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題名 自動駕駛車之風險與保險需求－以責任歸屬為中心
Risks Associated with Autonomous Vehicles and its Insurance: An Accountability Issue.
作者 鍾采玲
Chung, Tsai-Ling
貢獻者 張冠群
鍾采玲
Chung, Tsai-Ling
關鍵詞 自動駕駛車
無人車
保險
責任歸屬
產品責任
Autonomous Vehicle
Self-driving Car
Driverless Car
Insurance
Accountability
Products Liability
日期 2020
上傳時間 5-Feb-2020 18:00:17 (UTC+8)
摘要 根據統計，傳統汽車駕駛員因人為疏失所帶來之交通事故可說是非常多，像是酒駕、疲勞駕駛等，隨著自動駕駛車輛之興起，其不僅可大幅減少人為錯誤所帶來之事故，更可讓原本無法使用汽車之族群像是視障、聽障等殘疾人士可透過自動駕駛車輛增加其機動性等優勢。然而，自動駕駛車輛之興起亦帶來諸多新興風險，像是系統錯誤所帶來之人身安全問題、駭客入侵系統之網路安全問題等，進而導致相關保險需求之出現。
而本文主要探討上述風險之出現所需之保險需求，且聚焦於傳統汽車之保險包含強制汽車責任保險、任意汽車責任保險、車體損失保險以及因應自動駕駛車輛事故可能有極大討論度之產品責任保險。除此之外，由於自動駕駛車輛有別於一般傳統車輛，主要控制車輛之主體可能為車輛系統本身而非人類駕駛員，因此，在保險公司之賠償與責任歸屬及其後續求償之方面，可能不再只是車輛駕駛員或其保險公司之責任，而轉為汽車製造商之責任，故在責任歸屬之認定上以及保險制度之選擇即為本文探討重點。
結論與建議上，本文主要以保護事故受害人利益之觀點為相關建議，包含修正我國民法動力汽車駕駛員侵權責任條文、解釋與修正我國強制汽車責任保險法、提出產品責任險之相關建議，以衡平事故受害人、保險人以及駕駛員之利益，並兼顧自動駕駛車輛之技術創新。
According to statistics, causes of car accidents in the scenario where human drivers are behind the wheel are mostly due to human errors, reasons ranging from drunk driving to fatigue driving or more inevitable human mistakes. With the rising of autonomous vehicles, accidents due to human errors can be greatly reduced, at the same time, benefit the physically challenged, such as the blind and the deaf, increasing their mobility in transporting. However, many risks also arise with the use of autonomous vehicles. For instance, personal safety problems occur from system mistakes or network security problems emerge from being hacked. Those problems lead to the result of the rising in relevant insurance needs.
This paper mainly discusses the insurance needs on the risks of autonomous vehicles. Moreover, the paper focuses on not only the traditional automobile insurance like the compulsory automobile liability insurance, the optional automobile liability insurance, and the first party insurance, but also the product liability insurance of the manufacture of autonomous vehicles which may be highly discussed in the case of autonomous vehicle accidents. In addition, autonomous vehicles are different from conventional vehicles, their main vehicle controller may be the vehicle itself rather than a human driver. Therefore, regarding the compensation and accountability of the insurance company and its subsequent claims, drivers, insurance companies or manufacturers of the autonomous vehicle may now all be liable to the car accident. As a consequence, accountability issue and the choice of insurance systems are the main discussion of this paper.
To conclude, this paper puts forward suggestions concerning the protection of the interests of victims, including amending the provision of Civil Law on the tort liability of drivers, explaining and adjusting the current the Compulsory Automobile Liability Insurance Act, and last but not least, proposing related suggestions on the product liability insurance. In all, the suggestions stated above are all in the hope of balancing the interests among the victims, the insurers and the drivers, meanwhile promoting technological innovations for autonomous vehicles.
參考文獻 參考文獻及書目
一、中文部分
（一）中文書籍
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（二）中文期刊
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二、外文部分
（一）外文書籍
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（四）法院判決
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36.UNECE, UNECE paves the way for automated driving by updating UN international convention (March 23, 2016), available at http://www.unece.org/info/media/presscurrent-press-h/transport/2016/unece-paves-the-way-for-automated-driving-by-updating-un-international-convention/doc.html
37.Waymo, Our Journey, available at https://waymo.com/journey/
38.World Health ORG., Global Status Report on Road Safety 2 (2015), available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/189242/1/9789241565066_eng.pdf?ua=1
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學系
106651037
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1066510371
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張冠群zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鍾采玲zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chung, Tsai-Lingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 鍾采玲zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chung, Tsai-Lingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2020en_US
dc.date.accessioned 5-Feb-2020 18:00:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 5-Feb-2020 18:00:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Feb-2020 18:00:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1066510371en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/128612-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 106651037zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 根據統計，傳統汽車駕駛員因人為疏失所帶來之交通事故可說是非常多，像是酒駕、疲勞駕駛等，隨著自動駕駛車輛之興起，其不僅可大幅減少人為錯誤所帶來之事故，更可讓原本無法使用汽車之族群像是視障、聽障等殘疾人士可透過自動駕駛車輛增加其機動性等優勢。然而，自動駕駛車輛之興起亦帶來諸多新興風險，像是系統錯誤所帶來之人身安全問題、駭客入侵系統之網路安全問題等，進而導致相關保險需求之出現。
而本文主要探討上述風險之出現所需之保險需求，且聚焦於傳統汽車之保險包含強制汽車責任保險、任意汽車責任保險、車體損失保險以及因應自動駕駛車輛事故可能有極大討論度之產品責任保險。除此之外，由於自動駕駛車輛有別於一般傳統車輛，主要控制車輛之主體可能為車輛系統本身而非人類駕駛員，因此，在保險公司之賠償與責任歸屬及其後續求償之方面，可能不再只是車輛駕駛員或其保險公司之責任，而轉為汽車製造商之責任，故在責任歸屬之認定上以及保險制度之選擇即為本文探討重點。
結論與建議上，本文主要以保護事故受害人利益之觀點為相關建議，包含修正我國民法動力汽車駕駛員侵權責任條文、解釋與修正我國強制汽車責任保險法、提出產品責任險之相關建議，以衡平事故受害人、保險人以及駕駛員之利益，並兼顧自動駕駛車輛之技術創新。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) According to statistics, causes of car accidents in the scenario where human drivers are behind the wheel are mostly due to human errors, reasons ranging from drunk driving to fatigue driving or more inevitable human mistakes. With the rising of autonomous vehicles, accidents due to human errors can be greatly reduced, at the same time, benefit the physically challenged, such as the blind and the deaf, increasing their mobility in transporting. However, many risks also arise with the use of autonomous vehicles. For instance, personal safety problems occur from system mistakes or network security problems emerge from being hacked. Those problems lead to the result of the rising in relevant insurance needs.
This paper mainly discusses the insurance needs on the risks of autonomous vehicles. Moreover, the paper focuses on not only the traditional automobile insurance like the compulsory automobile liability insurance, the optional automobile liability insurance, and the first party insurance, but also the product liability insurance of the manufacture of autonomous vehicles which may be highly discussed in the case of autonomous vehicle accidents. In addition, autonomous vehicles are different from conventional vehicles, their main vehicle controller may be the vehicle itself rather than a human driver. Therefore, regarding the compensation and accountability of the insurance company and its subsequent claims, drivers, insurance companies or manufacturers of the autonomous vehicle may now all be liable to the car accident. As a consequence, accountability issue and the choice of insurance systems are the main discussion of this paper.
To conclude, this paper puts forward suggestions concerning the protection of the interests of victims, including amending the provision of Civil Law on the tort liability of drivers, explaining and adjusting the current the Compulsory Automobile Liability Insurance Act, and last but not least, proposing related suggestions on the product liability insurance. In all, the suggestions stated above are all in the hope of balancing the interests among the victims, the insurers and the drivers, meanwhile promoting technological innovations for autonomous vehicles.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究方法 4
第一項 文獻探討分析 4
第二項 比較法學分析 4
第四節 研究範圍及架構 5
第二章 自動駕駛車之概述 7
第一節 自動駕駛車介紹 7
第一項 自動駕駛車之背景 8
第二項 自動駕駛車之進程 10
第三項 自動駕駛車之技術 13
第四項 各大車廠發展項目 15
第二節 自動駕駛車之優勢 20
第一項 安全性之提升 21
第二項 經濟效率之提升 23
第三項 機動性與便利性之增加 24
第四項 環境汙染之降低 25
第三節 自動駕駛車之潛在風險 26
第一項 人身安全問題 27
第二項 網路安全問題 29
第三項 隱私問題 30
第四項 產業影響問題 32
第四節 結語 33
第三章 自動駕駛車之法制介紹 36
第一節 國際公約 36
第二節 美國 37
第一項 聯邦 37
第二項 各州 44
第一節 德國 45
第一項 《道路交通法》修正 45
第二項 自動駕駛道德倫理準則 47
第四節 英國 49
第一項 自動駕駛車測試實務守則 49
第二項 自動駕駛與電動車法 51
第五節 台灣 56
第六節 各國法制比較 69
第一項 主要法規及立法重點 69
第二項 監管單位 72
第三項 責任歸屬 72
第四項 保險 74
第五節 結語 75
第四章 自動駕駛車之保險需求與責任歸屬 76
第一節 自動駕駛車之保險需求 76
第一項 強制汽車責任保險 77
第二項 任意汽車責任保險 78
第三項 車體損失保險 79
第四項 產品責任保險 80
第五項 小結 81
第二節 自動駕駛車之事故責任歸屬主體 81
第一項 駕駛人責任 82
第二項 商品製造人責任 84
第三項 小結 87
第三節 產品責任之特殊問題 88
第一項 舉證責任之問題 88
第二項 保險制度之選擇及求償問題 90
第四節 結語 91
第五章 比較法之研究 93
第一節 美國 93
第一項 動力車輛駕駛員之責任 93
第二項 汽車製造商之產品責任 94
第三項 小結 98
第二節 德國 99
第一項 動力車輛駕駛員之責任 99
第二項 汽車製造商之產品責任 101
第三項 小結 102
第三節 英國 103
第一項 動力車輛駕駛員之責任 103
第二項 汽車製造商之產品責任 105
第三項 小結 106
第四節 台灣 108
第一項 動力車輛駕駛員之責任 108
第二項 汽車製造商之產品責任 110
第三項 小結 112
第五節 比較與評析 113
第一項 各國法比較 113
第二項 比較法評析 116
第六章 結論與建議 120
第一節 現今自動駕駛車輛合法性與普及程度 120
第二節 自動駕駛車輛存在之必要性 121
第三節 針對我國自動駕駛車輛事故責任歸屬及保險制度選擇之建議 121
第一項 擴張民法第191條之2之責任主體至「車輛使用人」 122
第二項 自動駕駛車輛亦為強制汽車責任納保範圍 123
第三項 超出強制汽車責任保險限額理賠之責任負擔 124
第四項 自駕車製造商強制納保產品責任險或繳納一定數額保證金 125
參考文獻及書目 126		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1515530 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1066510371en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自動駕駛車zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 無人車zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 保險zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 責任歸屬zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 產品責任zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Autonomous Vehicleen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Self-driving Caren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Driverless Caren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Insuranceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Accountabilityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Products Liabilityen_US
dc.title (題名) 自動駕駛車之風險與保險需求－以責任歸屬為中心zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Risks Associated with Autonomous Vehicles and its Insurance: An Accountability Issue.en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻及書目
一、中文部分
（一）中文書籍
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2.楊芳賢，民法債編總論上，三民書局股份有限公司，初版一刷，2016年8月。
3.王澤鑑，侵權行為法，三民書局股份有限公司，增訂新版三刷，2019年2月。
（二）中文期刊
1.Peter A. Windel，舉證責任─基本原則與其於消費者法上之作用，月旦法學雜誌第248期，頁184-94，2016年1月。
2.潘俊良，自駕車之發展與挑戰—以德國法制為借鑑，科技法律透析第30卷第12期，頁48-72，2018年12月。
3.劉姿汝，商品製造人責任之因果關係推定，月旦法學教室第189期，頁13-16，2018年7月。
4.黃銘傑，自駕車對現行汽車事故法律責任之挑戰與回應，月旦法學雜誌第288期，頁51-57，2019年5月。
5.洪政緯，無人駕駛法治邁向新紀元-德國立法允許自動駕駛汽車上路，科技法律透析第29卷第5期，頁4-6，2017年5月。
6.葉啟洲，德國強制汽車責任保險之法律性質及第三人直接請求權之構造，風險管理學報第11卷第1期，頁5-34，2009年6月。
7.蔡毓華，英國因應自動駕駛車輛上路，提出新保險責任制度，科技法律透析第30卷第3期，頁13-15，2018年3月。
8.汪信君，自駕車時代汽車責任保險之應有風貌，月旦法學雜誌第288期，頁58-66，2019年5月。
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二、外文部分
（一）外文書籍
1.ANDERSON, JAMES M. ET AL., AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY: A GUIDE FOR POLICYMAKERS, RAND CORPORATION, CALIF. (2016).
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（二）外文期刊
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（三）研究報告
1.Clements, Lewis M. & Kockelman, Kara M., Economic Effects of Automated Vehicles 1-19 (2017), available at https://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/kockelman/public_html/TRB17EconomicEffectsofAVs.pdf
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3.House of Lords Library, Automated and Electric Vehicles Bill: Briefing for Lords Stages 1-17, available at https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/LLN-2018-0022
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（四）法院判決
1.Cole v. Ford Motor Co., 136 Or.App. 45 (1995).
2.Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc., 58 Cal.2d 824, 377 P. 2d 83 (1967).
3.Mazetti v. Armour Co, 75 Wash. 622, 135 P. 633 (1913).
4.Watson v. Ford Motor Co., 389 S.C. 434 (2010).
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202000036en_US