學術產出-學位論文
| 題名 | 自然災害期間的假新聞：印度尼西亞的信息流，新聞實踐和事實核查 Fake News during Natural Disaster: Information Flow, News Practices and Fact-Checking in Indonesia |
| 作者 | 關家燕 Kwanda, Febbie Austina |
| 貢獻者 | 林翠絹 Lin, Trisha Tsui-Chuan 關家燕 Kwanda, Febbie Austina |
| 關鍵詞 | 假新聞 虛假信息 誤傳 事實檢查 新聞業 影響等級 自然災害 fake news disinformation misinformation fact-checking journalism hierarchy of influences natural disaster |
| 日期 | 2019 |
| 上傳時間 | 6-十二月-2019 09:26:59 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要 | Social media has become the digital public sphere for virally disseminating fake news and challenging professional journalism. As one of the largest social media nations, fake news in Indonesia is worsen with low literacy, rapid digital growth, and a politically polarized public (Kaur et al., 2018). This study defines fake news as the intentional and unintentional production and dissemination of false information on social media (Waisbord, 2018; Klein & Wueller, 2017). Examining the case of Palu earthquake and tsunami disaster fake news in Indonesia, this study aims to address fill the research gap of scholarly studies regarding journalistic and fact check practices regarding disaster-related fake news in non-Western contexts. Hierarchy of Influences model (HOI) (Reese & Shoemaker, 2016) was utilized as a theoretic basis to examine individual, routine, organizational, social institutions, and social systems levels of influences on news and fact-check professionals. Employing a mixed-method approach (web observation and interview), this study first analyzed information flows and patterns of three types of post-Palu disaster fake news (i.e., disaster threat, political-infused, and social tragedy). Additionally, web observation identified three types of news organizations: (1) two organizations affiliated with traditional media with different levels (Kompas.com and Medcom.id,), and (2) one web-only, independent news organization (Tempo.co). Next, the researcher used a purposive and snowball sampling to conduct in-depth interviews with seven news professionals in the three news media, in order to investigate contextual influences of different newsrooms. Also, five respondents were selected from the only fact-check organization (Mafindo) and a collaborative fact-checking initiative between Mafindo and 24 online media (CekFakta). The interview data were thematically analyzed with 10 codes and 18 sub-codes. Web observation results showed different types of disaster-related fake news yielded different information flows and patterns. High-risk fake news was carefully handled by Indonesian news media, especially by traditionally-affiliated media, when government’s announcements were prioritized by news media to debunk false information. Whereas low-risk fake news was treated as standardized journalism that news media would do fact-check to verify news truthfulness and clarify factuality. When high-risk fake news contained controversial elements (e.g., politics and religion), complex information flows were developed by waves of debates from polarized public. However, information flows of low-risk information (e.g., scientific information) were simple, as the clarifications were easily accepted by the public. Among the HOI dimensions, the interview results showed that factors at the routine and organizational levels shaped respondents’ disaster fake news practices greatly. At the routine level, when dealing with high-risk fake news, respondents from all three media media shared similarities to wait for government’s official statements before publishing relevant news. However, news angle(s) driven by organizational characteristics (ownership and news orientation) were likely to differ across newsrooms, ranging from glossing over the fake news to clarifying and educating the public. At an organizational level, Traditional media affiliated news organizations tended to be cautious when reporting (disaster) fake news with political/sensitive elements or high risks. Meanwhile, independent news media that exhibited a liberal standpoint might express skepticism on the government’s information regarding post-Palu disaster fake news. Next, fact-checking has become the new journalistic norm because newsrooms took initiatives in training their reporters to combat fake news. The emergence a third-party fact-checking organization (Mafindo) positioned itself as agenda-less compared with news media. Results showed that fact-checking procedures and publishing formats were handled consistently and coherently by staff at when checking disaster fake news and other misinformation. Additionally, third-party fact-checking not only complements Indonesian journalism, but also serves as a new space for the public to directly report suspicious online information and ask for clarifications. Lastly, the increasing trends for fact-checking and debunking fake news were further enhanced by the CekFakta, he collective effort between the third-party fact-checkers and news media to rebuild media trust and promote public awareness of fake news literacy. Theoretically, this study took a mixed-method approach to extend s the knowledge of disaster fake news in non-political and Western context. Study 1 shows the information flow(s) between controversial and non-controversial fake news and distinct patterns of various stakeholders. While study 2 analyzed the internal working practices of newsrooms and third-party fact-check organization in handling disaster fake news. This study also expands the application of HOI Model in the context of Indonesian disaster fake newsroom practices that identify patterns and models of different types of fake news in three news media types. Next, the present study introduced two types of fact-checking models in Indonesia (third-party independent organization and a collaborative network formed by news media) and examined the practices inside, outside, and in-between newsrooms. These enhance readers’ understanding of Indonesian unique fake news practices in news media and fact-check media ecology. Practically, this study enables news and fact-check professionals to evaluate their procedures when debunking fake news. |
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| 描述 | 碩士 國立政治大學 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS) 106461012 |
| 資料來源 | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106461012 |
| 資料類型 | thesis |
| dc.contributor.advisor | 林翠絹 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Lin, Trisha Tsui-Chuan | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author (作者) | 關家燕 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (作者) | Kwanda, Febbie Austina | en_US |
| dc.creator (作者) | 關家燕 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | Kwanda, Febbie Austina | en_US |
| dc.date (日期) | 2019 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 6-十二月-2019 09:26:59 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 6-十二月-2019 09:26:59 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 6-十二月-2019 09:26:59 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) | G0106461012 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/127750 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS) | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 106461012 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | Social media has become the digital public sphere for virally disseminating fake news and challenging professional journalism. As one of the largest social media nations, fake news in Indonesia is worsen with low literacy, rapid digital growth, and a politically polarized public (Kaur et al., 2018). This study defines fake news as the intentional and unintentional production and dissemination of false information on social media (Waisbord, 2018; Klein & Wueller, 2017). Examining the case of Palu earthquake and tsunami disaster fake news in Indonesia, this study aims to address fill the research gap of scholarly studies regarding journalistic and fact check practices regarding disaster-related fake news in non-Western contexts. Hierarchy of Influences model (HOI) (Reese & Shoemaker, 2016) was utilized as a theoretic basis to examine individual, routine, organizational, social institutions, and social systems levels of influences on news and fact-check professionals. Employing a mixed-method approach (web observation and interview), this study first analyzed information flows and patterns of three types of post-Palu disaster fake news (i.e., disaster threat, political-infused, and social tragedy). Additionally, web observation identified three types of news organizations: (1) two organizations affiliated with traditional media with different levels (Kompas.com and Medcom.id,), and (2) one web-only, independent news organization (Tempo.co). Next, the researcher used a purposive and snowball sampling to conduct in-depth interviews with seven news professionals in the three news media, in order to investigate contextual influences of different newsrooms. Also, five respondents were selected from the only fact-check organization (Mafindo) and a collaborative fact-checking initiative between Mafindo and 24 online media (CekFakta). The interview data were thematically analyzed with 10 codes and 18 sub-codes. Web observation results showed different types of disaster-related fake news yielded different information flows and patterns. High-risk fake news was carefully handled by Indonesian news media, especially by traditionally-affiliated media, when government’s announcements were prioritized by news media to debunk false information. Whereas low-risk fake news was treated as standardized journalism that news media would do fact-check to verify news truthfulness and clarify factuality. When high-risk fake news contained controversial elements (e.g., politics and religion), complex information flows were developed by waves of debates from polarized public. However, information flows of low-risk information (e.g., scientific information) were simple, as the clarifications were easily accepted by the public. Among the HOI dimensions, the interview results showed that factors at the routine and organizational levels shaped respondents’ disaster fake news practices greatly. At the routine level, when dealing with high-risk fake news, respondents from all three media media shared similarities to wait for government’s official statements before publishing relevant news. However, news angle(s) driven by organizational characteristics (ownership and news orientation) were likely to differ across newsrooms, ranging from glossing over the fake news to clarifying and educating the public. At an organizational level, Traditional media affiliated news organizations tended to be cautious when reporting (disaster) fake news with political/sensitive elements or high risks. Meanwhile, independent news media that exhibited a liberal standpoint might express skepticism on the government’s information regarding post-Palu disaster fake news. Next, fact-checking has become the new journalistic norm because newsrooms took initiatives in training their reporters to combat fake news. The emergence a third-party fact-checking organization (Mafindo) positioned itself as agenda-less compared with news media. Results showed that fact-checking procedures and publishing formats were handled consistently and coherently by staff at when checking disaster fake news and other misinformation. Additionally, third-party fact-checking not only complements Indonesian journalism, but also serves as a new space for the public to directly report suspicious online information and ask for clarifications. Lastly, the increasing trends for fact-checking and debunking fake news were further enhanced by the CekFakta, he collective effort between the third-party fact-checkers and news media to rebuild media trust and promote public awareness of fake news literacy. Theoretically, this study took a mixed-method approach to extend s the knowledge of disaster fake news in non-political and Western context. Study 1 shows the information flow(s) between controversial and non-controversial fake news and distinct patterns of various stakeholders. While study 2 analyzed the internal working practices of newsrooms and third-party fact-check organization in handling disaster fake news. This study also expands the application of HOI Model in the context of Indonesian disaster fake newsroom practices that identify patterns and models of different types of fake news in three news media types. Next, the present study introduced two types of fact-checking models in Indonesia (third-party independent organization and a collaborative network formed by news media) and examined the practices inside, outside, and in-between newsrooms. These enhance readers’ understanding of Indonesian unique fake news practices in news media and fact-check media ecology. Practically, this study enables news and fact-check professionals to evaluate their procedures when debunking fake news. | en_US |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Purposes 6 1.3 Research Significance 7 CHAPTER 2 8 LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1 What is Fake News? 8 2.1.1 Past Studies on Fake News 10 2.1.2 Differentiating Rumors and Hoax with Fake News 17 2.1.3 Fake News during Crisis 19 2.2 News Media during Crisis 20 2.2.1 Traditional & Web-Only News media 20 2.2.2 Journalists during Crisis 21 2.2.3 News Practices and Fake News 22 2.2.4 News Gathering and Ensuring Credibility 23 2.2.5 News Processing and Content Quality 24 2.2.6 News Distribution on Social Media 26 2.3 Journalism and Fake News in Indonesia 27 2.3.1 The Law and Journalism 32 2.3.2 Fake News in Indonesia 34 2.3.3 Post-Palu Disaster Fake News 36 2.4 Fact-Checking, Third-party and Fake News Battle 37 2.4.1 Fact-Checking Procedures 39 2.4.2 Fact-Checking in Indonesia 40 2.5 The Hierarchy of Influences Model 41 2.5.1 Components of HOI 43 2.6 The Conceptual Framework 48 2.6.1 Individual Level 51 2.6.2 Routine Level 51 2.6.3 Organizational Level 53 2.6.4 Social Institutions Level 54 CHAPTER 3 56 METHODOLOGY 56 3.1 Web Observation 56 3.1.1 Data analysis 63 3. 2 In-depth Interview 63 3.2.1 News Media In-Depth Interview 64 3.2.2 Fact-Checker In-Depth Interview 65 3.2.3 Interview Process 66 3.2.4 List of Interview Participants 67 3.2.5 Code scheme & Analysis 69 CHAPTER 4 75 STUDY 1: WEB OBSERVATION 75 4.1 Web-Observation Results 75 4.1.1 Disaster Threat False Information: The Aftershock 76 4.1.2 Political Infused Disaster False Information: FPI (Islamic Defenders Front) Evacuation Aid 82 4.1.3 Disaster Social Tragedy False information: Baby Adoption 88 4.2 Web-Observation Summary 92 CHAPTER 5 95 STUDY 2: IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW- NEWS MEDIA 95 5.1 Individual Level 95 5.1.1 Personal trait 96 5.1.2 Professional Value 100 5.2 Routine Level 104 5.2.1 Information Gathering 104 5.2.2 Information Processing 111 5.2.3 Information Distribution 115 5.3.4 Fact-Checking 117 5.3 Organizational Level 125 5.3.1 Editorial Policies 126 5.3.2 Organizational Culture 129 5.4 Social Institutions Level 132 5.4.1 Government’s Influence 132 CHAPTER 6 135 STUDY 2: IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW 135 (THIRD-PARTY & COLLABORATIVE FACT-CHECKING) 135 6.1 Third-Party Fact-Checkers 136 6.1.1 Individual Level 136 6.1.2 Routine Level 139 6.1.2.1 Information Gathering 139 6.1.2.2 Information Processing and Fact-Checking 146 6.1.2.3 Information Distribution 154 6.1.3 Organizational Level 157 6.1.3.1 Editorial Policy 157 6.1.3.2 Organizational Culture 158 6.1.4 Social Institutions Level 160 6.1.4.1 Government’s Influence 160 6.2 Collaborative Fact-Checking Initiative- CekFakta 161 Content Pooling 162 Check and Balance 163 Training 165 Building Trust 166 6.2.1 Summary of CekFakta 167 CHAPTER 7 170 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 170 7.1 Conclusion 170 7.2 Discussions 173 7.2.1 Information Flow: Political Influence 174 7.2.2 Information Pattern: Government as Source 179 7.2.3. Professional Practices: Traditional Affiliated vs Independent 181 7.2.4. Fact-Checking Model in Indonesia 184 7.3 Research Contributions 187 7.4 Limitations and Future Study 188 References 190 APPENDIX A – Consent Form 206 APPENDIX B- Interview Questions 210 | zh_TW |
| dc.format.extent | 1911641 bytes | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106461012 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 假新聞 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 虛假信息 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 誤傳 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 事實檢查 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 新聞業 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 影響等級 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 自然災害 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | fake news | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | disinformation | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | misinformation | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | fact-checking | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | journalism | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | hierarchy of influences | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | natural disaster | en_US |
| dc.title (題名) | 自然災害期間的假新聞：印度尼西亞的信息流，新聞實踐和事實核查 | zh_TW |
| dc.title (題名) | Fake News during Natural Disaster: Information Flow, News Practices and Fact-Checking in Indonesia | en_US |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en_US |
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| dc.identifier.doi (DOI) | 10.6814/NCCU201901262 | en_US |