1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Commerce
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 行動應用程式介面設計與使用性評估應用在潛水旅遊之研究
A Research on the User Interface Design and Usability Evaluation for Diving Tourism Apps
作者 林宗甫
Lin, Tsung-Fu
貢獻者 裘錦天<br>王嘉男
Chyou, Jiin-Tian<br>Wang, Chia-Nan
林宗甫
Lin, Tsung-Fu
關鍵詞 沉浸理論
潛水風險
優使性
修正式德菲法
決策實驗室分析法
Flow Experience
Diving Risks
Usability
Modified Delphi Method
DEMATEL
日期 2020
上傳時間 3-Aug-2020 17:34:49 (UTC+8)
摘要 全球潛水旅遊產業蓬勃發展，已逐漸成為驅動各國經濟發展的重要支柱，特別是開發中的國家，儼然成為主要的經濟收入來源之一；為此，本研究希望以智慧型手機為媒介，透過沉浸理論(Flow Experience)、潛水風險(Diving Risks)及優使性(Usability)來建構適用於潛水旅遊的行動應用程式(Apps)，期盼能藉由改善潛客在潛水旅遊期間，因地理位置、環境條件、天氣現況及安全等問題所產生的不便；更進一步提供未來潛水業者、潛水教練及潛客等，設計服務及產品的參考依據；研究方法結合沉浸理論的概念，透過文獻的蒐集，尋找關聯性較強的準則後，利用修正式德菲法(Modified Delphi Method, MDM)，整理出15項指標，再以應用決策實驗室分析法(Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory, DEMATEL)的專家問卷，來凝聚產官學三方不同的專家意見後，試圖找出各構面間的相互依賴性與回饋性，並針對其關聯性來做討論；研究結果將沉浸功能、潛水風險及優使性做關聯性探討；在構面方面顯示，優使性的構面對於沉浸功能、潛水風險，都有顯著的影響，將三大構面內的指標進行排序後，其總影響關係矩陣結果顯示「潛水社群討論區」、「潛店、潛點評價」及「保險規劃」為中心度與原因度最高的3項核心指標；綜合上述，本研究計算出經篩選後15項指標的影響、被影響及相互影響的關係，試圖透過指標的連結，期望提供未來學界與實務界可經由改善關聯性較強的指標來強化開發潛水旅遊行動應用程式的決策與選擇。
The global booming of the diving tourism industry has gradually become an important pillar driving the economic development of various countries, especially developing countries. The industry has become one of the main sources of economic income. Hence, this study hopes to use smart phones as a medium through Flow Experience, Diving Risks and Usability to build mobile applications suitable for diving tourism industry. The prospection of the application is to assist drivers to improve the inconvenience caused by weather conditions, safety concerns, geographical location, and environmental conditions during diving. Furthermore, the application could also provide good reference for diving industry, coach and even divers to better design services and products. The research methods adopted the concept of Flow Experience through literature collection to find strong relevant criteria. The Modified Delphi Method, MDM was used to sort out 15 indicators and then use the expert questionnaire of the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory analysis method (DEMATEL) to integrate the different opinions from industry, government and academia sectors. The study is to find out the interdependence and feedback among various facets. to explore the relevance. The research results will discuss the relevance of Flow Experience, Diving Risk and Usability. Usability has a significant impact to the Flow Experience and Diving Risk. Sorting the indicators from three major aspects, the total impact matrix show &quot;Diving Community Discussion Forum&quot;, &quot;Diving Shop and Reviews&quot; and “Insurance Planning” are the three core indicators with the highest degree of centrality and cause. As above, this research simulated the relevance matrix of influence, affected and mutual influence among fifteen indicators. Throughout the finding of the relevance between indicators, it’s expected to provide the future academic and diving industry to facilitate decision making of diving mobile apps development.
參考文獻 一、中文文獻
王文吟，2014。App下載意願因素之研究：價值觀點。國立彰化師範大學，碩士論文。
吳艾亭，2016。以行動服務整合模式探討使用者行動遊戲之使用意願。國立高雄第一科技大學，碩士論文。
李佩蓉，2012。影響語言類行動學習加值服務之滿意度及使用意圖之因素－以智慧型手機為例。國立中正大學，碩士論文。
林宗正，2010。影響潛水運動之相關訊息與教學推廣建議─以中山大學為例。休閒運動期刊，9，19-24。
邱琦，2014。行動地圖服務之適應性對知覺服務品質和服務滿意度之影響－以Google 地圖為例。台灣科技大學，碩士論文。
柯文傑，2014。以旅遊網站2.0接受模式探討消費者使用意圖之影響因素-旅知網為例，國立東華大學，碩士論文。
范純之，2019。旅遊意象、動機與消費者行為之研究 －以赴日本自助旅遊為例，玄奘大學，碩士論文。
莊文雅，2012。建構行動應用軟體(App)供應商之評選指標－以行動高雄為例，國立高雄應用科技大學，碩士論文。
連德安，2018。情境感知與SoLoMo對推薦系統影響-以美食推薦系統為例，大同大學，碩士論文。
郭美菁，2019。以DEMATEL及ANP分析影響消費者接受智慧健康照顧服務系統之關鍵因素，國立成功大學，碩士論文。
湯雅琪，2014。主題性路跑參與者動機、涉入程度與滿意度之研究。國立臺灣師範大學，碩士論文。
黃昱，2019。臺灣夜間潛水風險管理之研究。輔仁大學，碩士論文。
廖光慧，2019。以方法目的鏈探討日本旅客對台北旅遊意象及旅遊價值之研究，南華大學，碩士論文。
劉紹德，2019。台灣智慧交通創新政策之研究：以AHP及DEMATEL方法分析，國立臺灣師範大學，碩士論文。
蔣政哲，2014。國內自助旅行者使用APP之旅遊體驗研究，康寧大學，碩士論文。
賴俊偉、林冠宇，2015。同志交友軟體的持續使用意圖關係之研究－以男同志交友軟體 Jack’d 為例。中華傳播學會。
鍾睿麒，2016。以體驗行銷探討旅遊App之使用意願，中原大學，碩士論文。
韓松穎，2020。智慧旅遊的發展對於遊客旅遊行為影響之初探，中華大學，碩士論文。
羅偉誠，2019技術型高中印刷設計課程應用行動學習app之課程內容設計研究，國立臺灣師範大學，碩士論文。  
二、英文文獻
ASCLME. (2012). National Marine Ecosystem Diagnostic Analysis. Kenya. Contribution to the Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems Project (Supported by UNDP with GEF Grant Financing). Unpublished report.
Baker, D. M. A. (2016). The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, vol. 2(1), pp.9.
Becken, S. & Hughey, K. F. D. (2013). Linking tourism into emergency management structures to enhance disaster risk reduction. Tourism Management, vol. 36, pp.77-85.
Beckett, A., Kordick, M. F. & Chan, S.B. (2007). Risk Factors for Dive Injury. Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 50(3), pp.102.
Bentz, J., Lopes, F., Calado, H. & Dearden, P. (2016). Sustaining marine wildlife tourism through linking Limits of Acceptable Change and zoning in the Wildlife Tourism Model. Marine Policy, vol. 68, pp.100-107.
Bentz, J., Rodrigues, A., Dearden, P., Calado, H. & Lopes, F. (2015). Crowding in marine environments: Divers and whale watchers in the Azores. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 109, pp.77-85.
Boudreau, P., Mackenzie, S. H. & Hodge, K. (2020). Flow states in adventure recreation: A systematic review and thematic synthesis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, vol. 46, pp.101611.
Burgoyne C., Kelso C., Mearns, K. (2018). The impact of stakeholder relations on the Mnemba island marine conservation area, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Journal of Tourism in Marine Environments, vol. 12(3–4), pp.239-252
Burke, L., Reytar, K., Spalding, M. & Perry, A. (2011). Reefs at Risk Revisited, Washington :World Resources Institute.
Buzzacott, P., Schiller, D., Crain, P. J. & Denoble J. (2018). Epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in US and Canadian recreational scuba diving. Public Health, vol. 155, pp.62-68.
Camp, E. & Fraser, D. (2012). Influence of conservation education dive briefings as a management tool on the timing and nature of recreational SCUBA diving impacts on coral reefs. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 61, pp.30-37.
Cater, C. I. (2006). Playing with risk? Participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism. Tourism Management, vol. 27(2), pp.317–325.
Cavallaro, F., Galati, O. I. & Nocera, S. (2019) A tool to support transport decision making in tourist coastal areas .Case Studies on Transport Policy, vol. 7(3), pp.540-553.
Chae, M., & Kim, J. (2004). Do size and structure matter to mobile users? An empirical study of the effects of screen size, information structure, and task complexity on user activities with standard web phones. Behaviour & Information Technology, vol. 23(3), pp.165-181.
Chang, H. H. (2008), TAM and Flow Theory for Investigating on User Communication Behavior in Computer, European Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 8( 2), pp.412-430.
Chang, K. C. (2014). Examining the Effect of Tour Guide Performance, Tourist Trust, Tourist Satisfaction, and Flow Experience on Tourists` Shopping Behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 19(2), pp.219-247.
Chen, C. C. & Tsai,J. L. (2019). Determinants of behavioral intention to use the Personalized Location-based Mobile Tourism Application: An empirical study by integrating TAM with ISSM. Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 96, pp.628-638.
Cheng, Y., Sharma, S., Sharma, P. & Kulathunga, K. (2020). Role of Personalization in Continuous Use Intention of Mobile News Apps in India: Extending the UTAUT2 Model. Information, vol. 11(1), pp.33.
Chi, C.G. (2012). An examination of destination loyalty: Differences between first-time and repeat visitors.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, vol. 36 (1) , pp.3-24.
Chim-Miki, A. F. & Batista-Canino, R. M. (2018). Development of a tourism coopetition model: A preliminary Delphi study. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, vol. 37, pp.78-88.
Chowdhury, M., Prayag, G., Orchiston, C. & Spector, S. (2018). Postdisaster social capital, adaptive resilience and business performance of tourism organizations in Christchurch, New Zealand. Journal of Travel Research, vol. 58(7), pp.1209-1226.
Cilveti, R., Osona, B., Peña, J.A., Moreno, L., Asensio, O. & en representación del Grupo de Técnicas de la Sociedad Española de Neumología Pediátrica. (2015). Scuba diving in children: Physiology, risks and recommendationsBuceo en la edad pediátrica: fisiología, riesgos y recomendaciones. Anales de Pediatría, vol. 83(6), pp.410-416.
Coble, T. G., Selin, S. W. & Erickson, B. B. (2003). Hiking alone: Understanding fear, negotiation strategies and leisure experience. Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 35(1), pp.1–22.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Bey boredom and anxiety. San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). The master minds series. Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. Basic Books.
Dalvi-Esfahani, M., Niknafs, A., Kuss, D. J., Nilashi, M. & Afrough, S. (2019). Social media addiction: Applying the DEMATEL approach. Telematics and Informatics, vol. 43, pp.101250.
Dastjerdi, A. M., Kaplan, S., Silva, J. A., Nielsen, O. A. & Pereira, F. C. (2019). Participating in environmental loyalty program with a real-time multimodal travel app: User needs, environmental and privacy motivators. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 67, pp.223-243.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, vol. 13(3), pp.319-341.
Deng, Z., Lu, Y., Wei, K. K. & Zhang, J. (2010). Understanding customer satisfaction and loyalty: An empirical study of mobile instant messages in China. International Journal of Information Management, vol. 30(4), pp.289–300.
Dimmock, K. & Musa, G. (2015). Scuba diving tourism system: a framework for collaborative management and sustainability. Marine Policy, vol. 54, pp.52-58.
Dimopoulos, D. (2018). External Risks Impacting on the Scuba Diving Industry in the East African Marine Ecoregion. Master of Commerce. University of South Africa, Pretoria.
Dimopoulos, D., Queiros, D. & Zyl, C. V. (2019). Sinking deeper: The most significant risks impacting the dive tourism industry in the East African Marine Ecoregion. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 181, pp. 104897.
Donohoe, H., Pennington-Gray, L. & Omodior O. (2015). Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management. Tourism Management, vol. 46, pp.408-418.
Duffy, L. M., Lennert-Cody, C. E., Olson, R. J., Minte-Vera, C. V. & Griffiths, S. P. (2019). Assessing vulnerability of bycatch species in the tuna purse-seine fisheries of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Research, vol. 219, pp.105316.
Ellis, D. G., Voelkl, E. J. & Morris, C. (1998), Measure flow experience in daily life: An examination of the items used to measure challenge and skill. Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 30( 3), pp.380-389.
Engeser, S. (2012). Advances in flow research Springer, New York: Science + Business Media.
Erhel, S. & Jamet, E. (2019). Improving instructions in educational computer games: Exploring the relations between goal specificity, flow experience and learning outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 91, pp.106-114.
Faiola, A., Newlon, C., Pfaff, M. & Smyslova, O. (2013). Correlating the Effects of Flow and Telepresence in Virtual Worlds: Enhancing Our Understanding of User Behavior in Game-Based Learning. Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 29, pp.1113-1121.
Fernandez, A., Insfran, E. & Abrahão, S. (2011). Usability evaluation methods for the web: a systematic mapping study. Information and Software Technology. vol. 53(8), pp.789-817.
Ferreira, J. M., Acuña, S. T., Dieste, O., Vegas, S., Santos, A., Rodríguez, F. & Juristo, N. (2020). Impact of usability mechanisms: An experiment on efficiency, effectiveness and user satisfaction. Information and Software Technology, vol. 117, pp.106195.
Flavia´n, C., Guinalı´u, M. & Gurrea, R. (2006). The role played by perceived usability, satisfaction and consumer trust on website loyalty. Information & Management, vol. 43, pp.1-14.
Floros, C., Schleyer, M. H. & Maggs, J. Q. (2013). Fish indicators of diving and fishing pressure on South African coral reefs. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 84, pp.130-139.
Genuis, S. K. (2004). Web site usability testing: A critical tool for libraries. Feliciter, vol. 50(4), pp.161-164.
Golshan, M., Dastoorpour, M. & Birgani, Y. T. (2020). Fuzzy environmental monitoring for the quality assessment: Detailed feasibility study for the Karun River basin, Iran. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, vol. 10, pp.100324.
Gössling, S., Scott, D. Hall, C. M., Ceron, J.P. & Dubois, G. (2012). Consumer behaviour and demand response of tourists to climate change. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 39, pp.36-58.
Hammerton, Z. (2018). Risk assessment of SCUBA diver contacts on subtropical benthic taxa. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 158, pp.176-185.
Hays, S., Page, S. J. & Buhalis, J. (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations. Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 16(3), pp.211-239.
Henderson, J. (2007). Tourism Crises: Causes, Consequences and Management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Heo, J., Lee, Y., McCormick, B. P. & Pedersen, P. M. (2010). Daily experience of serious leisure, flow and subjective well-being of older adults. Leisure Studies, vol. 29(2), pp.207-225.
Hirao, K., Kobayashi, R., Okishima, K. & Tomokuni, Y. (2012). Flow experience and health-related quality of life in community dwelling elderly Japanese. Nursing & Health Sciences, vol. 14(1), pp.52–57.
Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 50–68.
Hong, J. C., Tsai, C. R., Hsiao, H. S., Chen, P. H., Chu, K. C., Gu, J. & Sitthiworachart, J. (2020). The effect of the “Prediction-observation-quiz-explanation” inquiry-based e-learning model on flow experience in green energy learning. Computers & Education, vol. 133, pp.127-138.
Huang, X.-T., Wei, Z.-D., Leung, X.Y. (2020). What you feel may not be what you experience: a psychophysiological study on flow in VR travel experiences. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, vol.
Jeong, J. S., García-Moruno, J., Hernández-Blanco, J. & Sánchez-Ríos, A. (2016). Planning of rural housings in reservoir areas under (mass) tourism based on a fuzzy DEMATEL-GIS/MCDA hybrid and participatory method for Alange, Spain. Habitat International, vol. 57, pp.143-153.
Jiang, S., Shi, H., Lin, W. & Liu, H. C. (2020). A large group linguistic Z-DEMATEL approach for identifying key performance indicators in hospital performance management. Applied Soft Computing, vol. 86, pp.105900.
Johanna, S. Z., Marit, E. K., Abbie, A. R., Khadeeja, A. & Mark, G. M. (2019). Evidence of increased economic benefits from shark-diving tourism in the Maldives. Marine Policy, vol. 100, pp.21-26.
Kaplan, R. S. & Mikes, A. (2012). Managing risks: a new framework. Harvard Business Review Home, vol. 90(6).
Kim, M. & Thapa, B. (2018). Perceived value and flow experience: Application in a nature-based tourism context. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, vol. 8, pp.373-384.
Kim, M. J., Bonn, M., Lee C. K. & Kim J. S. (2019). Effects of employees’ personality and attachment on job flow experience relevant to organizational commitment and consumer-oriented behavior. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, vol. 41, pp.156-170.
Ko, S. M. & Ji, Y. G. (2018). How we can measure the non-driving-task engagement in automated driving: Comparing flow experience and workload. Applied Ergonomics, vol. 67, pp. 237-245.
Krieger, J. R. & Chadwick, N. E. (2013). Recreational diving impacts and the use of pre-dive briefings as a management strategy on Florida coral reefs. Journal of Coastal Conservation, vol. 17, pp.179-189.
Kroon, F. J., Berry, K. L.E., Brinkman, D. L., Kookana, R., Leusch, F. D.L., Melvin, S. D., Neale, P. A., Negri, A. P., Puotinen, M. Tsang, J. J., Merwe. J. P. & Williams, M. (2020). Sources, presence and potential effects of contaminants of emerging concern in the marine environments of the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia. Science of The Total Environment, vol. 719, pp.135140.
Lam, C. K. C., Loughnan, M. & Tapper, N. (2018). Visitors` perception of thermal comfort during extreme heat events at the Royal Botanic Garden Melbourne. International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 62, pp.97-112.
Lee, H., Kim, J., Bae, I. (2019). A research on the mediating role of flow experience between involvement and satisfaction-focus on leisure satisfaction for university students. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, vol. 8(2S6), pp.27-30.
Leung, L. (2020). Exploring the relationship between smartphone activities, flow experience, and boredom in free time. Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 103, pp. 130-139.
Li, M. L. (2009). In vivo imaging of blood flow in the mouse Achilles tendon using high-Frequency ultrasound. Ultrasonics, vol. 49(2), pp.226-230.
Liang, T. & Lai, H. (2002). Effect of store design on consumer purchases: van empirical study of online bookstores. Information and Management, vol. 39(6), 431-444.
Linstone, H. A. & Turoff, M. (1975). The Delphi method : Techniques and applications. MA: Addison-Wesley.
Luo, Q. & Zhai, X. (2017). I will never go to Hong Kong again! How the secondary crisis communication of “occupy central” on Weibo shifted to a tourism boycott. Tourism Management, vol. 62, pp.159-172.
Maarten, D. B., Euan, S. H., Jennifer, L. M., Jean, P. A., Hobbs, J. J. & Michael, B. (2017). The economic contribution of the muck dive industry to tourism in Southeast Asia. Marine Policy, vol. 83, pp.92-99.
Mahfouz, A. Y., Joonas, K. & Opara, E. U. (2020). An overview of and factor analytic approach to flow theory in online contexts. Technology in Society, vol. 61, pp.101228.
Manuchehr, l. (2019). On the relation between exchange rates and tourism demand:A nonlinear and asymmetric analysis. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 20. Pp.123.
Masud, M. M., Sackor, A. S., Alam, A. F., Al-Amin, A. Q. & Ahmad Bashawir, A. G. (2018). Community responses to flood risk management – An empirical Investigation of the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Malaysia. Marine Policy, vol. 97, pp.119-126.
Millar, V. E. (1984). The Delphi Technique, Information-Strategies. The Executive`s Journal, vol. 1, pp.32-36.
Minazzi, R. (2015). Social media Marketing in Tourism and Hospitality, Springer International Publishing: Switzerland.
Möller, C. Wang, J. Nguyen, H. T. (2018). #Stronger than winston: Tourism and crisis communication through Facebook following tropical cyclones in Fiji. Tourism Management, vol. 69, pp.272-284.
Morakabati, Y. & Page, S. J. (2017). Fletcher Emergency management and tourism stakeholder responses to crises: A global survey. Journal of Travel Research, vol. 56 (3), pp.299-316.
Mourtzis, D., Vlachou, E., Siganakis, S., Zogopoulos, V., Kaya, M. & Bayrak, I. T. (2017). Mobile Feedback Gathering App for Frugal Product Design. Procedia CIRP, vol. 60, pp.151-156.
Musa, G. & Dimmock, K. (2013). Scuba Diving Tourism: Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility. Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability Engineering. Boston: Academic Press.
Nilashi, M., Samad, S., Manaf, A. A., Ahmadi, H., Rashid, T. A., Munshi, A., Almukadi, W., Ibrahim, O. & Ahmed, O. H. (2019). Factors influencing medical tourism adoption in Malaysia: A DEMATEL-Fuzzy TOPSIS approach. Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol. 137, pp.106005.
Norman, D. (1988). The design of everyday things. New York: Doubleday.
Obada, D. R. (2013). Flow theory and online marketing outcomes: A critical literature review. Procedia Economics and Finance, vol. 6, pp.550-561.
Ocampo, L. A., Tan, T. A. G. & Sia, L. A. (2018). Using fuzzy DEMATEL in modeling the causal relationships of the antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in the hospitality industry: A case study in the Philippines. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, vol. 34, pp.11-29.
O`Leary, J. K. & McClanahan, T. R. (2011). Trophic cascades result in large-scale coralline algae loss through differential grazer effects. Ecology, vol. 91(12), pp.3584.
O`Leary, J. K. & McClanahan, T. R. (2011). Trophic cascades result in large-scale coralline algae loss through differential grazer effects. Ecology, vol. 91(12),pp.3584.
Orams, M. B., Lück, M., Lew, A. A., Hall, C. M. & Williams, A. M. (2014). Coastal and marine tourism. The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Tourism, John Wiley & Sons, Oxford, UK.
Orchiston, C. (2012). Seismic risk scenario planning and sustainable tourism management: Christchurch and the Alpine Fault zone, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 20(1), pp.59-79.
Parretti, P., Canning-Clode, J., Ferrario, J., Marchini, A., Botelho, A. Z., Ramalhosa, P. & Costa, A. C. (2020). Free rides to diving sites: the risk of marine non-indigenous species dispersal. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 190, pp.105158.
Paterson, S., Young, S., Loomis, D. K. & Obenour, W. (2012). Resource attributes that contribute to non-resident diver satisfaction in the Florida Keys, US. Tourism in Marine Environments, vol. 8(2), pp.47-60.
Pelet, J. E., Ettis, S. & Cowart, K. (2017). Optimal experience of flow enhanced by telepresence : Evidence from social media use. Information & Management, vol. 54, pp.115-128.
Pomfret, G. (2006). Mountaineering adventure tourists: A conceptual framework for research. Tourism Management, vol. 27(1), pp.113–123.
Prayag, G. Chowdhury, M. Spector, S. Orchiston, C. (2018). Organizational resilience and financial performance. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 73(C), pp.193-196.
Preece, J., Rogers, Y. & Sharp, H. (2002). Interaction design: Beyond human-computer interaction. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Privette, G. & Bundrick, C. M. (1987). Measurement of experience: construct and content validity of the experience questionnaire. Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol. 65(1), pp.315-332.
Richmond, M. D. (2011). A Field Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands, Sida.
Sanjamsai, S. & Phukao, D. (2018). Flow experience in computer game playing among Thaiuniversity students. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 39, pp.175-182.
Seddighi, H., Nuttall, M. & Theocharous, A. (2001). Does cultural background of tourists influence the destination choice? An empirical study with special reference to political instability. Tourism Management, vol. 22, pp.181-191.
Shaw, G. Saayman, M. & Saayman, A. (2012). Identifying risks facing the South African tourism industry. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, vol. 15(2), pp.190-206.
Shin, D. H. (2008), Applying the Technology Acceptance Model and Flow Theory to Cyworld User Behavior: Implication of the Web2.0 User Acceptance, Cyberpsychology and Behavior, vol. 11(3), pp.35-46.
Shrout, P. E. & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass Correlations : Uses in Assessing Rater Reliability. Psychological Bulletin, vol. 86(2), pp.420-428.
Singh, P. K. & Sarkar, P. (2020). A framework based on fuzzy Delphi and DEMATEL for sustainable product development: A case of Indian automotive industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 246, pp.118991.
Song, H., Veen, R., Li, G. & Chen, J. (2012). The Hong Kong tourist satisfaction index. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 39(1), pp.459-479.
Spalding, M., Burke, L., Wood, S. A., Ashpole, J., Hutchison, J. & Ermgassen, P. (2017). Mapping the global value and distribution of coral reef tourism. Marine Policy, vol. 82, pp.104-113.
Stewart, D.W. & Shamdasani, P. N. (1990). Focus Group : Theory and Practice, Thousand Oaks:Sage Publications.
Su, Y. S., Chiang, W. L., Lee, C. T. J. & Chang, H. C. (2016). The effect off low experience on player loyalty in mobile game application. Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 63, pp.240-248.
Sunagar, P., Hanumantharaju, R., Siddesh, G. M., Kanavalli, A. & Srinivasa, K. G. (2020). Chapter 2 - Influence of big data in smart tourism. Hybrid Computational Intelligence, pp. 25-47.
Tan, S. K., Kung, S. F. & Luh, D. B. (2013). A model of ‘creative experience’ in creative tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 41, pp.153–174.
Toyoshima, J. & Nadaoka, K. (2015). Importance of environmental briefing and buoyancy control on reducing negative impacts of SCUBA diving on coral reefs. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 116, pp.20-26
Tsai, C. H. & Chen, C. W. (2011). The establishment of a rapid natural disaster risk assessment model for the tourism industry. Tourism Management, vol. 32(1), pp.158-171.
Tsai, C. H. LinLiu, S. C. (2017). Slopeland disaster risk management in tourism Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 20 (7), pp.759-786.
Tsaur, S. H., Yen, C. H. & Hsiao, S. L. (2013). Transcendent experience, flow and happiness for mountain climbers. International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 15(4), pp.360–374.
Wang, J. & Ritchie, B. W. (2012). Understanding accommodation managers’ crisis planning intention: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Tourism Management, vol. 33(5), pp.1057-1067.
Webster, J., Trevino, K. L. & Ryan, L. (1993). The dimensionality and correlates of flow in human-computer interactions. Computers in Human, vol. 9(4), pp.411-426.
World Bank and UN. (2017). The Potential of the Blue Economy: Increasing Long-Term Benefits of the Sustainable Use of Marine Resources for Small Island Developing States and Coastal Least Developed Countries, World Bank:Washington.
Wu, C. H. J. & Liang, R. D. (2011). The relationship between white-water rafting experience formation and customer reaction: A flow theory perspective. Tourism Management, vol. 32(2), pp.317–325.
Wu, C. H. J. & Liang, R. D. (2011). The relationship between white-water rafting experience formation and customer reaction: A flow theory perspective. Tourism Management, vol. 32 (2), pp.317-325.
Wu, D., Moody, G. D., Zhang, J. & Lowry, P. B. (2019). Effects of the design of mobile security notifications and mobile app usability on users’ security perceptions and continued use intention. Information & Management, vol. 15, pp. 103235.
Xi, T., Wang, Q., Qin, H. & Jin, H. (2020). Influence of outdoor thermal environment on clothing and activity of tourists and local people in a severely cold climate city. Building and Environment, vol. 173, pp.106757.
Yang, B., Olofsson, T., Nair, G. & Kabanshi, A. (2017). Outdoor thermal comfort under subarctic climate of north Sweden – a pilot study in Umeå. Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 28, pp.387-397.
Zhang, J. (2017). Evaluating regional low-carbon tourism strategies using the fuzzy Delphi- analytic network process approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 141, pp.409-419.
Zhang, L., Sun, X. & Xue, H. (2019). Identifying critical risks in Sponge City PPP projects using DEMATEL method: A case study of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 226, pp.949-958.
Zhou, S., Hobday, A. J., Dichmont, C. M. & Smith, A. D.M. (2016). Ecological risk assessments for the effects of fishing: A comparison and validation of PSA and SAFE. Fisheries Research, vol. 183, pp.518-529.
Zhou, T. & Lu, Y. (2011). Examining mobile instant messaging user loyalty from the perspectives of network externalities and flow experience. Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 27(2), pp.883–889.
 
三、網址文獻
Nielsen (2009). Mobile Usability, First Findings. Retrieved November 05, 2019, from https://www.nngroup.com/
Booth, L. (2015). Political Risk Tops List of Concerns for Risk Managers across Africa, Survey 2015. Risk Frontiers Africa. Commercial Risk Africa. African Risk & Insurance Management News. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from http://www.commercialriskeurope.com/uploads/files/special-reports/CRA-RF-Africa-2015-v2.pdf
Budiu, R. (2015). Mobile User Experience: Limitations and Strengths. Retrieved December 01, 2019, from https://www.nngroup.com/
Cyceon. (2015). Threats to the tourism economy in North Africa. Retrieved November 24, 2019, from http://cyceon.com/2015/07/02/threats-to-tourism-economy-in-north-africa
Google (2014). Android Design. Retrieved December 02, 2019, from http://developer.android.com/index.html
Human factors international. (2015). Crafting fun user experiences: A method to facilitate flow. Retrieved September 14, 2019, from http://web.cs.wpi.edu/~gogo/courses/imgd5100/papers/FlowQuestionnaire.pdf
Kutengule, M. (2015). World Meteorological Day to Reflect Flood Disaster. Retrieved September 14, 2019, from http://www.manaonline.gov.mw/index.php/national/environment/climate-change/item/2363-2015-world-meteorological-day-to-reflect-flood-disaster
Lejarraja, l. & Walkenhorst, P. (2007). Diversification by Deepening Linkages with Tourism. Retrieved September 16, 2019, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEXPCOMNET/Resources/Lejarraja,_Diversification_by_Deepening_Linkages_with_Tourism.pdf
Manning, C. (2016). Political Tensions Threaten Mozambique`s Tenuous Peace. World Politics Review. Retrieved September 05, 2019, from http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/17725/political-tensions-threaten-mozambique-s-tenuous-peace
Microsoft. (2014). Windows Dev Center. Retrieved September 14, 2019, from https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/hh465424.aspx
Morisset, J. (2015). Tourism in Tanzania: the Elephant in the Room. Retrieved November 05, 2019, from http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/future-development/posts/2015/02/03-tourism-tanzania-morisset
Sherugar, S. & Budiu, R. (2016). Direct Manipulation: Definition. Retrieved December 05, 2019, from https://www.nngroup.com/
Tairo, A.(2015). El Nino rains threaten tourism in Eastern African states. Global Travel Industry News. Retrieved November 05, 2019, from http://www.eturbonews.com/63008/el-nino-rains-threaten-tourism-eastern-african-states
User Centric (2009). Best Practices For Designing Mobile Applications. Retrieved November 27, 2019, from http://www.usercentric.com/
World Health Organization (WHO). (2016). Relief for families impacted by Ebola flare-up. Retrieved November 05, 2019, from http://www.who.int/features/2016/ebola-flare-up-tonkolili/en/
Wexler, A. (2015). Foreign fears take toll on African tourism. Wall Street. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from http://www.wsj.com/articles/foreign-fears-take-toll-on-african-tourism-1432247925
Kutengule, M. (2015). World Meteorological Day to Reflect Flood Disaster Mana online. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from http://www.manaonline.gov.mw/index.php/national/environment/climate-change/item/2363-2015-world-meteorological-day-to-reflect-flood-disaster
Groenewald, A. (2015). Political unrest in mozambique may impact tourism 05 November. Retrieved April 05, 2020, from http://www.getaway.co.za/travel-news/political-unrest-mozambique-impact-tourism/
Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) (2016). The State of the Great Barrier Reef Australian Institute of Marine Science. Australian Government. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from http://www.aims.gov.au/factsheets
Protection Group International (PGI). (2015). PGI Risk Portal, Quarterly Report and 2015 Outlook . Retrieved April 20, 2020, from http://pgitl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/PGI-Quarterly-Jan-14.pdf
Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC). (2013). South African Hospitality Outlook: 2013–2017 (Featuring Analysis of Nigeria and Mauritius). Destination Africa (3rd annual edition). PricewaterhouseCoopers Inc. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/hospitality-outlook-june-2013.pdf, Accessed 2nd May 2015
Price Waterhouse Coopers. (PWC). Hospitality Outlook: 2015–2019. The African Traveller. South Africa, Nigeria, Mauritius, Kenya (fifth ed.). Price Waterhouse Coopers Inc. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from www.pwc.co.za/hospitality-and-leisure
教育部體育署，(2016)。100-104年運動城市調查資料。取用日期：2017年6月5日，http://www.sa.gov.tw/wSite/ct?xItem=23278&
經濟部工業局，(2016)。產業園區發展政策研討會。取用日期2019年08月20日，https://www.fudee.org.tw/
描述 博士
國立政治大學
資訊管理學系
100356504
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100356504
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 裘錦天<br>王嘉男zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chyou, Jiin-Tian<br>Wang, Chia-Nanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林宗甫zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Tsung-Fuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林宗甫zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Tsung-Fuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2020en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Aug-2020 17:34:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Aug-2020 17:34:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Aug-2020 17:34:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0100356504en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/130973-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 資訊管理學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100356504zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 全球潛水旅遊產業蓬勃發展，已逐漸成為驅動各國經濟發展的重要支柱，特別是開發中的國家，儼然成為主要的經濟收入來源之一；為此，本研究希望以智慧型手機為媒介，透過沉浸理論(Flow Experience)、潛水風險(Diving Risks)及優使性(Usability)來建構適用於潛水旅遊的行動應用程式(Apps)，期盼能藉由改善潛客在潛水旅遊期間，因地理位置、環境條件、天氣現況及安全等問題所產生的不便；更進一步提供未來潛水業者、潛水教練及潛客等，設計服務及產品的參考依據；研究方法結合沉浸理論的概念，透過文獻的蒐集，尋找關聯性較強的準則後，利用修正式德菲法(Modified Delphi Method, MDM)，整理出15項指標，再以應用決策實驗室分析法(Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory, DEMATEL)的專家問卷，來凝聚產官學三方不同的專家意見後，試圖找出各構面間的相互依賴性與回饋性，並針對其關聯性來做討論；研究結果將沉浸功能、潛水風險及優使性做關聯性探討；在構面方面顯示，優使性的構面對於沉浸功能、潛水風險，都有顯著的影響，將三大構面內的指標進行排序後，其總影響關係矩陣結果顯示「潛水社群討論區」、「潛店、潛點評價」及「保險規劃」為中心度與原因度最高的3項核心指標；綜合上述，本研究計算出經篩選後15項指標的影響、被影響及相互影響的關係，試圖透過指標的連結，期望提供未來學界與實務界可經由改善關聯性較強的指標來強化開發潛水旅遊行動應用程式的決策與選擇。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The global booming of the diving tourism industry has gradually become an important pillar driving the economic development of various countries, especially developing countries. The industry has become one of the main sources of economic income. Hence, this study hopes to use smart phones as a medium through Flow Experience, Diving Risks and Usability to build mobile applications suitable for diving tourism industry. The prospection of the application is to assist drivers to improve the inconvenience caused by weather conditions, safety concerns, geographical location, and environmental conditions during diving. Furthermore, the application could also provide good reference for diving industry, coach and even divers to better design services and products. The research methods adopted the concept of Flow Experience through literature collection to find strong relevant criteria. The Modified Delphi Method, MDM was used to sort out 15 indicators and then use the expert questionnaire of the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory analysis method (DEMATEL) to integrate the different opinions from industry, government and academia sectors. The study is to find out the interdependence and feedback among various facets. to explore the relevance. The research results will discuss the relevance of Flow Experience, Diving Risk and Usability. Usability has a significant impact to the Flow Experience and Diving Risk. Sorting the indicators from three major aspects, the total impact matrix show &quot;Diving Community Discussion Forum&quot;, &quot;Diving Shop and Reviews&quot; and “Insurance Planning” are the three core indicators with the highest degree of centrality and cause. As above, this research simulated the relevance matrix of influence, affected and mutual influence among fifteen indicators. Throughout the finding of the relevance between indicators, it’s expected to provide the future academic and diving industry to facilitate decision making of diving mobile apps development.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 中文摘要 II
英文摘要 III
目次 V
表次 VII
圖次 IX
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究目的 4
第三節 研究流程 5
第二章 文獻探討 7
第一節 沉浸理論 7
第二節 潛水旅遊 14
第三節 優使性 23
第三章 研究方法 27
第一節 研究架構 28
第二節 修正式德菲法 32
第三節 決策實驗室分析法 37
第四章 研究結果分析與討論 44
第一節 修正式德菲法篩選 44
第二節 DEMATEL因果關係分析結果 48
第三節 整體準則關聯度與因果關係 60
第五章 結論與建議 67
第一節 結論 67
第二節 後續研究建議 68
參考文獻 69		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2797210 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100356504en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 沉浸理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 潛水風險zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 優使性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 修正式德菲法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 決策實驗室分析法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Flow Experienceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Diving Risksen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Usabilityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Modified Delphi Methoden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) DEMATELen_US
dc.title (題名) 行動應用程式介面設計與使用性評估應用在潛水旅遊之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Research on the User Interface Design and Usability Evaluation for Diving Tourism Appsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文文獻
王文吟，2014。App下載意願因素之研究：價值觀點。國立彰化師範大學，碩士論文。
吳艾亭，2016。以行動服務整合模式探討使用者行動遊戲之使用意願。國立高雄第一科技大學，碩士論文。
李佩蓉，2012。影響語言類行動學習加值服務之滿意度及使用意圖之因素－以智慧型手機為例。國立中正大學，碩士論文。
林宗正，2010。影響潛水運動之相關訊息與教學推廣建議─以中山大學為例。休閒運動期刊，9，19-24。
邱琦，2014。行動地圖服務之適應性對知覺服務品質和服務滿意度之影響－以Google 地圖為例。台灣科技大學，碩士論文。
柯文傑，2014。以旅遊網站2.0接受模式探討消費者使用意圖之影響因素-旅知網為例，國立東華大學，碩士論文。
范純之，2019。旅遊意象、動機與消費者行為之研究 －以赴日本自助旅遊為例，玄奘大學，碩士論文。
莊文雅，2012。建構行動應用軟體(App)供應商之評選指標－以行動高雄為例，國立高雄應用科技大學，碩士論文。
連德安，2018。情境感知與SoLoMo對推薦系統影響-以美食推薦系統為例，大同大學，碩士論文。
郭美菁，2019。以DEMATEL及ANP分析影響消費者接受智慧健康照顧服務系統之關鍵因素，國立成功大學，碩士論文。
湯雅琪，2014。主題性路跑參與者動機、涉入程度與滿意度之研究。國立臺灣師範大學，碩士論文。
黃昱，2019。臺灣夜間潛水風險管理之研究。輔仁大學，碩士論文。
廖光慧，2019。以方法目的鏈探討日本旅客對台北旅遊意象及旅遊價值之研究，南華大學，碩士論文。
劉紹德，2019。台灣智慧交通創新政策之研究：以AHP及DEMATEL方法分析，國立臺灣師範大學，碩士論文。
蔣政哲，2014。國內自助旅行者使用APP之旅遊體驗研究，康寧大學，碩士論文。
賴俊偉、林冠宇，2015。同志交友軟體的持續使用意圖關係之研究－以男同志交友軟體 Jack’d 為例。中華傳播學會。
鍾睿麒，2016。以體驗行銷探討旅遊App之使用意願，中原大學，碩士論文。
韓松穎，2020。智慧旅遊的發展對於遊客旅遊行為影響之初探，中華大學，碩士論文。
羅偉誠，2019技術型高中印刷設計課程應用行動學習app之課程內容設計研究，國立臺灣師範大學，碩士論文。  
二、英文文獻
ASCLME. (2012). National Marine Ecosystem Diagnostic Analysis. Kenya. Contribution to the Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems Project (Supported by UNDP with GEF Grant Financing). Unpublished report.
Baker, D. M. A. (2016). The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, vol. 2(1), pp.9.
Becken, S. & Hughey, K. F. D. (2013). Linking tourism into emergency management structures to enhance disaster risk reduction. Tourism Management, vol. 36, pp.77-85.
Beckett, A., Kordick, M. F. & Chan, S.B. (2007). Risk Factors for Dive Injury. Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 50(3), pp.102.
Bentz, J., Lopes, F., Calado, H. & Dearden, P. (2016). Sustaining marine wildlife tourism through linking Limits of Acceptable Change and zoning in the Wildlife Tourism Model. Marine Policy, vol. 68, pp.100-107.
Bentz, J., Rodrigues, A., Dearden, P., Calado, H. & Lopes, F. (2015). Crowding in marine environments: Divers and whale watchers in the Azores. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 109, pp.77-85.
Boudreau, P., Mackenzie, S. H. & Hodge, K. (2020). Flow states in adventure recreation: A systematic review and thematic synthesis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, vol. 46, pp.101611.
Burgoyne C., Kelso C., Mearns, K. (2018). The impact of stakeholder relations on the Mnemba island marine conservation area, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Journal of Tourism in Marine Environments, vol. 12(3–4), pp.239-252
Burke, L., Reytar, K., Spalding, M. & Perry, A. (2011). Reefs at Risk Revisited, Washington :World Resources Institute.
Buzzacott, P., Schiller, D., Crain, P. J. & Denoble J. (2018). Epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in US and Canadian recreational scuba diving. Public Health, vol. 155, pp.62-68.
Camp, E. & Fraser, D. (2012). Influence of conservation education dive briefings as a management tool on the timing and nature of recreational SCUBA diving impacts on coral reefs. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 61, pp.30-37.
Cater, C. I. (2006). Playing with risk? Participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism. Tourism Management, vol. 27(2), pp.317–325.
Cavallaro, F., Galati, O. I. & Nocera, S. (2019) A tool to support transport decision making in tourist coastal areas .Case Studies on Transport Policy, vol. 7(3), pp.540-553.
Chae, M., & Kim, J. (2004). Do size and structure matter to mobile users? An empirical study of the effects of screen size, information structure, and task complexity on user activities with standard web phones. Behaviour & Information Technology, vol. 23(3), pp.165-181.
Chang, H. H. (2008), TAM and Flow Theory for Investigating on User Communication Behavior in Computer, European Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 8( 2), pp.412-430.
Chang, K. C. (2014). Examining the Effect of Tour Guide Performance, Tourist Trust, Tourist Satisfaction, and Flow Experience on Tourists` Shopping Behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 19(2), pp.219-247.
Chen, C. C. & Tsai,J. L. (2019). Determinants of behavioral intention to use the Personalized Location-based Mobile Tourism Application: An empirical study by integrating TAM with ISSM. Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 96, pp.628-638.
Cheng, Y., Sharma, S., Sharma, P. & Kulathunga, K. (2020). Role of Personalization in Continuous Use Intention of Mobile News Apps in India: Extending the UTAUT2 Model. Information, vol. 11(1), pp.33.
Chi, C.G. (2012). An examination of destination loyalty: Differences between first-time and repeat visitors.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, vol. 36 (1) , pp.3-24.
Chim-Miki, A. F. & Batista-Canino, R. M. (2018). Development of a tourism coopetition model: A preliminary Delphi study. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, vol. 37, pp.78-88.
Chowdhury, M., Prayag, G., Orchiston, C. & Spector, S. (2018). Postdisaster social capital, adaptive resilience and business performance of tourism organizations in Christchurch, New Zealand. Journal of Travel Research, vol. 58(7), pp.1209-1226.
Cilveti, R., Osona, B., Peña, J.A., Moreno, L., Asensio, O. & en representación del Grupo de Técnicas de la Sociedad Española de Neumología Pediátrica. (2015). Scuba diving in children: Physiology, risks and recommendationsBuceo en la edad pediátrica: fisiología, riesgos y recomendaciones. Anales de Pediatría, vol. 83(6), pp.410-416.
Coble, T. G., Selin, S. W. & Erickson, B. B. (2003). Hiking alone: Understanding fear, negotiation strategies and leisure experience. Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 35(1), pp.1–22.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Bey boredom and anxiety. San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). The master minds series. Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. Basic Books.
Dalvi-Esfahani, M., Niknafs, A., Kuss, D. J., Nilashi, M. & Afrough, S. (2019). Social media addiction: Applying the DEMATEL approach. Telematics and Informatics, vol. 43, pp.101250.
Dastjerdi, A. M., Kaplan, S., Silva, J. A., Nielsen, O. A. & Pereira, F. C. (2019). Participating in environmental loyalty program with a real-time multimodal travel app: User needs, environmental and privacy motivators. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 67, pp.223-243.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, vol. 13(3), pp.319-341.
Deng, Z., Lu, Y., Wei, K. K. & Zhang, J. (2010). Understanding customer satisfaction and loyalty: An empirical study of mobile instant messages in China. International Journal of Information Management, vol. 30(4), pp.289–300.
Dimmock, K. & Musa, G. (2015). Scuba diving tourism system: a framework for collaborative management and sustainability. Marine Policy, vol. 54, pp.52-58.
Dimopoulos, D. (2018). External Risks Impacting on the Scuba Diving Industry in the East African Marine Ecoregion. Master of Commerce. University of South Africa, Pretoria.
Dimopoulos, D., Queiros, D. & Zyl, C. V. (2019). Sinking deeper: The most significant risks impacting the dive tourism industry in the East African Marine Ecoregion. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 181, pp. 104897.
Donohoe, H., Pennington-Gray, L. & Omodior O. (2015). Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management. Tourism Management, vol. 46, pp.408-418.
Duffy, L. M., Lennert-Cody, C. E., Olson, R. J., Minte-Vera, C. V. & Griffiths, S. P. (2019). Assessing vulnerability of bycatch species in the tuna purse-seine fisheries of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Research, vol. 219, pp.105316.
Ellis, D. G., Voelkl, E. J. & Morris, C. (1998), Measure flow experience in daily life: An examination of the items used to measure challenge and skill. Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 30( 3), pp.380-389.
Engeser, S. (2012). Advances in flow research Springer, New York: Science + Business Media.
Erhel, S. & Jamet, E. (2019). Improving instructions in educational computer games: Exploring the relations between goal specificity, flow experience and learning outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 91, pp.106-114.
Faiola, A., Newlon, C., Pfaff, M. & Smyslova, O. (2013). Correlating the Effects of Flow and Telepresence in Virtual Worlds: Enhancing Our Understanding of User Behavior in Game-Based Learning. Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 29, pp.1113-1121.
Fernandez, A., Insfran, E. & Abrahão, S. (2011). Usability evaluation methods for the web: a systematic mapping study. Information and Software Technology. vol. 53(8), pp.789-817.
Ferreira, J. M., Acuña, S. T., Dieste, O., Vegas, S., Santos, A., Rodríguez, F. & Juristo, N. (2020). Impact of usability mechanisms: An experiment on efficiency, effectiveness and user satisfaction. Information and Software Technology, vol. 117, pp.106195.
Flavia´n, C., Guinalı´u, M. & Gurrea, R. (2006). The role played by perceived usability, satisfaction and consumer trust on website loyalty. Information & Management, vol. 43, pp.1-14.
Floros, C., Schleyer, M. H. & Maggs, J. Q. (2013). Fish indicators of diving and fishing pressure on South African coral reefs. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 84, pp.130-139.
Genuis, S. K. (2004). Web site usability testing: A critical tool for libraries. Feliciter, vol. 50(4), pp.161-164.
Golshan, M., Dastoorpour, M. & Birgani, Y. T. (2020). Fuzzy environmental monitoring for the quality assessment: Detailed feasibility study for the Karun River basin, Iran. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, vol. 10, pp.100324.
Gössling, S., Scott, D. Hall, C. M., Ceron, J.P. & Dubois, G. (2012). Consumer behaviour and demand response of tourists to climate change. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 39, pp.36-58.
Hammerton, Z. (2018). Risk assessment of SCUBA diver contacts on subtropical benthic taxa. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 158, pp.176-185.
Hays, S., Page, S. J. & Buhalis, J. (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations. Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 16(3), pp.211-239.
Henderson, J. (2007). Tourism Crises: Causes, Consequences and Management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Heo, J., Lee, Y., McCormick, B. P. & Pedersen, P. M. (2010). Daily experience of serious leisure, flow and subjective well-being of older adults. Leisure Studies, vol. 29(2), pp.207-225.
Hirao, K., Kobayashi, R., Okishima, K. & Tomokuni, Y. (2012). Flow experience and health-related quality of life in community dwelling elderly Japanese. Nursing & Health Sciences, vol. 14(1), pp.52–57.
Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 50–68.
Hong, J. C., Tsai, C. R., Hsiao, H. S., Chen, P. H., Chu, K. C., Gu, J. & Sitthiworachart, J. (2020). The effect of the “Prediction-observation-quiz-explanation” inquiry-based e-learning model on flow experience in green energy learning. Computers & Education, vol. 133, pp.127-138.
Huang, X.-T., Wei, Z.-D., Leung, X.Y. (2020). What you feel may not be what you experience: a psychophysiological study on flow in VR travel experiences. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, vol.
Jeong, J. S., García-Moruno, J., Hernández-Blanco, J. & Sánchez-Ríos, A. (2016). Planning of rural housings in reservoir areas under (mass) tourism based on a fuzzy DEMATEL-GIS/MCDA hybrid and participatory method for Alange, Spain. Habitat International, vol. 57, pp.143-153.
Jiang, S., Shi, H., Lin, W. & Liu, H. C. (2020). A large group linguistic Z-DEMATEL approach for identifying key performance indicators in hospital performance management. Applied Soft Computing, vol. 86, pp.105900.
Johanna, S. Z., Marit, E. K., Abbie, A. R., Khadeeja, A. & Mark, G. M. (2019). Evidence of increased economic benefits from shark-diving tourism in the Maldives. Marine Policy, vol. 100, pp.21-26.
Kaplan, R. S. & Mikes, A. (2012). Managing risks: a new framework. Harvard Business Review Home, vol. 90(6).
Kim, M. & Thapa, B. (2018). Perceived value and flow experience: Application in a nature-based tourism context. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, vol. 8, pp.373-384.
Kim, M. J., Bonn, M., Lee C. K. & Kim J. S. (2019). Effects of employees’ personality and attachment on job flow experience relevant to organizational commitment and consumer-oriented behavior. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, vol. 41, pp.156-170.
Ko, S. M. & Ji, Y. G. (2018). How we can measure the non-driving-task engagement in automated driving: Comparing flow experience and workload. Applied Ergonomics, vol. 67, pp. 237-245.
Krieger, J. R. & Chadwick, N. E. (2013). Recreational diving impacts and the use of pre-dive briefings as a management strategy on Florida coral reefs. Journal of Coastal Conservation, vol. 17, pp.179-189.
Kroon, F. J., Berry, K. L.E., Brinkman, D. L., Kookana, R., Leusch, F. D.L., Melvin, S. D., Neale, P. A., Negri, A. P., Puotinen, M. Tsang, J. J., Merwe. J. P. & Williams, M. (2020). Sources, presence and potential effects of contaminants of emerging concern in the marine environments of the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia. Science of The Total Environment, vol. 719, pp.135140.
Lam, C. K. C., Loughnan, M. & Tapper, N. (2018). Visitors` perception of thermal comfort during extreme heat events at the Royal Botanic Garden Melbourne. International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 62, pp.97-112.
Lee, H., Kim, J., Bae, I. (2019). A research on the mediating role of flow experience between involvement and satisfaction-focus on leisure satisfaction for university students. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, vol. 8(2S6), pp.27-30.
Leung, L. (2020). Exploring the relationship between smartphone activities, flow experience, and boredom in free time. Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 103, pp. 130-139.
Li, M. L. (2009). In vivo imaging of blood flow in the mouse Achilles tendon using high-Frequency ultrasound. Ultrasonics, vol. 49(2), pp.226-230.
Liang, T. & Lai, H. (2002). Effect of store design on consumer purchases: van empirical study of online bookstores. Information and Management, vol. 39(6), 431-444.
Linstone, H. A. & Turoff, M. (1975). The Delphi method : Techniques and applications. MA: Addison-Wesley.
Luo, Q. & Zhai, X. (2017). I will never go to Hong Kong again! How the secondary crisis communication of “occupy central” on Weibo shifted to a tourism boycott. Tourism Management, vol. 62, pp.159-172.
Maarten, D. B., Euan, S. H., Jennifer, L. M., Jean, P. A., Hobbs, J. J. & Michael, B. (2017). The economic contribution of the muck dive industry to tourism in Southeast Asia. Marine Policy, vol. 83, pp.92-99.
Mahfouz, A. Y., Joonas, K. & Opara, E. U. (2020). An overview of and factor analytic approach to flow theory in online contexts. Technology in Society, vol. 61, pp.101228.
Manuchehr, l. (2019). On the relation between exchange rates and tourism demand:A nonlinear and asymmetric analysis. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 20. Pp.123.
Masud, M. M., Sackor, A. S., Alam, A. F., Al-Amin, A. Q. & Ahmad Bashawir, A. G. (2018). Community responses to flood risk management – An empirical Investigation of the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Malaysia. Marine Policy, vol. 97, pp.119-126.
Millar, V. E. (1984). The Delphi Technique, Information-Strategies. The Executive`s Journal, vol. 1, pp.32-36.
Minazzi, R. (2015). Social media Marketing in Tourism and Hospitality, Springer International Publishing: Switzerland.
Möller, C. Wang, J. Nguyen, H. T. (2018). #Stronger than winston: Tourism and crisis communication through Facebook following tropical cyclones in Fiji. Tourism Management, vol. 69, pp.272-284.
Morakabati, Y. & Page, S. J. (2017). Fletcher Emergency management and tourism stakeholder responses to crises: A global survey. Journal of Travel Research, vol. 56 (3), pp.299-316.
Mourtzis, D., Vlachou, E., Siganakis, S., Zogopoulos, V., Kaya, M. & Bayrak, I. T. (2017). Mobile Feedback Gathering App for Frugal Product Design. Procedia CIRP, vol. 60, pp.151-156.
Musa, G. & Dimmock, K. (2013). Scuba Diving Tourism: Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility. Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability Engineering. Boston: Academic Press.
Nilashi, M., Samad, S., Manaf, A. A., Ahmadi, H., Rashid, T. A., Munshi, A., Almukadi, W., Ibrahim, O. & Ahmed, O. H. (2019). Factors influencing medical tourism adoption in Malaysia: A DEMATEL-Fuzzy TOPSIS approach. Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol. 137, pp.106005.
Norman, D. (1988). The design of everyday things. New York: Doubleday.
Obada, D. R. (2013). Flow theory and online marketing outcomes: A critical literature review. Procedia Economics and Finance, vol. 6, pp.550-561.
Ocampo, L. A., Tan, T. A. G. & Sia, L. A. (2018). Using fuzzy DEMATEL in modeling the causal relationships of the antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in the hospitality industry: A case study in the Philippines. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, vol. 34, pp.11-29.
O`Leary, J. K. & McClanahan, T. R. (2011). Trophic cascades result in large-scale coralline algae loss through differential grazer effects. Ecology, vol. 91(12), pp.3584.
O`Leary, J. K. & McClanahan, T. R. (2011). Trophic cascades result in large-scale coralline algae loss through differential grazer effects. Ecology, vol. 91(12),pp.3584.
Orams, M. B., Lück, M., Lew, A. A., Hall, C. M. & Williams, A. M. (2014). Coastal and marine tourism. The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Tourism, John Wiley & Sons, Oxford, UK.
Orchiston, C. (2012). Seismic risk scenario planning and sustainable tourism management: Christchurch and the Alpine Fault zone, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 20(1), pp.59-79.
Parretti, P., Canning-Clode, J., Ferrario, J., Marchini, A., Botelho, A. Z., Ramalhosa, P. & Costa, A. C. (2020). Free rides to diving sites: the risk of marine non-indigenous species dispersal. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 190, pp.105158.
Paterson, S., Young, S., Loomis, D. K. & Obenour, W. (2012). Resource attributes that contribute to non-resident diver satisfaction in the Florida Keys, US. Tourism in Marine Environments, vol. 8(2), pp.47-60.
Pelet, J. E., Ettis, S. & Cowart, K. (2017). Optimal experience of flow enhanced by telepresence : Evidence from social media use. Information & Management, vol. 54, pp.115-128.
Pomfret, G. (2006). Mountaineering adventure tourists: A conceptual framework for research. Tourism Management, vol. 27(1), pp.113–123.
Prayag, G. Chowdhury, M. Spector, S. Orchiston, C. (2018). Organizational resilience and financial performance. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 73(C), pp.193-196.
Preece, J., Rogers, Y. & Sharp, H. (2002). Interaction design: Beyond human-computer interaction. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Privette, G. & Bundrick, C. M. (1987). Measurement of experience: construct and content validity of the experience questionnaire. Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol. 65(1), pp.315-332.
Richmond, M. D. (2011). A Field Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands, Sida.
Sanjamsai, S. & Phukao, D. (2018). Flow experience in computer game playing among Thaiuniversity students. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 39, pp.175-182.
Seddighi, H., Nuttall, M. & Theocharous, A. (2001). Does cultural background of tourists influence the destination choice? An empirical study with special reference to political instability. Tourism Management, vol. 22, pp.181-191.
Shaw, G. Saayman, M. & Saayman, A. (2012). Identifying risks facing the South African tourism industry. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, vol. 15(2), pp.190-206.
Shin, D. H. (2008), Applying the Technology Acceptance Model and Flow Theory to Cyworld User Behavior: Implication of the Web2.0 User Acceptance, Cyberpsychology and Behavior, vol. 11(3), pp.35-46.
Shrout, P. E. & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass Correlations : Uses in Assessing Rater Reliability. Psychological Bulletin, vol. 86(2), pp.420-428.
Singh, P. K. & Sarkar, P. (2020). A framework based on fuzzy Delphi and DEMATEL for sustainable product development: A case of Indian automotive industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 246, pp.118991.
Song, H., Veen, R., Li, G. & Chen, J. (2012). The Hong Kong tourist satisfaction index. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 39(1), pp.459-479.
Spalding, M., Burke, L., Wood, S. A., Ashpole, J., Hutchison, J. & Ermgassen, P. (2017). Mapping the global value and distribution of coral reef tourism. Marine Policy, vol. 82, pp.104-113.
Stewart, D.W. & Shamdasani, P. N. (1990). Focus Group : Theory and Practice, Thousand Oaks:Sage Publications.
Su, Y. S., Chiang, W. L., Lee, C. T. J. & Chang, H. C. (2016). The effect off low experience on player loyalty in mobile game application. Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 63, pp.240-248.
Sunagar, P., Hanumantharaju, R., Siddesh, G. M., Kanavalli, A. & Srinivasa, K. G. (2020). Chapter 2 - Influence of big data in smart tourism. Hybrid Computational Intelligence, pp. 25-47.
Tan, S. K., Kung, S. F. & Luh, D. B. (2013). A model of ‘creative experience’ in creative tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 41, pp.153–174.
Toyoshima, J. & Nadaoka, K. (2015). Importance of environmental briefing and buoyancy control on reducing negative impacts of SCUBA diving on coral reefs. Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 116, pp.20-26
Tsai, C. H. & Chen, C. W. (2011). The establishment of a rapid natural disaster risk assessment model for the tourism industry. Tourism Management, vol. 32(1), pp.158-171.
Tsai, C. H. LinLiu, S. C. (2017). Slopeland disaster risk management in tourism Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 20 (7), pp.759-786.
Tsaur, S. H., Yen, C. H. & Hsiao, S. L. (2013). Transcendent experience, flow and happiness for mountain climbers. International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 15(4), pp.360–374.
Wang, J. & Ritchie, B. W. (2012). Understanding accommodation managers’ crisis planning intention: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Tourism Management, vol. 33(5), pp.1057-1067.
Webster, J., Trevino, K. L. & Ryan, L. (1993). The dimensionality and correlates of flow in human-computer interactions. Computers in Human, vol. 9(4), pp.411-426.
World Bank and UN. (2017). The Potential of the Blue Economy: Increasing Long-Term Benefits of the Sustainable Use of Marine Resources for Small Island Developing States and Coastal Least Developed Countries, World Bank:Washington.
Wu, C. H. J. & Liang, R. D. (2011). The relationship between white-water rafting experience formation and customer reaction: A flow theory perspective. Tourism Management, vol. 32(2), pp.317–325.
Wu, C. H. J. & Liang, R. D. (2011). The relationship between white-water rafting experience formation and customer reaction: A flow theory perspective. Tourism Management, vol. 32 (2), pp.317-325.
Wu, D., Moody, G. D., Zhang, J. & Lowry, P. B. (2019). Effects of the design of mobile security notifications and mobile app usability on users’ security perceptions and continued use intention. Information & Management, vol. 15, pp. 103235.
Xi, T., Wang, Q., Qin, H. & Jin, H. (2020). Influence of outdoor thermal environment on clothing and activity of tourists and local people in a severely cold climate city. Building and Environment, vol. 173, pp.106757.
Yang, B., Olofsson, T., Nair, G. & Kabanshi, A. (2017). Outdoor thermal comfort under subarctic climate of north Sweden – a pilot study in Umeå. Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 28, pp.387-397.
Zhang, J. (2017). Evaluating regional low-carbon tourism strategies using the fuzzy Delphi- analytic network process approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 141, pp.409-419.
Zhang, L., Sun, X. & Xue, H. (2019). Identifying critical risks in Sponge City PPP projects using DEMATEL method: A case study of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 226, pp.949-958.
Zhou, S., Hobday, A. J., Dichmont, C. M. & Smith, A. D.M. (2016). Ecological risk assessments for the effects of fishing: A comparison and validation of PSA and SAFE. Fisheries Research, vol. 183, pp.518-529.
Zhou, T. & Lu, Y. (2011). Examining mobile instant messaging user loyalty from the perspectives of network externalities and flow experience. Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 27(2), pp.883–889.
 
三、網址文獻
Nielsen (2009). Mobile Usability, First Findings. Retrieved November 05, 2019, from https://www.nngroup.com/
Booth, L. (2015). Political Risk Tops List of Concerns for Risk Managers across Africa, Survey 2015. Risk Frontiers Africa. Commercial Risk Africa. African Risk & Insurance Management News. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from http://www.commercialriskeurope.com/uploads/files/special-reports/CRA-RF-Africa-2015-v2.pdf
Budiu, R. (2015). Mobile User Experience: Limitations and Strengths. Retrieved December 01, 2019, from https://www.nngroup.com/
Cyceon. (2015). Threats to the tourism economy in North Africa. Retrieved November 24, 2019, from http://cyceon.com/2015/07/02/threats-to-tourism-economy-in-north-africa
Google (2014). Android Design. Retrieved December 02, 2019, from http://developer.android.com/index.html
Human factors international. (2015). Crafting fun user experiences: A method to facilitate flow. Retrieved September 14, 2019, from http://web.cs.wpi.edu/~gogo/courses/imgd5100/papers/FlowQuestionnaire.pdf
Kutengule, M. (2015). World Meteorological Day to Reflect Flood Disaster. Retrieved September 14, 2019, from http://www.manaonline.gov.mw/index.php/national/environment/climate-change/item/2363-2015-world-meteorological-day-to-reflect-flood-disaster
Lejarraja, l. & Walkenhorst, P. (2007). Diversification by Deepening Linkages with Tourism. Retrieved September 16, 2019, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEXPCOMNET/Resources/Lejarraja,_Diversification_by_Deepening_Linkages_with_Tourism.pdf
Manning, C. (2016). Political Tensions Threaten Mozambique`s Tenuous Peace. World Politics Review. Retrieved September 05, 2019, from http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/17725/political-tensions-threaten-mozambique-s-tenuous-peace
Microsoft. (2014). Windows Dev Center. Retrieved September 14, 2019, from https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/hh465424.aspx
Morisset, J. (2015). Tourism in Tanzania: the Elephant in the Room. Retrieved November 05, 2019, from http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/future-development/posts/2015/02/03-tourism-tanzania-morisset
Sherugar, S. & Budiu, R. (2016). Direct Manipulation: Definition. Retrieved December 05, 2019, from https://www.nngroup.com/
Tairo, A.(2015). El Nino rains threaten tourism in Eastern African states. Global Travel Industry News. Retrieved November 05, 2019, from http://www.eturbonews.com/63008/el-nino-rains-threaten-tourism-eastern-african-states
User Centric (2009). Best Practices For Designing Mobile Applications. Retrieved November 27, 2019, from http://www.usercentric.com/
World Health Organization (WHO). (2016). Relief for families impacted by Ebola flare-up. Retrieved November 05, 2019, from http://www.who.int/features/2016/ebola-flare-up-tonkolili/en/
Wexler, A. (2015). Foreign fears take toll on African tourism. Wall Street. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from http://www.wsj.com/articles/foreign-fears-take-toll-on-african-tourism-1432247925
Kutengule, M. (2015). World Meteorological Day to Reflect Flood Disaster Mana online. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from http://www.manaonline.gov.mw/index.php/national/environment/climate-change/item/2363-2015-world-meteorological-day-to-reflect-flood-disaster
Groenewald, A. (2015). Political unrest in mozambique may impact tourism 05 November. Retrieved April 05, 2020, from http://www.getaway.co.za/travel-news/political-unrest-mozambique-impact-tourism/
Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) (2016). The State of the Great Barrier Reef Australian Institute of Marine Science. Australian Government. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from http://www.aims.gov.au/factsheets
Protection Group International (PGI). (2015). PGI Risk Portal, Quarterly Report and 2015 Outlook . Retrieved April 20, 2020, from http://pgitl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/PGI-Quarterly-Jan-14.pdf
Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC). (2013). South African Hospitality Outlook: 2013–2017 (Featuring Analysis of Nigeria and Mauritius). Destination Africa (3rd annual edition). PricewaterhouseCoopers Inc. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/hospitality-outlook-june-2013.pdf, Accessed 2nd May 2015
Price Waterhouse Coopers. (PWC). Hospitality Outlook: 2015–2019. The African Traveller. South Africa, Nigeria, Mauritius, Kenya (fifth ed.). Price Waterhouse Coopers Inc. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from www.pwc.co.za/hospitality-and-leisure
教育部體育署，(2016)。100-104年運動城市調查資料。取用日期：2017年6月5日，http://www.sa.gov.tw/wSite/ct?xItem=23278&
經濟部工業局，(2016)。產業園區發展政策研討會。取用日期2019年08月20日，https://www.fudee.org.tw/		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202001034en_US