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題名 康德的最高善理論
Kant`s Theory of the Highest Good作者 林正昊
Lin, Cheng-Hao貢獻者 林遠澤
Lin, Yuan-Tse
林正昊
Lin, Cheng-Hao關鍵詞 康德
最高善
證實根據
超越
完美
共同體
Kant
The highest good
Confirmation
Transcendent
Perfect
Communal日期 2019 上傳時間 5-Sep-2019 15:59:21 (UTC+8) 摘要 最高善理論的存在一直是康德哲學系統中一個棘手的問題。它強烈地違反我們對康德倫理學的印象，並且看起來將使他陷入自我矛盾當中。因為按照康德的道德規範理論，道德的最高原則既不考慮行為的對象最終是否實現，也不要求其結果帶來人類的福祉，那麼又何以包含了幸福概念的最高善之可能性會影響道德法則的成立與否呢？然而，要處理這個問題首先必須面對的困難，就是最高善在康德的著作中甚至不是一個意義固定的概念。在不同文本、甚至同一文本不同處的論證當中，康德似乎賦予了這個概念以不同的涵義，同樣的困難也出現在最高善理論的必要性與最高善實現的可能性條件上。這些困難造就了既有的最高善詮釋也呈現出了莫衷一是的複雜景象。本文的主要目的即是嘗試找出哪一種最高善概念與對其必要性及可能性的理解才能重構出一個融貫且與康德整個哲學系統相一致的最高善理論。最終本文將嘗試指出最高善的必要性在於提供道德的證實根據，並且此最高善必須同時是一個超越、完美、共同體的概念才能提供一個與康德的整個哲學系統相容的最高善理論。
The concept of the highest good poses a difficult problem for Kant`s moral philosophy. It runs counter to the common impression of Kantian ethics and seems to lead to self-contradiction. This is because the supreme principle of morality, according to Kant, neither refers to the realization of objects of action nor is required to ensure the well-being of humans. How could the concept of the highest good that contains happiness decide the validity of the moral law? In order to deal with this issue, however, we must face another problem, namely that there is no fixed meaning of the highest good in Kant`s writings. Across his works, Kant endows this concept with different meanings. The same difficulty appears in our understandings of necessity and possibility of the highest good at once and raises many disputes between scholars. The main purpose of this dissertation is to find out what kind of concept of the highest good and understanding of its necessity and possibility can best provide a coherent interpretation within Kant’s whole philosophical system. I will try to point out that the necessity of the highest good is based on a need of confirmation of morality. Furthermore, it must be understood as a transcendent, perfect, and communal concept that is consistent only with Kant’s whole philosophical system.參考文獻 一、 康德原典：Kant, Immanuel, Katharina Holger, Eduard Gerreshelm, Ingeborg Heidemann, Gottfried Martin, Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften., deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin., und Kant-Gesellschaft. Landesgruppe Rheinland-Westfalen. 1902. Gesammelte Schriften. Berlin: G. Reimer.Kant, Immanuel, and Bernd Ludwig. 1990. Metaphysik der Sitten. T. 2 T. 2. Hamburg: Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, and Heiner Klemme. 1992. Über den Gemeinspruch: Das mag in der Theorie richtig sein, taugt aber nicht für die Praxis ; Zum ewigen Frieden : ein philosophischer Entwurf. Hamburg: Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, and Jens Timmermann. 1998. Kritik der reinen Vernunft: nach der ersten und zweiten Originalausaben herausgegeben von Jens Timmermann. Mit einer Bibliographie von Heiner Klemme. Hamburg: Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, and Bernd Ludwig. 1998. Metaphysik der Sitten 1 1. Hamburg: Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, Horst D. Brandt, and Ernst Cassirer. 1999. Was ist Aufklärung?: ausgewählte kleine Schriften. Hamburg: Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, Bernd Kraft, and Dieter Schönecker. 1999. Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten. Hamburg: Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, Heiner F. Klemme, and Horst D. Brandt. 2003. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. Hamburg: F. Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, and Bettina Stangneth. 2003. Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft. Hamburg: F. Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, Heiner Klemme, Piero Giordanetti, and Immanuel Kant. 2006. Kritik der Urteilskraft ; Beilage: Erste Einleitung in die Kritik der Urteilskraft. Hamburg: F. Meiner.二、 原典翻譯：Kant, Immanuel, and Mary J. Gregor. 1996. Practical philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, Immanuel, and Allen W. Wood. 1996. Religion and rational theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, Immanuel, Peter Heath, and J. B. Schneewind. 1997. Lectures on ethics. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Kant, Immanuel, Paul Guyer, and Allen W. Wood. 1998. The critique of pure reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, Immanuel, and Paul Guyer. 2001. Critique of the power of judgment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.康德，2003，《道德底形上學之基礎》，李明輝譯，台北：聯經。康德，2004，《純粹理性批判》，鄧曉芒譯，台北：聯經出版社。康德，2004，《實踐理性批判》，鄧曉芒譯，台北：聯經出版社。康德，2004，《判斷力批判》，鄧曉芒譯，台北：聯經出版社。康德，2004，《康德歷史哲學論文集》，李明輝譯，台北：聯經。康德，2013，《康德著作全集》，李秋零主編，北京：中國人民大學出版社。康德，2015，《道德底形上學》，李明輝譯，台北：聯經。三、 二手文獻：Anderson-Gold, Sharon. “Kant’s Ethical Commonwealth: The Highest Good as a Social Good,” International Philosophical Quarterly, 26(1) (1986), 23-32.Anderson-Gold, Sharon. 1991. “God and Community: An Inquiry into the Religious Implications of the Highest Good,” in Philip J. Rossi and Michael Wreen (eds.), Kant’s Philosophy of Religion Reconsidered, 113-131. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.Auxter, Thomas. “The unimportance of Kant`s highest good,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 17(2) (1979), 121-134.Bader, Ralf M. 2015. “Kant`s Theory of the Highest Good,” in: Joachim Aufderheide and Ralf M. Bader (eds.), 181-213, The highest good in Aristotle and Kant, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.Barnes, Gerald W. “In defense of Kant`s doctrine of the highest good,” Philosophical Forum, 2(4) (1971), 446-458.Beck, Lewis White. 1960. A Commentary on Kant`s Critique of Practical Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Beiser, Frederick. 2006. “Moral Faith and the Highest Good,” in Paul Guyer (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy, 588-629. Cambridge University Press.Beversluis, John. “Kant on Moral Striving,” Kant-Studien, 65(1-4) (1974), 67-77.Bojanowski, Jochen. 2016. “Life without Death: Why Kantian Agents Are Committed to the Belief in Their Own Immortality,” in Thomas Höwing (ed.), The Highest Good in Kant’s Philosophy, 181-197, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.Brugger S.J., Walter, “Kant und das höchste Gut,” Kant-Studien, 18(1) (1964), 50-61.Caswell, Matthew, “Kant’s Conception of the Highest Good, the Gesinnung, and the Theory of Radical Evil,” Kant-Studien, 97(2) (2006), 184-209.Denis, Lara, “Kant`s criticism of atheism,” Kant-Studien, 94(2) (2003), 198-219.Denis, Lara, “Autonomy and the highest good,” Kantian Review, 10(1) (2005), 33-59.Düsing, Klaus. “Das Problem Des höchsten gutes in Kants praktischer Philosophie,” Kant-Studien, 63(1-4) (1971), 5-42.Engstrom, Stephen. “The Concept of the Highest Good in Kant`s Moral Theory,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 52(4) (1992), 747-780.Engstrom, Stephen. 2016. “The Determination of the Concept of the Highest Good,” in Thomas Höwing (ed.), The Highest Good in Kant’s Philosophy, 89-108, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.Esser, Andrea Marlen. 2016. “Applying the Concept of the Good: The Final End and the Highest Good in Kant’s Third Critique,” in Thomas Höwing (ed.), The Highest Good in Kant’s Philosophy, 245-262, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.Friedman, R. Z. “The importance and function of Kant`s highest good,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 22(3) (1984), 325-342.Friedman, R. Z. “Hypocrisy and the highest good: Hegel on Kant`s transition from morality to religion,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 24(4) (1986), 503-522.Fugate, Courtney. “The Highest Good and Kant`s Proof(s) of God`s Existence,” History of Philosophy Quarterly, 31(2) (2014), 137-158.Godlove, Terry F. “Moral Actions, Moral Lives: Kant on Intending the Highest Good,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 25(1) (1987), 49-64.Guyer, Paul. 2000. Kant on freedom, law, and happiness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Guyer, Paul. 2011. “Kantian Communities. The Realm of Ends, the Ethical Community, and the Highest Good,” in: Charlton Payne and Lucas Thorpe (ed.), Kant and the Concept of Community, 88–120, Rochester: Boydell & Brewer Group Ltd.Guyer, Paul. 2016. “Kant, Mendelssohn, and Immortality,” in Thomas Höwing (ed.), The Highest Good in Kant’s Philosophy, 157-180, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.Hauser, Linus. “Praktische Anschauung als Grundlage der Theorie vom höchsten Gut bei Kant,” Kant-Studien, 75(2) (1984), 228-236.Krämling, Gerhard. “Das höchste Gut als mögliche Welt. Zum Zusammenhang von Kulturphilosophie und systematischer Architektonik bei I. Kant,” Kant-Studien, 77(1-4) (1986), 273-288.Kleingeld, Pauline. 1995. “What Do the Virtuous Hope For? Re-reading Kant`s Doctrine of the Highest Good,” in Hoke Robinson (ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Kant Congress, Memphis 1995, 91-112. Marquette University Press.Kleingeld, Pauline. 2016. “Kant on ‘Good’, the Good, and the Duty to Promote the Highest Good,” in Thomas Höwing (ed.), The Highest Good in Kant’s Philosophy, 33-50, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.Pasternack, Lawrence. “The Development and Scope of Kantian Belief: The Highest Good, the Practical Postulates and the Fact of Reason,” Kant-Studien, 102(3) (2011), 290-315.Mariña, Jacqueline. “Making Sense of Kant`s Highest Good,” Kant-Studien, 91(3) (2000), 329-355.Marwede, Florian. 2016. “Kant on Happiness and the Duty to Promote the Highest Good,” in Thomas Höwing (ed.), The Highest Good in Kant’s Philosophy, 51-70, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.Murphy, Jeffrie. “The Highest Good as Content of Kant’s Ethical Formalism,” Kant-Studien, 56(1) (1965), 102-110.O`Connell, Eoin. “Happiness Proportioned to Virtue: Kant and the Highest Good,” Kantian Review, 17(2) (2012), 257-279.Reath, Andrew. “Two Conceptions of the Highest Good in Kant,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 26(4) (1988), 593-619.Recki, Birgit. 2016. ““Mixtum Compositum”: On the Persistence of Kant’s Dualism in the Doctrine of the Highest Good,” in Thomas Höwing (ed.), The Highest Good in Kant’s Philosophy, 71-88, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.Sala, Giovanni B., Gerhard Funke, and Rudolf Malter. 2010. Kant und die Frage nach Gott: Gottesbeweise und Gottesbeweiskritik in den Schriften Kants. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter.Smith, Steven G. “Worthiness to be Happy and Kant`s Concept of the Highest Good,” Kant-Studien, 75(1-4) (1984), 168-190.Silber, John R. “Kant’s Conception of the Highest Good as Immanent and Transcendent,” The Philosophical Review, 68(4) (1959), 469-492.Silber, John R. “The Metaphysical Importance of the Highest Good as the Canon of Pure Reason in Kant’s Philosophy,” Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 1 (1959/1960), 233-244.Silber, John R. “The Importance of the Highest Good in Kant`s Ethics,” Ethics, 73(3) (1963), 179-197.Silber, John R. “Der Schematismus der praktischen Vernunft,” Kant-Studien, 56(3-4) (1965), 253-273.Silber, John R. “Procedural Formalism in Kant`s Ethics,” Review of Metaphysics, 28(2) (1974), 197-236.Sussman, David. 2015. “The Highest Good. Who Needs It?,” in: Joachim Aufderheide and Ralf M. Bader (eds.), 214-228, The highest good in Aristotle and Kant, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.Tomasi, Gabriele. 2016. “God, the Highest Good, and the Rationality of Faith: Reflections on Kant’s Moral Proof of the Existence of God,” in Thomas Höwing (ed.), The Highest Good in Kant’s Philosophy, 111-130, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.Walhout, Donald. “Kant’s Conception of Nonmoral Good,” Southwestern Journal of Philosophy, 3(3) (1972), 7-19.Watkins, Eric. 2010. “The Antinomy of Practical Reason: Reason, the Unconditioned and the Highest Good,” in Andrews Reath & Jens Timmermann (eds.), Kant`s Critique of Practical Reason: A Critical Guide, 145-167. Cambridge University Press.Wike, Victoria S. & Showler, Ryan L. “Kant’s Concept of the Highest Good and the Archetype-Ectype Distinction,” Journal of Value Inquiry, 44(4) (2010), 521-533.Willaschek, Marcus. 2016. “Must We Believe in the Realizability of Our Ends? On a Premise of Kant’s Argument for the Postulates of Pure Practical Reason,” in Thomas Höwing (ed.), The Highest Good in Kant’s Philosophy, 223-244, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.Wood, Allen W. 1970. Kant`s Moral Religion. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Wood, Allen W. 1992, “Rational Theology, Moral Faith, and Religion,” in: Paul Guyer (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Kant, 394–416, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Wood, Allen W. 2011. “Religion, Ethical Community, and the Struggle against Evil,” in: Charlton Payne and Lucas Thorpe (ed.), Kant and the Concept of Community, 121–137, Rochester: Boydell & Brewer Group Ltd.Wyrwich, Thomas. “From Gratification to Justice. The Tension between Anthropology and Pure Practical Reason in Kant`s Conception(s) of the Highest Good,” Kant Yearbook, 3(1) (2011), 91-106.Yovel, Yirmiyahu. 1989. Kant and the philosophy of history. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Zeldin, Mary-Barbara. “The Summum Bonum, the Moral Law, and the Existence of God,” Kant-Studien, 62(1) (1971), 43-54.Zobrist, Marc. “Kants Lehre vom höchsten Gut und die Frage moralischer Motivation,” Kant-Studien, 99(3) (2008), 285-311.牟宗三，1985，《圓善論》，台北：台灣學生。李明輝，2007，〈從康德的「道德宗教」論儒家的宗教性〉，李明輝、林維杰編，頁15-70，《當代儒家與西方文化：會通與轉化》，台北：中央研究院中國文哲研究所。黃振華，2005，〈康德純粹實踐理性的辯證論批判〉，李明輝編，頁253-316，《論康德哲學》，台北：時英。 描述 博士
國立政治大學
哲學系
99154502資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0991545021 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林遠澤 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Yuan-Tse en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林正昊 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Cheng-Hao en_US dc.creator (作者) 林正昊 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lin, Cheng-Hao en_US dc.date (日期) 2019 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-Sep-2019 15:59:21 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-Sep-2019 15:59:21 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Sep-2019 15:59:21 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0991545021 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/125599 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 哲學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 99154502 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 最高善理論的存在一直是康德哲學系統中一個棘手的問題。它強烈地違反我們對康德倫理學的印象，並且看起來將使他陷入自我矛盾當中。因為按照康德的道德規範理論，道德的最高原則既不考慮行為的對象最終是否實現，也不要求其結果帶來人類的福祉，那麼又何以包含了幸福概念的最高善之可能性會影響道德法則的成立與否呢？然而，要處理這個問題首先必須面對的困難，就是最高善在康德的著作中甚至不是一個意義固定的概念。在不同文本、甚至同一文本不同處的論證當中，康德似乎賦予了這個概念以不同的涵義，同樣的困難也出現在最高善理論的必要性與最高善實現的可能性條件上。這些困難造就了既有的最高善詮釋也呈現出了莫衷一是的複雜景象。本文的主要目的即是嘗試找出哪一種最高善概念與對其必要性及可能性的理解才能重構出一個融貫且與康德整個哲學系統相一致的最高善理論。最終本文將嘗試指出最高善的必要性在於提供道德的證實根據，並且此最高善必須同時是一個超越、完美、共同體的概念才能提供一個與康德的整個哲學系統相容的最高善理論。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The concept of the highest good poses a difficult problem for Kant`s moral philosophy. It runs counter to the common impression of Kantian ethics and seems to lead to self-contradiction. This is because the supreme principle of morality, according to Kant, neither refers to the realization of objects of action nor is required to ensure the well-being of humans. How could the concept of the highest good that contains happiness decide the validity of the moral law? In order to deal with this issue, however, we must face another problem, namely that there is no fixed meaning of the highest good in Kant`s writings. Across his works, Kant endows this concept with different meanings. The same difficulty appears in our understandings of necessity and possibility of the highest good at once and raises many disputes between scholars. The main purpose of this dissertation is to find out what kind of concept of the highest good and understanding of its necessity and possibility can best provide a coherent interpretation within Kant’s whole philosophical system. I will try to point out that the necessity of the highest good is based on a need of confirmation of morality. Furthermore, it must be understood as a transcendent, perfect, and communal concept that is consistent only with Kant’s whole philosophical system. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 導論 1第一部份：概念的澄清 4第一章 文本中的最高善概念及其相關脈絡 4第一節 《純粹理性批判》中的最高善理論 4第二節 《實踐理性批判》中的最高善理論 11第三節 《判斷力批判》中的最高善理論 22第四節 宗教哲學中的最高善理論 29第五節 歷史及法政哲學中的最高善理論 37第二章 最高善的概念歧義、必要性與可能性 44第一節 最高善的概念歧義 44第二節 最高善的必要性 49第三節 最高善的可能性 57第二部份：詮釋的批判 63第三章 最高善理論之既有詮釋的系統性分類 63第一節 批判論者的最高善理論 63第二節 補正論者的最高善理論 67第三節 世俗論者的最高善理論 77第四節 極大化論者的最高善理論 85第四章 最高善理論之既有詮釋的系統性批判 93第一節 對最高善理論之批判論者的批判 93第二節 對最高善理論之補正論者的批判 96第三節 對最高善理論之世俗論者的批判 100第四節 對最高善理論之極大化論者的批判 101第三部分：理論的重構 105第五章 最高善理論的必要性：作為道德證實理論 105第一節 道德法則的整體目的與最高善作為道德義務 105第二節 自然的辯證與最高善作為道德證實 107第三節 道德與自然的統一與最高善作為理性興趣 114第四節 根本惡問題與最高善作為道德動機 116第六章 最高善的適當概念：超越、完美、共同體的最高善 126第一節 超越的最高善 126第二節 完美的最高善 128第三節 共同體的最高善 130結論 141參考文獻 144 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1643857 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0991545021 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 康德 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 最高善 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 證實根據 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 超越 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 完美 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 共同體 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Kant en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) The highest good en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Confirmation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Transcendent en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Perfect en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Communal en_US dc.title (題名) 康德的最高善理論 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Kant`s Theory of the Highest Good en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 康德原典：Kant, Immanuel, Katharina Holger, Eduard Gerreshelm, Ingeborg Heidemann, Gottfried Martin, Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften., deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin., und Kant-Gesellschaft. Landesgruppe Rheinland-Westfalen. 1902. Gesammelte Schriften. Berlin: G. Reimer.Kant, Immanuel, and Bernd Ludwig. 1990. Metaphysik der Sitten. T. 2 T. 2. Hamburg: Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, and Heiner Klemme. 1992. Über den Gemeinspruch: Das mag in der Theorie richtig sein, taugt aber nicht für die Praxis ; Zum ewigen Frieden : ein philosophischer Entwurf. Hamburg: Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, and Jens Timmermann. 1998. Kritik der reinen Vernunft: nach der ersten und zweiten Originalausaben herausgegeben von Jens Timmermann. Mit einer Bibliographie von Heiner Klemme. Hamburg: Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, and Bernd Ludwig. 1998. Metaphysik der Sitten 1 1. Hamburg: Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, Horst D. Brandt, and Ernst Cassirer. 1999. Was ist Aufklärung?: ausgewählte kleine Schriften. Hamburg: Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, Bernd Kraft, and Dieter Schönecker. 1999. Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten. Hamburg: Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, Heiner F. Klemme, and Horst D. Brandt. 2003. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. Hamburg: F. Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, and Bettina Stangneth. 2003. Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft. Hamburg: F. Meiner.Kant, Immanuel, Heiner Klemme, Piero Giordanetti, and Immanuel Kant. 2006. Kritik der Urteilskraft ; Beilage: Erste Einleitung in die Kritik der Urteilskraft. Hamburg: F. Meiner.二、 原典翻譯：Kant, Immanuel, and Mary J. Gregor. 1996. Practical philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, Immanuel, and Allen W. Wood. 1996. Religion and rational theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, Immanuel, Peter Heath, and J. B. Schneewind. 1997. Lectures on ethics. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Kant, Immanuel, Paul Guyer, and Allen W. Wood. 1998. The critique of pure reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, Immanuel, and Paul Guyer. 2001. Critique of the power of judgment. 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