Nissan, The Termination of Wars (Jerusalem: The Magness Press, 1982).
Rolandsen, Øystein H., and M. W. Daly, A History of South Sudan: From Slavery to Independence, (Cambridge University Press, UK, 2016)
Rosenau, James, ed., International Aspects of Civil Strife (Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964).
Stern, Paul C. and Daniel Druckman ed., International Conflict Resolution After the Cold War (National Research Council, 2000).
Stedman, Stephen John, The Internal Dimensions of Internal Conflicts (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996)
Tucker, David Skirmishes at the Edge of the Empire: The United States and International Terrorism, (Westport: Praeger, 1997).
Valentino, Benjamin A., Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004)
Waihenya, Waithaka, The Mediator, (Kenway Publicstions, 2006)
Wallensteen, Peter, Understanding conflict resolution: War, Peace and the Global System (London; Thousand Oaks, Cailf: SAGE Publication, 2007).
Zartman, I. William, ed., Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1995).
二、期刊論文
Arya, Shailender, “Sudan-Conflict, Terror and Oil,” Journal of Defense Studies ,Vol. 3, No.4, (2009) pp. 64-78
Balch-Lindsay, Dylan, Andrew J. Enterline and Kyle A. Joyse, “Third-Party Intervention and the Civil War Process,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol.45, No.3, (2008), pp. 345-363
Beardsley, Kyle, “Intervention without leverage: explaining the prevalence of weak mediators,“ International Interactions, Vol. 35, No.3, (2009), pp.272-297
Beardsley, Kyle, David Quinn, Bidisha Biswas, and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, “Mediation Style and Crisis Outcomes.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 50, No.1 (2006), pp. 58-86
East Journal, Vol. 44, No.4 (1990), pp.579-595
Bhikhu Parekh, “Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention,” International Political Science Review Vol. 18, No. 1, (1997) pp. 49-69
Gerges, Fawaz A., “The Kennedy Administration and the Egyptian-Saudi conflict in Yemen: Co-opting Arab Nationalism,” Middle East Journal Vol. 49 (1995), pp.292-311
Gent, Stephen E., “Strange Bedfellows: The Strategic Dynamics of Major Power Military Interventions,” The Journal of Politics, Vol 69, No. 4, (2007), pp.1089-1102.
Gerges, Fawaz A., “Islam and Muslims in the Mind of America,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 588 (2003), pp.73-89
Huliaras, Asteris, “Evangelists, Oil Companies, and Terrorists: The Bush Administration’s Policy towards Sudan, “ Orbis, Vol. 50, No. 4, (2006) pp.709-724.
Ikenberry, John G., “America’s Imperial Ambition,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.81, No.5, (2002), pp.44-60
Isak Svensson,“Mediation with Muscles or Minds? Exploring Power Mediators and Pure Mediators in Civil Wars.” International Negotiation, No.12, (May, 2007) pp.229-248
Jacob, Bercovitch, J. Theodore Anagnoson, and Donnette L. Wille, “Some conceptual issues and empirical trends in the study of successful mediation in international relations.” Journal of Peace Research, Vol.28, No.1 (1991) pp.7-17
Jakobsen, Peter Viggo, “National Interest, Humanitarianism or CNN: What Triggers UN Peace Enforcement after the Cold War?”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 33, No.2 (1996), pp.205-215
Kim, Sang Ki, “Third-party Intervention in Civil War and the Prospects for Postwar Development,“ Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.61, No.3 (2015), pp.615-642
Klare, Michael, and Daniel Volman, ‘‘Africa’s Oil and American National Security,’’ Third World Quarterly Vol. 27, No. 4 (2006), pp. 609-628
Kristol, William and Robert Kagan, “Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No.4 (1996), pp.18-48
Licklider, Roy, “The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993”, The American Political Science Review, Vol.89, No 3 (1995), pp.681-690
Lijphart, Arend, “Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method, “ The American Political Science Review, Vol 65, No. 3 (1971), pp.682-693
Lowrie, Arthur L., “The campaign against Islam and American foreign policy,” Middle East Policy Council, Vol.4, No.1 (1995), pp.210-219
Lutrwak, Edward, “Give War a Chance,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.78, No.4, (1999), pp.36-44.
Maoz, Zeev, "Peace by Empire: Conflict Outcomes and International Stability, 1816-1976." Journal of Peace Research, Vol.21, No.3 (1984) pp.227-241
Mason, T. David and Patrick J. Fett, “How Civil Wars End: A Rational Choice Approach,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 40, Vol. 40, No. 4 (1996), pp.546-568.
Mattes, Michaela and Burcu Savun, “Fostering Peace After Civil War: Commitment Problems and Agreement Design,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol.53, No. 3 (2009) pp.737-759
Michael G. Findley and Tze Kwang Teo, “Rethinking Third-Party Interventions into Civil Wars: An Actor-Centric Approach,” The Journal of Politics, Vol.68, No. 4 (2006), pp.828-837
Ott, Marvin, “Mediation as a Method of Conflict Resolution: Two Case,“ International Organization, Vol 26, No.4, (1972), pp.595-618.
Pape, Robert A., “Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work?”, International Security Vol.22, No.2 (1997), pp.90-136
Regan, Patrick M., “Conditions of Successful Third-Party Intervention in Intrastate Conflicts,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 40, No.2 (1996), pp. 336-359
Regan, Patrick M., “Third Party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.46, No.1 (2002), pp.55-73
Ross, Michael L., “How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases,” International Organization, Vol. 58, no. 1 (Winter, 2004), pp.35-67
Svensson, Isak, “Mediation with Muscles or Minds? Exploring Power Mediators and Pure Mediators in Civil Wars.” International Negotiation, Vol.12 (2007), pp.229-248
Voeten, Erik, “Outside Options and the Logic of Security Council Action.” American Political Science Review, Vol.95, No.4, (2001), pp.845-858
Volman, Daniel, “The Bush Administration on and African oil: The security Implications of US Energy Policy,” Interview of African Political Economy, Vol. 30, no.98 (2003) pp.573-584
Walter, Barbara F., ”The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement”, International Organization, Vol. 51, No.3 (1997), pp.335-364
Western, Jon, ‘‘Sources of Humanitarian Intervention: Beliefs, Information, and Advocacy in the U.S. Decisions on Somalia and Bosnia.’’ International Security, Vol 26, No.4 (2002) pp.112-142
三、政府文件
Blanchard, Lauren Ploch, “Sudan and South Sudan: Current Issues for Congress and U.S. Policy,” CRS Report, (October 5, 2012).
Blanchard, Lauren Ploch, “Conflict in South Sudan and the Challenges Ahead,” CRS Issue Brief for Congress, (September 22, 2016)
Dagne, Ted, “Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis, Peace Talks, Terrorism, and U.S. Policy,” CRS Issue Brief for Congress, (updated April 28, 2005)
Dagne, Ted, “Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis, Peace Talks, Terrorism, and U.S. Policy,” CRS report, (Updated April 12, 2006): 9.
Dagne, Ted, “Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur and Status of the North-South Peace Agreement,” CRS report, (June 2011)
Rennack, Diane E., “Sudan: Economic Sanctions,” Congressional Research Group, (October 11, 2005), in
Testimony on 27 May 1993 by Shirley Christian, Business Manager Frutarom, Inc., Before the Subcommittee on Trade of the House Committee on Ways and Means Hearing on the Use and Effect of Unilateral Trade Sanctions, (3 June 1999), in
U.S. Department of State, “A National Security Strategy for a New Century,” (May, 1997)
U.S. Department of State, “A National Security Strategy for a New Century,” (October 1998)
U.S. Department of State, “Patterns of Global Terrorism 2000,” Washington, D.C.State Sponsors of Terrorism, in < https://www.state.gov/j/ct/list/c14151.htm>
U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Effectiveness of U.S. Sanctions with Respect to Sudan,” Report to Congress, (January 2009), in
David R. Smock, “A New Approach to Peace in Sudan: Report on a USIP Consultation,” Special Report of United States Institute of Peace, no. 45 (1999), in
四、網路資源
(一) 智庫單位
Deng, Francis M. and J. Stephen Morrison, “U.S. Policy to End Sudan’s War, “ Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (February 2001)
Lobe, Jim, “U.S.-Sudan Terrorism Ties Spell Disaster for Anti-Khartoum Activists,’’ Foreign Policy in Focus, (Sept. 25, 2001), in
Smock, David R., “A New Approach to Peace in Sudan: Report on a USIP Consultation,” Special Report of United States Institute of Peace, (Feb 1999) in 智庫報告?!政府研究單位
“Blood, Oil and God: Change the Logic of War in the Sudan,” the Report of International Crisis Group, (29 Jan. 2002), in < https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/sudan/god-oil-and-country-changing-logic-war-sudan>
(二) 新聞
Abraham McLaughlin, ‘‘Why Sudan Has Become a Bush Priority,’’ Christian Science Monitor, (June 30, 2004) in < https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0630/p01s04-woaf.html>
BBC News
“New US sanctions imposed on Sudan,” BBC News, 4 November 1997, in
Davidson, Lee, “Bush Urged to Push for Religious Rights,” Deseret News, (October 9, 2001), in
Flounders, Sara, “The US Role in Darfur, Sudan,: Workers World (2006), in https://www.workers.org/2006/world/darfur-0608/>
New York Times
“U.S. Cruise Missiles Strike Sudan and Afghan Targets Tied to Terrorist Network,” New York Times, (August 21, 1998), in
“After Attack, U.S. Suspends Effort to End War in Sudan,” New York Times. (February 22 2002), in
Washington Post
Parmelee, Jennifer, “Sudan Denies `Khartoum-Tehran Axis` to Promote Islamic Regimes in Africa”, Washington Post, (March 12, 1992), in < https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/03/12/sudan-denies-khartoum-tehran-axis-to-promote-islamic-regimes-in-africa/bebdea34-373b-4a9c-bd89-d3b7bea7d6b3/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.edf9f7c17094>
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
105253003
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105253003
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 盧業中zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鄭雅文zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Cheng, Ya-Wenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 鄭雅文zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Cheng, Ya-Wenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2019en_US
dc.date.accessioned 7-Aug-2019 16:58:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 7-Aug-2019 16:58:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 7-Aug-2019 16:58:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0105253003en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/124989-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 105253003zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文的研究目的在於觀察美國干預蘇丹內戰的模式,了解其干預是否有助於蘇丹內戰和平結束。透過「第三方干預內戰」的相關文獻,以及當前國關學界對於「國際和平行動終結內戰的效果」的課題探討,來了解美國對蘇丹內戰的干預與國際社會所推動的和平進程的關係,以及對內戰結果的影響。

內戰情勢的變化與美國的干預模式,是本文主要探討的兩大重點。在具體的研究步驟上,以美國歷屆政府(柯林頓總統、小布希總統以及歐巴馬總統)作為章節的排序,呈現出兩個層次的內容,第一、內戰的背景因素:檢視蘇丹內戰的發展脈絡,進行深入的探討,以釐清問題的癥結與和平的阻礙,進一步評估國際社會介入的困難程度。第二、美國的干預模式:呈現美國政府對干預蘇丹內戰的思考與決策,以及實際干預的策略。

最後,本文研究發現,美國三任政府有三種不同的干預樣態。美國依據自身國家利益的考量,決定是否干預,以及使用何種態度和策略干預。而美國參與蘇丹內戰的意願與決心至關重要,尤其是國際社會介入內戰之環境困難程度越高的情況下,因為有美國強力的支持與資源投入,使得東非政府間發展管理局(Intergovernmental Authority on Development, IGAD) 所推動的和平談判進程得以成功,蘇丹內戰和平落幕。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與研究目的 1
第二節 研究途徑與研究方法 4
第三節 研究架構與章節安排 6
第四節 研究限制 8
第二章 文獻檢閱 9
第一節 美國干預內戰的動機、策略與辯論 9
第二節 蘇丹內戰的文獻探討 29
第三章 柯林頓政府時期(1993~2001年) 41
第一節 歷史回顧 41
第二節 國際情勢 45
第三節 美國考量 51
第四節 實際的政策作為 61
第五節 小結 66
第四章 小布希政府時期(2001-2009年) 69
第一節 國際情勢 69
第二節 美國考量 76
第三節 實際的政策作為 84
第四節 小結 92
第五章 歐巴馬政府時期(2009-2011年) 99
第一節 國際情勢 99
第二節 美國考量 104
第三節 實際的政策作為 111
第四節 小結 115
第六章 結論 118
參考文獻 129
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2292030 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105253003en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 第三方干預內戰zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 內戰zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 蘇丹內戰zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際和平行動zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 美國干預蘇丹內戰之研究(1983-2011)zh_TW
dc.title (題名) United States intervention in Sudan Civil War (1983-2011)en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻
中文文獻
一、專書
麥可‧曼德爾邦(Michael Mandelbaum)著;林添貴譯,美國如何丟掉世界?後冷戰時代美國外交政策的致命錯誤 (八旗文化,2017年)。
羅伯特‧柯林斯(Robert O. Collins)著,徐宏峰譯,蘇丹史 (北京:中國大百科全書出版社,2009年)。
羅伯特.凱根(Robert Kagan)與威廉.克里斯多爾(William Kristol)編,當前威脅:美國外交與國防政策的危機與契機 (國防部史政編譯局編印,民國91年)。
劉鴻武、姜恆昆編著,蘇丹 (北京:社會科學文獻出版,2008年6月)。
張蘊玲主編,西方新國際干預的理論與現實。張蘊玲主編。(北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2012)。
楊灝城主編,民族衝突與宗教爭端 (北京:人民出版社,1996年6月)。
約翰.史斑尼 (John Spanier);方海鶯譯,當代美國外交史 (桂冠圖書出版,1991年,初版三刷)。
二、期刊論文
鄒念祖,「美國柯林頓政府的海地政策」,美歐月刊,第10卷第2期 (84年2月),頁26。
楊彪,論冷戰後蘇丹與美國關係的演變,重慶交通大學學報(社會科學版),第14卷第4期 (2014年8月),頁105。




英文文獻
一、專書
Abrams, Elliot, ed., The Influence of Faith: Religious Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy, (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001).
Assefa, Hizkias, Mediation of Civil Wars: Approaches and Strategies- The Sudan Conflict, (Westview Press, 1987)
Beardsley, Kyle, The mediation dilemma (Cornell University Press Ithaca and London, 2011).
Bloomfield, Lincoln P. and Amelia C. Leiss, Controlling Small Wars: A Strategy for the 1970s (New York : Knopf, 1969).
Bratton, Michael and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa Regime Transition in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997).
Checkel, Jeffrey T., ed., Transnational dynamics of civil wars (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
Diehl, Paul and Ann Arbor ed., In The Scourge of War: New Extensions on an Old Problem (University of Michigan Press, 2004).
Esposito, John L., The Islamic threat: Myth or reality? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
Evans, Gareth J, God, Oil and Country : Changing the Logic of War in Sudan, (Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2002)
Finnemore, Martha, The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force (NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).
Flint, Julie and Alex de Waal, Darfur: A New History of a Long War, (New York: Zed Books, 2008)
Furley, Oliver and Roy May, Ending Africa’s Wars: Progressing to Peace, (Aldershot, ENG: Ashgate, 2006)
Grawert, Elke, ed., After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan, (James Currey, 2010)
Ikle, Fred Charles, Every War Must End (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971)
Jackson, Elmore, Meeting of Minds: A Way to Peace through Mediation (New York: McGraw Hill, 1952).
Johnson Douglas H., The root causes of Sudan’s civil wars: peace or truce (James Currey, 2011).
Kanter, Arnold and Linton F. Brooks, ed., US Intervention Policy for the Post-Cold War World: new challenges and new responses (the American Assembly, 1994).
Keddie, Nikki R. and Mark J. Gasiorowski. ed., Neither East nor West: Iran, the Soviet Union and the United States (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990)
Khalid, Mansour, The Paradox of Two Sudans: The CPA and the Road to Partition (Africa World Press, 2015).
Khalid, Mansour, War and Peace in Sudan: a Tale of Two Countries, (London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2010)
King, Charles., Ending Civil War (London ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1997).
Licklider, Roy, ed., In Stop the killing: How civil wars end (New York: New York University Press, 1993).
McLaughlin, Abraham, Why Sudan Has Become a Bush Priority, ( Christian Science Monitor, 2004)
McCormick, James, The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence, (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012)
Oren, Nissan, The Termination of Wars (Jerusalem: The Magness Press, 1982).
Rolandsen, Øystein H., and M. W. Daly, A History of South Sudan: From Slavery to Independence, (Cambridge University Press, UK, 2016)
Rosenau, James, ed., International Aspects of Civil Strife (Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964).
Stern, Paul C. and Daniel Druckman ed., International Conflict Resolution After the Cold War (National Research Council, 2000).
Stedman, Stephen John, The Internal Dimensions of Internal Conflicts (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996)
Tucker, David Skirmishes at the Edge of the Empire: The United States and International Terrorism, (Westport: Praeger, 1997).
Valentino, Benjamin A., Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004)
Waihenya, Waithaka, The Mediator, (Kenway Publicstions, 2006)
Wallensteen, Peter, Understanding conflict resolution: War, Peace and the Global System (London; Thousand Oaks, Cailf: SAGE Publication, 2007).
Zartman, I. William, ed., Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1995).
二、期刊論文
Arya, Shailender, “Sudan-Conflict, Terror and Oil,” Journal of Defense Studies ,Vol. 3, No.4, (2009) pp. 64-78
Balch-Lindsay, Dylan, Andrew J. Enterline and Kyle A. Joyse, “Third-Party Intervention and the Civil War Process,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol.45, No.3, (2008), pp. 345-363
Beardsley, Kyle, “Intervention without leverage: explaining the prevalence of weak mediators,“ International Interactions, Vol. 35, No.3, (2009), pp.272-297
Beardsley, Kyle, David Quinn, Bidisha Biswas, and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, “Mediation Style and Crisis Outcomes.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 50, No.1 (2006), pp. 58-86
East Journal, Vol. 44, No.4 (1990), pp.579-595
Bhikhu Parekh, “Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention,” International Political Science Review Vol. 18, No. 1, (1997) pp. 49-69
Gerges, Fawaz A., “The Kennedy Administration and the Egyptian-Saudi conflict in Yemen: Co-opting Arab Nationalism,” Middle East Journal Vol. 49 (1995), pp.292-311
Gent, Stephen E., “Strange Bedfellows: The Strategic Dynamics of Major Power Military Interventions,” The Journal of Politics, Vol 69, No. 4, (2007), pp.1089-1102.
Gerges, Fawaz A., “Islam and Muslims in the Mind of America,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 588 (2003), pp.73-89
Huliaras, Asteris, “Evangelists, Oil Companies, and Terrorists: The Bush Administration’s Policy towards Sudan, “ Orbis, Vol. 50, No. 4, (2006) pp.709-724.
Ikenberry, John G., “America’s Imperial Ambition,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.81, No.5, (2002), pp.44-60
Isak Svensson,“Mediation with Muscles or Minds? Exploring Power Mediators and Pure Mediators in Civil Wars.” International Negotiation, No.12, (May, 2007) pp.229-248
Jacob, Bercovitch, J. Theodore Anagnoson, and Donnette L. Wille, “Some conceptual issues and empirical trends in the study of successful mediation in international relations.” Journal of Peace Research, Vol.28, No.1 (1991) pp.7-17
Jakobsen, Peter Viggo, “National Interest, Humanitarianism or CNN: What Triggers UN Peace Enforcement after the Cold War?”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 33, No.2 (1996), pp.205-215
Kim, Sang Ki, “Third-party Intervention in Civil War and the Prospects for Postwar Development,“ Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.61, No.3 (2015), pp.615-642
Klare, Michael, and Daniel Volman, ‘‘Africa’s Oil and American National Security,’’ Third World Quarterly Vol. 27, No. 4 (2006), pp. 609-628
Kristol, William and Robert Kagan, “Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No.4 (1996), pp.18-48
Licklider, Roy, “The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993”, The American Political Science Review, Vol.89, No 3 (1995), pp.681-690
Lijphart, Arend, “Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method, “ The American Political Science Review, Vol 65, No. 3 (1971), pp.682-693
Lowrie, Arthur L., “The campaign against Islam and American foreign policy,” Middle East Policy Council, Vol.4, No.1 (1995), pp.210-219
Lutrwak, Edward, “Give War a Chance,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.78, No.4, (1999), pp.36-44.
Maoz, Zeev, "Peace by Empire: Conflict Outcomes and International Stability, 1816-1976." Journal of Peace Research, Vol.21, No.3 (1984) pp.227-241
Mason, T. David and Patrick J. Fett, “How Civil Wars End: A Rational Choice Approach,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 40, Vol. 40, No. 4 (1996), pp.546-568.
Mattes, Michaela and Burcu Savun, “Fostering Peace After Civil War: Commitment Problems and Agreement Design,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol.53, No. 3 (2009) pp.737-759
Michael G. Findley and Tze Kwang Teo, “Rethinking Third-Party Interventions into Civil Wars: An Actor-Centric Approach,” The Journal of Politics, Vol.68, No. 4 (2006), pp.828-837
Ott, Marvin, “Mediation as a Method of Conflict Resolution: Two Case,“ International Organization, Vol 26, No.4, (1972), pp.595-618.
Pape, Robert A., “Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work?”, International Security Vol.22, No.2 (1997), pp.90-136
Regan, Patrick M., “Conditions of Successful Third-Party Intervention in Intrastate Conflicts,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 40, No.2 (1996), pp. 336-359
Regan, Patrick M., “Third Party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.46, No.1 (2002), pp.55-73
Ross, Michael L., “How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases,” International Organization, Vol. 58, no. 1 (Winter, 2004), pp.35-67
Svensson, Isak, “Mediation with Muscles or Minds? Exploring Power Mediators and Pure Mediators in Civil Wars.” International Negotiation, Vol.12 (2007), pp.229-248
Voeten, Erik, “Outside Options and the Logic of Security Council Action.” American Political Science Review, Vol.95, No.4, (2001), pp.845-858
Volman, Daniel, “The Bush Administration on and African oil: The security Implications of US Energy Policy,” Interview of African Political Economy, Vol. 30, no.98 (2003) pp.573-584
Walter, Barbara F., ”The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement”, International Organization, Vol. 51, No.3 (1997), pp.335-364
Western, Jon, ‘‘Sources of Humanitarian Intervention: Beliefs, Information, and Advocacy in the U.S. Decisions on Somalia and Bosnia.’’ International Security, Vol 26, No.4 (2002) pp.112-142
三、政府文件
Blanchard, Lauren Ploch, “Sudan and South Sudan: Current Issues for Congress and U.S. Policy,” CRS Report, (October 5, 2012).
Blanchard, Lauren Ploch, “Conflict in South Sudan and the Challenges Ahead,” CRS Issue Brief for Congress, (September 22, 2016)
Dagne, Ted, “Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis, Peace Talks, Terrorism, and U.S. Policy,” CRS Issue Brief for Congress, (updated April 28, 2005)
Dagne, Ted, “Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis, Peace Talks, Terrorism, and U.S. Policy,” CRS report, (Updated April 12, 2006): 9.
Dagne, Ted, “Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur and Status of the North-South Peace Agreement,” CRS report, (June 2011)
Rennack, Diane E., “Sudan: Economic Sanctions,” Congressional Research Group, (October 11, 2005), in
Testimony on 27 May 1993 by Shirley Christian, Business Manager Frutarom, Inc., Before the Subcommittee on Trade of the House Committee on Ways and Means Hearing on the Use and Effect of Unilateral Trade Sanctions, (3 June 1999), in
U.S. Department of State, “A National Security Strategy for a New Century,” (May, 1997)
U.S. Department of State, “A National Security Strategy for a New Century,” (October 1998)
U.S. Department of State, “Patterns of Global Terrorism 2000,” Washington, D.C.State Sponsors of Terrorism, in < https://www.state.gov/j/ct/list/c14151.htm>
U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Effectiveness of U.S. Sanctions with Respect to Sudan,” Report to Congress, (January 2009), in
David R. Smock, “A New Approach to Peace in Sudan: Report on a USIP Consultation,” Special Report of United States Institute of Peace, no. 45 (1999), in
四、網路資源
(一) 智庫單位
Deng, Francis M. and J. Stephen Morrison, “U.S. Policy to End Sudan’s War, “ Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (February 2001)
Lobe, Jim, “U.S.-Sudan Terrorism Ties Spell Disaster for Anti-Khartoum Activists,’’ Foreign Policy in Focus, (Sept. 25, 2001), in
Smock, David R., “A New Approach to Peace in Sudan: Report on a USIP Consultation,” Special Report of United States Institute of Peace, (Feb 1999) in 智庫報告?!政府研究單位
“Blood, Oil and God: Change the Logic of War in the Sudan,” the Report of International Crisis Group, (29 Jan. 2002), in < https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/sudan/god-oil-and-country-changing-logic-war-sudan>
(二) 新聞
Abraham McLaughlin, ‘‘Why Sudan Has Become a Bush Priority,’’ Christian Science Monitor, (June 30, 2004) in < https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0630/p01s04-woaf.html>
BBC News
“New US sanctions imposed on Sudan,” BBC News, 4 November 1997, in
Davidson, Lee, “Bush Urged to Push for Religious Rights,” Deseret News, (October 9, 2001), in
Flounders, Sara, “The US Role in Darfur, Sudan,: Workers World (2006), in https://www.workers.org/2006/world/darfur-0608/>
New York Times
“U.S. Cruise Missiles Strike Sudan and Afghan Targets Tied to Terrorist Network,” New York Times, (August 21, 1998), in
“After Attack, U.S. Suspends Effort to End War in Sudan,” New York Times. (February 22 2002), in
Washington Post
Parmelee, Jennifer, “Sudan Denies `Khartoum-Tehran Axis` to Promote Islamic Regimes in Africa”, Washington Post, (March 12, 1992), in < https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/03/12/sudan-denies-khartoum-tehran-axis-to-promote-islamic-regimes-in-africa/bebdea34-373b-4a9c-bd89-d3b7bea7d6b3/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.edf9f7c17094>
zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU201900546en_US