1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Social Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 如願以償還是適得其反？政策議題的更正訊息傳播意願與闢謠效果
Will policy misconception correction succeed or backfire? The willingness to spread corrections and the efficacy of correcting policy misconceptions.
作者 許欣慈
Hsu, Hsin-Tzu
貢獻者 黃東益
Huang, Tong-Yi
許欣慈
Hsu, Hsin-Tzu
關鍵詞 更正訊息
逆火效應
錯誤認知
Correction
Backfire Effect
Misconception
日期 2019
上傳時間 2-Mar-2020 11:20:18 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究旨在探討更正訊息是否具有糾正民眾既有錯誤認知的效果，除檢視相關學術理論是否得以驗證於我國實務外，更進一步探討政策議題的更正訊息會對民眾的傳播意願與政策認知變化程度造成何種影響，同時也以實務角度討論政府角色發表更正訊息的優勢與劣勢。
為此，本研究以準實驗設計方法中的不等控制組前後測方式針對以下三項研究問題進行深入探討，分別為民眾是否具有更正訊息的傳播意願、更正訊息是否具有糾正效果，以及訊息來源的不同是否會造成差異。本研究有幾項重大研究成果，首先，在更正訊息的傳播方面大部分受測者皆表達正面的接收意願，不過少有受測者具有分享意願，導致更正訊息無法觸及更多目標群體，因此本研究認為相較之下更正訊息傳播上會面臨到民眾缺乏分享意願的困境，研究中也證實資訊有用性與政黨傾向在更正訊息的傳播上具有重要意義。
其次，有關更正訊息能否發揮糾正效果並達成闢謠目標，研究結果指出閱讀更正訊息的確會改善民眾在政策議題方面既有的錯誤認知，且本次實驗並未出現逆火效應，對相反政黨立場者而言，更正訊息雖然不具有顯著的糾正效果，仍未因此導致錯誤認知加深的反效果，因此針對更正訊息是「如願以償還是適得其反？」的問題，本研究傾向於樂觀的看待並認同更正訊息確實能夠糾正民眾的錯誤認知。最後，針對更正訊息來源的差異比較，政府與第三方事實查核組織在各項評比中幾乎沒有差異，過去對於政府擔任更正訊息發訊者角色的擔憂在本次實驗中未獲證實。
This research examines whether corrections can reduce citizens’ policy misconceptions. I review previous studies to assess its efficacy in Taiwan, and conclude with a discussion of the spread intention and misconceptions changed by corrections. Moreover, I practically examine the strengths and weaknesses of government-corrected policy misconceptions.
This research presents results from the testing of voluntary participants using nonequivalent pretest–posttest group designs of a quasi-experimental method, which is proposed to analyze three research issues, namely the willingness to spread corrections, the efficacy of correcting policy misconceptions, and the differences between government and other sources of the corrections. First, I discovered that most participants express a positive intention to accept correction, but few of them want to share it. That makes it difficult for sources to spread corrections. The research also confirms that informational usefulness and the tendency of politics have important significance in the spreading of corrections.
Second, the results indicate that reading corrections does, in fact, reduce existing misperceptions of policy issues, and finds no evidence of the backfire effect described by Nyhan and Reifler (2010). Even those who opposed the policy did not compound their misconceptions. Therefore, the answer to the question, “Will policy misconception correction succeed or backfire?” tends to be optimistic. Correction can reduce citizens’ policy misconceptions. Finally, regarding the comparison of the source of correction, there is almost no difference between government and fact-checking organizations in various evaluations. The concern about the government’s role as the source of correction is not confirmed in this research.
參考文獻 丘昌泰(2013)。公共政策基礎篇(第五版)。高雄：巨流。
吳定(2017)。公共政策(二版)。台中：五南。
宋瑛堂(譯) (2012)。搜尋引擎沒告訴你的事(Eli Pariser 原著)。台北市：左岸文化。
汪志堅、李欣穎(2005)。來源可信度、情感認同與涉入程度對網路謠言闢謠效果之影響。管理學報，22(3)，391-413。
林東泰(2008)。大眾傳播理論(增訂三版)。台北：師大書苑。
林淑芳(2018)。社群媒體與政治公民參與：網路政治討論頻率與政治討論異質性的中介角色。傳播與社會學刊，44，25-48。
胡元輝(2018)。造假有效、更正無力？第三方事實查核機制初探。傳播研究與實踐，8(2)，43-73。
高浩剛、鄭秀芬、江長唐、楊銘賢(2014)。社群網站上訊息轉載意願影響因素之研究。中華民國資訊管理學報，21(4)，365-390。
國家發展委員會(2018)。107年公民網路參與行為調查報告，2019年10月1日，取自：https://www.ndc.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=55C8164714DFD9E9
劉正山(2014)。高雄民眾政治談論溝通網路的樣貌。政策與人力管理，5(1)，49-80。
蘇偉業(2007)。政策行銷：理論重構與實踐。中國行政評論，16(1)，1-34。
Allcott, H., & M. Gentzkow (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-36.
Allport, F. H., & M. Lepkin (1945). Wartime rumors of waste and special privilege: why some people believe them. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 40(1), 3.
Allport, G. W., & L. Postman (1947). The psychology of rumor. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Anderson, N. H.(1981). Foundations of Information Intergration Theory. San Diego: Academic Press.
Arceneaux, K., M. Johnson, & C. Murphy (2012). Polarized political communication, oppositional media hostility, and selective exposure. The Journal of Politics, 74(1), 174-186.
Bastin, C., & M. Van der Linden (2005). The effects of aging on the recognition of different types of associations. Experimental Aging Research, 32(1), 61-77.
Beam, M. A., M. J. Hutchens, & J. D. Hmielowski (2016). Clicking vs. sharing: The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 215-220.
Bennett, W. L., & Entman, R. M. (Eds.). (2000). Mediated politics: Communication in the future of democracy. Cambridge University Press.
Berelson, B. R., Lazarsfeld, P. F., McPhee, W. N., & McPhee, W. N. (1954). Voting: A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. University of Chicago Press.
Berger, J. (2011). Arousal increases social transmission of information. Psychological science, 22(7), 891-893.
Bordia, P., & R. L. Rosnow (1998). Rumor rest stops on the information highway: Transmission patterns in a computer-mediated rumor chain. Human Communication Research, 25(2), 163-179.
Brehm, S. S., & J. W. Brehm (2013). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. Academic Press.
Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(5), 752.
Chan, M. P. S., C. R. Jones, K. Hall Jamieson, & D. Albarracín (2017). Debunking: A meta-analysis of the psychological efficacy of messages countering misinformation. Psychological science, 28(11), 1531-1546.
Chan, M. P. S., Jones, C. R., Hall Jamieson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2017). Debunking: A meta-analysis of the psychological efficacy of messages countering misinformation. Psychological science, 28(11), 1531-1546.
Chua, A. Y., & S. Banerjee (2018). Intentions to trust and share online health rumors: An experiment with medical professionals. Computers in Human Behavior, 87, 1-9.
Cohan, G. L., A. Bastardi, D. K. Sherman, L. Hsu, M. McGoey, & L. Ross (2007). Bridging the partisan divide: Self-affirmation reduces ideological closed-mindedness and inflexibility in negotiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 415-430.
Cooper, J., & R. H. Fazio (1984). A new look at dissonance theory. Advances in experimental social psychology, 17, 229-266.
Dahlberg, L. (2001). Computer-mediated communication and the public sphere: A critical analysis. Journal of Computer-mediated communication, 7(1), JCMC714.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 319-340.
Druckman, J. N., & C. D. Kam. (2010). Students as experimental participants: A defense of the ‘Narrow Data Base.’ In J. N. Druckman, D. P. Green, J. H. Kuklinski, & A. Lupia (Eds.), Handbook of experimental political science. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Dubois, D., D. D. Rucker, & Z. L. Tormala (2011). From rumors to facts, and facts to rumors: The role of certainty decay in consumer communications. Journal of marketing research, 48(6), 1020-1032.
Eagly, A. H., & S. Chaiken (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Orlando, FL, US: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
Ecker, U. K., & L. C. Ang (2019). Political attitudes and the processing of misinformation corrections. Political Psychology, 40(2), 241-260.
Ecker, U. K., S. Lewandowsky, B. Swire, & D. Chang (2011). Correcting false information in memory: Manipulating the strength of misinformation encoding and its retraction. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(3), 570-578.
Ecker, U. K., S. Lewandowsky, O. Fenton, & K. Martin (2014). Do people keep believing because they want to? Preexisting attitudes and the continued influence of misinformation. Memory & cognition, 42(2), 292-304.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance (Vol. 2). Stanford university press.
Feygina, I., J. T. Jost, & R. E. Goldsmith (2011). System justification, the denial of global warming, and the possibility of “ system-sanctioned change”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 326-338.
Flynn, D. J. (2016). The scope and correlates of political misperceptions in the mass public. In Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia.
Fridkin, K., Kenney, P. J., & Wintersieck, A. (2015). Liar, liar, pants on fire: How fact-checking influences citizens’ reactions to negative advertising. Political Communication, 32(1), 127-151.
Gay, L. R., G. E. Mills, & P. W. Airasian (2011). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications. Pearson Higher Ed.
Gearhart, S., & W. Zhang (2015). “Was it something I said?” “No, it was something you posted!” A study of the spiral of silence theory in social media contexts. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(4), 208-213.
Gilens, M. (2001). Political ignorance and collective policy preferences. American Political Science Review, 95(2), 379-396.
Gupta, A., & V. Govindarajan (1996). Determinants of knowledge outflows from and inflows into foreign subsidiaries in multinational corporations. Unpublished paper.
Hochschild, J. L., & K. L. Einstein (2015). Do facts matter? Information and misinformation in American politics. Political Science Quarterly, 130(4), 585-624.
Höijer, B. (1992). Reception of television narration as a socio- cognitive process. A schema- theoretical outline. Journal of Empirical Research on Literature, the Media and the Arts, 21(4), 283-304.
Hovland, C., I. Janis, & H. Kelley (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Howell, W. G., & M. R. West (2009). Educating the public. Education Next, 9(3).
Illies, J. J., & R. Reiter-Palmon (2004). The effects of type and level of personal involvement on information search and problem solving. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(8), 1709-1729.
Iyengar, S., & D. S. Massey (2019). Scientific communication in a post-truth society. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(16), 7656-7661.
Jeong, M., H. Zo, C. H. Lee, & Y. Ceran (2019). Feeling displeasure from online social media postings: A study using cognitive dissonance theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 97, 231-240.
Jerit, J., & Barabas, J. (2006). Bankrupt rhetoric: How misleading information affects knowledge about social security. International Journal of Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(3), 278-303.
Johnson, B. T., & A. H. Eagly (1989). Effects of involvement on persuasion: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 106(2), 290.
Johnson, H. M., & C. M. Seifert (1994). Sources of the continued influence effect: When misinformation in memory affects later inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(6), 1420.
Johnson, T. J., & B. K. Kaye (1998). Cruising is believing? Comparing Internet and traditional sources on media credibility measures. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75(2), 325-340.
Katz, E., J. G. Blumler, & M. Gurevitch (1974). The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.
Kuklinski, J. H., P. J. Quirk, J. Jerit, D. Schwieder, & R. F. Rich (2000). Misinformation and the currency of democratic citizenship. Journal of Politics, 62(3), 790-816.
Kunda, Z.(1990). The Case for Motivated Reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480-498.
Kwon, K. H., S. I. Moon, & M. A. Stefanone (2015). Unspeaking on Facebook? Testing network effects on self-censorship of political expressions in social network sites. Quality & Quantity, 49(4), 1417-1435.
LaRose, R., & M. S. Eastin (2004). A social cognitive theory of Internet uses and gratifications: Toward a new model of media attendance. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(3), 358-377.
Lebo, M. J., & D. Cassino (2007). The aggregated consequences of motivated reasoning and the dynamics of partisan presidential approval. Political Psychology, 28(6), 719-746.
Lee, C. S. (2010). Managing perceived communication failures with affordances of ICTs. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(4), 572-580.
Lee, C. S., & L. Ma (2012). News sharing in social media: The effect of gratifications and prior experience. Computers in human behavior, 28(2), 331-339.
Lewandowsky, S., U. K. Ecker, & J. Cook (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353-369.
Lewandowsky, S., U. K. Ecker, C. M. Seifert, N. Schwarz, & J. Cook (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106-131.
Lord, C., M. Ross, & M. Lepper (1979). Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 2098-2109.
McGuire, W. J. (1985). Attitudes and attitude change. The handbook of social psychology, 233-346.
Mugny, G., E. Tafani, P. Falomir, M. Juan, & C. Layat (2000). Source credibility, social comparison, and social influence. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 13, 151-175.
Mutz, D. C. (2002). Cross-cutting social networks: Testing democratic theory in practice. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 111-126.
Noelle‐Neumann, E. (1974). The spiral of silence a theory of public opinion. Journal of communication, 24(2), 43-51.
Nyhan, B. (2010, January). Why the" death panel" myth wouldn`t die: misinformation in the health care reform debate. In The Forum (Vol. 8, No. 1). De Gruyter.
Nyhan, B., & J. Reifler (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303-330.
Pal, A., A. Y. Chua, & D. H. L. Goh (2019). Debunking rumors on social media: The use of denials. Computers in Human Behavior, 96, 110-122.
Petty, R. E., J. T. Cacioppo, & D. Schumann (1983). Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: The moderating role of involvement. Journal of consumer research, 10(2), 135-146.
Pornpitakpan, C. (2004). The persuasiveness of source credibility: A critical review of five decades` evidence. Journal of applied social psychology, 34(2), 243-281.
Redlawsk, D. P. (2002). Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making. The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 1021-1044.
Redlawsk, D. P., A. J. Civettini, & K. M. Emmerson (2010). The affective tipping point: Do motivated reasoners ever “get it”? Political Psychology, 31(4), 563-593.
Rosnow, R. L.(1991). Inside rumor: A personal journey. American Psychologist, 46, 484-496.
Schiffuman, L. G., & L. L. Kanuk (1991). Consumer behavior (4th ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall.
Sears, D. O. (1986). College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology’s view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(3), 515–530.
Sherif, M., & H. Cantril (1947). The psychology of ego-involvements: Social attitudes and identifications. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Sides, J., & J. Citrin (2007, April). How large the huddled masses? The causes and consequences of public misperceptions about immigrant populations. In annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
So, J. C., & N. Bolloju (2005). Explaining the intentions to share and reuse knowledge in the context of IT service operations. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(6), 30-41
Song, H., & N. Schwarz (2008). Fluency and the detection of misleading questions: Low processing fluency attenuates the Moses illusion. Social Cognition, 26(6), 791-799.
Stroud, N. J. (2011). Niche news: The politics of news choice. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Su, M. H., J. Liu, & D. M. McLeod (2019). Pathways to news sharing: Issue frame perceptions and the likelihood of sharing. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 201-210.
Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Neither hayek nor habermas. Public Choice, 134(1-2), 87-95.
Sussman, S. W., & W. S. Siegal (2003). Informational influence in organizations: An integrated approach to knowledge adoption. Information systems research, 14(1), 47-65.
Taber, C. S., & M. Lodge (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755-769.
Vitak, J., P. Zube, A. Smock, C. T. Carr, N. Ellison, & C. Lampe (2011). It`s complicated: Facebook users` political participation in the 2008 election. CyberPsychology, behavior, and social networking, 14(3), 107-114.
Vraga, E. K., K. Thorson, N. Kligler-Vilenchik, & E. Gee (2015). How individual sensitivities to disagreement shape youth political expression on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 281-289.
Weeks, B. E., & Garrett, R. K. (2014). Electoral consequences of political rumors: Motivated reasoning, candidate rumors, and vote choice during the 2008 US presidential election. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 26(4), 401-422.
Weeks, B. E., & R. L. Holbert (2013). Predicting dissemination of news content in social media: A focus on reception, friending, and partisanship. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(2), 212-232.
Wilkes, A. L., & M. Leatherbarrow (1988). Editing episodic memory following the identification of error. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40(2), 361-387.
Winkielman, P., D. E. Huber, L. Kavanagh, & N. Schwarz (2012). Fluency of consistency: When thoughts fit nicely and flow smoothly. Cognitive consistency: A fundamental principle in social cognition, 89-111.
Wood, T., & E. Porter (2019). The elusive backfire effect: Mass attitudes’ steadfast factual adherence. Political Behavior, 41(1), 135-163.
Woong Yun, G., & S. Y. Park (2011). Selective posting: Willingness to post a message online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16(2), 201-227.
Young, D. G., Jamieson, K. H., Poulsen, S., & Goldring, A. (2018). Fact-checking effectiveness as a function of format and tone: Evaluating FactCheck. org and FlackCheck. org. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(1), 49-75.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1986).Conceptualizing involvement. Journal of advertising, 15(2), 4-34.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
公共行政學系
106256021
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106256021
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃東益zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Huang, Tong-Yien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 許欣慈zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hsu, Hsin-Tzuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 許欣慈zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Hsu, Hsin-Tzuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2019en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Mar-2020 11:20:18 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Mar-2020 11:20:18 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Mar-2020 11:20:18 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106256021en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/128893-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 公共行政學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 106256021zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究旨在探討更正訊息是否具有糾正民眾既有錯誤認知的效果，除檢視相關學術理論是否得以驗證於我國實務外，更進一步探討政策議題的更正訊息會對民眾的傳播意願與政策認知變化程度造成何種影響，同時也以實務角度討論政府角色發表更正訊息的優勢與劣勢。
為此，本研究以準實驗設計方法中的不等控制組前後測方式針對以下三項研究問題進行深入探討，分別為民眾是否具有更正訊息的傳播意願、更正訊息是否具有糾正效果，以及訊息來源的不同是否會造成差異。本研究有幾項重大研究成果，首先，在更正訊息的傳播方面大部分受測者皆表達正面的接收意願，不過少有受測者具有分享意願，導致更正訊息無法觸及更多目標群體，因此本研究認為相較之下更正訊息傳播上會面臨到民眾缺乏分享意願的困境，研究中也證實資訊有用性與政黨傾向在更正訊息的傳播上具有重要意義。
其次，有關更正訊息能否發揮糾正效果並達成闢謠目標，研究結果指出閱讀更正訊息的確會改善民眾在政策議題方面既有的錯誤認知，且本次實驗並未出現逆火效應，對相反政黨立場者而言，更正訊息雖然不具有顯著的糾正效果，仍未因此導致錯誤認知加深的反效果，因此針對更正訊息是「如願以償還是適得其反？」的問題，本研究傾向於樂觀的看待並認同更正訊息確實能夠糾正民眾的錯誤認知。最後，針對更正訊息來源的差異比較，政府與第三方事實查核組織在各項評比中幾乎沒有差異，過去對於政府擔任更正訊息發訊者角色的擔憂在本次實驗中未獲證實。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This research examines whether corrections can reduce citizens’ policy misconceptions. I review previous studies to assess its efficacy in Taiwan, and conclude with a discussion of the spread intention and misconceptions changed by corrections. Moreover, I practically examine the strengths and weaknesses of government-corrected policy misconceptions.
This research presents results from the testing of voluntary participants using nonequivalent pretest–posttest group designs of a quasi-experimental method, which is proposed to analyze three research issues, namely the willingness to spread corrections, the efficacy of correcting policy misconceptions, and the differences between government and other sources of the corrections. First, I discovered that most participants express a positive intention to accept correction, but few of them want to share it. That makes it difficult for sources to spread corrections. The research also confirms that informational usefulness and the tendency of politics have important significance in the spreading of corrections.
Second, the results indicate that reading corrections does, in fact, reduce existing misperceptions of policy issues, and finds no evidence of the backfire effect described by Nyhan and Reifler (2010). Even those who opposed the policy did not compound their misconceptions. Therefore, the answer to the question, “Will policy misconception correction succeed or backfire?” tends to be optimistic. Correction can reduce citizens’ policy misconceptions. Finally, regarding the comparison of the source of correction, there is almost no difference between government and fact-checking organizations in various evaluations. The concern about the government’s role as the source of correction is not confirmed in this research.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 目次
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 2
第二節 研究目的 5
第三節 研究問題 5
第二章 文獻回顧 6
第一節 錯誤認知的研究脈絡 6
第二節 更正訊息的傳播意願 10
第三節 更正訊息的糾正效果 16
第四節 更正訊息與公共行政 22
第五節 小結 28
第三章 研究方法 30
第一節 研究架構與假設 30
第二節 研究設計 37
第三節 操作型定義與問卷題項 43
第四節 資料分析方法 49
第四章 統計分析 53
第一節 研究樣本描述 53
第二節 更正訊息之糾正效果 59
第三節 訊息來源之比較 62
第四節 更正訊息之影響因素 67
第五節 研究發現 74
第五章 研究結論 81
第一節 討論 81
第二節 研究建議與研究限制 87
參考文獻 92
附錄一、實驗用訊息內容 102
附錄二、實驗步驟與問卷題項 109		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2195748 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106256021en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 更正訊息zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 逆火效應zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 錯誤認知zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Correctionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Backfire Effecten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Misconceptionen_US
dc.title (題名) 如願以償還是適得其反？政策議題的更正訊息傳播意願與闢謠效果zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Will policy misconception correction succeed or backfire? The willingness to spread corrections and the efficacy of correcting policy misconceptions.en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 丘昌泰(2013)。公共政策基礎篇(第五版)。高雄：巨流。
吳定(2017)。公共政策(二版)。台中：五南。
宋瑛堂(譯) (2012)。搜尋引擎沒告訴你的事(Eli Pariser 原著)。台北市：左岸文化。
汪志堅、李欣穎(2005)。來源可信度、情感認同與涉入程度對網路謠言闢謠效果之影響。管理學報，22(3)，391-413。
林東泰(2008)。大眾傳播理論(增訂三版)。台北：師大書苑。
林淑芳(2018)。社群媒體與政治公民參與：網路政治討論頻率與政治討論異質性的中介角色。傳播與社會學刊，44，25-48。
胡元輝(2018)。造假有效、更正無力？第三方事實查核機制初探。傳播研究與實踐，8(2)，43-73。
高浩剛、鄭秀芬、江長唐、楊銘賢(2014)。社群網站上訊息轉載意願影響因素之研究。中華民國資訊管理學報，21(4)，365-390。
國家發展委員會(2018)。107年公民網路參與行為調查報告，2019年10月1日，取自：https://www.ndc.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=55C8164714DFD9E9
劉正山(2014)。高雄民眾政治談論溝通網路的樣貌。政策與人力管理，5(1)，49-80。
蘇偉業(2007)。政策行銷：理論重構與實踐。中國行政評論，16(1)，1-34。
Allcott, H., & M. Gentzkow (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-36.
Allport, F. H., & M. Lepkin (1945). Wartime rumors of waste and special privilege: why some people believe them. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 40(1), 3.
Allport, G. W., & L. Postman (1947). The psychology of rumor. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Anderson, N. H.(1981). Foundations of Information Intergration Theory. San Diego: Academic Press.
Arceneaux, K., M. Johnson, & C. Murphy (2012). Polarized political communication, oppositional media hostility, and selective exposure. The Journal of Politics, 74(1), 174-186.
Bastin, C., & M. Van der Linden (2005). The effects of aging on the recognition of different types of associations. Experimental Aging Research, 32(1), 61-77.
Beam, M. A., M. J. Hutchens, & J. D. Hmielowski (2016). Clicking vs. sharing: The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 215-220.
Bennett, W. L., & Entman, R. M. (Eds.). (2000). Mediated politics: Communication in the future of democracy. Cambridge University Press.
Berelson, B. R., Lazarsfeld, P. F., McPhee, W. N., & McPhee, W. N. (1954). Voting: A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. University of Chicago Press.
Berger, J. (2011). Arousal increases social transmission of information. Psychological science, 22(7), 891-893.
Bordia, P., & R. L. Rosnow (1998). Rumor rest stops on the information highway: Transmission patterns in a computer-mediated rumor chain. Human Communication Research, 25(2), 163-179.
Brehm, S. S., & J. W. Brehm (2013). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. Academic Press.
Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(5), 752.
Chan, M. P. S., C. R. Jones, K. Hall Jamieson, & D. Albarracín (2017). Debunking: A meta-analysis of the psychological efficacy of messages countering misinformation. Psychological science, 28(11), 1531-1546.
Chan, M. P. S., Jones, C. R., Hall Jamieson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2017). Debunking: A meta-analysis of the psychological efficacy of messages countering misinformation. Psychological science, 28(11), 1531-1546.
Chua, A. Y., & S. Banerjee (2018). Intentions to trust and share online health rumors: An experiment with medical professionals. Computers in Human Behavior, 87, 1-9.
Cohan, G. L., A. Bastardi, D. K. Sherman, L. Hsu, M. McGoey, & L. Ross (2007). Bridging the partisan divide: Self-affirmation reduces ideological closed-mindedness and inflexibility in negotiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 415-430.
Cooper, J., & R. H. Fazio (1984). A new look at dissonance theory. Advances in experimental social psychology, 17, 229-266.
Dahlberg, L. (2001). Computer-mediated communication and the public sphere: A critical analysis. Journal of Computer-mediated communication, 7(1), JCMC714.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 319-340.
Druckman, J. N., & C. D. Kam. (2010). Students as experimental participants: A defense of the ‘Narrow Data Base.’ In J. N. Druckman, D. P. Green, J. H. Kuklinski, & A. Lupia (Eds.), Handbook of experimental political science. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Dubois, D., D. D. Rucker, & Z. L. Tormala (2011). From rumors to facts, and facts to rumors: The role of certainty decay in consumer communications. Journal of marketing research, 48(6), 1020-1032.
Eagly, A. H., & S. Chaiken (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Orlando, FL, US: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
Ecker, U. K., & L. C. Ang (2019). Political attitudes and the processing of misinformation corrections. Political Psychology, 40(2), 241-260.
Ecker, U. K., S. Lewandowsky, B. Swire, & D. Chang (2011). Correcting false information in memory: Manipulating the strength of misinformation encoding and its retraction. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(3), 570-578.
Ecker, U. K., S. Lewandowsky, O. Fenton, & K. Martin (2014). Do people keep believing because they want to? Preexisting attitudes and the continued influence of misinformation. Memory & cognition, 42(2), 292-304.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance (Vol. 2). Stanford university press.
Feygina, I., J. T. Jost, & R. E. Goldsmith (2011). System justification, the denial of global warming, and the possibility of “ system-sanctioned change”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 326-338.
Flynn, D. J. (2016). The scope and correlates of political misperceptions in the mass public. In Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia.
Fridkin, K., Kenney, P. J., & Wintersieck, A. (2015). Liar, liar, pants on fire: How fact-checking influences citizens’ reactions to negative advertising. Political Communication, 32(1), 127-151.
Gay, L. R., G. E. Mills, & P. W. Airasian (2011). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications. Pearson Higher Ed.
Gearhart, S., & W. Zhang (2015). “Was it something I said?” “No, it was something you posted!” A study of the spiral of silence theory in social media contexts. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(4), 208-213.
Gilens, M. (2001). Political ignorance and collective policy preferences. American Political Science Review, 95(2), 379-396.
Gupta, A., & V. Govindarajan (1996). Determinants of knowledge outflows from and inflows into foreign subsidiaries in multinational corporations. Unpublished paper.
Hochschild, J. L., & K. L. Einstein (2015). Do facts matter? Information and misinformation in American politics. Political Science Quarterly, 130(4), 585-624.
Höijer, B. (1992). Reception of television narration as a socio- cognitive process. A schema- theoretical outline. Journal of Empirical Research on Literature, the Media and the Arts, 21(4), 283-304.
Hovland, C., I. Janis, & H. Kelley (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Howell, W. G., & M. R. West (2009). Educating the public. Education Next, 9(3).
Illies, J. J., & R. Reiter-Palmon (2004). The effects of type and level of personal involvement on information search and problem solving. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(8), 1709-1729.
Iyengar, S., & D. S. Massey (2019). Scientific communication in a post-truth society. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(16), 7656-7661.
Jeong, M., H. Zo, C. H. Lee, & Y. Ceran (2019). Feeling displeasure from online social media postings: A study using cognitive dissonance theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 97, 231-240.
Jerit, J., & Barabas, J. (2006). Bankrupt rhetoric: How misleading information affects knowledge about social security. International Journal of Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(3), 278-303.
Johnson, B. T., & A. H. Eagly (1989). Effects of involvement on persuasion: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 106(2), 290.
Johnson, H. M., & C. M. Seifert (1994). Sources of the continued influence effect: When misinformation in memory affects later inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(6), 1420.
Johnson, T. J., & B. K. Kaye (1998). Cruising is believing? Comparing Internet and traditional sources on media credibility measures. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75(2), 325-340.
Katz, E., J. G. Blumler, & M. Gurevitch (1974). The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.
Kuklinski, J. H., P. J. Quirk, J. Jerit, D. Schwieder, & R. F. Rich (2000). Misinformation and the currency of democratic citizenship. Journal of Politics, 62(3), 790-816.
Kunda, Z.(1990). The Case for Motivated Reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480-498.
Kwon, K. H., S. I. Moon, & M. A. Stefanone (2015). Unspeaking on Facebook? Testing network effects on self-censorship of political expressions in social network sites. Quality & Quantity, 49(4), 1417-1435.
LaRose, R., & M. S. Eastin (2004). A social cognitive theory of Internet uses and gratifications: Toward a new model of media attendance. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(3), 358-377.
Lebo, M. J., & D. Cassino (2007). The aggregated consequences of motivated reasoning and the dynamics of partisan presidential approval. Political Psychology, 28(6), 719-746.
Lee, C. S. (2010). Managing perceived communication failures with affordances of ICTs. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(4), 572-580.
Lee, C. S., & L. Ma (2012). News sharing in social media: The effect of gratifications and prior experience. Computers in human behavior, 28(2), 331-339.
Lewandowsky, S., U. K. Ecker, & J. Cook (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353-369.
Lewandowsky, S., U. K. Ecker, C. M. Seifert, N. Schwarz, & J. Cook (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106-131.
Lord, C., M. Ross, & M. Lepper (1979). Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 2098-2109.
McGuire, W. J. (1985). Attitudes and attitude change. The handbook of social psychology, 233-346.
Mugny, G., E. Tafani, P. Falomir, M. Juan, & C. Layat (2000). Source credibility, social comparison, and social influence. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 13, 151-175.
Mutz, D. C. (2002). Cross-cutting social networks: Testing democratic theory in practice. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 111-126.
Noelle‐Neumann, E. (1974). The spiral of silence a theory of public opinion. Journal of communication, 24(2), 43-51.
Nyhan, B. (2010, January). Why the" death panel" myth wouldn`t die: misinformation in the health care reform debate. In The Forum (Vol. 8, No. 1). De Gruyter.
Nyhan, B., & J. Reifler (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303-330.
Pal, A., A. Y. Chua, & D. H. L. Goh (2019). Debunking rumors on social media: The use of denials. Computers in Human Behavior, 96, 110-122.
Petty, R. E., J. T. Cacioppo, & D. Schumann (1983). Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: The moderating role of involvement. Journal of consumer research, 10(2), 135-146.
Pornpitakpan, C. (2004). The persuasiveness of source credibility: A critical review of five decades` evidence. Journal of applied social psychology, 34(2), 243-281.
Redlawsk, D. P. (2002). Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making. The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 1021-1044.
Redlawsk, D. P., A. J. Civettini, & K. M. Emmerson (2010). The affective tipping point: Do motivated reasoners ever “get it”? Political Psychology, 31(4), 563-593.
Rosnow, R. L.(1991). Inside rumor: A personal journey. American Psychologist, 46, 484-496.
Schiffuman, L. G., & L. L. Kanuk (1991). Consumer behavior (4th ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall.
Sears, D. O. (1986). College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology’s view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(3), 515–530.
Sherif, M., & H. Cantril (1947). The psychology of ego-involvements: Social attitudes and identifications. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Sides, J., & J. Citrin (2007, April). How large the huddled masses? The causes and consequences of public misperceptions about immigrant populations. In annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
So, J. C., & N. Bolloju (2005). Explaining the intentions to share and reuse knowledge in the context of IT service operations. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(6), 30-41
Song, H., & N. Schwarz (2008). Fluency and the detection of misleading questions: Low processing fluency attenuates the Moses illusion. Social Cognition, 26(6), 791-799.
Stroud, N. J. (2011). Niche news: The politics of news choice. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Su, M. H., J. Liu, & D. M. McLeod (2019). Pathways to news sharing: Issue frame perceptions and the likelihood of sharing. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 201-210.
Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Neither hayek nor habermas. Public Choice, 134(1-2), 87-95.
Sussman, S. W., & W. S. Siegal (2003). Informational influence in organizations: An integrated approach to knowledge adoption. Information systems research, 14(1), 47-65.
Taber, C. S., & M. Lodge (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755-769.
Vitak, J., P. Zube, A. Smock, C. T. Carr, N. Ellison, & C. Lampe (2011). It`s complicated: Facebook users` political participation in the 2008 election. CyberPsychology, behavior, and social networking, 14(3), 107-114.
Vraga, E. K., K. Thorson, N. Kligler-Vilenchik, & E. Gee (2015). How individual sensitivities to disagreement shape youth political expression on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 281-289.
Weeks, B. E., & Garrett, R. K. (2014). Electoral consequences of political rumors: Motivated reasoning, candidate rumors, and vote choice during the 2008 US presidential election. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 26(4), 401-422.
Weeks, B. E., & R. L. Holbert (2013). Predicting dissemination of news content in social media: A focus on reception, friending, and partisanship. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(2), 212-232.
Wilkes, A. L., & M. Leatherbarrow (1988). Editing episodic memory following the identification of error. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40(2), 361-387.
Winkielman, P., D. E. Huber, L. Kavanagh, & N. Schwarz (2012). Fluency of consistency: When thoughts fit nicely and flow smoothly. Cognitive consistency: A fundamental principle in social cognition, 89-111.
Wood, T., & E. Porter (2019). The elusive backfire effect: Mass attitudes’ steadfast factual adherence. Political Behavior, 41(1), 135-163.
Woong Yun, G., & S. Y. Park (2011). Selective posting: Willingness to post a message online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16(2), 201-227.
Young, D. G., Jamieson, K. H., Poulsen, S., & Goldring, A. (2018). Fact-checking effectiveness as a function of format and tone: Evaluating FactCheck. org and FlackCheck. org. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(1), 49-75.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1986).Conceptualizing involvement. Journal of advertising, 15(2), 4-34.		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202000203en_US