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題名 自然災害期間的假新聞：印度尼西亞的信息流，新聞實踐和事實核查
Fake News during Natural Disaster: Information Flow, News Practices and Fact-Checking in Indonesia作者 關家燕
Kwanda, Febbie Austina貢獻者 林翠絹
Lin, Trisha Tsui-Chuan
關家燕
Kwanda, Febbie Austina關鍵詞 假新聞
虛假信息
誤傳
事實檢查
新聞業
影響等級
自然災害
fake news
disinformation
misinformation
fact-checking
journalism
hierarchy of influences
natural disaster日期 2019 上傳時間 6-Dec-2019 09:26:59 (UTC+8) 摘要 Social media has become the digital public sphere for virally disseminating fake news and challenging professional journalism. As one of the largest social media nations, fake news in Indonesia is worsen with low literacy, rapid digital growth, and a politically polarized public (Kaur et al., 2018). This study defines fake news as the intentional and unintentional production and dissemination of false information on social media (Waisbord, 2018; Klein & Wueller, 2017). Examining the case of Palu earthquake and tsunami disaster fake news in Indonesia, this study aims to address fill the research gap of scholarly studies regarding journalistic and fact check practices regarding disaster-related fake news in non-Western contexts.Hierarchy of Influences model (HOI) (Reese & Shoemaker, 2016) was utilized as a theoretic basis to examine individual, routine, organizational, social institutions, and social systems levels of influences on news and fact-check professionals. Employing a mixed-method approach (web observation and interview), this study first analyzed information flows and patterns of three types of post-Palu disaster fake news (i.e., disaster threat, political-infused, and social tragedy). Additionally, web observation identified three types of news organizations: (1) two organizations affiliated with traditional media with different levels (Kompas.com and Medcom.id,), and (2) one web-only, independent news organization (Tempo.co). Next, the researcher used a purposive and snowball sampling to conduct in-depth interviews with seven news professionals in the three news media, in order to investigate contextual influences of different newsrooms. Also, five respondents were selected from the only fact-check organization (Mafindo) and a collaborative fact-checking initiative between Mafindo and 24 online media (CekFakta). The interview data were thematically analyzed with 10 codes and 18 sub-codes.Web observation results showed different types of disaster-related fake news yielded different information flows and patterns. High-risk fake news was carefully handled by Indonesian news media, especially by traditionally-affiliated media, when government’s announcements were prioritized by news media to debunk false information. Whereas low-risk fake news was treated as standardized journalism that news media would do fact-check to verify news truthfulness and clarify factuality. When high-risk fake news contained controversial elements (e.g., politics and religion), complex information flows were developed by waves of debates from polarized public. However, information flows of low-risk information (e.g., scientific information) were simple, as the clarifications were easily accepted by the public.Among the HOI dimensions, the interview results showed that factors at the routine and organizational levels shaped respondents’ disaster fake news practices greatly. At the routine level, when dealing with high-risk fake news, respondents from all three media media shared similarities to wait for government’s official statements before publishing relevant news. However, news angle(s) driven by organizational characteristics (ownership and news orientation) were likely to differ across newsrooms, ranging from glossing over the fake news to clarifying and educating the public. At an organizational level, Traditional media affiliated news organizations tended to be cautious when reporting (disaster) fake news with political/sensitive elements or high risks. Meanwhile, independent news media that exhibited a liberal standpoint might express skepticism on the government’s information regarding post-Palu disaster fake news.Next, fact-checking has become the new journalistic norm because newsrooms took initiatives in training their reporters to combat fake news. The emergence a third-party fact-checking organization (Mafindo) positioned itself as agenda-less compared with news media. Results showed that fact-checking procedures and publishing formats were handled consistently and coherently by staff at when checking disaster fake news and other misinformation. Additionally, third-party fact-checking not only complements Indonesian journalism, but also serves as a new space for the public to directly report suspicious online information and ask for clarifications. Lastly, the increasing trends for fact-checking and debunking fake news were further enhanced by the CekFakta, he collective effort between the third-party fact-checkers and news media to rebuild media trust and promote public awareness of fake news literacy.Theoretically, this study took a mixed-method approach to extend s the knowledge of disaster fake news in non-political and Western context. Study 1 shows the information flow(s) between controversial and non-controversial fake news and distinct patterns of various stakeholders. While study 2 analyzed the internal working practices of newsrooms and third-party fact-check organization in handling disaster fake news. 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國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
106461012資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106461012 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林翠絹 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Trisha Tsui-Chuan en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 關家燕 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Kwanda, Febbie Austina en_US dc.creator (作者) 關家燕 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Kwanda, Febbie Austina en_US dc.date (日期) 2019 en_US dc.date.accessioned 6-Dec-2019 09:26:59 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 6-Dec-2019 09:26:59 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 6-Dec-2019 09:26:59 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106461012 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/127750 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 106461012 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Social media has become the digital public sphere for virally disseminating fake news and challenging professional journalism. As one of the largest social media nations, fake news in Indonesia is worsen with low literacy, rapid digital growth, and a politically polarized public (Kaur et al., 2018). This study defines fake news as the intentional and unintentional production and dissemination of false information on social media (Waisbord, 2018; Klein & Wueller, 2017). Examining the case of Palu earthquake and tsunami disaster fake news in Indonesia, this study aims to address fill the research gap of scholarly studies regarding journalistic and fact check practices regarding disaster-related fake news in non-Western contexts.Hierarchy of Influences model (HOI) (Reese & Shoemaker, 2016) was utilized as a theoretic basis to examine individual, routine, organizational, social institutions, and social systems levels of influences on news and fact-check professionals. Employing a mixed-method approach (web observation and interview), this study first analyzed information flows and patterns of three types of post-Palu disaster fake news (i.e., disaster threat, political-infused, and social tragedy). Additionally, web observation identified three types of news organizations: (1) two organizations affiliated with traditional media with different levels (Kompas.com and Medcom.id,), and (2) one web-only, independent news organization (Tempo.co). Next, the researcher used a purposive and snowball sampling to conduct in-depth interviews with seven news professionals in the three news media, in order to investigate contextual influences of different newsrooms. Also, five respondents were selected from the only fact-check organization (Mafindo) and a collaborative fact-checking initiative between Mafindo and 24 online media (CekFakta). The interview data were thematically analyzed with 10 codes and 18 sub-codes.Web observation results showed different types of disaster-related fake news yielded different information flows and patterns. High-risk fake news was carefully handled by Indonesian news media, especially by traditionally-affiliated media, when government’s announcements were prioritized by news media to debunk false information. Whereas low-risk fake news was treated as standardized journalism that news media would do fact-check to verify news truthfulness and clarify factuality. When high-risk fake news contained controversial elements (e.g., politics and religion), complex information flows were developed by waves of debates from polarized public. However, information flows of low-risk information (e.g., scientific information) were simple, as the clarifications were easily accepted by the public.Among the HOI dimensions, the interview results showed that factors at the routine and organizational levels shaped respondents’ disaster fake news practices greatly. At the routine level, when dealing with high-risk fake news, respondents from all three media media shared similarities to wait for government’s official statements before publishing relevant news. However, news angle(s) driven by organizational characteristics (ownership and news orientation) were likely to differ across newsrooms, ranging from glossing over the fake news to clarifying and educating the public. At an organizational level, Traditional media affiliated news organizations tended to be cautious when reporting (disaster) fake news with political/sensitive elements or high risks. Meanwhile, independent news media that exhibited a liberal standpoint might express skepticism on the government’s information regarding post-Palu disaster fake news.Next, fact-checking has become the new journalistic norm because newsrooms took initiatives in training their reporters to combat fake news. The emergence a third-party fact-checking organization (Mafindo) positioned itself as agenda-less compared with news media. Results showed that fact-checking procedures and publishing formats were handled consistently and coherently by staff at when checking disaster fake news and other misinformation. Additionally, third-party fact-checking not only complements Indonesian journalism, but also serves as a new space for the public to directly report suspicious online information and ask for clarifications. Lastly, the increasing trends for fact-checking and debunking fake news were further enhanced by the CekFakta, he collective effort between the third-party fact-checkers and news media to rebuild media trust and promote public awareness of fake news literacy.Theoretically, this study took a mixed-method approach to extend s the knowledge of disaster fake news in non-political and Western context. Study 1 shows the information flow(s) between controversial and non-controversial fake news and distinct patterns of various stakeholders. While study 2 analyzed the internal working practices of newsrooms and third-party fact-check organization in handling disaster fake news. This study also expands the application of HOI Model in the context of Indonesian disaster fake newsroom practices that identify patterns and models of different types of fake news in three news media types. Next, the present study introduced two types of fact-checking models in Indonesia (third-party independent organization and a collaborative network formed by news media) and examined the practices inside, outside, and in-between newsrooms. These enhance readers’ understanding of Indonesian unique fake news practices in news media and fact-check media ecology. Practically, this study enables news and fact-check professionals to evaluate their procedures when debunking fake news. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents CHAPTER 1 1INTRODUCTION 11.1 Research Background 11.2 Research Purposes 61.3 Research Significance 7CHAPTER 2 8LITERATURE REVIEW 82.1 What is Fake News? 82.1.1 Past Studies on Fake News 102.1.2 Differentiating Rumors and Hoax with Fake News 172.1.3 Fake News during Crisis 192.2 News Media during Crisis 202.2.1 Traditional & Web-Only News media 202.2.2 Journalists during Crisis 212.2.3 News Practices and Fake News 222.2.4 News Gathering and Ensuring Credibility 232.2.5 News Processing and Content Quality 242.2.6 News Distribution on Social Media 262.3 Journalism and Fake News in Indonesia 272.3.1 The Law and Journalism 322.3.2 Fake News in Indonesia 342.3.3 Post-Palu Disaster Fake News 362.4 Fact-Checking, Third-party and Fake News Battle 372.4.1 Fact-Checking Procedures 392.4.2 Fact-Checking in Indonesia 402.5 The Hierarchy of Influences Model 412.5.1 Components of HOI 432.6 The Conceptual Framework 482.6.1 Individual Level 512.6.2 Routine Level 512.6.3 Organizational Level 532.6.4 Social Institutions Level 54CHAPTER 3 56METHODOLOGY 563.1 Web Observation 563.1.1 Data analysis 633. 2 In-depth Interview 633.2.1 News Media In-Depth Interview 643.2.2 Fact-Checker In-Depth Interview 653.2.3 Interview Process 663.2.4 List of Interview Participants 673.2.5 Code scheme & Analysis 69CHAPTER 4 75STUDY 1: WEB OBSERVATION 754.1 Web-Observation Results 754.1.1 Disaster Threat False Information: The Aftershock 764.1.2 Political Infused Disaster False Information: FPI (Islamic Defenders Front) Evacuation Aid 824.1.3 Disaster Social Tragedy False information: Baby Adoption 884.2 Web-Observation Summary 92CHAPTER 5 95STUDY 2: IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW- NEWS MEDIA 955.1 Individual Level 955.1.1 Personal trait 965.1.2 Professional Value 1005.2 Routine Level 1045.2.1 Information Gathering 1045.2.2 Information Processing 1115.2.3 Information Distribution 1155.3.4 Fact-Checking 1175.3 Organizational Level 1255.3.1 Editorial Policies 1265.3.2 Organizational Culture 1295.4 Social Institutions Level 1325.4.1 Government’s Influence 132CHAPTER 6 135STUDY 2: IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW 135(THIRD-PARTY & COLLABORATIVE FACT-CHECKING) 1356.1 Third-Party Fact-Checkers 1366.1.1 Individual Level 1366.1.2 Routine Level 1396.1.2.1 Information Gathering 1396.1.2.2 Information Processing and Fact-Checking 1466.1.2.3 Information Distribution 1546.1.3 Organizational Level 1576.1.3.1 Editorial Policy 1576.1.3.2 Organizational Culture 1586.1.4 Social Institutions Level 1606.1.4.1 Government’s Influence 1606.2 Collaborative Fact-Checking Initiative- CekFakta 161Content Pooling 162Check and Balance 163Training 165Building Trust 1666.2.1 Summary of CekFakta 167CHAPTER 7 170DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 1707.1 Conclusion 1707.2 Discussions 1737.2.1 Information Flow: Political Influence 1747.2.2 Information Pattern: Government as Source 1797.2.3. Professional Practices: Traditional Affiliated vs Independent 1817.2.4. Fact-Checking Model in Indonesia 1847.3 Research Contributions 1877.4 Limitations and Future Study 188References 190APPENDIX A – Consent Form 206APPENDIX B- Interview Questions 210 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1911641 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106461012 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 假新聞 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 虛假信息 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 誤傳 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 事實檢查 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新聞業 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 影響等級 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自然災害 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) fake news en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) disinformation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) misinformation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) fact-checking en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) journalism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) hierarchy of influences en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) natural disaster en_US dc.title (題名) 自然災害期間的假新聞：印度尼西亞的信息流，新聞實踐和事實核查 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Fake News during Natural Disaster: Information Flow, News Practices and Fact-Checking in Indonesia en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ajengrastri, A. 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