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題名 藉由線上景點形象了解旅遊者的資訊需求與景點印象
Knowing tourists’ information needs and destination impression through online destination image作者 鄭吉廷
Cheng, Chi-Ting貢獻者 林怡伶
Lin, Yi-Ling
鄭吉廷
Cheng, Chi-Ting關鍵詞 資訊需求
景點印象
景點形象
線上評論
線上景點形象
分類法
文字探勘
Information needs
destination impression
destination image
online opinion
online destination image
classification
text mining日期 2019 上傳時間 5-Sep-2019 15:45:32 (UTC+8) 摘要 對於旅遊業來說，了解旅客的行為非常的重要。資訊需求是使用者在遇到問題時，透過了解問題本身後所提出如何解決該問題的需求。由於眾多旅遊網站並沒有針對使用者提供合適的資訊，因此其內容通常很難滿足使用者的資訊需求。本研究的目的是想要發現台灣旅客的對於景點的資訊需求與其景點印象以及線上景點形象之間的關係。除了利用傳統的問卷調查方法之外，本研究還利用文字探勘技術分析線上景點評論將線上景點進行分類，並與問卷調查的結果進行比較。本研究利用正規化收尋引擎指標(NDCG)來計算使用者排序的相似度，研究結果指出 (1) 如果網站提供足夠的資訊來滿足使用者的資訊需求，可以加深使用者對於景點的印象。同時也發現使用者對相同類型的景點有相似的景點印象。 (2) 使用者在流覽整體旅遊網站時的資訊需求跟流覽特定景點的資訊需求相似 (3) 對於某些景點來說，其線上景點形象跟景點印象的相似度及線上景點形象跟使用者的資訊需求的相似度呈現相反的情形。本研究結果將能幫助政府或者是旅遊業者，藉以提供不同的資訊來滿足使用者的資訊需求，並且令使用者對於景點有更深刻的印象。
Recognizing tourists’ behaviour is crucial in tourism. Information need reflect individual’s understanding of their information problem and the propose their need. Websites content is often hard to meet users’ information needs due to mismatched information. The purpose of this study is to discover the relationship between tourists’ information needs, destination impression and online destination image in Taiwan. Apart from the traditional questionnaire approach, this study adopts text-mining techniques to classify online opinion from Tripadvisor and compare to the results of questionnaires. This study uses normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG) to calculate the similarity of users’ preference ranking. The result shows that (1) If a website provides sufficient information to fulfill users’ information needs, it can increase users’ impression of the destination. Meanwhile, users have similar impression of the same type of destinations. (2) Tourists’ general information needs are similar to their information needs of a particular destination. (3) The relationships between online opinion and impression and between online opinion and information needs of a destination are opposite. The result of this study can help travel agents or the government to provide different information to satisfy tourists’’ information needs and promote the impression of a destination.參考文獻 Agichtein, E. (2008). Finding the right facts in the crowd : Factoid question answering over social media. In Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 467–476).Baloglu, S., &Mccleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868–897.Beerli, A., &Martı, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657–681.Chang, Y. C., Ku, C. H., &Chen, C. H. (2017). Social media analytics: Extracting and visualizing Hilton hotel ratings and reviews from TripAdvisor. International Journal of Information Management.Chen, C., &Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions ? Tourism Management, 28(4), 1115–1122.Chen, P.-J., &Kerstetter, D. L. (1999). International students’ image of rural pennsylvania as a travel destination. Journal of Travel Research, 37(3), 256–266.Chi, C. G.-Q. H. Q. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image , tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty : An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624–636.Chi, E. H., Pirolli, P., Chen, K., &Pitkow, J. (2001). Using information scent to model user information needs and actions on the web. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 490–497).Choi, W. M., Chan, A., &Wu, J. (1999). A qualitative and quantitative assessment of Hong Kong’s image as a tourist destination. Tourism Management, 20(3), 361–365.Crompton, J. L. (1979). An assessment of the image of Mexico as geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18–23.Dadgostar, B., &Isotalo, R. M. (1992). Factors affecting time spent by near-home tourists in city destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 31(2), 34–39.Echtner, C. M., &Ritchie, J. R. B. (1993). The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3–13.Eichhorn, V. (2008). Enabling access to toruism through information schemes? Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 189–210.Fakeye, P. C., &Crompton, J. L. (1991). Image differences between prospective , first-time , and repeat visitors to the lower rio grande valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2), 10–16.Fornell, C., &David F, L. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics., 382–388.Fornell, C., &Larcker., D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics.Fotis, J., Buhalis, D., &Rossides, N. (2012). Social media use and impact during the holiday travel planning process. Springer-Verlag.George, D. (2011). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple study guide and reference.Giachanou, A., &Crestani, F. (2016). Like it or not: A survey of Twitter sentiment analysis methods. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 49(2), 28.Guo, Y., Barnes, S. J., &Jia, Q. (2017). Mining meaning from online ratings and reviews: Tourist satisfaction analysis using latent dirichlet allocation. Tourism Management, 59, 467–483.Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., &Tatham, R. L. (2009). Análise multivariada de dados.He, W., Zha, S., &Li, L. (2013). Social media competitive analysis and text mining: A case study in the pizza industry. International Journal of Information Management, 33(3), 464–472.Hofstede, G. (n.d.). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. In 1980.Holsapple, C., Hsiao, S.-H., &Pakath, R. (2014). Business social media analytics: Definition, benefits, and challenges. 20th Americas Conference on Information Systems, AMCIS 2014, (2010), 1–12.Hunt, J. D. (1975). Image as a Factor in Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 13(3), 1–7.Inversini, A., &Dimitrios, B. (2009). Information convergence in the long tail: The case of tourism destination information. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, 381–392.Järvelin, K., &Kekäläinen, J. (2002). Cumulated gain-based evaluation of IR techniques. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 20(4), 422–446.Kaplan, A. M., &Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68.Kim, H., &Fesenmaier, D. R. (2008). Persuasive Design of Destination Websites : An Analysis of First Impression. Journal of Travel Research, 47(1), 3–13.Ko, A. J., Deline, R., &Venolia, G. (2007). Information Needs in Collocated Software Development Teams. In Proceedings of the 29th international conference on Software Engineering (pp. 344–353).Kuzmanovic, B., Schilbach, L., &Lehnhardt, F. (2018). A matter of words: Impact of verbal and nonverbal information on impression formation in high-functioning autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 604–613.Lee, C., Lee, Y., &Lee, B. (2005). Korea’s destination image formed by the 2002 World Cup. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 839–858.Lee, C. S., Goh, D. H.-L., Chua, A. Y. K., &Ang, R. P. (2010). Indagator : Investigating perceived gratifications of an application that blends mobile content sharing with gameplay. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(6), 1244–1257.Lee, G., &Lee, C. K. (2009). Cross-cultural comparison of the image of Guam perceived by Korean and Japanese leisure travelers: Importance-performance analysis. Tourism Management, 30(6), 922–931.Line, M. B. (1974). Draft definitions: information and library needs, wants, demands and uses. In Aslib proceedings (p. 87).Liu, Z., &Park, S. (2015). What makes a useful online review? Implication for travel product websites. Tourism Management, 47, 140–151.Llodrà-Riera, I., Martínez-Ruiz, M. P., Jiménez-Zarco, A. I., &Izquierdo-Yusta, A. (2015). A multidimensional analysis of the information sources construct and its relevance for destination image formation. Tourism Management, 48, 319–328.Lu, W., &Stepchenkova, S. (2014). User-generated content as a research mode in tourism and hospitality applications: Topics, methods, and software. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 24(2), 119–154.Mankad, S., &Goh, J. (2016). Understanding online hotel reviews through automated text analysis. Service Science, 8(2), 124–138.Moghavvemi, S., Ormond, M., Musa, G., Ruhana, C., Isa, M., Thirumoorthi, T., …Chandy, C. (2017). Connecting with prospective medical tourists online: A cross-sectional analysis of private hospital websites promoting medical tourism in India, Malaysia and Thailand. Tourism Management, 58, 154–163.Money, R. B., &Crotts, J. C. (2003). The effect of uncertainty avoidance on information search , planning , and purchases of international travel vacations. Tourism Management, 24(2), 191–202.Moore-West, M., Northup, D., Skipper, B., & Teaf, D. (1984). Information-seeking behavior among physicians practicing in urban and nonurban areas. In Research in medical education: proceedings of the... annual Conference. Conference on Research in Medical Education. (pp. 237–242).Nadeau, J., Heslop, L., &Luk, P. (2008). Destination in a country image context. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 84–106.Noar, S. M. (2003). The role of structural equation modeling in scale development. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(4), 622–647.Pyo, S. (2005). Knowledge map for tourist destinations—needs and implications. Tourism Management, 26(4), 583–594.Riley, R. W., &Doren, C. S.Van. (1992). Movies as tourism promotion: A"pull" factor in a “push” location. Tourism Management, 13(3), 267–274.Shoemaker, S., &Lewis, R. C. (1999). Customer loyalty : The future of hospitality marketing. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 18(4), 345–370.Taylor, R. S. (1968). Question-Negotiation and information seeking in libraries, 178–194.Vlachos, G. (2012). Online travel statistics.Wong, C. U. I., &Qi, S. (2017). Tracking the evolution of a destination’s image by text-mining online reviews - the case of Macau. Tourism Management Perspectives, 23, 19–29.Xiang, Z., &Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31(2), 179–188.Zhang, H. yu, Ji, P., Wang, J. qiang, &Chen, X. hong. (2017). A novel decision support model for satisfactory restaurants utilizing social information: A case study of TripAdvisor.com. Tourism Management, 59, 281–297. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊管理學系
106356032資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106356032 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林怡伶 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Yi-Ling en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鄭吉廷 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Cheng, Chi-Ting en_US dc.creator (作者) 鄭吉廷 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Cheng, Chi-Ting en_US dc.date (日期) 2019 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-Sep-2019 15:45:32 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-Sep-2019 15:45:32 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Sep-2019 15:45:32 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106356032 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/125533 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 資訊管理學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 106356032 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 對於旅遊業來說，了解旅客的行為非常的重要。資訊需求是使用者在遇到問題時，透過了解問題本身後所提出如何解決該問題的需求。由於眾多旅遊網站並沒有針對使用者提供合適的資訊，因此其內容通常很難滿足使用者的資訊需求。本研究的目的是想要發現台灣旅客的對於景點的資訊需求與其景點印象以及線上景點形象之間的關係。除了利用傳統的問卷調查方法之外，本研究還利用文字探勘技術分析線上景點評論將線上景點進行分類，並與問卷調查的結果進行比較。本研究利用正規化收尋引擎指標(NDCG)來計算使用者排序的相似度，研究結果指出 (1) 如果網站提供足夠的資訊來滿足使用者的資訊需求，可以加深使用者對於景點的印象。同時也發現使用者對相同類型的景點有相似的景點印象。 (2) 使用者在流覽整體旅遊網站時的資訊需求跟流覽特定景點的資訊需求相似 (3) 對於某些景點來說，其線上景點形象跟景點印象的相似度及線上景點形象跟使用者的資訊需求的相似度呈現相反的情形。本研究結果將能幫助政府或者是旅遊業者，藉以提供不同的資訊來滿足使用者的資訊需求，並且令使用者對於景點有更深刻的印象。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Recognizing tourists’ behaviour is crucial in tourism. Information need reflect individual’s understanding of their information problem and the propose their need. Websites content is often hard to meet users’ information needs due to mismatched information. The purpose of this study is to discover the relationship between tourists’ information needs, destination impression and online destination image in Taiwan. Apart from the traditional questionnaire approach, this study adopts text-mining techniques to classify online opinion from Tripadvisor and compare to the results of questionnaires. This study uses normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG) to calculate the similarity of users’ preference ranking. The result shows that (1) If a website provides sufficient information to fulfill users’ information needs, it can increase users’ impression of the destination. Meanwhile, users have similar impression of the same type of destinations. (2) Tourists’ general information needs are similar to their information needs of a particular destination. (3) The relationships between online opinion and impression and between online opinion and information needs of a destination are opposite. The result of this study can help travel agents or the government to provide different information to satisfy tourists’’ information needs and promote the impression of a destination. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgement 6摘要 7Abstract 8CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 11.1 Research background and motivation 11.2 Research purpose and questions 3CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 52.1 Destination image and impression 52.2 Information needs of tourists 62.3 Relationship between destination impression and information needs 72.4 Social media data analytics in tourism 7CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 93.1 Research design 93.2 Target attraction selection 103.3 Questionnaire 103.3.1 Questionnaire design 103.3.2 Measurement 113.3.3 Pilot test 133.3.4 Sample design and data collection 153.4 Text mining 173.4.1 Sample design and data collection 173.4.2 Construct lexicon 193.5 Application and evaluation 20CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 224.1 Questionnaire analysis 224.1.1 Reliability analysis and factor analysis 224.1.2 Narrative statistical analysis 224.1.3 Target destination pre-impression and post impression 284.1.3.1 Friedman test and Bonferroni correction 284.1.3.2 Pre- and Post- impression Anova analysis 334.1.4 Target destination pre and post- impression among destination types 334.1.5 Similarity between information needs and general information needs of the target destination 344.1.6 Similarity between impression and information needs of the target destination 354.2 Review analysis by text mining 364.3 Integrated analysis 374.3.1 Similarity between impression and online opinion of the target destination 374.3.2 Similarity between information needs and online opinion of the target destination 38CAPTURE 5 DISCUSSIONS 40CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 466.1 Summary 466.2 Contribution 466.3 Limitations and implications of future research 47REFERENCE 49APPENDIX A: COMPLETE QUESTIONNAIRE (CHINESE VERSION) 54 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1617639 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106356032 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資訊需求 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 景點印象 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 景點形象 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 線上評論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 線上景點形象 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 分類法 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 文字探勘 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Information needs en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) destination impression en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) destination image en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) online opinion en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) online destination image en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) classification en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) text mining en_US dc.title (題名) 藉由線上景點形象了解旅遊者的資訊需求與景點印象 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Knowing tourists’ information needs and destination impression through online destination image en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Agichtein, E. (2008). Finding the right facts in the crowd : Factoid question answering over social media. In Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 467–476).Baloglu, S., &Mccleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868–897.Beerli, A., &Martı, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657–681.Chang, Y. C., Ku, C. H., &Chen, C. H. (2017). Social media analytics: Extracting and visualizing Hilton hotel ratings and reviews from TripAdvisor. International Journal of Information Management.Chen, C., &Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions ? Tourism Management, 28(4), 1115–1122.Chen, P.-J., &Kerstetter, D. L. (1999). International students’ image of rural pennsylvania as a travel destination. Journal of Travel Research, 37(3), 256–266.Chi, C. G.-Q. H. Q. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image , tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty : An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624–636.Chi, E. H., Pirolli, P., Chen, K., &Pitkow, J. (2001). Using information scent to model user information needs and actions on the web. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 490–497).Choi, W. M., Chan, A., &Wu, J. (1999). A qualitative and quantitative assessment of Hong Kong’s image as a tourist destination. Tourism Management, 20(3), 361–365.Crompton, J. L. (1979). An assessment of the image of Mexico as geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18–23.Dadgostar, B., &Isotalo, R. M. (1992). Factors affecting time spent by near-home tourists in city destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 31(2), 34–39.Echtner, C. M., &Ritchie, J. R. B. (1993). The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3–13.Eichhorn, V. (2008). Enabling access to toruism through information schemes? Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 189–210.Fakeye, P. C., &Crompton, J. L. (1991). Image differences between prospective , first-time , and repeat visitors to the lower rio grande valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2), 10–16.Fornell, C., &David F, L. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics., 382–388.Fornell, C., &Larcker., D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics.Fotis, J., Buhalis, D., &Rossides, N. (2012). Social media use and impact during the holiday travel planning process. Springer-Verlag.George, D. (2011). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple study guide and reference.Giachanou, A., &Crestani, F. (2016). Like it or not: A survey of Twitter sentiment analysis methods. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 49(2), 28.Guo, Y., Barnes, S. J., &Jia, Q. (2017). Mining meaning from online ratings and reviews: Tourist satisfaction analysis using latent dirichlet allocation. Tourism Management, 59, 467–483.Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., &Tatham, R. L. (2009). Análise multivariada de dados.He, W., Zha, S., &Li, L. (2013). Social media competitive analysis and text mining: A case study in the pizza industry. International Journal of Information Management, 33(3), 464–472.Hofstede, G. (n.d.). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. In 1980.Holsapple, C., Hsiao, S.-H., &Pakath, R. (2014). Business social media analytics: Definition, benefits, and challenges. 20th Americas Conference on Information Systems, AMCIS 2014, (2010), 1–12.Hunt, J. D. (1975). Image as a Factor in Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 13(3), 1–7.Inversini, A., &Dimitrios, B. (2009). Information convergence in the long tail: The case of tourism destination information. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, 381–392.Järvelin, K., &Kekäläinen, J. (2002). Cumulated gain-based evaluation of IR techniques. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 20(4), 422–446.Kaplan, A. M., &Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68.Kim, H., &Fesenmaier, D. R. (2008). Persuasive Design of Destination Websites : An Analysis of First Impression. Journal of Travel Research, 47(1), 3–13.Ko, A. J., Deline, R., &Venolia, G. (2007). Information Needs in Collocated Software Development Teams. In Proceedings of the 29th international conference on Software Engineering (pp. 344–353).Kuzmanovic, B., Schilbach, L., &Lehnhardt, F. (2018). A matter of words: Impact of verbal and nonverbal information on impression formation in high-functioning autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 604–613.Lee, C., Lee, Y., &Lee, B. (2005). Korea’s destination image formed by the 2002 World Cup. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 839–858.Lee, C. S., Goh, D. H.-L., Chua, A. Y. K., &Ang, R. P. (2010). Indagator : Investigating perceived gratifications of an application that blends mobile content sharing with gameplay. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(6), 1244–1257.Lee, G., &Lee, C. K. (2009). Cross-cultural comparison of the image of Guam perceived by Korean and Japanese leisure travelers: Importance-performance analysis. Tourism Management, 30(6), 922–931.Line, M. B. (1974). Draft definitions: information and library needs, wants, demands and uses. In Aslib proceedings (p. 87).Liu, Z., &Park, S. (2015). What makes a useful online review? Implication for travel product websites. Tourism Management, 47, 140–151.Llodrà-Riera, I., Martínez-Ruiz, M. P., Jiménez-Zarco, A. I., &Izquierdo-Yusta, A. (2015). A multidimensional analysis of the information sources construct and its relevance for destination image formation. Tourism Management, 48, 319–328.Lu, W., &Stepchenkova, S. (2014). User-generated content as a research mode in tourism and hospitality applications: Topics, methods, and software. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 24(2), 119–154.Mankad, S., &Goh, J. (2016). Understanding online hotel reviews through automated text analysis. Service Science, 8(2), 124–138.Moghavvemi, S., Ormond, M., Musa, G., Ruhana, C., Isa, M., Thirumoorthi, T., …Chandy, C. (2017). Connecting with prospective medical tourists online: A cross-sectional analysis of private hospital websites promoting medical tourism in India, Malaysia and Thailand. Tourism Management, 58, 154–163.Money, R. B., &Crotts, J. C. (2003). The effect of uncertainty avoidance on information search , planning , and purchases of international travel vacations. Tourism Management, 24(2), 191–202.Moore-West, M., Northup, D., Skipper, B., & Teaf, D. (1984). Information-seeking behavior among physicians practicing in urban and nonurban areas. In Research in medical education: proceedings of the... annual Conference. Conference on Research in Medical Education. (pp. 237–242).Nadeau, J., Heslop, L., &Luk, P. (2008). Destination in a country image context. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 84–106.Noar, S. M. (2003). The role of structural equation modeling in scale development. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(4), 622–647.Pyo, S. (2005). Knowledge map for tourist destinations—needs and implications. Tourism Management, 26(4), 583–594.Riley, R. W., &Doren, C. S.Van. (1992). Movies as tourism promotion: A"pull" factor in a “push” location. Tourism Management, 13(3), 267–274.Shoemaker, S., &Lewis, R. C. (1999). Customer loyalty : The future of hospitality marketing. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 18(4), 345–370.Taylor, R. S. (1968). Question-Negotiation and information seeking in libraries, 178–194.Vlachos, G. (2012). Online travel statistics.Wong, C. U. I., &Qi, S. (2017). Tracking the evolution of a destination’s image by text-mining online reviews - the case of Macau. Tourism Management Perspectives, 23, 19–29.Xiang, Z., &Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31(2), 179–188.Zhang, H. yu, Ji, P., Wang, J. qiang, &Chen, X. hong. (2017). A novel decision support model for satisfactory restaurants utilizing social information: A case study of TripAdvisor.com. Tourism Management, 59, 281–297. zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU201901141 en_US
