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題名 具樂高平滑化之影像樂高風格化技術
2D LEGO Generation Using Studs Not On Top Technique作者 翁瑋辰
Weng, Wei-Chen貢獻者 紀明德
Chi, Ming-Te
翁瑋辰
Weng, Wei-Chen關鍵詞 樂高
位勢場
平滑化
Lego
potential field
SNOT日期 2019 上傳時間 5-Sep-2019 16:14:51 (UTC+8) 摘要 樂高®積木自1940年代發展至今，已成為廣受歡迎的積木玩具，在電腦計算領域中，也已有許多研究描述如何利用樂高建構指定的二維圖形或三維模型；然而，這些研究大多以具長方體狀的樂高基本磚為構成單位，導致結果外觀上具有像素或體素風格。本研究透過在構成單位中加入不同尺寸的斜面磚，改善樂高表面的平滑程度，在確保結果符合目標形狀的情況下，建構出具平滑外觀的二維樂高結構。由於加入不同形狀及尺寸的斜面磚，導致建構過程中需額外處理目標與結果外觀的相似度，我們引入位勢場的概念，透過計算目標與結果的邊界距離和形狀變化，判斷樂高與目標圖形間的相似度，作為建構樂高磚選擇的依據。由於加入多種外形、尺寸的樂高磚，導致無法透過窮舉法找出最佳的建構組合，我們使用疊代策略，在每次疊代中選擇提升最大相似度的樂高磚，在可行的時間內建構出結果；最後利用樂高基本磚增加內部結構的穩定性。在結果中，我們輸入多種類型的二維圖形，驗證在不同情形下方法的效果、穩定性及擴充性。
Lego® has been developed and well-known since 1940s. In computer science, it has been studies that describing the procedure to automatically generate Lego sculpture, including 2D and 3D. However, these studies mostly only consider basic Lego brick, which has cuboid appearance, as constructing component. As a result, the generated Lego sculpture appears pixelized or voxelized. We propose a method to improves the smoothness of the contour of 2D Lego sculpture by adding smooth Lego parts, including different shape and size. Due to the expansion of constructing component, the considering of similarity between the Lego sculpture and input image during the constructing becomes necessary. We introduce the concept of using potential field to determine the similarity between Lego and image, by calculating the distance and the variation of contour between Lego and image. Variable shape and size of Lego parts leads the possible combination of Lego sculpture growing exponentially. It is impossible to find an optimal solution of combination in polynomial time by brutal force. We use an iterative strategy to generate an approximate solution. Choosing the brick that maximally increases the similarity in every round of iteration. For internal area of contour, we using basic brick to increase the stability of Lego structure. Finally, we using variable image as input to examine the efficiency, stability and scalability of our method.參考文獻 參考文獻[1] Ahuja, N. & Chuang, J.-H. (1997). Shape representation using a generalized potential field model. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(2): 169-176.[2] Chuang J-H. (1996). A potential-based approach for shape matching and recognition. Pattern Recognit 1996;29(3):463–70.[3] Chen, W., Ma, Y., Lefebvre, S., Xin, S., Martínez, J. & Wang. W. (2017) Fabricable Tile Decors. ACM Trans. Graph. 36, 6, Article 175 (Nov. 2017), 15 pages.[4] Gower, R., Heydtmann, A. & Petersen, H. (1998). LEGO: Automated Model Construction. Jens Gravesen and Poul Hjorth, pp. 81-94.[5] Gal, R., Sorkine, O., Popa, T., Sheffer, A. & Cohen-Or, D. (2007). 3D collage: expressive non-realistic modeling. In Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on NonPhotorealistic Animation and Rendering.[6] Gerstner, T., Decarlo, D., Alexa, M., Finkelstein, A., Gingold, Y., & Nealen, A. (2012). Pixelated image abstraction. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, 29–36.[7] Kim, J.-W., Kang, K.-K., & Lee, J.-H. (2014). Survey on automated LEGO assembly construction. In Proc. WSCG 2014, 89–96.[8] Kuo, M.-H., Lin, Y.-E., Chu, H.-K., Lee, R.-R., & Yang, Y.-L. (2015). Pixel2Brick: Constructing Brick Sculptures from Pixel Art. In Computer Graphics Forum (Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 339-348).[9] Kwan, K. C., Sinn, L. T., Han, C., Wong, T.-T., & Fu, C.-W. (2016). Pyramid of arclength descriptor for generating collage of shapes. ACM Trans. Graph., 35(6):229:1–229:12, Nov. 2016. doi: 10.1145/2980179. 2980234[10] Ono, S., Alexis, A., Chang, Y. & Nakajima, M. (2013). Automatic generation of LEGO from the polygonal data. International Workshop on Advanced Image Technology, pp. 262-267.[11] Lambrecht, B. (2006). Voxelization of boundary representations using oriented LEGO plates. University of California, DBerkeley.[12] Lee, S., Kim, J., Kim, J. W. & Moon, B.-R. (2015). Finding an optimal lego® brick layout of voxelized 3d object using a genetic algorithm. In Proc. of the 2015 Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pp. 1215–1222.[13] Luo, S.-J., Yue, Y., Huang, C.-K., Chung, Y.-H., Imai, S., Nishita, T., & Chen, B.-Y. (2015). Legolization: optimizing lego designs. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 34(6), 222.[14] Min, K., Park, C., Yang, H. & Yun, G. (2018). Legorization from silhouette-fitted voxelization. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS), 12 (6) Korean Society for Internet Information.[15] Smal E. (2008). Automated Brick Sculpture Construction. MS. DThesis, The University of Stellenbosch.[16] Testuz, R., Schwartzburg, Y. & Pauly, M. (2013). Automatic generation of constructable brick sculptures. Eurographics 2013 Short Papers, pp. 81-84.[17] Xu, X., Zhang, L. & Wong, T.-T. (2010). Structure-based ascii art. ACM Trans. Graph. (Proc. SIGGRAPH) 29, 52:1– 52:10.[18] Zhang, M., Igarashi, Y., Kanamori, Y. & Mitani, J. (2015). Designing mini block artwork from colored mesh. In Proc. of Smart Graphics 2015, p. 2. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊科學系
105753039資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105753039 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 紀明德 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chi, Ming-Te en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 翁瑋辰 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Weng, Wei-Chen en_US dc.creator (作者) 翁瑋辰 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Weng, Wei-Chen en_US dc.date (日期) 2019 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-Sep-2019 16:14:51 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-Sep-2019 16:14:51 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Sep-2019 16:14:51 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0105753039 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/125642 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 資訊科學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 105753039 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 樂高®積木自1940年代發展至今，已成為廣受歡迎的積木玩具，在電腦計算領域中，也已有許多研究描述如何利用樂高建構指定的二維圖形或三維模型；然而，這些研究大多以具長方體狀的樂高基本磚為構成單位，導致結果外觀上具有像素或體素風格。本研究透過在構成單位中加入不同尺寸的斜面磚，改善樂高表面的平滑程度，在確保結果符合目標形狀的情況下，建構出具平滑外觀的二維樂高結構。由於加入不同形狀及尺寸的斜面磚，導致建構過程中需額外處理目標與結果外觀的相似度，我們引入位勢場的概念，透過計算目標與結果的邊界距離和形狀變化，判斷樂高與目標圖形間的相似度，作為建構樂高磚選擇的依據。由於加入多種外形、尺寸的樂高磚，導致無法透過窮舉法找出最佳的建構組合，我們使用疊代策略，在每次疊代中選擇提升最大相似度的樂高磚，在可行的時間內建構出結果；最後利用樂高基本磚增加內部結構的穩定性。在結果中，我們輸入多種類型的二維圖形，驗證在不同情形下方法的效果、穩定性及擴充性。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Lego® has been developed and well-known since 1940s. In computer science, it has been studies that describing the procedure to automatically generate Lego sculpture, including 2D and 3D. However, these studies mostly only consider basic Lego brick, which has cuboid appearance, as constructing component. As a result, the generated Lego sculpture appears pixelized or voxelized. We propose a method to improves the smoothness of the contour of 2D Lego sculpture by adding smooth Lego parts, including different shape and size. Due to the expansion of constructing component, the considering of similarity between the Lego sculpture and input image during the constructing becomes necessary. We introduce the concept of using potential field to determine the similarity between Lego and image, by calculating the distance and the variation of contour between Lego and image. Variable shape and size of Lego parts leads the possible combination of Lego sculpture growing exponentially. It is impossible to find an optimal solution of combination in polynomial time by brutal force. We use an iterative strategy to generate an approximate solution. Choosing the brick that maximally increases the similarity in every round of iteration. For internal area of contour, we using basic brick to increase the stability of Lego structure. Finally, we using variable image as input to examine the efficiency, stability and scalability of our method. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄第一章 緒論.......................1第二章 相關研究....................32.1 形狀描述......................32.2 樂高建構......................42.2.1 三維樂高建構.................42.2.2 二維樂高建構.................6第三章 具平滑外觀的樂高建構.........83.1 輸入圖形和前處理................93.2 建構樂高組....................10第四章 方法.......................134.1 系統流程......................134.2 像素化輸入圖形和樂高顏色對應....144.2.1 像素化輸入圖形...............144.2.2 樂高顏色對應.................154.3 樂高結構與輸入圖形相似度計算.....164.3.1 位勢場 (Potential Field).....164.3.2 計算圖形相似度................194.4 樂高建構.......................244.4.1 邊界建構.....................244.4.2 內部建構.....................254.4.3 對稱性強化...................26第五章 結果與限制...................285.1 結果...........................285.1.1 斜角/斜率....................295.1.2 二維圖形.....................305.1.3 不同樂高尺寸上限..............335.1.4 方法擴充性...................345.1.5 方法穩定性...................385.1.6 有、無平滑磚比較..............395.1.7 結果數據.....................405.2 環境...........................425.3 限制...........................42第六章 結論與未來展望................446.1 結論...........................446.2 未來展望........................45參考文獻............................46附錄A：circle建構過程(鏡像)..........48附錄B：circle建構過程(無鏡像)........49附錄C：Twitter建構過程..............51附錄D：cat建構過程..................53 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3381104 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105753039 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 樂高 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 位勢場 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 平滑化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Lego en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) potential field en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) SNOT en_US dc.title (題名) 具樂高平滑化之影像樂高風格化技術 zh_TW dc.title (題名) 2D LEGO Generation Using Studs Not On Top Technique en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻[1] Ahuja, N. & Chuang, J.-H. (1997). Shape representation using a generalized potential field model. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(2): 169-176.[2] Chuang J-H. (1996). A potential-based approach for shape matching and recognition. Pattern Recognit 1996;29(3):463–70.[3] Chen, W., Ma, Y., Lefebvre, S., Xin, S., Martínez, J. & Wang. W. (2017) Fabricable Tile Decors. ACM Trans. Graph. 36, 6, Article 175 (Nov. 2017), 15 pages.[4] Gower, R., Heydtmann, A. & Petersen, H. (1998). LEGO: Automated Model Construction. Jens Gravesen and Poul Hjorth, pp. 81-94.[5] Gal, R., Sorkine, O., Popa, T., Sheffer, A. & Cohen-Or, D. (2007). 3D collage: expressive non-realistic modeling. In Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on NonPhotorealistic Animation and Rendering.[6] Gerstner, T., Decarlo, D., Alexa, M., Finkelstein, A., Gingold, Y., & Nealen, A. (2012). Pixelated image abstraction. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, 29–36.[7] Kim, J.-W., Kang, K.-K., & Lee, J.-H. (2014). Survey on automated LEGO assembly construction. In Proc. WSCG 2014, 89–96.[8] Kuo, M.-H., Lin, Y.-E., Chu, H.-K., Lee, R.-R., & Yang, Y.-L. (2015). Pixel2Brick: Constructing Brick Sculptures from Pixel Art. In Computer Graphics Forum (Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 339-348).[9] Kwan, K. C., Sinn, L. T., Han, C., Wong, T.-T., & Fu, C.-W. (2016). Pyramid of arclength descriptor for generating collage of shapes. ACM Trans. Graph., 35(6):229:1–229:12, Nov. 2016. doi: 10.1145/2980179. 2980234[10] Ono, S., Alexis, A., Chang, Y. & Nakajima, M. (2013). Automatic generation of LEGO from the polygonal data. International Workshop on Advanced Image Technology, pp. 262-267.[11] Lambrecht, B. (2006). Voxelization of boundary representations using oriented LEGO plates. University of California, DBerkeley.[12] Lee, S., Kim, J., Kim, J. W. & Moon, B.-R. (2015). Finding an optimal lego® brick layout of voxelized 3d object using a genetic algorithm. In Proc. of the 2015 Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pp. 1215–1222.[13] Luo, S.-J., Yue, Y., Huang, C.-K., Chung, Y.-H., Imai, S., Nishita, T., & Chen, B.-Y. (2015). Legolization: optimizing lego designs. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 34(6), 222.[14] Min, K., Park, C., Yang, H. & Yun, G. (2018). Legorization from silhouette-fitted voxelization. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS), 12 (6) Korean Society for Internet Information.[15] Smal E. (2008). Automated Brick Sculpture Construction. MS. DThesis, The University of Stellenbosch.[16] Testuz, R., Schwartzburg, Y. & Pauly, M. (2013). Automatic generation of constructable brick sculptures. Eurographics 2013 Short Papers, pp. 81-84.[17] Xu, X., Zhang, L. & Wong, T.-T. (2010). Structure-based ascii art. ACM Trans. Graph. (Proc. SIGGRAPH) 29, 52:1– 52:10.[18] Zhang, M., Igarashi, Y., Kanamori, Y. & Mitani, J. (2015). Designing mini block artwork from colored mesh. In Proc. of Smart Graphics 2015, p. 2. zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU201901081 en_US
