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題名 灌溉制度與農業的永續發展: 印尼蘇巴克體制的現代化經驗
Balinese Subak Survival: Maintaining Community Based Subak Concept of Sustainable Irrigated Farming Culture in Modern Era
作者 馬莉娜
Puspasari, Nur Aqmarina Ade
貢獻者 湯京平
Tang, Ching-Ping
馬莉娜
Nur Aqmarina Ade Puspasari
關鍵詞 蘇巴克
蘇巴克的力量
蘇巴克的掙扎
蘇巴克授權
現代化
Subak
Subak`s strengths
Subak`s struggles
Subak empowerment
Modernization
日期 2019
上傳時間 5-Sep-2019 17:25:21 (UTC+8)
摘要 Subak as one of the world`s cultural heritage, is not just an institution in the field of agriculture, but also is a part of the local Balinese wisdom about the relationship between man and God, Human relationships, and the relationship between human and environment (The concept of Tri Hita Karana/ THK). This paper aims to analyze the present and future challenges faced by the Balinese subak especially facing modernization. It is argued that subak has strengths and therefore may be able to cope with such challenges because subak is indeed a feasible institution as indicated by the fact that it has been in existence for many centuries. However, the struggles of subak are getting tougher through time. It is necessary that some efforts need to be done to analyze the struggle of subak in detail in order to project deeper understanding of what lay behind subak struggles so that the empowerment of subak can help to preserve subak from those challenges.
參考文獻 English Literature
Arief, S.S 1999, ‘Applied philosophy of Tri Hita Karana in design and management of Subak irrigation system’, UGM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Bardini, T 1994, ‘A Translation Analysis of the Green Revolution in Bali’, Science, Technology,& HumanValues, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 152-168.
Geertz, C 1959, ‘Form and Variation in Balinese Village Structure’, American Anthropologist, vol. 61, no.6, pp. 991-1012.
Geertz, C 1963, Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia, University of California Press, Los Angles.
Hakim, L , Hong, S , 2009, ‘Cultural Landscape and Ecotourism in Bali, Indonesia’, Journal of Ecology and Environment, vol. 32, no. 1, pp.1-8
Huntington, S.P 1971, ‘The change to change: modernization, development, and politics’, Comparative Politics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp.283-322.
Jha, N and Schoenfelder J. W 2011, ‘Studies of the Subak: New Directions, New Challenges’, Humanities Ecology, vol.39, pp. 3-10.
Kaplan, D., and Manners, R., 1986, ‘Culture Theory’, Waveland Press Inc, Illinois. Lansing, J.S 1987, ‘`Water Temples’ and the Management of Irrigation’, American
Anthropologist, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 326-341.
Lansing, J.S 1991, Priests and Programmers; Technologies of Power in the
Engineered Landscape of Bali, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Lansing, J.S, Cox, M.P, Downey, S.S, Janssen, M.A, and Schoenfelder, J.W 2009, “A Robust Budding Model of Balinese Water Temple Networks”, World Archaeology, vol. 41, no.1, pp. 112-133.
MacRae, G. S and Arthawiguna, I.W.A 2011, ‘Sustainable Agricultural Development in Bali: Is the Subak an Obstacle, an Agent or Subject?’, Hum Ecol, vol. 39, pp. 11-20.
Neilson, L. And Paxton, P., 2010, ‘Social Capital and Political Consumerism: A Multilevel Analysis’, Social Problems, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 5-24.
Norken I.N., Suputra, I.K and Kerta Arsana, I.G.N., 2015 ‘Water Resources Management of
Subak Irrigation System in Bali’, Applied Mechanics and Materials, no. 776, pp. 139-144.
Purwita, I B P., 1993 ‘History of Subak in Bali.’ in Pitana I G. (Ed), Subak Traditional Irrigation System in Bali, Upada Sastra, Denpasar
Roth, D and Sedana, G 2015, ‘Reframing Tri Hita Karana: From ‘Balinese Culture’ to Politics’, The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, vol.16 no.2, pp. 157-175
Schublin, H. B 2003, ‘The Precolonial Balinese State Reconsidered A Critical Evaluation of Theory Construction on the Relationship between Irrigation, the State, and Ritual’, Current Anthropology, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 153-181.
Suastra, I.W 2017, “Balinese local wisdom and their implication in science education at school.”, International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Science (IRJMIS), vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 42-50.
Sushila, J., 1996, ‘Functions and Roles of Subak Gede in Irrigation Management System in Bali’, a paper presented on Bali Provincial Water Management, Bali Irrigation Project, Denpasar.
Sriartha, I.P & Giyarsih, S.R 2017, ‘Subak Endurance in Facing External Development in South Bali, Indonesia’, International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Science (IRJMIS), vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 20-30.
Tipps, D., 1973, ‘Modernization Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies: A Critical Perspective’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 199-226.
Wolter, W 2007, ‘Geographical Explanations for the Distribution of Irrigation Institution Cases from Southeast Asia’ in Peter Boomgaard (Ed), A World of Water, Brill, pp. 209-234.
Yuliana, E.D 2017, ‘Subak: Traditional Irrigation Organization A Cultural Representation of Agriculture in Bali’, International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, vol. 8, no. 4, pp.20179-20185.
Bahasa Literatures
Ardika,W., 1994 ‘Pertanian pada Masa Bali Kuna: Suatu Kajian Epigrafi’, Laporan Penelitian, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar.
Arwata, A.A. 2003, “Tantangan Subak, dalam Upaya Pelestarian Budaya Padi di Bali”, in Kasryno, F., and Pasandara, E., Fagi, A.M. (eds). Subak dan Kerta Masa Kearifan
Lokal Mendukung Pertanian Berkelanjutan, Yayasan Padi Indonesia, Jakarta, pp.114-144.
Antara, M., Wijaya, G., and Windia, W., 2017, ‘Ekowisata Subak Jatiluwih, Tababan, Bali’, Pelawa Sari, Denpasar.
Pitana, I.G., 1993. ‘Subak, Sistem Irigasi Tradisional di Bali’, Upada Sastri, Denpasar.
Prasiasa, D.P., 2010, ‘Pengembangan Pariwisata dan Keterlibatan Masyarakat Di Desa Wisata Jatiluwih Kabupaten Tabanan’ (disertasi), Program Pascasarjana Universitas Udayana, Denpasar.
Purbawijaya, I. B. N 2012, ‘Analisis Pemberdayaan Subak Terhadap Operasional and Pemeliharaan Jaringan Irigasi Subak Kepaon Kecamatan Denpasar Selatan,’ Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil, vol.16, no.1 pp. 36-47.
Martiningsih, G. E 2012, ‘Pelestarian Subak Dalam Upaya Pemberdayaan Kearifan Lokal Menuju Ketahanan Pangan dan Hayati’, Jurnal Bumi Lestari, vol.12, no.2, pp. 303-312.
Subadra, I., Nadra, N., 2006, ‘Dampak ekonomi, sosial, budaya, dan lingkungan pengembangan desa wisata di jatiluwih, Tabanan’, Jurnal Manajemen Pariwisata, vol. 5, no.1.
Sutawan, N., Swara, M., Windia, W., Pitana, I. G., and Sudana, I. W., 1986, ‘Studi mengenai Subak-Gede: Suatu Wadah Koordinasi antar Subak di Bali’, Sub Dinas Pengairan, Dinas Pekerjaan Umum, Propinsi Bali, Denpasar, Bali and Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali.
Sutawan, N., 2008, ‘Subak menghadapi tantangan globalisasi’, Penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta.
Surata, S. P .K 2003, “Budaya Padi dalam Subak Sebagai Model Pendidikan Lingkungan”. In Kasryno, F., Pasandara, and E., Fagi, A.M. (eds), Subak dan Kerta Masa Kearifan
Lokal Mendukung Pertanian Berkelanjutan, Yayasan Padi Indonesia, Jakarta, pp. 81-97.
Suyastri Y.P and Made, N 2012, “Pemberdayaan Subak melalui green tourism mendukung keberlanjutan pembangunan pertanian di Bali,” Jurnal SEPA, vol. 8, no.2, pp. 51-82.
Widari, D.A., 2015, ‘Perkembangan Desa Wisata Jatiluwih setelah UNESCO menetapkan Subaknya sebagai bagian dari warisan budaya dunia, JUMPA Journal, vol.2, no. 1.
Windia, W., 2006, “Transformaasi sistem irigasi subak yang berlandaskan Tri Hita Karana”, Bali Post, Depasar.
Windia, W. 2013, ‘Penguatan Budaya Subak Melalui Pemberdayaan Petani’, Journal of Bali Studies, vol. 3, no.02, pp.137–158.
Windia, I.P.S. A. W, and Wijayanti, P. U 2013, ‘Peranan Subak dalam Aktifitas Pertanian Padi Sawah’, E—Jurnal Agribisnis dan Agrowisata, vol. 2 no.1, pp. 1-11.
Windia W, Pusposutardjo S., Sutawan, Y., Sudira, P., Arif, S.S 2003, ‘Transformasi Sistem Irigasi Subak Yang Berdasarkan Konsep Tri Hita Karana’, Gadjah Mada University Journal, vol.23 no.1, pp. 1-15.
Windia, W, and Wiguna, W 2013, Subak Warisan Budaya Dunia, Udayana University Press, Denpasar.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
1069260131
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1069260131
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 湯京平zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Tang, Ching-Pingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 馬莉娜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Nur Aqmarina Ade Puspasarien_US
dc.creator (作者) 馬莉娜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Puspasari, Nur Aqmarina Adeen_US
dc.date (日期) 2019en_US
dc.date.accessioned 5-Sep-2019 17:25:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 5-Sep-2019 17:25:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Sep-2019 17:25:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1069260131en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/125899-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 1069260131zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Subak as one of the world`s cultural heritage, is not just an institution in the field of agriculture, but also is a part of the local Balinese wisdom about the relationship between man and God, Human relationships, and the relationship between human and environment (The concept of Tri Hita Karana/ THK). This paper aims to analyze the present and future challenges faced by the Balinese subak especially facing modernization. It is argued that subak has strengths and therefore may be able to cope with such challenges because subak is indeed a feasible institution as indicated by the fact that it has been in existence for many centuries. However, the struggles of subak are getting tougher through time. It is necessary that some efforts need to be done to analyze the struggle of subak in detail in order to project deeper understanding of what lay behind subak struggles so that the empowerment of subak can help to preserve subak from those challenges.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter One - Introduction 1
1.1 Background 2
1.2 Motive of Study 8
1.3 Purpose of Study 10
1.4 Key Research Issue 11
.5 Research Question and Objective 12
1.6 Research Limitation 12
Chapter Two - Framework and LIterature 14
2.1 Research Framework 14
2.2 Research Methods 17
2.3 Literature Reviews 19
Chapter Three - Field Findings in Subak Jatiluwih 24
3.1 Background Condition 24
3.1.1 Subak Jatiluwih Location 25
3.2 Subak Physical Attributes 27
3.2.1 Subak Temples 27
3.2.2 Subak Water Irrigation Components 31
3.3 Social Aspect of Subak 35
3.3.1 Religious concept: Subak as the Implementation of THK 36
3.3.2 Cultural System 39
3.3.3 Kearifan Lokal (Local Wisdom) 40
3.3.4 Gotong Royong (Mutual Assistance) 42
3.3.5 Desa Adat (Traditional Village) 43
3.4 Institutional Structure 44
3.4.1 Subak Jatiluwih Sub-Subak 45
3.4.2 Subak Jatiluwih Organization Structure 46
3.4.3 Subak Membership 48
3.4.4 Subak Rituals 49
3.4.5 Awig-awig (Subak Rules) 50
Chapter Four - Analysis 52
4.1 The Concept of Modernization 52
4.2 Modernization Characteristic 53
4.3 Ecological Modernization 54
4.4 Modernization Impact on Subak 55
4.4.1 Parhyangan Subculture 56
4.4.2 Pawongan Subculture 58
4.4.3 Palemahan Subculture 61
4.5 Subak Challenges 62
4.6 Government’s Role 63
4.7 Economic Actor’s Role 66
4.8 Tourism’s Role 67
4.9 International Institution’s Role 68
4.10 Collective Actions 70
4.10.1 Parhyangan Subculture 71
4.10.2 Pawongan Subculture 73
4.10.3 Palemahan Subculture 75
Chapter Five - Conclusion 76
References 79		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 110172666 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1069260131en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 蘇巴克zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 蘇巴克的力量zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 蘇巴克的掙扎zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 蘇巴克授權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 現代化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Subaken_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Subak`s strengthsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Subak`s strugglesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Subak empowermenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Modernizationen_US
dc.title (題名) 灌溉制度與農業的永續發展: 印尼蘇巴克體制的現代化經驗zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Balinese Subak Survival: Maintaining Community Based Subak Concept of Sustainable Irrigated Farming Culture in Modern Eraen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) English Literature
Arief, S.S 1999, ‘Applied philosophy of Tri Hita Karana in design and management of Subak irrigation system’, UGM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Bardini, T 1994, ‘A Translation Analysis of the Green Revolution in Bali’, Science, Technology,& HumanValues, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 152-168.
Geertz, C 1959, ‘Form and Variation in Balinese Village Structure’, American Anthropologist, vol. 61, no.6, pp. 991-1012.
Geertz, C 1963, Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia, University of California Press, Los Angles.
Hakim, L , Hong, S , 2009, ‘Cultural Landscape and Ecotourism in Bali, Indonesia’, Journal of Ecology and Environment, vol. 32, no. 1, pp.1-8
Huntington, S.P 1971, ‘The change to change: modernization, development, and politics’, Comparative Politics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp.283-322.
Jha, N and Schoenfelder J. W 2011, ‘Studies of the Subak: New Directions, New Challenges’, Humanities Ecology, vol.39, pp. 3-10.
Kaplan, D., and Manners, R., 1986, ‘Culture Theory’, Waveland Press Inc, Illinois. Lansing, J.S 1987, ‘`Water Temples’ and the Management of Irrigation’, American
Anthropologist, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 326-341.
Lansing, J.S 1991, Priests and Programmers; Technologies of Power in the
Engineered Landscape of Bali, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Lansing, J.S, Cox, M.P, Downey, S.S, Janssen, M.A, and Schoenfelder, J.W 2009, “A Robust Budding Model of Balinese Water Temple Networks”, World Archaeology, vol. 41, no.1, pp. 112-133.
MacRae, G. S and Arthawiguna, I.W.A 2011, ‘Sustainable Agricultural Development in Bali: Is the Subak an Obstacle, an Agent or Subject?’, Hum Ecol, vol. 39, pp. 11-20.
Neilson, L. And Paxton, P., 2010, ‘Social Capital and Political Consumerism: A Multilevel Analysis’, Social Problems, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 5-24.
Norken I.N., Suputra, I.K and Kerta Arsana, I.G.N., 2015 ‘Water Resources Management of
Subak Irrigation System in Bali’, Applied Mechanics and Materials, no. 776, pp. 139-144.
Purwita, I B P., 1993 ‘History of Subak in Bali.’ in Pitana I G. (Ed), Subak Traditional Irrigation System in Bali, Upada Sastra, Denpasar
Roth, D and Sedana, G 2015, ‘Reframing Tri Hita Karana: From ‘Balinese Culture’ to Politics’, The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, vol.16 no.2, pp. 157-175
Schublin, H. B 2003, ‘The Precolonial Balinese State Reconsidered A Critical Evaluation of Theory Construction on the Relationship between Irrigation, the State, and Ritual’, Current Anthropology, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 153-181.
Suastra, I.W 2017, “Balinese local wisdom and their implication in science education at school.”, International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Science (IRJMIS), vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 42-50.
Sushila, J., 1996, ‘Functions and Roles of Subak Gede in Irrigation Management System in Bali’, a paper presented on Bali Provincial Water Management, Bali Irrigation Project, Denpasar.
Sriartha, I.P & Giyarsih, S.R 2017, ‘Subak Endurance in Facing External Development in South Bali, Indonesia’, International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Science (IRJMIS), vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 20-30.
Tipps, D., 1973, ‘Modernization Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies: A Critical Perspective’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 199-226.
Wolter, W 2007, ‘Geographical Explanations for the Distribution of Irrigation Institution Cases from Southeast Asia’ in Peter Boomgaard (Ed), A World of Water, Brill, pp. 209-234.
Yuliana, E.D 2017, ‘Subak: Traditional Irrigation Organization A Cultural Representation of Agriculture in Bali’, International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, vol. 8, no. 4, pp.20179-20185.
Bahasa Literatures
Ardika,W., 1994 ‘Pertanian pada Masa Bali Kuna: Suatu Kajian Epigrafi’, Laporan Penelitian, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar.
Arwata, A.A. 2003, “Tantangan Subak, dalam Upaya Pelestarian Budaya Padi di Bali”, in Kasryno, F., and Pasandara, E., Fagi, A.M. (eds). Subak dan Kerta Masa Kearifan
Lokal Mendukung Pertanian Berkelanjutan, Yayasan Padi Indonesia, Jakarta, pp.114-144.
Antara, M., Wijaya, G., and Windia, W., 2017, ‘Ekowisata Subak Jatiluwih, Tababan, Bali’, Pelawa Sari, Denpasar.
Pitana, I.G., 1993. ‘Subak, Sistem Irigasi Tradisional di Bali’, Upada Sastri, Denpasar.
Prasiasa, D.P., 2010, ‘Pengembangan Pariwisata dan Keterlibatan Masyarakat Di Desa Wisata Jatiluwih Kabupaten Tabanan’ (disertasi), Program Pascasarjana Universitas Udayana, Denpasar.
Purbawijaya, I. B. N 2012, ‘Analisis Pemberdayaan Subak Terhadap Operasional and Pemeliharaan Jaringan Irigasi Subak Kepaon Kecamatan Denpasar Selatan,’ Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil, vol.16, no.1 pp. 36-47.
Martiningsih, G. E 2012, ‘Pelestarian Subak Dalam Upaya Pemberdayaan Kearifan Lokal Menuju Ketahanan Pangan dan Hayati’, Jurnal Bumi Lestari, vol.12, no.2, pp. 303-312.
Subadra, I., Nadra, N., 2006, ‘Dampak ekonomi, sosial, budaya, dan lingkungan pengembangan desa wisata di jatiluwih, Tabanan’, Jurnal Manajemen Pariwisata, vol. 5, no.1.
Sutawan, N., Swara, M., Windia, W., Pitana, I. G., and Sudana, I. W., 1986, ‘Studi mengenai Subak-Gede: Suatu Wadah Koordinasi antar Subak di Bali’, Sub Dinas Pengairan, Dinas Pekerjaan Umum, Propinsi Bali, Denpasar, Bali and Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali.
Sutawan, N., 2008, ‘Subak menghadapi tantangan globalisasi’, Penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta.
Surata, S. P .K 2003, “Budaya Padi dalam Subak Sebagai Model Pendidikan Lingkungan”. In Kasryno, F., Pasandara, and E., Fagi, A.M. (eds), Subak dan Kerta Masa Kearifan
Lokal Mendukung Pertanian Berkelanjutan, Yayasan Padi Indonesia, Jakarta, pp. 81-97.
Suyastri Y.P and Made, N 2012, “Pemberdayaan Subak melalui green tourism mendukung keberlanjutan pembangunan pertanian di Bali,” Jurnal SEPA, vol. 8, no.2, pp. 51-82.
Widari, D.A., 2015, ‘Perkembangan Desa Wisata Jatiluwih setelah UNESCO menetapkan Subaknya sebagai bagian dari warisan budaya dunia, JUMPA Journal, vol.2, no. 1.
Windia, W., 2006, “Transformaasi sistem irigasi subak yang berlandaskan Tri Hita Karana”, Bali Post, Depasar.
Windia, W. 2013, ‘Penguatan Budaya Subak Melalui Pemberdayaan Petani’, Journal of Bali Studies, vol. 3, no.02, pp.137–158.
Windia, I.P.S. A. W, and Wijayanti, P. U 2013, ‘Peranan Subak dalam Aktifitas Pertanian Padi Sawah’, E—Jurnal Agribisnis dan Agrowisata, vol. 2 no.1, pp. 1-11.
Windia W, Pusposutardjo S., Sutawan, Y., Sudira, P., Arif, S.S 2003, ‘Transformasi Sistem Irigasi Subak Yang Berdasarkan Konsep Tri Hita Karana’, Gadjah Mada University Journal, vol.23 no.1, pp. 1-15.
Windia, W, and Wiguna, W 2013, Subak Warisan Budaya Dunia, Udayana University Press, Denpasar.		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU201900866en_US