學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 補眠與否？探討週間週末睡眠模式差異之內在機制及其影響
Catch-Up Sleep or not? The mechanism, factors and consequences of weekend-weekday sleep pattern differences作者 蕭帆琦
Hsiao, Fan-Chi貢獻者 楊建銘
Yang, Chien-Ming
蕭帆琦
Hsiao, Fan-Chi關鍵詞 睡眠不足
補眠
社交時差
時型
約日節律特性
Insufficient sleep
Catch-Up Sleep
Social Jet Lag
Chronotype
Circadian Type Inventory日期 2020 上傳時間 2-Mar-2020 11:13:46 (UTC+8) 摘要 研究目的 週間睡眠不足，而週末晚睡晚起且補眠是現代人生活常見的睡眠型態，根據睡眠調控的雙歷程理論（two-process model），週末補眠一方面可以補足週間未能滿足恆定系統（homeostatic system）中的睡眠驅力（sleep drive），而有正向的效果，另一方面則可能造成約日節律（circadian rhythm）的干擾，造成「社交時差」─個體內在約日節律與外在時間線索出現不一致，而導致負面的影響。但之前的研究者多從單一面向來討論，多忽略了另一面向之影響，目前尚未有研究綜合影響恆定系統的「睡眠時數」及影響晝夜節律的「醒睡時間」來討論週間週末睡眠模式的差異；而時型（chronotype）也會影響社交時差及週末補眠作用，顯示約日節律相關個人特質也可能會對週間週末睡眠模式造成影響。另外，也未曾有研究對週間週末睡眠模式進行分類，找出最常被使用之類別及其差異。因此本論文嘗試從雙歷程模式出發，討論個人特質、週間睡眠時數、週末補眠時數、社交時差及日常表現間的關係，並進一步澄清週末補眠的補償作用及社交時差的負向影響，再綜合「睡眠時數」及「醒睡時間」區分不同的週間週末睡眠模式，進而找出不同睡眠模式間的差異。研究方法 本論文包含兩個研究，研究一為大樣本問卷調查研究，透過社群網站招募1000名研究參與者填寫線上問卷，排除漏答、作息不規律或無固定工時者，最後納入850份資料（平均年齡32.4歲：範圍21至55歲；541名女性）進行分析。分析時以配對t檢定比較週間週末睡眠模式是否的確存在差異，並分析各量表間的相關，再進一步以路徑分析探討個人特質、週間睡眠時數、週末補眠時數、社交時差及日常表現間的關聯性。其次，以潛在類別分析，藉由週間醒睡時間、睡眠及躺床時數、各指標在週間週末的差異，以及社交時差指標，將週間週末睡眠模式進行分類，並以單因子變異數分析區分各類別在睡眠相關指標、個人特質及日常表現間的差異。研究二則以實驗法檢驗週末補眠的補償作用及社交時差的負向影響，招募共91名研究參與者，排除未配合實驗操弄、作息變異過大及有睡眠困擾者，最終納入69名研究參與者（平均年齡22.0歲：範圍20至29歲；48名女性），並將研究參與者隨機區分為「週末晚睡晚起（G1：n=20）」、「週末晚睡晚起且補眠（G2：n=24）」及「週末晚起且補眠（G3：n=25）」， 三組皆進行兩週的實驗，採對抗平衡設計（counter-balance design），兩週皆配戴活動記錄腕錶及填寫睡眠日誌，其中一週為基礎期，限制研究參與者的躺床時數為7小時，並固定週間週末的作息相同，基礎期結束後，週一早上以史丹福嗜睡量表（Stanford Sleepiness Scale, SSS）量測主觀嗜睡度，以及正負向情感量表（Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, PANAS）、盤斯心情量表（Profile of Mood State, POMS）量測情緒，並請研究參與者至實驗室後接受心理動作警覺作業（psychomotor vigilance task, PVT）及連續注意力表現測驗（Continuous Performance Test, CPT）以量測認知表現；另一週為實驗期，週間同樣限制躺床時數及固定作息，週末則依不同組別調整作息，分別是未補眠且存在約2小時社交時差的「週末晚睡晚起（G1）組」、補眠2小時及具2小時社交時差的「週末晚睡晚起且補眠（G2）組」及補眠2小時具1小時社交時差的「週末晚起且補眠（G3）組」，同樣在實驗期結束後的週一早上，量測主觀嗜睡度、情緒及認知表現。研究結果 研究一第一部分結果顯示週間週末睡眠模式的確存在差異，週末的就寢、起床時間、睡眠時間中點皆晚於週間，睡眠時數也較長。週間睡眠時數與以艾普沃斯嗜睡量表（Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ESS）測量的主觀嗜睡度及以流行病學研究中心憂鬱量表（The Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Depression Scale, CES-D）量測的憂鬱情緒有顯著負相關，而週末補眠時數及社交時差則與ESS及CES-D得分有顯著正相關，與量測個體工作投入程度的工作敬業量表（Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, UWES）為顯著負相關。路徑分析結果顯示時型對週間睡眠時數、週末補眠時數及社交時差存在顯著影響，而週間睡眠時數對於日常表現為存在一直接效果，即週間睡眠時數越少，對日常表現有較負向的影響；但也會透過週末補眠時數，使社交時差增加，進而使負向影響增加，存在一間接影響路徑。另外，研究一的第二部份則藉由潛在類別分析，將研究參與者區分四個類別，分別是週末早睡早起不補眠的「不補眠組（n=192）」、週末早睡稍晚起補眠少的「低補眠組（n=229）」、週末晚起且補眠時數高的「中補眠組（n=318）」，以及週間睡眠時數最短週末晚起且補眠時數最高的「高補眠組（n=111）」。研究結果發現不補眠組年齡最長、時型最接近白日型，其次是低補眠組、中補眠組，高補眠組年齡最輕、時型最接近夜貓型，且有較高的嗜睡度、憂鬱情緒。研究二則以組別（3）x週間週末（2）x實驗操弄（2）三因子混合設計變異數分析（three-way ANOVA, mixed design）比較各組在基礎期及實驗期週間活動記錄腕錶週末睡眠相關指標差異，結果發現各組在實驗期週末的入睡耗時存在組間差異，因就寢時間越晚的組別，則入睡耗時越短，而有補眠的兩組（G2、G3）在實驗期週末的入睡後清醒時間皆顯著高於基礎期；而週末晚起且補眠（G3）組在實驗期結束後的週一早上，其疲倦分數及POMS總分低於基礎期，但另外兩組皆呈現實驗期高於基礎期。結論 本論文研究結果顯示時型確實會影響週間週末睡眠模式，而週末補眠習慣可能非因應週間睡眠不足的最佳策略，週末補眠越多，可能反映的是週間睡眠不足越嚴重，同時還會間接使社交時差增加，造成負向影響，特別是影響主觀嗜睡度、情緒狀態及工作投入程度。然而，本論文也發現週間週末睡眠模式有不同類型，與個體的年齡、時型及約日節律特性可能有關，年齡越長、時型越接近白日型且約日節律較為彈性者，選擇週末補眠的機率較小，推測個人特質可能會影響其選擇睡眠型態，使不同的週間週末睡眠模式存在群體差異，未來也可針對不同族群發展不同之因應策略。
Introduction It is common practice in modern life to deprive oneself of sleep on weekday nights and to sleep-in on weekend mornings to catch up on sleep loss. According to the two-process model of sleep regulation, this "catch-up sleep（CUS）" pattern might be useful to satiate homeostatic sleep drive and to compensate for the sleep loss on weekday nights, but it might also cause circadian misalignment and lead to“social jet lag（SJL）”─ the discrepancy between the internal circadian rhythm and external time cue. However, very few studies have considered the mechanism of weekend sleep patterns which take both the homeostatic and circadian mechanisms into consideration. Thus, this study aimed to explore the relationship between insufficient sleep on weekdays, CUS and SJL, considering both the sleep duration and timing. Previous studies have also reported that individual traits, such as chronotype, might be associated with the degree of SJL and the effect of CUS. This study therefore also explores the role of circadian-related individual traits in SJL and CUS. Moreover, this study aimed to find the subgroups of weekday and weekend sleep patterns to further investigate the association between different individual characteristics and weekday/weekend sleep patterns.Methods The dissertation includes an online survey study and a laboratory experiment. The online survey（Study 1）recruited 1,000 participants. Among them, 850（average age: 32.4 years, range: 21-55 years; 541 female） were eligible and completed the survey. Paired-t test was used to confirm the differences between weekday and weekend sleep patterns. Pearson`s correlation was conducted to examine the correlations between the variables. Path analysis was then performed to explore the association between individual circadian-related traits, sleep duration on weekdays, CUS, SJL and daily performance. In addition, latent class analysis was used to find subtypes of weekday and weekend sleep patterns based on bedtime, rising time, total sleep time, and time in bed（TIB）on weekdays, the differences in those indexes on weekdays and weekends, and SJL. One-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the individual characteristics among the different subtypes of sleep pattern. The experiment（study 2）included 69 （average age: 22.0 years, range: 20-29 years; 48 female） young adults as participants. They were randomly assigned to three groups: a "delayed weekend sleep schedule" group（G1: n=20）, a "delayed weekend sleep schedule + CUS" group（G2: n=24）, and a "delayed rising schedule + CUS" group（G3: n=25）. All participants had to go through a two-week study period: a baseline condition and an experimental condition. The sequence for the two conditions was counter-balanced across participants. During the two weeks, participants were requested to fill in a sleep diary and to wear an actigraph every day. During the baseline week, participants had to restrict their TIB to 7 hours; during the experimental week, they were required to follow a regular sleep schedule with restricted TIB on weekdays, and to follow one of three experimental sleep patterns on weekends: G1- no CUS and 2 hours of SJL; G2- 2 hours of CUS and SJL, and G3- 2 hours of CUS and 1 hour of SJL. At the end of the baseline and experimental period, each participant rated their subjective sleepiness on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale（SSS）and emotion on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule（PANAS）and Profile of Mood State（POMS）after awakening, as well as to come to the laboratory to complete the Psychomotor Vigilance Task（PVT）and the Continuous Performance Test（CPT）in the lab on Monday mornings.Results Online survey data confirmed that there were significant differences between weekday and weekend sleep patterns, with delayed bedtime, rising time and midpoint of sleep on weekends compared with weekdays. Sleep duration on weekdays（SDw） correlated negatively with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale（ESS）and The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale（CES-D）, while CUS and SJL showed positive correlations with ESS and CES-D. Besides, CUS and SJL were negatively related with the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale（UWES）. Path analysis showed that chronotype could affect SDw, CUS and SJL; there was a direct effect from SDw to measures of daytime functioning（ESS, CES-D and reversed UWES）, with CUS and SJL as two mediators subsequently between SDw and daytime functioning. Latent class analysis found four types of sleep pattern, namely no-CUS type（n=192）, Low-CUS type（n=229）, Median-CUS type（n=318）and High-CUS type（n=111）. No-CUS type were older than other types and their OLQ scores were higher than those of other types. High-CUS type were younger than other types and they had the lowest OLQ scores. In the laboratory study, there was a group difference between sleep onset latency（SOL） on weekends in the experiment period. Those groups with CUS（G2 and G3）showed higher wake after sleep onset（WASO）on weekend nights in the experiment period than the baseline. G3, compared to the other two groups, showed a decreasing trend on negative emotion report compared to the baseline after the experimental manipulation. However, G1 and G2 showed increasing negative emotion compared to their baseline.Conclusions The results showed that chronotype seems to be an important factor in the different sleep patterns of weekdays and weekends. More important, CUS seems not to be a good coping strategy to compensate for insufficient sleep on weekdays. More CUS might lead to larger SJL, while SJL is related to higher sleepiness, elevated levels of negative mood and lower degrees of job involvement. The positive compensatory effect of CUS might be cancelled out by the negative effect of SJL. Moreover, different people would choose diverse weekday and weekend sleep habits. Older people showed sufficient sleep on weekdays and less CUS on weekends. Younger people slept less on weekdays and extended their sleep on weekends; they also showed the highest levels of sleepiness and depressive mood. Different coping strategies for different populations for weekday sleep debt should be developed and tested in future studies.參考文獻 行政院主計處：九十三年台灣地區社會發展趨勢調查(時間運用)統計結果。行政院，2004。王拔群、李學禹、莊銘隆、黃玉書、陳彥宏、邱國樑、陳濘宏(2003)。中文版 Epworth 嗜睡量表之信效度研究。台灣精神醫學，17(1)，14-22。楊建銘、許世杰、林詩淳、周映妤、陳瑩明(2009)。失眠嚴重度量表中文版的信, 效度研究。臨床心理學刊，4(2)，95-104。車先蕙、盧孟良、陳錫中、張尚文、李宇宙 (2006) 。中文版貝克焦慮量表之信效度。台灣醫學，10(4)，447-454。盧孟良、車先蕙、張尚文、沈武典 (2002)。中文版貝克憂鬱量表第二版之信度和效度。台灣精神醫學，16，301-310。鄧閔鴻、張素凰 (2006) 。廣泛性焦慮疾患與憂鬱疾患共病現象的階層病理模式。中華心理學刊，48(2)， 203-218。張鐿鐘、盧俊宏 (2001) 。盤斯心情量表(POMS)之修訂報告，大專體育學刊，3(2) ， 47-57。蕭帆琦、蔡玲玲(2017)。中文版「日夜作息習慣量表」：紙本標準版與網路版。中華心理學刊，59(4)，197-212。https://doi.org/10.6129/cjp.20171004Achermann, P., & Borbély, A. A. (1990). Simulation of human sleep: ultradian dynamics of electroencephalographic slow-wave activity. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 5(2), 141-157. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/074873049000500206Achermann, P., & Borbély, A. A. (2017). Sleep homeostasis and models of sleep regulation. In Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine (pp. 377-387. e376). Elsevier.Åkerstedt, T., & Fröberg, J. E. (1976). Interindividual differences in circadian patterns of catecholamine excretion, body temperature, performance, and subjective arousal. Biological Psychology, 4(4), 277-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(76)90019-3Åkerstedt, T., & Fröberg, J. E. (1976). Interindividual differences in circadian patterns of catecholamine excretion, body temperature, performance, and subjective arousal. Biological Psychology, 4(4), 277-292.Åkerstedt, T., Ghilotti, F., Grotta, A., Zhao, H., Adami, H. O., Trolle‐Lagerros, Y., & Bellocco, R. (2019). Sleep duration and mortality–Does weekend sleep matter? Journal of Sleep Research, 28(1), e12712. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12712Åkerstedt, T., Kecklund, G., Ingre, M., Lekander, M., & Axelsson, J. (2009). Sleep homeostasis during repeated sleep restriction and recovery: support from EEG dynamics. Sleep, 32(2), 217-222. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep/32.2.217Alhola, P., & Polo-Kantola, P. (2007). Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 3(5), 553-567.Andlauer, P., Reinberg, A., Fourré, L., Battle, W., & Duverneuil, G. (1978). Amplitude of the oral temperature circadian rhythm and the tolerance to shift-work. Journal de Physiologie, 75(5), 507-512.Arora, V., Dunphy, C., Chang, V. Y., Ahmad, F., Humphrey, H. J., & Meltzer, D. (2006). The effects of on-duty napping on intern sleep time and fatigue. Annals of Internal Medicine, 144(11), 792-798. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-144-11-200606060-00005Aschoff, J., & Pohl, H. (1978). Phase relations between a circadian rhythm and its zeitgeber within the range of entrainment. Naturwissenschaften, 65(2), 80-84.Baehr, E. K., Revelle, W., & Eastman, C. I. (2000). Individual differences in the phase and amplitude of the human circadian temperature rhythm: with an emphasis on morningness–eveningness. Journal of Sleep Research, 9(2), 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00196.xBeck, A. T., & Steer, R. (1988). Beck anxiety inventory (BAI). BiB, 54.Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio, 78(2), 490-498.Belenky, G., Wesensten, N. J., Thorne, D. R., Thomas, M. L., Sing, H. C., Redmond, D. P., Russo, M. B., & Balkin, T. J. (2003). Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: A sleep dose‐response study. Journal of Sleep Research, 12(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00337.xBlagrove, M., Alexander, C., & Horne, J. A. (1995). The effects of chronic sleep reduction on the performance of cognitive tasks sensitive to sleep deprivation. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9(1), 21-40. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/acp.2350090103Borbély, A. A. (1982). A two process model of sleep regulation. Human Neurobiology, 1(3), 195-204.Boudebesse, C., Geoffroy, P. A., Bellivier, F., Henry, C., Folkard, S., Leboyer, M., & Etain, B. (2014). Correlations between objective and subjective sleep and circadian markers in remitted patients with bipolar disorder. Chronobiology International, 31(5), 698-704. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2014.895742Carrier, J., Monk, T. H., Buysse, D. J., & Kupfer, D. J. (1996). Amplitude reduction of the circadian temperature and sleep rhythms in the elderly. Chronobiology International, 13(5), 373-386. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420529609012661Casement, M. D., Broussard, J. L., Mullington, J. M., & Press, D. Z. (2006). The contribution of sleep to improvements in working memory scanning speed: a study of prolonged sleep restriction. Biological Psychology, 72(2), 208-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.11.002Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). Short sleep duration among workers--United States, 2010. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61(16), 281-285.Chami, H. A., Ghandour, B., Isma`eel, H., Nasreddine, L., Nasrallah, M., & Tamim, H. (2019). Sleepless in Beirut: sleep duration and associated subjective sleep insufficiency, daytime fatigue, and sleep debt in an urban environment. Sleep and Breathing, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-019-01833-3Chen, C.-H. (1994). An exploration of postpartum depression model using LISREL. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(5), 229-238. https://doi.org/ 10.6452/KJMS.199405.0229Chien, C. P., & Cheng, T. A. (1985). Depression in Taiwan: epidemiological survey utilizing CES-D. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi, 87(5), 335-338.Cocklin, B., & Kirkland, J. (1982). Circadian-referenced predictive tests of adjustment: some further explorations. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55(2), 523-526. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1982.55.2.523Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 385-396. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/2136404Coren, S. (1996). Sleep Thieves: An Eye-Opening Exploration Into the Science and Mysteries of Sleep. In Hartmann E. (Ed.), The sleep book: Understanding and preventing sleep problems in people over (pp.50).Conner, C. (2004). Conners’ CPT II continuous performance test II. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi Health Systems.Costa, G., Lievore, F., Casaletti, G., Gaffuri, E., & Folkard, S. (1989). Circadian characteristics influencing interindividual differences in tolerance and adjustment to shiftwork. Ergonomics, 32(4), 373-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138908966104Czeisler, C. A., Dumont, M., Duffy, J., Steinberg, J., Richardson, G., Brown, E., Sanchez, R., Rios, C., & Ronda, J. (1992). Association of sleep-wake habits in older people with changes in output of circadian pacemaker. The Lancet, 340(8825), 933-936. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)92817-Yde Souza, C. M., & Hidalgo, M. P. (2014). Midpoint of sleep on school days is associated with depression among adolescents. Chronobiology International, 31(2), 199-205. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.838575Di Milia, L., Smith, P. A., & Folkard, S. (2004). Refining the psychometric properties of the circadian type inventory. Personality and Individual differences, 36(8), 1953-1964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.003Di Milia, L., Smith, P. A., & Folkard, S. (2005). A validation of the revised circadian type inventory in a working sample. Personality and Individual differences, 39(7), 1293-1305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.04.012Dijk, D. J., & Czeisler, C. A. (1995). Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 15(5), 3526-3538. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03526.1995Dinges, D. F., & Powell, J. W. (1985). Microcomputer analyses of performance on a portable, simple visual RT task during sustained operations. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 17(6), 652-655. https://doi.org/ 10.3758/BF03200977Dinges, D. F., Pack, F., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., Ott, G. E., Aptowicz, C., & Pack, A. I. (1997). Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4–5 hours per night. Sleep, 20(4), 267-277. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/sleep/20.4.267Foley, K. A., Sarsour, K., Kalsekar, A., & Walsh, J. K. (2010). Subtypes of sleep disturbance: associations among symptoms, comorbidities, treatment, and medical costs. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 8(2), 90-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402001003622842Folkard, S. (1987). Circadian type inventory. Sheffield, United Kingdom: University of Sheffield, Department of Psychology.Folkard, S., & Åkerstedt, T. (1992). A three-process model of the regulation of alertness-sleepiness. Sleep, Arousal and Performance, 11-26.Folkard, S., Monk, T. H., & Lobuan, M. C. (1979). Towards a predictive test of adjustment to shift work. Ergonomics, 22(1), 79-91. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00140137908924591Gangwisch, J. E., Heymsfield, S. B., Boden-Albala, B., Buijs, R. M., Kreier, F., Pickering, T. G., Rundle, A. G., Zammit, G. K., & Malaspina, D. J. h. (2006). Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension. Hypertension, 47(5), 833-839.Gerber, M., Jonsdottir, I. H., Lindwall, M., & Ahlborg Jr, G. (2014). Physical activity in employees with differing occupational stress and mental health profiles: A latent profile analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(6), 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.012Giannotti, F., Cortesi, F., Sebastiani, T., & Ottaviano, S. (2002). Circadian preference, sleep and daytime behaviour in adolescence. Journal of Sleep Research, 11(3), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00302.xGillberg, M., Kecklund, G., Axelsson, J., & Akerstedt, T. (1996). The effects of a short daytime nap after restricted night sleep. Sleep, 19(7), 570-575. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/19.7.570Greenwood, K. M. (1995). An evaluation of the circadian type questionnaire. Ergonomics, 38(2), 347-360. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139508925109Grove, J. R., & Prapavessis, H. (1992). Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of an abbreviated profile of mood states. International Journal of Sport Psychology.Haack, M., & Mullington, J. M. (2005). Sustained sleep restriction reduces emotional and physical well-being. Pain, 119(1), 56-64. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.pain.2005.09.011Hale, L. (2005). Who has time to sleep? Journal of Public Health, 27(2), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdi004Hayashi, M., Watanabe, M., & Hori, T. (1999). The effects of a 20 min nap in the mid-afternoon on mood, performance and EEG activity. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110(2), 272-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(98)00003-0Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L., Hazen, N., Herman, J., Katz, E. S., & Kheirandish-Gozal, L. (2015). National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health, 1(1), 40-43. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010Hoddes, E., Zarcone, V., & Dement, W. (1972). Development and use of Stanford Sleepiness scale (SSS). Psychophysiology. 9, 150.Horne, J. A., & Ostberg, O. (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. International Journal of Chronobiology, 4(2), 97-110.Horne, J. A., & Reyner, L. A. (1996). Counteracting driver sleepiness: effects of napping, caffeine, and placebo. Psychophysiology, 33(3), 306-309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb00428.xHwangbo, Y., Kim, W. J., Chu, M. K., Yun, C. H., & Yang, K. I. (2013). Association between weekend catch-up sleep duration and hypertension in Korean adults. Sleep Medicine, 14(6), 549-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2013.02.009Im, H. J., Baek, S. H., Chu, M. K., Yang, K. I., Kim, W. J., Park, S. H., Thomas, R. J., & Yun, C. H. (2017). Association Between Weekend Catch-up Sleep and Lower Body Mass: Population-Based Study. Sleep, 40(7). https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsx089Jafari Roodbandi, A., Choobineh, A., & Daneshvar, S. (2015). Relationship between circadian rhythm amplitude and stability with sleep quality and sleepiness among shift nurses and health care workers. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 21(3), 312-317. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10803548.2015.1081770Jankowski, K. S. (2017). Social jet lag: Sleep-corrected formula. Chronobiology International, 34(4), 531-535. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2017.1299162Johns, M. W. (1991). A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep, 14(6), 540-545. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/sleep/14.6.540Kang, S. G., Lee, Y. J., Kim, S. J., Lim, W., Lee, H. J., Park, Y. M., Cho, I. H., Cho, S. J., & Hong, J. P. (2014). Weekend catch-up sleep is independently associated with suicide attempts and self-injury in Korean adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(2), 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.08.023Kantermann, T., Duboutay, F., Haubruge, D., Hampton, S., Darling, A. L., Berry, J. L., Kerkhofs, M., Boudjeltia, K. Z., & Skene, D. J. (2014). The direction of shift-work rotation impacts metabolic risk independent of chronotype and social jetlag-an exploratory pilot study. Chronobiology International, 31(10), 1139-1145. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2014.957295Kantermann, T., Duboutay, F., Haubruge, D., Kerkhofs, M., Schmidt-Trucksäss, A., & Skene, D. J. (2013). Atherosclerotic risk and social jetlag in rotating shift-workers: first evidence from a pilot study. Work, 46(3), 273-282. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-121531Keller, L. K., Grunewald, B., Vetter, C., Roenneberg, T., & Schulte-Korne, G. (2017). Not later, but longer: sleep, chronotype and light exposure in adolescents with remitted depression compared to healthy controls. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(10), 1233-1244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0977-zKerkhof, G. A. (1985). Inter-individual differences in the human circadian system: a review. Biological Psychology, 20(2), 83-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(85)90019-5Kim, S. J., Lee, Y. J., Cho, S. J., Cho, I. H., Lim, W., & Lim, W. (2011). Relationship between weekend catch-up sleep and poor performance on attention tasks in Korean adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 165(9), 806-812. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.128Koopman, A. D. M., Rauh, S. P., van `t Riet, E., Groeneveld, L., van der Heijden, A. A., Elders, P. J., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Beulens, J. W., & Rutters, F. (2017). The association between social jetlag, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the general population: the new hoorn study. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 32(4), 359-368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730417713572Leproult, R., Van Reeth, O., Byrne, M. M., Sturis, J., & Van Cauter, E. (1997). Sleepiness, performance, and neuroendocrine function during sleep deprivation: effects of exposure to bright light or exercise. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 12(3), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/074873049701200306Levandovski, R., Dantas, G., Fernandes, L. C., Caumo, W., Torres, I., Roenneberg, T., Hidalgo, M. P. L., & Allebrandt, K. V. (2011). Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population. Chronobiology International, 28(9), 771-778. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2011.602445Lewy, A. J., & Sack, R. L. (1989). The dim light melatonin onset as a marker for orcadian phase position. Chronobiology International, 6(1), 93-102. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528909059144Lewy, A. J., Wehr, T. A., Goodwin, F. K., Newsome, D. A., & Markey, S. (1980). Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science, 210(4475), 1267-1269. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7434030Liao, Y. H., & Lin, T. T. (2020). Employees’ Emotions and Work Attitudes: Influence of Taiwan’s Same-Sex Marriage Referendum [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University.Lin, C. L., Lin, C. P., Chen, S. W., Wu, H. C., & Tsai, Y. H. (2018). The association between sleep duration and overweight or obesity in Taiwanese adults: A cross-sectional study. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 12(4), 384-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2016.07.005Lowe, C. J., Safati, A., & Hall, P. A. (2017). The neurocognitive consequences of sleep restriction: a meta-analytic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 586-604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.010Luckhaupt, S. E., Tak, S. W., & Calvert, G. M. (2010). The prevalence of short sleep duration by industry and occupation in the National Health Interview Survey. Sleep, 33(2), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.2.149McGowan, N. M., Voinescu, B. I., & Coogan, A. N. (2016). Sleep quality, chronotype and social jetlag differentially associate with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Chronobiology International, 33(10), 1433-1443. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2016.1208214McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L. F. (1971) Profile of Mood States. Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Miller, M. A., Rothenberger, S. D., Hasler, B. P., Donofry, S. D., Wong, P. M., Manuck, S. B., Kamarck, T. W., & Roecklein, K. A. (2014). Chronotype predicts positive affect rhythms measured by ecological momentary assessment. Chronobiology International, 32(3), 376-384. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2014.983602Minors, D. S., Waterhouse, J. M., & Wirz-Justice, A. (1991). A human phase-response curve to light. Neuroscience Letters, 133(1), 36-40. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90051-TMonk, T. H., Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Kupfer, D. J., & Houck, P. R. (1995). Circadian temperature rhythms of older people. Experimental Gerontology, 30(5), 455-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/0531-5565(95)00007-4Monk, T. H., Buysse, D. J., Rose, L. R., Hall, J. a. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2000). The sleep of healthy people—a diary study. Chronobiology International, 17(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1081/CBI-100101031Morin, C. M. (1993). Insomnia: Psychological Assessment and Management: Guilford Press.Mullington, J., Chan, J., Van Dongen, H., Szuba, M., Samaras, J., Price, N., Meier‐Ewert, H., Dinges, D., & Mantzoros, C. (2003). Sleep loss reduces diurnal rhythm amplitude of leptin in healthy men. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 15(9), 851-854. https://doi.org/ 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.01069.xNakazawa, Y., Nonaka, K., Nishida, N., Hayashida, N., Miyahara, Y., Kotorii, T., & Matsuoka, K. (1991). Comparison of body temperature rhythms between healthy elderly and healthy young adults. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 45(1), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1991.tb00503.xOh, Y. H., Kim, H., Kong, M., Oh, B., & Moon, J. H. (2019). Association between weekend catch-up sleep and health-related quality of life of Korean adults. Medicine (Baltimore), 98(13), e14966. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014966Parsons, M. J., Moffitt, T. E., Gregory, A., Goldman-Mellor, S., Nolan, P., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2015). Social jetlag, obesity and metabolic disorder: investigation in a cohort study. International Journal of Obesity, 39(5), 842-848. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.201Patel, S. R., & Hu, F. B. (2008). Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obesity, 16(3), 643-653. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.118Polugrudov, A. S., Panev, A. S., Smirnov, V. V., Paderin, N. M., Borisenkov, M. F., & Popov, S. V. (2016). Wrist temperature and cortisol awakening response in humans with social jetlag in the North. Chronobiology International, 33(7), 802-809. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2016.1168829Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306Reinberg, A., Andlauer, P., Guillet, P., Nicolai, A., Vieux, N., & Laporte, A. (1980). Oral temperature, circadian rhythm amplitude, ageing and tolerance to shift-work. Ergonomics, 23(1), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138008924718Reinberg, A., Vieux, N., Ghata, J., Chaumont, A., & Laporte, A. (1978). Circadian rhythm amplitude and individual ability to adjust to shift work. Ergonomics, 21(10), 763-766.Roenneberg, T., & Merrow, M. (2007). Entrainment of the human circadian clock. In Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology (Vol. 72, pp. 293-299). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.Roenneberg, T., Allebrandt, K. V., Merrow, M., & Vetter, C. (2012). Social jetlag and obesity. Current Biology, 22(10), 939-943. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.038Roenneberg, T., Kuehnle, T., Pramstaller, P. P., Ricken, J., Havel, M., Guth, A., & Merrow, M. (2004). A marker for the end of adolescence. Current Biology, 14(24), R1038-R1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.11.039Roenneberg, T., Pilz, L., Zerbini, G., & Winnebeck, E. (2019). Chronotype and Social Jetlag-a (self-) critical review. Biology, 8(3), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology8030054Roenneberg, T., Wirz-Justice, A., & Merrow, M. (2003). Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 18(1), 80-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730402239679Roepke, S. E., & Duffy, J. F. (2010). Differential impact of chronotype on weekday and weekend sleep timing and duration. Nature and Science of Sleep, 2010(2), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S12572Rusu, A., Ciobanu, D., Bala, C., Cerghizan, A., & Roman, G. (2019). Social jetlag, sleep-related parameters, and glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes: Results of a cross-sectional study. Journal of Diabetes, 11(5), 394-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.12867Rutters, F., Lemmens, S. G., Adam, T. C., Bremmer, M. A., Elders, P. J., Nijpels, G., & Dekker, J. M. (2014). Is social jetlag associated with an adverse endocrine, behavioral, and cardiovascular risk profile? Journal of Biological Rhythms, 29(5), 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730414550199Sadeh, A., Sharkey, M., & Carskadon, M. A. (1994). Activity-based sleep-wake identification: an empirical test of methodological issues. Sleep, 17(3), 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/17.3.201Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Utrecht work engagement scale: Preliminary manual. Occupational Health Psychology Unit, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 26.Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471Shacham, S. (1983). A shortened version of the Profile of Mood States. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47(3), 305-306. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4703_14Sheehan, C. M., Frochen, S. E., Walsemann, K. M., & Ailshire, J. A. (2018). Are U.S. adults reporting less sleep?: Findings from sleep duration trends in the National Health Interview Survey, 2004–2017. Sleep, 42(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy221Silva, C. M., Mota, M. C., Miranda, M. T., Paim, S. L., Waterhouse, J., & Crispim, C. A. (2016). Chronotype, social jetlag and sleep debt are associated with dietary intake among Brazilian undergraduate students. Chronobiology International, 33(6), 740-748. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2016.1167712Skeldon, A. C., Dijk, D. J., & Derks, G. (2014). Mathematical models for sleep-wake dynamics: comparison of the two-process model and a mutual inhibition neuronal model. PloS One, 9(8), e103877. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103877Smith, C. S., Reilly, C., & Midkiff, K. (1989). Evaluation of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with suggestions for an improved measure of morningness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 728. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0021-9010.74.5.728Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., & Van Cauter, E. (1999). Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet, 354(9188), 1435-1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8Steptoe, A., Peacey, V., & Wardle, J. (2006). Sleep duration and health in young adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(16), 1689-1692.Strand, L. B., Tsai, M. K., Gunnell, D., Janszky, I., Wen, C. P., & Chang, S.-S. (2016). Self-reported sleep duration and coronary heart disease mortality: a large cohort study of 400,000 Taiwanese adults. International Journal of Cardiology, 207, 246-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.01.044Takahashi, M., & Arito, H. (2000). Maintenance of alertness and performance by a brief nap after lunch under prior sleep deficit. Sleep, 23(6), 813-819. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/23.6.1hTalbot, L. S., McGlinchey, E. L., Kaplan, K. A., Dahl, R. E., & Harvey, A. G. (2010). Sleep deprivation in adolescents and adults: changes in affect. Emotion, 10(6), 831. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020138Taylor, A., Wright, H. R., & Lack, L. C. (2008). Sleeping‐in on the weekend delays circadian phase and increases sleepiness the following week. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 6(3), 172-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2008.00356.xTerman, J. S., Terman, M., Lo, E.-S., & Cooper, T. B. (2001). Circadian time of morning light administration and therapeutic response in winter depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(1), 69-75. https://doi.org/ 10.1001/archpsyc.58.1.69Tietzel, A. J., & Lack, L. C. (2001). The short-term benefits of brief and long naps following nocturnal sleep restriction. Sleep, 24(3), 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/24.3.293Tietzel, A. J., & Lack, L. C. (2002). The recuperative value of brief and ultra-brief naps on alertness and cognitive performance. Journal of Sleep Research, 11(3), 213-218. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00299.xTochikubo, O., Ikeda, A., Miyajima, E., & Ishii, M. (1996). Effects of insufficient sleep on blood pressure monitored by a new multibiomedical recorder. Hypertension, 27(6), 1318-1324. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.27.6.1318Torsvall, L., & Åkerstedt, T. (1980). A diurnal type scale: construction, consistency and validation in shift work. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 283-290. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2608Usui, A., Ishizuka, Y., Obinata, I., Okado, T., Fukuzawa, H., & Kanba, S. (1998). Validity of sleep log compared with actigraphic Sleep‐wake state. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 52(2), 161-163. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00529.xUsui, A., Ishizuka, Y., Obinata, I., Okado, T., Fukuzawa, H., & Kanba, S. (1999). Validity of sleep log compared with actigraphic sleep–wake state II. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 53(2), 183-184. https://doi.org/ 10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00529.xVan Dongen, H. P., Maislin, G., Mullington, J. M., & Dinges, D. F. (2003). The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep, 26(2), 117-126. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/sleep/26.2.117Van Dongen, P., Baynard, M. D., Maislin, G., & Dinges, D. F. (2004). Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability. Sleep, 27(3), 423-433. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.3.423Vitiello, M. V., Smallwood, R. G., Avery, D. H., Pascualy, R. A., Martin, D. C., & Prinz, P. N. (1986). Circadian temperature rhythms in young adult and aged men. Neurobiology of Aging, 7(2), 97-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-4580(86)90146-6Wang, D., Li, W., Cui, X., Meng, Y., Zhou, M., Xiao, L., Ma, J., Yi, G., & Chen, W. (2016). Sleep duration and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. International Journal of Cardiology, 219, 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.027Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063. https://doi.org/ 10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063Weitzman, E. D., Moline, M. L., Czeisler, C. A., & Zimmerman, J. C. (1983). Chronobiology of aging: temperature, sleep-wake rhythms and entrainment. Neurobiology of Aging, 3(4), 299-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-4580(82)90018-5Wever, R. (1965). A mathematical model for circadian rhythms. Circadian Clocks, 47, 47-63.Wittmann, M., Dinich, J., Merrow, M., & Roenneberg, T. (2006). Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiology International, 23(1-2), 497-509. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420520500545979Wong, P. M., Hasler, B. P., Kamarck, T. W., Muldoon, M. F., & Manuck, S. B. (2015). Social jetlag, chronotype, and cardiometabolic risk. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 100(12), 4612-4620. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2923Wu, M. C., Yang, Y. C., Wu, J. S., Wang, R. H., Lu, F. H., & Chang, C. J. (2012). Short sleep duration associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an apparently healthy population. Preventive Medicine, 55(4), 305-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.07.013Yang, C. -M., & Spielman, A. J. (2001). The effect of a delayed weekend sleep pattern on sleep and morning functioning. Psychology and Health, 16(6), 715-725. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440108405869Yang, C. -M., Spielman, A. J., D`ambrosio, P., Serizaw, S., Nunes, J., & Birnbaum, J. (2001). A single dose of melatonin prevents the phase delay associated with a delayed weekend sleep pattern. Sleep, 24(3), 272-281. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/sleep/24.3.272Yang, C.-M., & Wu, C.-H. (2005). The Situational Fatigue Scale: A different approach to measuring fatigue. Quality of Life Research, 14(5), 1357-1362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-004-5680-0Yang, C.-M., Lin, F.-W., & Spielman, A. J. (2004). A standard procedure enhances the correlation between subjective and objective measures of sleepiness. Sleep, 27(2), 329-332. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.2.329Yildirim, A., & Boysan, M. (2017). Heterogeneity of sleep quality based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in a community sample: a latent class analysis. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 15(3), 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-017-0097-7Zavada, A., Gordijn, M. C., Beersma, D. G., Daan, S., & Roenneberg, T. (2005). Comparison of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire with the Horne‐Östberg`s morningness‐eveningness score. Chronobiology International, 22(2), 267-278. https://doi.org/10.1081/CBI-200053536 描述 博士
國立政治大學
心理學系
100752502資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100752502 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 楊建銘 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Yang, Chien-Ming en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蕭帆琦 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hsiao, Fan-Chi en_US dc.creator (作者) 蕭帆琦 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Hsiao, Fan-Chi en_US dc.date (日期) 2020 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Mar-2020 11:13:46 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Mar-2020 11:13:46 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Mar-2020 11:13:46 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0100752502 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/128861 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 心理學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100752502 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 研究目的 週間睡眠不足，而週末晚睡晚起且補眠是現代人生活常見的睡眠型態，根據睡眠調控的雙歷程理論（two-process model），週末補眠一方面可以補足週間未能滿足恆定系統（homeostatic system）中的睡眠驅力（sleep drive），而有正向的效果，另一方面則可能造成約日節律（circadian rhythm）的干擾，造成「社交時差」─個體內在約日節律與外在時間線索出現不一致，而導致負面的影響。但之前的研究者多從單一面向來討論，多忽略了另一面向之影響，目前尚未有研究綜合影響恆定系統的「睡眠時數」及影響晝夜節律的「醒睡時間」來討論週間週末睡眠模式的差異；而時型（chronotype）也會影響社交時差及週末補眠作用，顯示約日節律相關個人特質也可能會對週間週末睡眠模式造成影響。另外，也未曾有研究對週間週末睡眠模式進行分類，找出最常被使用之類別及其差異。因此本論文嘗試從雙歷程模式出發，討論個人特質、週間睡眠時數、週末補眠時數、社交時差及日常表現間的關係，並進一步澄清週末補眠的補償作用及社交時差的負向影響，再綜合「睡眠時數」及「醒睡時間」區分不同的週間週末睡眠模式，進而找出不同睡眠模式間的差異。研究方法 本論文包含兩個研究，研究一為大樣本問卷調查研究，透過社群網站招募1000名研究參與者填寫線上問卷，排除漏答、作息不規律或無固定工時者，最後納入850份資料（平均年齡32.4歲：範圍21至55歲；541名女性）進行分析。分析時以配對t檢定比較週間週末睡眠模式是否的確存在差異，並分析各量表間的相關，再進一步以路徑分析探討個人特質、週間睡眠時數、週末補眠時數、社交時差及日常表現間的關聯性。其次，以潛在類別分析，藉由週間醒睡時間、睡眠及躺床時數、各指標在週間週末的差異，以及社交時差指標，將週間週末睡眠模式進行分類，並以單因子變異數分析區分各類別在睡眠相關指標、個人特質及日常表現間的差異。研究二則以實驗法檢驗週末補眠的補償作用及社交時差的負向影響，招募共91名研究參與者，排除未配合實驗操弄、作息變異過大及有睡眠困擾者，最終納入69名研究參與者（平均年齡22.0歲：範圍20至29歲；48名女性），並將研究參與者隨機區分為「週末晚睡晚起（G1：n=20）」、「週末晚睡晚起且補眠（G2：n=24）」及「週末晚起且補眠（G3：n=25）」， 三組皆進行兩週的實驗，採對抗平衡設計（counter-balance design），兩週皆配戴活動記錄腕錶及填寫睡眠日誌，其中一週為基礎期，限制研究參與者的躺床時數為7小時，並固定週間週末的作息相同，基礎期結束後，週一早上以史丹福嗜睡量表（Stanford Sleepiness Scale, SSS）量測主觀嗜睡度，以及正負向情感量表（Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, PANAS）、盤斯心情量表（Profile of Mood State, POMS）量測情緒，並請研究參與者至實驗室後接受心理動作警覺作業（psychomotor vigilance task, PVT）及連續注意力表現測驗（Continuous Performance Test, CPT）以量測認知表現；另一週為實驗期，週間同樣限制躺床時數及固定作息，週末則依不同組別調整作息，分別是未補眠且存在約2小時社交時差的「週末晚睡晚起（G1）組」、補眠2小時及具2小時社交時差的「週末晚睡晚起且補眠（G2）組」及補眠2小時具1小時社交時差的「週末晚起且補眠（G3）組」，同樣在實驗期結束後的週一早上，量測主觀嗜睡度、情緒及認知表現。研究結果 研究一第一部分結果顯示週間週末睡眠模式的確存在差異，週末的就寢、起床時間、睡眠時間中點皆晚於週間，睡眠時數也較長。週間睡眠時數與以艾普沃斯嗜睡量表（Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ESS）測量的主觀嗜睡度及以流行病學研究中心憂鬱量表（The Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Depression Scale, CES-D）量測的憂鬱情緒有顯著負相關，而週末補眠時數及社交時差則與ESS及CES-D得分有顯著正相關，與量測個體工作投入程度的工作敬業量表（Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, UWES）為顯著負相關。路徑分析結果顯示時型對週間睡眠時數、週末補眠時數及社交時差存在顯著影響，而週間睡眠時數對於日常表現為存在一直接效果，即週間睡眠時數越少，對日常表現有較負向的影響；但也會透過週末補眠時數，使社交時差增加，進而使負向影響增加，存在一間接影響路徑。另外，研究一的第二部份則藉由潛在類別分析，將研究參與者區分四個類別，分別是週末早睡早起不補眠的「不補眠組（n=192）」、週末早睡稍晚起補眠少的「低補眠組（n=229）」、週末晚起且補眠時數高的「中補眠組（n=318）」，以及週間睡眠時數最短週末晚起且補眠時數最高的「高補眠組（n=111）」。研究結果發現不補眠組年齡最長、時型最接近白日型，其次是低補眠組、中補眠組，高補眠組年齡最輕、時型最接近夜貓型，且有較高的嗜睡度、憂鬱情緒。研究二則以組別（3）x週間週末（2）x實驗操弄（2）三因子混合設計變異數分析（three-way ANOVA, mixed design）比較各組在基礎期及實驗期週間活動記錄腕錶週末睡眠相關指標差異，結果發現各組在實驗期週末的入睡耗時存在組間差異，因就寢時間越晚的組別，則入睡耗時越短，而有補眠的兩組（G2、G3）在實驗期週末的入睡後清醒時間皆顯著高於基礎期；而週末晚起且補眠（G3）組在實驗期結束後的週一早上，其疲倦分數及POMS總分低於基礎期，但另外兩組皆呈現實驗期高於基礎期。結論 本論文研究結果顯示時型確實會影響週間週末睡眠模式，而週末補眠習慣可能非因應週間睡眠不足的最佳策略，週末補眠越多，可能反映的是週間睡眠不足越嚴重，同時還會間接使社交時差增加，造成負向影響，特別是影響主觀嗜睡度、情緒狀態及工作投入程度。然而，本論文也發現週間週末睡眠模式有不同類型，與個體的年齡、時型及約日節律特性可能有關，年齡越長、時型越接近白日型且約日節律較為彈性者，選擇週末補眠的機率較小，推測個人特質可能會影響其選擇睡眠型態，使不同的週間週末睡眠模式存在群體差異，未來也可針對不同族群發展不同之因應策略。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Introduction It is common practice in modern life to deprive oneself of sleep on weekday nights and to sleep-in on weekend mornings to catch up on sleep loss. According to the two-process model of sleep regulation, this "catch-up sleep（CUS）" pattern might be useful to satiate homeostatic sleep drive and to compensate for the sleep loss on weekday nights, but it might also cause circadian misalignment and lead to“social jet lag（SJL）”─ the discrepancy between the internal circadian rhythm and external time cue. However, very few studies have considered the mechanism of weekend sleep patterns which take both the homeostatic and circadian mechanisms into consideration. Thus, this study aimed to explore the relationship between insufficient sleep on weekdays, CUS and SJL, considering both the sleep duration and timing. Previous studies have also reported that individual traits, such as chronotype, might be associated with the degree of SJL and the effect of CUS. This study therefore also explores the role of circadian-related individual traits in SJL and CUS. Moreover, this study aimed to find the subgroups of weekday and weekend sleep patterns to further investigate the association between different individual characteristics and weekday/weekend sleep patterns.Methods The dissertation includes an online survey study and a laboratory experiment. The online survey（Study 1）recruited 1,000 participants. Among them, 850（average age: 32.4 years, range: 21-55 years; 541 female） were eligible and completed the survey. Paired-t test was used to confirm the differences between weekday and weekend sleep patterns. Pearson`s correlation was conducted to examine the correlations between the variables. Path analysis was then performed to explore the association between individual circadian-related traits, sleep duration on weekdays, CUS, SJL and daily performance. In addition, latent class analysis was used to find subtypes of weekday and weekend sleep patterns based on bedtime, rising time, total sleep time, and time in bed（TIB）on weekdays, the differences in those indexes on weekdays and weekends, and SJL. One-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the individual characteristics among the different subtypes of sleep pattern. The experiment（study 2）included 69 （average age: 22.0 years, range: 20-29 years; 48 female） young adults as participants. They were randomly assigned to three groups: a "delayed weekend sleep schedule" group（G1: n=20）, a "delayed weekend sleep schedule + CUS" group（G2: n=24）, and a "delayed rising schedule + CUS" group（G3: n=25）. All participants had to go through a two-week study period: a baseline condition and an experimental condition. The sequence for the two conditions was counter-balanced across participants. During the two weeks, participants were requested to fill in a sleep diary and to wear an actigraph every day. During the baseline week, participants had to restrict their TIB to 7 hours; during the experimental week, they were required to follow a regular sleep schedule with restricted TIB on weekdays, and to follow one of three experimental sleep patterns on weekends: G1- no CUS and 2 hours of SJL; G2- 2 hours of CUS and SJL, and G3- 2 hours of CUS and 1 hour of SJL. At the end of the baseline and experimental period, each participant rated their subjective sleepiness on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale（SSS）and emotion on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule（PANAS）and Profile of Mood State（POMS）after awakening, as well as to come to the laboratory to complete the Psychomotor Vigilance Task（PVT）and the Continuous Performance Test（CPT）in the lab on Monday mornings.Results Online survey data confirmed that there were significant differences between weekday and weekend sleep patterns, with delayed bedtime, rising time and midpoint of sleep on weekends compared with weekdays. Sleep duration on weekdays（SDw） correlated negatively with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale（ESS）and The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale（CES-D）, while CUS and SJL showed positive correlations with ESS and CES-D. Besides, CUS and SJL were negatively related with the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale（UWES）. Path analysis showed that chronotype could affect SDw, CUS and SJL; there was a direct effect from SDw to measures of daytime functioning（ESS, CES-D and reversed UWES）, with CUS and SJL as two mediators subsequently between SDw and daytime functioning. Latent class analysis found four types of sleep pattern, namely no-CUS type（n=192）, Low-CUS type（n=229）, Median-CUS type（n=318）and High-CUS type（n=111）. No-CUS type were older than other types and their OLQ scores were higher than those of other types. High-CUS type were younger than other types and they had the lowest OLQ scores. In the laboratory study, there was a group difference between sleep onset latency（SOL） on weekends in the experiment period. Those groups with CUS（G2 and G3）showed higher wake after sleep onset（WASO）on weekend nights in the experiment period than the baseline. G3, compared to the other two groups, showed a decreasing trend on negative emotion report compared to the baseline after the experimental manipulation. However, G1 and G2 showed increasing negative emotion compared to their baseline.Conclusions The results showed that chronotype seems to be an important factor in the different sleep patterns of weekdays and weekends. More important, CUS seems not to be a good coping strategy to compensate for insufficient sleep on weekdays. More CUS might lead to larger SJL, while SJL is related to higher sleepiness, elevated levels of negative mood and lower degrees of job involvement. The positive compensatory effect of CUS might be cancelled out by the negative effect of SJL. Moreover, different people would choose diverse weekday and weekend sleep habits. Older people showed sufficient sleep on weekdays and less CUS on weekends. Younger people slept less on weekdays and extended their sleep on weekends; they also showed the highest levels of sleepiness and depressive mood. Different coping strategies for different populations for weekday sleep debt should be developed and tested in future studies. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與目的 1第二章 文獻探討 5第一節、睡眠不足現況及其影響 5（一）、睡眠不足現況 5（二）、睡眠不足所帶來的影響 6第二節、週間週末睡眠模式差異 10（一）、週間與週末睡眠時數差異：補眠 10（二）、週間與週末醒睡時間差異：社交時差 12（三）、週間與週末睡眠模式差異：綜合討論 15第三節、週間週末睡眠模式差異的相關機制 16（一）、清醒及睡眠相關機制：雙歷程及三歷程模式 16（二）、週間週末睡眠模式差異相關機制：補眠與恆定系統 19（三）、週間週末睡眠模式差異相關機制：社交時差與約日節律紊亂 20（四）、週間週末睡眠模式差異相關機制：綜合討論 23第四節、週間週末睡眠模式差異的影響因子 25（一）、時型 25（二）、約日節律振幅 28第五節、研究問題與假設 31（一）、研究一：「週間週末睡眠模式之影響探討：問卷調查」 32（二）、研究二「週間週末睡眠模式之影響探討：實驗法」 35第三章 研究一 「週間週末睡眠模式之影響探討：問卷調查」 37第一節、研究方法及程序 37（一）、研究對象 37（二）、研究流程及工具 37（三）、資料處理方式 41第二節、研究結果第一部份：變項間關聯及模式驗證 41（一）、社會人口學變項 41（二）、週間週末睡眠相關指標 43（三）、問卷資料 44（四）、變項間關聯性 46（五）、路徑分析結果：假設模型驗證 48第三節、研究結果第二部份：潛在類別分析 53（一）、週間週末睡眠模式分類 53（二）、各類別在週間週末睡眠型態之差異 56（三）、各類別在個人特質及日常表現之差異 58第四節、總結 60第四章 研究二 「週間週末睡眠模式之影響探討：實驗法」 65第一節、研究方法及程序 65（一）、研究對象 65（二）、研究流程 65（三）、研究工具 67（四）、資料處理方式 71第二節、研究結果 71（一）、各組招募人數及分析人數 71（二）、社會人口學變項及量表資料 72（三）、實驗操弄檢核：活動記錄腕錶資料 73（四）、睡眠相關變項 76（五）、週日晚睡眠相關變項 82（六）、週一早上主觀嗜睡、情緒狀態 84（七）、週一早上認知功能表現 90第三節、總結 93第五章 綜合討論 96第一節、週間週末睡眠模式差異相關機制之修正 96第二節、論週末補眠之作用 98第三節、探討社交時差之現象 101第四節、社交時差大小對於週末補眠的補償作用之影響 104第五節、週間週末睡眠模式的潛在類別討論 109第六節、約日節律特性討論 111第七節、研究限制 113第八節、研究貢獻及未來研究方向 116附錄 135附錄一 日夜作息習慣量表 135附錄二 慕尼黑睡眠時數型態問卷 138附錄三 慕尼黑睡眠時數型態問卷變項及其計算方式 140附錄四 日夜節律類別量表（CTI） 142附錄五 艾普沃斯嗜睡量表（Epworth Sleepiness Scale） 143附錄六 流行病學研究中心抑鬱量表 144附錄七 失眠嚴重度量表（ISI） 146附錄八 疲勞程度量表（SFS） 147附錄九 工作敬業量表（UWES） 148附錄十 壓力知覺量表（PSS-10） 150附錄十一 個人特質、睡眠相關指標與日常表現之相關矩陣 151附錄十二 各類別在週間週末的睡眠指標二因子混合設計變異數分析結果摘要表 153附錄十三 各類別在個人特質、量表的單因子變異數分析結果摘要表 157附錄十四 睡眠日誌 161附錄十五 史丹佛嗜睡量表（SSS） 163附錄十六 正負向情感量表（PANAS） 164附錄十七 盤斯心情量表（POMS） 165附錄十八 研究二各組就寢時間及起床時間三因子混合設計變異數分析結果摘要表 166附錄十九 研究二各組躺床時數及睡眠時數三因子混合設計變異數分析結果摘要表 168附錄二十 研究二各組睡眠時間中點三因子混合設計變異數分析結果摘要表 170附錄二十一 研究二實驗操弄、週間週末及組別在入睡耗時的單純單純主效果分析 172附錄二十二 研究二POMS中疲倦分量表二因子混合設計變異數分析結果摘要表 174附錄二十三、研究二組別和實驗操弄在POMS中疲倦分量表的單純主要效果 175附錄二十四 研究二POMS中沮喪分量表二因子混合設計變異數分析結果摘要表 176附錄二十五 研究二POMS中總分二因子混合設計變異數分析結果摘要表 177 zh_TW dc.format.extent 8558209 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100752502 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 睡眠不足 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 補眠 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社交時差 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 時型 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 約日節律特性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Insufficient sleep en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Catch-Up Sleep en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social Jet Lag en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chronotype en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Circadian Type Inventory en_US dc.title (題名) 補眠與否？探討週間週末睡眠模式差異之內在機制及其影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Catch-Up Sleep or not? The mechanism, factors and consequences of weekend-weekday sleep pattern differences en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 行政院主計處：九十三年台灣地區社會發展趨勢調查(時間運用)統計結果。行政院，2004。王拔群、李學禹、莊銘隆、黃玉書、陳彥宏、邱國樑、陳濘宏(2003)。中文版 Epworth 嗜睡量表之信效度研究。台灣精神醫學，17(1)，14-22。楊建銘、許世杰、林詩淳、周映妤、陳瑩明(2009)。失眠嚴重度量表中文版的信, 效度研究。臨床心理學刊，4(2)，95-104。車先蕙、盧孟良、陳錫中、張尚文、李宇宙 (2006) 。中文版貝克焦慮量表之信效度。台灣醫學，10(4)，447-454。盧孟良、車先蕙、張尚文、沈武典 (2002)。中文版貝克憂鬱量表第二版之信度和效度。台灣精神醫學，16，301-310。鄧閔鴻、張素凰 (2006) 。廣泛性焦慮疾患與憂鬱疾患共病現象的階層病理模式。中華心理學刊，48(2)， 203-218。張鐿鐘、盧俊宏 (2001) 。盤斯心情量表(POMS)之修訂報告，大專體育學刊，3(2) ， 47-57。蕭帆琦、蔡玲玲(2017)。中文版「日夜作息習慣量表」：紙本標準版與網路版。中華心理學刊，59(4)，197-212。https://doi.org/10.6129/cjp.20171004Achermann, P., & Borbély, A. A. (1990). Simulation of human sleep: ultradian dynamics of electroencephalographic slow-wave activity. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 5(2), 141-157. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/074873049000500206Achermann, P., & Borbély, A. A. (2017). Sleep homeostasis and models of sleep regulation. In Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine (pp. 377-387. e376). Elsevier.Åkerstedt, T., & Fröberg, J. E. (1976). Interindividual differences in circadian patterns of catecholamine excretion, body temperature, performance, and subjective arousal. Biological Psychology, 4(4), 277-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(76)90019-3Åkerstedt, T., & Fröberg, J. E. (1976). Interindividual differences in circadian patterns of catecholamine excretion, body temperature, performance, and subjective arousal. Biological Psychology, 4(4), 277-292.Åkerstedt, T., Ghilotti, F., Grotta, A., Zhao, H., Adami, H. O., Trolle‐Lagerros, Y., & Bellocco, R. (2019). Sleep duration and mortality–Does weekend sleep matter? Journal of Sleep Research, 28(1), e12712. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12712Åkerstedt, T., Kecklund, G., Ingre, M., Lekander, M., & Axelsson, J. (2009). Sleep homeostasis during repeated sleep restriction and recovery: support from EEG dynamics. Sleep, 32(2), 217-222. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep/32.2.217Alhola, P., & Polo-Kantola, P. (2007). Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 3(5), 553-567.Andlauer, P., Reinberg, A., Fourré, L., Battle, W., & Duverneuil, G. (1978). Amplitude of the oral temperature circadian rhythm and the tolerance to shift-work. Journal de Physiologie, 75(5), 507-512.Arora, V., Dunphy, C., Chang, V. Y., Ahmad, F., Humphrey, H. J., & Meltzer, D. (2006). The effects of on-duty napping on intern sleep time and fatigue. Annals of Internal Medicine, 144(11), 792-798. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-144-11-200606060-00005Aschoff, J., & Pohl, H. (1978). Phase relations between a circadian rhythm and its zeitgeber within the range of entrainment. Naturwissenschaften, 65(2), 80-84.Baehr, E. K., Revelle, W., & Eastman, C. I. (2000). Individual differences in the phase and amplitude of the human circadian temperature rhythm: with an emphasis on morningness–eveningness. Journal of Sleep Research, 9(2), 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00196.xBeck, A. T., & Steer, R. (1988). Beck anxiety inventory (BAI). BiB, 54.Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio, 78(2), 490-498.Belenky, G., Wesensten, N. J., Thorne, D. R., Thomas, M. L., Sing, H. C., Redmond, D. P., Russo, M. B., & Balkin, T. J. (2003). Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: A sleep dose‐response study. Journal of Sleep Research, 12(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00337.xBlagrove, M., Alexander, C., & Horne, J. A. (1995). The effects of chronic sleep reduction on the performance of cognitive tasks sensitive to sleep deprivation. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9(1), 21-40. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/acp.2350090103Borbély, A. A. (1982). A two process model of sleep regulation. Human Neurobiology, 1(3), 195-204.Boudebesse, C., Geoffroy, P. A., Bellivier, F., Henry, C., Folkard, S., Leboyer, M., & Etain, B. (2014). Correlations between objective and subjective sleep and circadian markers in remitted patients with bipolar disorder. Chronobiology International, 31(5), 698-704. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2014.895742Carrier, J., Monk, T. H., Buysse, D. J., & Kupfer, D. J. (1996). Amplitude reduction of the circadian temperature and sleep rhythms in the elderly. Chronobiology International, 13(5), 373-386. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420529609012661Casement, M. D., Broussard, J. L., Mullington, J. M., & Press, D. Z. (2006). The contribution of sleep to improvements in working memory scanning speed: a study of prolonged sleep restriction. Biological Psychology, 72(2), 208-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.11.002Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). Short sleep duration among workers--United States, 2010. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61(16), 281-285.Chami, H. A., Ghandour, B., Isma`eel, H., Nasreddine, L., Nasrallah, M., & Tamim, H. (2019). Sleepless in Beirut: sleep duration and associated subjective sleep insufficiency, daytime fatigue, and sleep debt in an urban environment. Sleep and Breathing, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-019-01833-3Chen, C.-H. (1994). An exploration of postpartum depression model using LISREL. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(5), 229-238. https://doi.org/ 10.6452/KJMS.199405.0229Chien, C. P., & Cheng, T. A. (1985). Depression in Taiwan: epidemiological survey utilizing CES-D. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi, 87(5), 335-338.Cocklin, B., & Kirkland, J. (1982). Circadian-referenced predictive tests of adjustment: some further explorations. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55(2), 523-526. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1982.55.2.523Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 385-396. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/2136404Coren, S. (1996). Sleep Thieves: An Eye-Opening Exploration Into the Science and Mysteries of Sleep. In Hartmann E. (Ed.), The sleep book: Understanding and preventing sleep problems in people over (pp.50).Conner, C. (2004). Conners’ CPT II continuous performance test II. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi Health Systems.Costa, G., Lievore, F., Casaletti, G., Gaffuri, E., & Folkard, S. (1989). Circadian characteristics influencing interindividual differences in tolerance and adjustment to shiftwork. Ergonomics, 32(4), 373-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138908966104Czeisler, C. A., Dumont, M., Duffy, J., Steinberg, J., Richardson, G., Brown, E., Sanchez, R., Rios, C., & Ronda, J. (1992). Association of sleep-wake habits in older people with changes in output of circadian pacemaker. The Lancet, 340(8825), 933-936. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)92817-Yde Souza, C. M., & Hidalgo, M. P. (2014). Midpoint of sleep on school days is associated with depression among adolescents. Chronobiology International, 31(2), 199-205. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.838575Di Milia, L., Smith, P. A., & Folkard, S. (2004). Refining the psychometric properties of the circadian type inventory. Personality and Individual differences, 36(8), 1953-1964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.003Di Milia, L., Smith, P. A., & Folkard, S. (2005). A validation of the revised circadian type inventory in a working sample. Personality and Individual differences, 39(7), 1293-1305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.04.012Dijk, D. J., & Czeisler, C. A. (1995). Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 15(5), 3526-3538. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03526.1995Dinges, D. F., & Powell, J. W. (1985). Microcomputer analyses of performance on a portable, simple visual RT task during sustained operations. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 17(6), 652-655. https://doi.org/ 10.3758/BF03200977Dinges, D. F., Pack, F., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., Ott, G. E., Aptowicz, C., & Pack, A. I. (1997). Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4–5 hours per night. Sleep, 20(4), 267-277. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/sleep/20.4.267Foley, K. A., Sarsour, K., Kalsekar, A., & Walsh, J. K. (2010). Subtypes of sleep disturbance: associations among symptoms, comorbidities, treatment, and medical costs. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 8(2), 90-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402001003622842Folkard, S. (1987). Circadian type inventory. Sheffield, United Kingdom: University of Sheffield, Department of Psychology.Folkard, S., & Åkerstedt, T. (1992). A three-process model of the regulation of alertness-sleepiness. Sleep, Arousal and Performance, 11-26.Folkard, S., Monk, T. H., & Lobuan, M. C. (1979). Towards a predictive test of adjustment to shift work. Ergonomics, 22(1), 79-91. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00140137908924591Gangwisch, J. E., Heymsfield, S. B., Boden-Albala, B., Buijs, R. M., Kreier, F., Pickering, T. G., Rundle, A. G., Zammit, G. K., & Malaspina, D. J. h. (2006). Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension. Hypertension, 47(5), 833-839.Gerber, M., Jonsdottir, I. H., Lindwall, M., & Ahlborg Jr, G. (2014). Physical activity in employees with differing occupational stress and mental health profiles: A latent profile analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(6), 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.012Giannotti, F., Cortesi, F., Sebastiani, T., & Ottaviano, S. (2002). Circadian preference, sleep and daytime behaviour in adolescence. Journal of Sleep Research, 11(3), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00302.xGillberg, M., Kecklund, G., Axelsson, J., & Akerstedt, T. (1996). The effects of a short daytime nap after restricted night sleep. Sleep, 19(7), 570-575. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/19.7.570Greenwood, K. M. (1995). An evaluation of the circadian type questionnaire. Ergonomics, 38(2), 347-360. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139508925109Grove, J. R., & Prapavessis, H. (1992). Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of an abbreviated profile of mood states. International Journal of Sport Psychology.Haack, M., & Mullington, J. M. (2005). Sustained sleep restriction reduces emotional and physical well-being. Pain, 119(1), 56-64. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.pain.2005.09.011Hale, L. (2005). Who has time to sleep? Journal of Public Health, 27(2), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdi004Hayashi, M., Watanabe, M., & Hori, T. (1999). The effects of a 20 min nap in the mid-afternoon on mood, performance and EEG activity. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110(2), 272-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(98)00003-0Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L., Hazen, N., Herman, J., Katz, E. S., & Kheirandish-Gozal, L. (2015). National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health, 1(1), 40-43. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010Hoddes, E., Zarcone, V., & Dement, W. (1972). Development and use of Stanford Sleepiness scale (SSS). Psychophysiology. 9, 150.Horne, J. A., & Ostberg, O. (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. International Journal of Chronobiology, 4(2), 97-110.Horne, J. A., & Reyner, L. A. (1996). Counteracting driver sleepiness: effects of napping, caffeine, and placebo. Psychophysiology, 33(3), 306-309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb00428.xHwangbo, Y., Kim, W. J., Chu, M. K., Yun, C. H., & Yang, K. I. (2013). Association between weekend catch-up sleep duration and hypertension in Korean adults. Sleep Medicine, 14(6), 549-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2013.02.009Im, H. J., Baek, S. H., Chu, M. K., Yang, K. I., Kim, W. J., Park, S. H., Thomas, R. J., & Yun, C. H. (2017). Association Between Weekend Catch-up Sleep and Lower Body Mass: Population-Based Study. Sleep, 40(7). https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsx089Jafari Roodbandi, A., Choobineh, A., & Daneshvar, S. (2015). Relationship between circadian rhythm amplitude and stability with sleep quality and sleepiness among shift nurses and health care workers. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 21(3), 312-317. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10803548.2015.1081770Jankowski, K. S. (2017). Social jet lag: Sleep-corrected formula. Chronobiology International, 34(4), 531-535. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2017.1299162Johns, M. W. (1991). A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep, 14(6), 540-545. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/sleep/14.6.540Kang, S. G., Lee, Y. J., Kim, S. J., Lim, W., Lee, H. J., Park, Y. M., Cho, I. H., Cho, S. J., & Hong, J. P. (2014). Weekend catch-up sleep is independently associated with suicide attempts and self-injury in Korean adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(2), 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.08.023Kantermann, T., Duboutay, F., Haubruge, D., Hampton, S., Darling, A. L., Berry, J. L., Kerkhofs, M., Boudjeltia, K. Z., & Skene, D. J. (2014). The direction of shift-work rotation impacts metabolic risk independent of chronotype and social jetlag-an exploratory pilot study. Chronobiology International, 31(10), 1139-1145. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2014.957295Kantermann, T., Duboutay, F., Haubruge, D., Kerkhofs, M., Schmidt-Trucksäss, A., & Skene, D. J. (2013). Atherosclerotic risk and social jetlag in rotating shift-workers: first evidence from a pilot study. Work, 46(3), 273-282. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-121531Keller, L. K., Grunewald, B., Vetter, C., Roenneberg, T., & Schulte-Korne, G. (2017). Not later, but longer: sleep, chronotype and light exposure in adolescents with remitted depression compared to healthy controls. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(10), 1233-1244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0977-zKerkhof, G. A. (1985). Inter-individual differences in the human circadian system: a review. Biological Psychology, 20(2), 83-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(85)90019-5Kim, S. J., Lee, Y. J., Cho, S. J., Cho, I. H., Lim, W., & Lim, W. (2011). Relationship between weekend catch-up sleep and poor performance on attention tasks in Korean adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 165(9), 806-812. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.128Koopman, A. D. M., Rauh, S. P., van `t Riet, E., Groeneveld, L., van der Heijden, A. A., Elders, P. J., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Beulens, J. W., & Rutters, F. (2017). The association between social jetlag, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the general population: the new hoorn study. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 32(4), 359-368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730417713572Leproult, R., Van Reeth, O., Byrne, M. M., Sturis, J., & Van Cauter, E. (1997). Sleepiness, performance, and neuroendocrine function during sleep deprivation: effects of exposure to bright light or exercise. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 12(3), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/074873049701200306Levandovski, R., Dantas, G., Fernandes, L. C., Caumo, W., Torres, I., Roenneberg, T., Hidalgo, M. P. L., & Allebrandt, K. V. (2011). Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population. Chronobiology International, 28(9), 771-778. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2011.602445Lewy, A. J., & Sack, R. L. (1989). The dim light melatonin onset as a marker for orcadian phase position. Chronobiology International, 6(1), 93-102. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528909059144Lewy, A. J., Wehr, T. A., Goodwin, F. K., Newsome, D. A., & Markey, S. (1980). Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science, 210(4475), 1267-1269. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7434030Liao, Y. H., & Lin, T. T. (2020). Employees’ Emotions and Work Attitudes: Influence of Taiwan’s Same-Sex Marriage Referendum [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University.Lin, C. L., Lin, C. P., Chen, S. W., Wu, H. C., & Tsai, Y. H. (2018). The association between sleep duration and overweight or obesity in Taiwanese adults: A cross-sectional study. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 12(4), 384-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2016.07.005Lowe, C. J., Safati, A., & Hall, P. A. (2017). The neurocognitive consequences of sleep restriction: a meta-analytic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 586-604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.010Luckhaupt, S. E., Tak, S. W., & Calvert, G. M. (2010). The prevalence of short sleep duration by industry and occupation in the National Health Interview Survey. Sleep, 33(2), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.2.149McGowan, N. M., Voinescu, B. I., & Coogan, A. N. (2016). Sleep quality, chronotype and social jetlag differentially associate with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Chronobiology International, 33(10), 1433-1443. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2016.1208214McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L. F. (1971) Profile of Mood States. Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Miller, M. A., Rothenberger, S. D., Hasler, B. P., Donofry, S. D., Wong, P. M., Manuck, S. B., Kamarck, T. W., & Roecklein, K. A. (2014). Chronotype predicts positive affect rhythms measured by ecological momentary assessment. Chronobiology International, 32(3), 376-384. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2014.983602Minors, D. S., Waterhouse, J. M., & Wirz-Justice, A. (1991). A human phase-response curve to light. Neuroscience Letters, 133(1), 36-40. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90051-TMonk, T. H., Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Kupfer, D. J., & Houck, P. R. (1995). Circadian temperature rhythms of older people. Experimental Gerontology, 30(5), 455-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/0531-5565(95)00007-4Monk, T. H., Buysse, D. J., Rose, L. R., Hall, J. a. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2000). The sleep of healthy people—a diary study. Chronobiology International, 17(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1081/CBI-100101031Morin, C. M. (1993). Insomnia: Psychological Assessment and Management: Guilford Press.Mullington, J., Chan, J., Van Dongen, H., Szuba, M., Samaras, J., Price, N., Meier‐Ewert, H., Dinges, D., & Mantzoros, C. (2003). Sleep loss reduces diurnal rhythm amplitude of leptin in healthy men. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 15(9), 851-854. https://doi.org/ 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.01069.xNakazawa, Y., Nonaka, K., Nishida, N., Hayashida, N., Miyahara, Y., Kotorii, T., & Matsuoka, K. (1991). Comparison of body temperature rhythms between healthy elderly and healthy young adults. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 45(1), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1991.tb00503.xOh, Y. H., Kim, H., Kong, M., Oh, B., & Moon, J. H. (2019). Association between weekend catch-up sleep and health-related quality of life of Korean adults. Medicine (Baltimore), 98(13), e14966. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014966Parsons, M. J., Moffitt, T. E., Gregory, A., Goldman-Mellor, S., Nolan, P., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2015). Social jetlag, obesity and metabolic disorder: investigation in a cohort study. International Journal of Obesity, 39(5), 842-848. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.201Patel, S. R., & Hu, F. B. (2008). Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obesity, 16(3), 643-653. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.118Polugrudov, A. S., Panev, A. S., Smirnov, V. V., Paderin, N. M., Borisenkov, M. F., & Popov, S. V. (2016). Wrist temperature and cortisol awakening response in humans with social jetlag in the North. Chronobiology International, 33(7), 802-809. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2016.1168829Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306Reinberg, A., Andlauer, P., Guillet, P., Nicolai, A., Vieux, N., & Laporte, A. (1980). Oral temperature, circadian rhythm amplitude, ageing and tolerance to shift-work. Ergonomics, 23(1), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138008924718Reinberg, A., Vieux, N., Ghata, J., Chaumont, A., & Laporte, A. (1978). Circadian rhythm amplitude and individual ability to adjust to shift work. Ergonomics, 21(10), 763-766.Roenneberg, T., & Merrow, M. (2007). Entrainment of the human circadian clock. In Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology (Vol. 72, pp. 293-299). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.Roenneberg, T., Allebrandt, K. V., Merrow, M., & Vetter, C. (2012). Social jetlag and obesity. Current Biology, 22(10), 939-943. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.038Roenneberg, T., Kuehnle, T., Pramstaller, P. P., Ricken, J., Havel, M., Guth, A., & Merrow, M. (2004). A marker for the end of adolescence. Current Biology, 14(24), R1038-R1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.11.039Roenneberg, T., Pilz, L., Zerbini, G., & Winnebeck, E. (2019). Chronotype and Social Jetlag-a (self-) critical review. Biology, 8(3), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology8030054Roenneberg, T., Wirz-Justice, A., & Merrow, M. (2003). Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 18(1), 80-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730402239679Roepke, S. E., & Duffy, J. F. (2010). Differential impact of chronotype on weekday and weekend sleep timing and duration. Nature and Science of Sleep, 2010(2), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S12572Rusu, A., Ciobanu, D., Bala, C., Cerghizan, A., & Roman, G. (2019). Social jetlag, sleep-related parameters, and glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes: Results of a cross-sectional study. Journal of Diabetes, 11(5), 394-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.12867Rutters, F., Lemmens, S. G., Adam, T. C., Bremmer, M. A., Elders, P. J., Nijpels, G., & Dekker, J. M. (2014). Is social jetlag associated with an adverse endocrine, behavioral, and cardiovascular risk profile? Journal of Biological Rhythms, 29(5), 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730414550199Sadeh, A., Sharkey, M., & Carskadon, M. A. (1994). Activity-based sleep-wake identification: an empirical test of methodological issues. Sleep, 17(3), 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/17.3.201Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Utrecht work engagement scale: Preliminary manual. Occupational Health Psychology Unit, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 26.Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471Shacham, S. (1983). A shortened version of the Profile of Mood States. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47(3), 305-306. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4703_14Sheehan, C. M., Frochen, S. E., Walsemann, K. M., & Ailshire, J. A. (2018). Are U.S. adults reporting less sleep?: Findings from sleep duration trends in the National Health Interview Survey, 2004–2017. Sleep, 42(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy221Silva, C. M., Mota, M. C., Miranda, M. T., Paim, S. L., Waterhouse, J., & Crispim, C. A. (2016). Chronotype, social jetlag and sleep debt are associated with dietary intake among Brazilian undergraduate students. Chronobiology International, 33(6), 740-748. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2016.1167712Skeldon, A. C., Dijk, D. J., & Derks, G. (2014). Mathematical models for sleep-wake dynamics: comparison of the two-process model and a mutual inhibition neuronal model. PloS One, 9(8), e103877. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103877Smith, C. S., Reilly, C., & Midkiff, K. (1989). Evaluation of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with suggestions for an improved measure of morningness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 728. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0021-9010.74.5.728Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., & Van Cauter, E. (1999). Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet, 354(9188), 1435-1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8Steptoe, A., Peacey, V., & Wardle, J. (2006). Sleep duration and health in young adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(16), 1689-1692.Strand, L. B., Tsai, M. K., Gunnell, D., Janszky, I., Wen, C. P., & Chang, S.-S. (2016). Self-reported sleep duration and coronary heart disease mortality: a large cohort study of 400,000 Taiwanese adults. International Journal of Cardiology, 207, 246-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.01.044Takahashi, M., & Arito, H. (2000). Maintenance of alertness and performance by a brief nap after lunch under prior sleep deficit. Sleep, 23(6), 813-819. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/23.6.1hTalbot, L. S., McGlinchey, E. L., Kaplan, K. A., Dahl, R. E., & Harvey, A. G. (2010). Sleep deprivation in adolescents and adults: changes in affect. Emotion, 10(6), 831. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020138Taylor, A., Wright, H. R., & Lack, L. C. (2008). Sleeping‐in on the weekend delays circadian phase and increases sleepiness the following week. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 6(3), 172-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2008.00356.xTerman, J. S., Terman, M., Lo, E.-S., & Cooper, T. B. (2001). Circadian time of morning light administration and therapeutic response in winter depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(1), 69-75. https://doi.org/ 10.1001/archpsyc.58.1.69Tietzel, A. J., & Lack, L. C. (2001). The short-term benefits of brief and long naps following nocturnal sleep restriction. Sleep, 24(3), 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/24.3.293Tietzel, A. J., & Lack, L. C. (2002). The recuperative value of brief and ultra-brief naps on alertness and cognitive performance. Journal of Sleep Research, 11(3), 213-218. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00299.xTochikubo, O., Ikeda, A., Miyajima, E., & Ishii, M. (1996). Effects of insufficient sleep on blood pressure monitored by a new multibiomedical recorder. Hypertension, 27(6), 1318-1324. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.27.6.1318Torsvall, L., & Åkerstedt, T. (1980). A diurnal type scale: construction, consistency and validation in shift work. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 283-290. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2608Usui, A., Ishizuka, Y., Obinata, I., Okado, T., Fukuzawa, H., & Kanba, S. (1998). Validity of sleep log compared with actigraphic Sleep‐wake state. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 52(2), 161-163. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00529.xUsui, A., Ishizuka, Y., Obinata, I., Okado, T., Fukuzawa, H., & Kanba, S. (1999). Validity of sleep log compared with actigraphic sleep–wake state II. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 53(2), 183-184. https://doi.org/ 10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00529.xVan Dongen, H. P., Maislin, G., Mullington, J. M., & Dinges, D. F. (2003). The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep, 26(2), 117-126. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/sleep/26.2.117Van Dongen, P., Baynard, M. D., Maislin, G., & Dinges, D. F. (2004). Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability. Sleep, 27(3), 423-433. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.3.423Vitiello, M. V., Smallwood, R. G., Avery, D. H., Pascualy, R. A., Martin, D. C., & Prinz, P. N. (1986). Circadian temperature rhythms in young adult and aged men. Neurobiology of Aging, 7(2), 97-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-4580(86)90146-6Wang, D., Li, W., Cui, X., Meng, Y., Zhou, M., Xiao, L., Ma, J., Yi, G., & Chen, W. (2016). Sleep duration and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. International Journal of Cardiology, 219, 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.027Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063. https://doi.org/ 10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063Weitzman, E. D., Moline, M. L., Czeisler, C. A., & Zimmerman, J. C. (1983). Chronobiology of aging: temperature, sleep-wake rhythms and entrainment. Neurobiology of Aging, 3(4), 299-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-4580(82)90018-5Wever, R. (1965). A mathematical model for circadian rhythms. Circadian Clocks, 47, 47-63.Wittmann, M., Dinich, J., Merrow, M., & Roenneberg, T. (2006). Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiology International, 23(1-2), 497-509. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420520500545979Wong, P. M., Hasler, B. P., Kamarck, T. W., Muldoon, M. F., & Manuck, S. B. (2015). Social jetlag, chronotype, and cardiometabolic risk. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 100(12), 4612-4620. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2923Wu, M. C., Yang, Y. C., Wu, J. S., Wang, R. H., Lu, F. H., & Chang, C. J. (2012). Short sleep duration associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an apparently healthy population. Preventive Medicine, 55(4), 305-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.07.013Yang, C. -M., & Spielman, A. J. (2001). The effect of a delayed weekend sleep pattern on sleep and morning functioning. Psychology and Health, 16(6), 715-725. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440108405869Yang, C. -M., Spielman, A. J., D`ambrosio, P., Serizaw, S., Nunes, J., & Birnbaum, J. (2001). A single dose of melatonin prevents the phase delay associated with a delayed weekend sleep pattern. Sleep, 24(3), 272-281. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/sleep/24.3.272Yang, C.-M., & Wu, C.-H. (2005). The Situational Fatigue Scale: A different approach to measuring fatigue. Quality of Life Research, 14(5), 1357-1362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-004-5680-0Yang, C.-M., Lin, F.-W., & Spielman, A. J. (2004). A standard procedure enhances the correlation between subjective and objective measures of sleepiness. Sleep, 27(2), 329-332. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.2.329Yildirim, A., & Boysan, M. (2017). Heterogeneity of sleep quality based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in a community sample: a latent class analysis. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 15(3), 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-017-0097-7Zavada, A., Gordijn, M. C., Beersma, D. G., Daan, S., & Roenneberg, T. (2005). Comparison of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire with the Horne‐Östberg`s morningness‐eveningness score. Chronobiology International, 22(2), 267-278. https://doi.org/10.1081/CBI-200053536 zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202000260 en_US
