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題名 尋回邊緣的聲音：《魔戒》的生態批評閱讀
Recovering the Marginal Voices: An Ecocritical Reading of The Lord of the Rings作者 枋采穎
Fang, Tsai-Ying貢獻者 羅狼仁
Brian David Phillips
枋采穎
Fang, Tsai-Ying關鍵詞 魔戒
托爾金
生態批評
邊緣化
人類中心主義
奇幻文學
The Lord of the Rings
J.R.R. Tolkien
Ecocriticism
Marginalization
Anthropocentrism
Fantasy literature日期 2020 上傳時間 3-八月-2020 17:17:12 (UTC+8) 摘要 托爾金的《魔戒》故事場景設定在「中土世界」，一個充滿奇幻生物和具感知能力的自然環境的幻想世界。和大部分以人類為中心的故事不同，在這個世界裡，自然生物和環境是推進整個故事的共同行動者而非沉默的背景。本文旨在透過生態批評方法探討《魔戒》 中人類與非人類的關係，並進而反思當代的環境與倫理問題。本文採用深層生態學和蓋亞理論等生態理論闡述現代的二元論意識形態如何壓迫與剝削自然環境和邊緣群體，並且《魔戒》中的自然生物和女性角色如何也在這樣的意識形態下被邊緣化。然而，奇幻文學也可以是一種對主流意識形態的反抗，而《魔戒》 正是一個很好的例子。《魔戒》不僅挑戰了人類中心的思維，更透過尋回邊緣群體的聲音展示了不同物種之間的相互關聯性。
J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings is set in the Middle-earth, an imaginary world that is full of fantasy creatures and sentient natural landscapes. Unlike most human-centered stories, these natural creatures and landscapes are co-actors rather than just silent backgrounds of the story. This thesis investigates the relationship between human and nonhuman in the context of LotR through an eco-critical reading and provides an analysis of the environmental and ethical problems in both the Middle-earth and in our world. Several eco-critical theories such as Deep Ecology and Gaia theory are used in this thesis to demonstrate how the exploitation of the natural environment and the social exploitation of marginal groups are under the similar oppressive structure of modern dualistic ideology. Moreover, this thesis also arguesthat the marginalization of natural creatures and female characters in LotR is a result of this simplistic understanding of the world. However, fantasy as a genre can be a subversive power to these dominant ideologies and LotR is an example of this as it challenges anthropocentric ideology and demonstrates the interconnection of differentspecies through recovering the voices of the marginal groups.參考文獻 Adamic, Lada, and Pinkesh Patel. “Books That Have Stayed With Us,” Facebook Research, Sept 8, 2014, https://research.fb.com/blog/2014/09/books-that-have-stayed-with-us/.Bassham, Gregory, and Eric Bronson. The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy: One Book to Rule Them All. Open Court, 2003.Bedell, Haley. “Frodo Baggins: The Modern Parallel to Christ in Literature.” Humanities Capstone Projects, Paper 24, 2015. https://commons.pacificu.edu/cashu/24.De Waal, Frans. “Are We in Anthropodenial?” Discover Magazine, 19 Jan. 1997, https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/are-we-in-anthropodenial. Accessed 17 January 2020.Descartes, Rene. “Part IV of The Earth” The Principles of Philosophy, Kessinger Publishing, 2010.Descartes, Rene. A Discourse on the Method of Correctly Conducting One’s Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences, Oxford University Press, 2006.Devall, Bill, and George Sessions. Deep Ecology, Gibbs Smith, 1985.Drout, Michael D. C. J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Taylor & Francis, 2007, p19.Enright, Nancy. “Tolkien’s Females and the Defining of Power.” The Lord of the Rings: New Edition. Harold Bloom. Infobase Publishing, 2008.Evernden, Neil. “Beyond Ecology: Self, Place, and the Pathetic Fallacy.” The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, The University of Georgia Press, 1996, pp. 92-104.Foden, Giles. “100 Books That Made A Century,” The Guardian, Jan 20, 1997, https://www.theguardian.com/books/1997/jan/20/classics.gilesfoden.Gaard, Greta, editor. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Temple University Press, 1993.Garrard, Greg. Ecocriticism. Routledge, 2004.Gaukroger, Stephen. Descartes` System of Natural Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 2002.Glotfelty, Cheryll. “Introduction: Literary Studies in an Age of Environmental Crisis.” The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, The University of Georgia Press, 1996, pp. xv -xxxvii.Goodbody, Axel, et al. Ecocritical Theory: New European Approaches. University of Virginia Press, 2011.Haraway, Donna J. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Duke University Press, 2016.Harvey, David. “Tree and Leaf: The Idiom of Nature.” The Song of Middle-Earth: J. R. R. Tolkien`s Themes, Symbols and Myths. Harper Collins, 2016.Kocher, Paul. “The Free Peoples.” Master of Middle-Earth: The Achievement of J.R.R. Tolkien. Pomlico, 2002.Kolodny, Annette. “Unearthing Herstory” The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, The University of Georgia Press, 1996, pp. 170-181.Konijnendijk, Cecil C. The Forest and the City: The Cultural Landscape of Urban Woodland. Springer, 2018.Łaszkiewicz, Weronika. “J.R.R. Tolkien’s Portrayal of Femininity and Its Transformations in Subsequent Adaptations” Crossroads, 10 Dec. 2016, http://www.crossroads.uwb.edu.pl/tolkiens-femininity-transformations. Accessed 2 April 2020.Lovelock, James. The Revenge of Gaia, Penguin Books, London, 2007.Martin, George R. R. “Introduction.” Meditations on Middle-Earth: New Writing onthe Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien, New York: St. Martin`s Press, 2001, pp. 1–5.Murdock, Maureen. The Heroine’s Journey: Woman`s Quest for Wholeness. Kindle ed., Shambhala, 1990.Neumann, Erich. The Great Mother: An Analysis of the Archetype. New York: Pantheon Books, 1955.Norwood, Vera L. “Heroines of Nature: Four Women Respond to the American Landscape.” The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, The University of Georgia Press, 1996, pp. 323-350.Pearson, Ben. “George R. R. Martin on ‘The Lord of the Rings’, Whether Tolkien Would Have Liked His Work, and One Big Regret [Interview].” Slashfilm, 9 May 2019, https://www.slashfilm.com/george-rr-martin-interview/.Resta, Anna Marie Resta and Bonneville Novelle. “The Mirror of Tolkien: The Natural World and Community in The Lord of the Rings.” Trumpeter, vol. 7, no. 1, 1990. http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/article/view/513/870.Rosen, Maggie. “A Feminist Perspective on the History of Women as Witches.” Dissenting Voices, vol. 6, no. 1, 2017, Article 5. https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/dissentingvoices/vol6/iss1/5.Shippey, Tom. “Tolkien as a Post-War Writer.” Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature, vol. 21, no. 2, 1996, Article 16. https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol21/iss2/16.Stevens, Lara, et al., editors. Feminist Ecologies. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.Thomson, Irene Taviss. “Individualism but Not to Excess.” Culture Wars and Enduring American Dilemmas. University of Michigan Press, 2010, pp.84-109.Tolkien, J.R.R. “On Fairy-Stories.” The Monster and the Critics, edited by Christopher Tolkien, Harper Collins, 2006, pp.109-161.--. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Harper Collins, 2012.--. The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, Harper Collins, 2012.--. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Harper Collins, 2012.--. The Hobbit, Harper Collins, 2007.--. The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien: A Selection, edited by Humphrey Carpenter and Christopher Tolkien, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1981.--. The Monsters and the Critics: and Other Essays, Harper Collins, 2006.Tolkien, Simon. “Tolkien’s Grandson on How WW1 inspired The Lord of the Rings” BBC, 3 Jan. 2017, http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20161223-tolkiens-grandson-on-how-ww1-inspired-the-lord-of-the-rings. Accessed 1 April 2020.Wormeli, Rick. Metaphors & Analogies: Power Tools for Teaching Any Subject. Stenhouse Publishers, 2009.“2001 Amsterdam Declaration on Earth System Science – IGBP” IGBP, http://www.igbp.net/about/history/2001amsterdamdeclarationonearthsystemscience.4.1b8ae20512db692f2a680001312.html. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
104551012資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104551012 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 羅狼仁 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Brian David Phillips en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 枋采穎 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Fang, Tsai-Ying en_US dc.creator (作者) 枋采穎 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Fang, Tsai-Ying en_US dc.date (日期) 2020 en_US dc.date.accessioned 3-八月-2020 17:17:12 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 3-八月-2020 17:17:12 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-八月-2020 17:17:12 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0104551012 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/130886 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 104551012 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 托爾金的《魔戒》故事場景設定在「中土世界」，一個充滿奇幻生物和具感知能力的自然環境的幻想世界。和大部分以人類為中心的故事不同，在這個世界裡，自然生物和環境是推進整個故事的共同行動者而非沉默的背景。本文旨在透過生態批評方法探討《魔戒》 中人類與非人類的關係，並進而反思當代的環境與倫理問題。本文採用深層生態學和蓋亞理論等生態理論闡述現代的二元論意識形態如何壓迫與剝削自然環境和邊緣群體，並且《魔戒》中的自然生物和女性角色如何也在這樣的意識形態下被邊緣化。然而，奇幻文學也可以是一種對主流意識形態的反抗，而《魔戒》 正是一個很好的例子。《魔戒》不僅挑戰了人類中心的思維，更透過尋回邊緣群體的聲音展示了不同物種之間的相互關聯性。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings is set in the Middle-earth, an imaginary world that is full of fantasy creatures and sentient natural landscapes. Unlike most human-centered stories, these natural creatures and landscapes are co-actors rather than just silent backgrounds of the story. This thesis investigates the relationship between human and nonhuman in the context of LotR through an eco-critical reading and provides an analysis of the environmental and ethical problems in both the Middle-earth and in our world. Several eco-critical theories such as Deep Ecology and Gaia theory are used in this thesis to demonstrate how the exploitation of the natural environment and the social exploitation of marginal groups are under the similar oppressive structure of modern dualistic ideology. Moreover, this thesis also arguesthat the marginalization of natural creatures and female characters in LotR is a result of this simplistic understanding of the world. However, fantasy as a genre can be a subversive power to these dominant ideologies and LotR is an example of this as it challenges anthropocentric ideology and demonstrates the interconnection of differentspecies through recovering the voices of the marginal groups. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter One 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Review of Literature 71.3 Methodology 91.4 Argument 171.5 Organization 291.6 Conclusion 29Chapter Two 312.1 Introduction 312.2 Symbiotic Relationships with Nature: Lothlórien and the Shire 322.3 Exploitive Relationship with Nature: Industrialization in LotR 372.4 Radical Individualism 442.5 The Abusive Power of the One Ring 472.6 The Formless Enemy 502.7 Conclusion 53Chapter Three 553.1 Introduction 553.2 Sense of Separation from Nature 553.3 The Anthropocene 613.4 Nature and Women as the Other 633.5 The Desire of Domination as a Force of Marginalization 713.6 Conclusion 76Chapter Four 774.1 Introduction 774.2 Sentient Nature in LotR 784.3 Identifying with the Collective Self 834.4 Fantasy as a Subversive Power to Dominant Ideologies 914.5 The Power of Preservation 934.6 Conclusion 98Chapter Five 1015.1 Main Argument 1015.2 Radical Individualism and the Abuse of Power 1025.3 The Marginalized Voices 1035.4 Reconnecting the Eco-Community 1045.4 Conclusion 105Bibliography 107 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1871552 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104551012 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 魔戒 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 托爾金 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 生態批評 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 邊緣化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人類中心主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 奇幻文學 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) The Lord of the Rings en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) J.R.R. Tolkien en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ecocriticism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Marginalization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Anthropocentrism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Fantasy literature en_US dc.title (題名) 尋回邊緣的聲音：《魔戒》的生態批評閱讀 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Recovering the Marginal Voices: An Ecocritical Reading of The Lord of the Rings en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Adamic, Lada, and Pinkesh Patel. “Books That Have Stayed With Us,” Facebook Research, Sept 8, 2014, https://research.fb.com/blog/2014/09/books-that-have-stayed-with-us/.Bassham, Gregory, and Eric Bronson. The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy: One Book to Rule Them All. Open Court, 2003.Bedell, Haley. “Frodo Baggins: The Modern Parallel to Christ in Literature.” Humanities Capstone Projects, Paper 24, 2015. https://commons.pacificu.edu/cashu/24.De Waal, Frans. “Are We in Anthropodenial?” Discover Magazine, 19 Jan. 1997, https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/are-we-in-anthropodenial. Accessed 17 January 2020.Descartes, Rene. “Part IV of The Earth” The Principles of Philosophy, Kessinger Publishing, 2010.Descartes, Rene. A Discourse on the Method of Correctly Conducting One’s Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences, Oxford University Press, 2006.Devall, Bill, and George Sessions. Deep Ecology, Gibbs Smith, 1985.Drout, Michael D. C. J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Taylor & Francis, 2007, p19.Enright, Nancy. “Tolkien’s Females and the Defining of Power.” The Lord of the Rings: New Edition. Harold Bloom. Infobase Publishing, 2008.Evernden, Neil. “Beyond Ecology: Self, Place, and the Pathetic Fallacy.” The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, The University of Georgia Press, 1996, pp. 92-104.Foden, Giles. “100 Books That Made A Century,” The Guardian, Jan 20, 1997, https://www.theguardian.com/books/1997/jan/20/classics.gilesfoden.Gaard, Greta, editor. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Temple University Press, 1993.Garrard, Greg. Ecocriticism. Routledge, 2004.Gaukroger, Stephen. Descartes` System of Natural Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 2002.Glotfelty, Cheryll. “Introduction: Literary Studies in an Age of Environmental Crisis.” The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, The University of Georgia Press, 1996, pp. xv -xxxvii.Goodbody, Axel, et al. Ecocritical Theory: New European Approaches. University of Virginia Press, 2011.Haraway, Donna J. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Duke University Press, 2016.Harvey, David. “Tree and Leaf: The Idiom of Nature.” The Song of Middle-Earth: J. R. R. Tolkien`s Themes, Symbols and Myths. Harper Collins, 2016.Kocher, Paul. “The Free Peoples.” Master of Middle-Earth: The Achievement of J.R.R. Tolkien. Pomlico, 2002.Kolodny, Annette. “Unearthing Herstory” The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, The University of Georgia Press, 1996, pp. 170-181.Konijnendijk, Cecil C. The Forest and the City: The Cultural Landscape of Urban Woodland. Springer, 2018.Łaszkiewicz, Weronika. “J.R.R. Tolkien’s Portrayal of Femininity and Its Transformations in Subsequent Adaptations” Crossroads, 10 Dec. 2016, http://www.crossroads.uwb.edu.pl/tolkiens-femininity-transformations. Accessed 2 April 2020.Lovelock, James. The Revenge of Gaia, Penguin Books, London, 2007.Martin, George R. R. “Introduction.” Meditations on Middle-Earth: New Writing onthe Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien, New York: St. Martin`s Press, 2001, pp. 1–5.Murdock, Maureen. The Heroine’s Journey: Woman`s Quest for Wholeness. Kindle ed., Shambhala, 1990.Neumann, Erich. The Great Mother: An Analysis of the Archetype. New York: Pantheon Books, 1955.Norwood, Vera L. “Heroines of Nature: Four Women Respond to the American Landscape.” The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, The University of Georgia Press, 1996, pp. 323-350.Pearson, Ben. “George R. R. Martin on ‘The Lord of the Rings’, Whether Tolkien Would Have Liked His Work, and One Big Regret [Interview].” Slashfilm, 9 May 2019, https://www.slashfilm.com/george-rr-martin-interview/.Resta, Anna Marie Resta and Bonneville Novelle. “The Mirror of Tolkien: The Natural World and Community in The Lord of the Rings.” Trumpeter, vol. 7, no. 1, 1990. http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/article/view/513/870.Rosen, Maggie. “A Feminist Perspective on the History of Women as Witches.” Dissenting Voices, vol. 6, no. 1, 2017, Article 5. https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/dissentingvoices/vol6/iss1/5.Shippey, Tom. “Tolkien as a Post-War Writer.” Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature, vol. 21, no. 2, 1996, Article 16. https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol21/iss2/16.Stevens, Lara, et al., editors. Feminist Ecologies. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.Thomson, Irene Taviss. “Individualism but Not to Excess.” Culture Wars and Enduring American Dilemmas. University of Michigan Press, 2010, pp.84-109.Tolkien, J.R.R. “On Fairy-Stories.” The Monster and the Critics, edited by Christopher Tolkien, Harper Collins, 2006, pp.109-161.--. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Harper Collins, 2012.--. The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, Harper Collins, 2012.--. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Harper Collins, 2012.--. The Hobbit, Harper Collins, 2007.--. The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien: A Selection, edited by Humphrey Carpenter and Christopher Tolkien, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1981.--. The Monsters and the Critics: and Other Essays, Harper Collins, 2006.Tolkien, Simon. “Tolkien’s Grandson on How WW1 inspired The Lord of the Rings” BBC, 3 Jan. 2017, http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20161223-tolkiens-grandson-on-how-ww1-inspired-the-lord-of-the-rings. Accessed 1 April 2020.Wormeli, Rick. Metaphors & Analogies: Power Tools for Teaching Any Subject. Stenhouse Publishers, 2009.“2001 Amsterdam Declaration on Earth System Science – IGBP” IGBP, http://www.igbp.net/about/history/2001amsterdamdeclarationonearthsystemscience.4.1b8ae20512db692f2a680001312.html. zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202001098 en_US
