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題名 議會政黨集中度與貪腐—以臺灣地方政府為例
Political Party Diversity in Local Council and Government Corruption—Evidence from the Spatial Analysis of Taiwan
作者 王若琳
Wang, Ruo-Lin
貢獻者 黃智聰
Huang, Jr-Tsung
王若琳
Wang, Ruo-Lin
關鍵詞 貪腐
議會政黨集中度
空間計量模型
Corruption
Local council
HHI
Spatial Durbin model
日期 2020
上傳時間 3-Aug-2020 18:14:56 (UTC+8)
摘要 隨著經濟和政治發展日趨現代化，政治貪腐成為一個重要課題，當政府存在貪腐的情形，對於政策施行的效率和該地區的經濟發展都會形成一種阻礙，而人民對於政府的信任度也會大幅銳減，自1995年開始國際透明組織每年發表清廉指數及貪腐指數，由此可見政治的貪腐和政治的廉潔程度，逐漸被視為一項全球重要的議題。關於貪腐成因以及影響因素的研究也慢慢受到關注，但絕大部分貪腐的研究廣設為寡占市場的競租行為、選舉制度、司法健全、民主政治等的附屬相關議題。故本文納入了有別於政治競爭和選舉制度的因素，使用議會政黨席次的集中度，對於各縣市貪腐的影響，更運用了空間計量模型進行實證分析。本文研究2011年至2018年的臺灣各縣市貪腐影響因素，進行Wald檢定，得出使用固定效果的空間杜賓模型為本文適用的空間模型。實證結果發現，各縣市議會政黨席次集中度越分散，公務人員發生貪腐遭起訴之人數減少。相反的，若集中度越高且議會中席次最多的政黨與執政黨為同一政黨，公務人員因貪腐遭起訴人數也會減少。而空間群聚的現象，研究資料顯示，地方政府貪腐群聚傳染的現象呈現反向的結果。最後，本文也發現貪腐與公務人員受教育程度、各縣市政府支出、平均每人可支配所得等社會經濟指標有關。
With the modernization of economic and political development, political corruption has become an important issue. When there is corruption in the government, it will form an obstacle to the efficiency of policy implementation and economic development in the region, and the people trust in the government will also be drastically reduced. This shows that the degree of political corruption and political integrity has gradually been regarded as an important global issue. Researches on the causes and influencing factors of corruption have also gradually attracted attention, but most of the researches on corruption are widely used as subordinate related topics such as oligopolistic market renting behavior, electoral system, judicial integrity, and democratic politics. Therefore, this article incorporates factors that are different from political competition and the electoral system, and uses the concentration of the seats of members of Congress to apply empirical analysis of the spatial dose model to the impact of corruption in counties and cities.
This paper studies the influencing factors of corruption in various counties and cities in Taiwan from 2011 to 2018, conducts the Wald test, and concludes that the spatial Durbin model using fixed effects is the spatial model applicable to this article. The empirical results found that the counties and cities with higher concentration and corruption have a significant positive impact, indicating that the more concentrated the counties are to the exclusive counties and cities, the corruption cases prosecuted by public officials in that county and city also increase, but the Correlation, that is, the phenomenon of spatial clustering, research data shows that the phenomenon of local government corruption and colonial infection shows a reverse result.
Finally, this paper also found that social and economic indicators such as the education level of public officials, government expenditures of various cities and the average disposable income per capita are the influencing factors of corruption. The detail report and discussion are presented in below chapters.
參考文獻 一、中文文獻
王政（2009）。如何消除貪污—四種途徑之分析。《文官制度季刊》，第1期，頁51-76。
吳重禮（2018）。臺灣縣市政府貪腐現象的再檢視：以地方法院司法判決為例。《公共行政學報》，第55期，頁109-121。
彭立忠、 張裕衛（ 2007） 。華人四地貪腐程度之比較—以「貪腐成因」 為分析途徑。《公共行政學報》， 第24期，頁103-35。
廖興中、呂佩安（2013）。臺灣縣市政府貪腐現象之空間自相關分析。《臺灣民主季刊》，10（2），頁39-72。

二、英文文獻
Alfano, M. R., Baraldi, A. L. and Cantabene, C. (2013). “The Role of Political in the Link Between Electoral Systems and Corruption: the Italian Case”, The Journal of Socio-Economics 47(1): 1 -10.
Alfano, M. R. and Baraldi, A. L. (2015) “The role of political competition in the link between electoral systems and corruption: an extension.” European Journal of Government and Economics.
Bayley, D. H. (1966). “The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation.” The Western Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 4:719-32.
Bergh, A. Fink, G. and Öhrvall, R. (2012) “Public Sector Size and Corruption: Evidence from 290 Swedish Municipalities.” IFN Working Paper No. 938.
Charron, N. (2011). “Party systems, electoral systems and constraints on corruption.” Electoral Studies 30 (2011) 595–606.
Elhorst, J. P. (2012). “Dynamic spatial panels: models, methods, and inferences.” Journal of Geographical Systems, 2012, vol. 14, issue 1, 5-28.
Fisman, R. and Gatti, R. (2002). “Decentralization and Corruption: Evidence Across Countries.” Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 83, No. 3:325-45.
Gallagher, M. (1991) ‘Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral Systems’, Electoral Studies 10(1): 33-51.
Goel, R. K. and Nelson, M. A. (2007). “Are Corrupt Acts Contagious? Evidence from the United States.” Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol. 29:839-50.
Hausman, J. A. (1978), “Specification Tests in Econometrics.” Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
Hassaballa, H. (2017). “ Studying the Effect of Corruption on Income Per-capita Level in an IV Estimation in Developing countries.” European Journal of Sustainable Development (2017), 6, 1, 57-70.
Heidenheimer, A. J., Michael, J. and Victor T. L. (1989). “Introduction” In Arnold J. Heidenheimer, Michael Johnson and Victor T. LeVine (eds.), Political Corruption: A Handbook (pp. 3-14). New Brunswick: Transaction.
Jetter, M., A. M. Agudelo, and A. R. Hassan. 2015. “The Effect of Democracy on Corruption: Income Is Key.” World Development 74: 286–304. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.05.016.
Klitgaard, R. (1998). International Cooperation Against Corruption. Finance and Development, 35(1): 3-6.
LeSage, J.P., and R.K. Pace (2009), “Introduction to Spatial Econometrics.” (Statistics, textbooks and monographs). London: CRC Press.
Levin, A., C. Lin, and C. Chu (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-sample Properties,” Journal of Econometrics, 108, 1-14.
Lewis, B. D. and Hendrawan, A. (2019). “The impact of majority coalitions on local government spending, service delivery, and corruption in Indonesia.” European Journal of Political Economy 58 (2019) 178–191.
McMullan, M. (1961). “A Theory of Corruption.” Sociological Review, Vol. 9, No. 2:181-201.
Meier, K. J. and Holbrook, T. M. (1992). “I seen my opportunities and I took’em: Political corruption in the American states.” Journal of Politics, No. 54:135-55.
Myerson, R. (1993). “Effectiveness of electoral systems for reducing government corruption: a game-Theoretic approach, Games and Economic Behavior”, 5, 118–132.
Nye, J. S. (1967) “Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefi Analysis.” American Political Science Review, Vol. 61, No. 2:417-27.
Park, H. (2003). “Determinants of corruption：A cross national analysis.” Multinational Business Review 29-48.
Persson, T., Tabellini, G., Trebbi F. (2003). Electoral rules and corruption, Journal of the European Economic Association, 1, 958–989.
Porta, D. D. (2004). “Political parties and corruption: Ten hypotheses on five vicious circles.” Crime, Law and Social Change 42: 35–60
Porta, D. D. and Vannucci, A. (1999). “Corrupt Exchanges. Actors, Resources, and Mechanisms of Political Corruption.” New York: de Gruyter.
Steven R. Weisman (2007) “Mending Fences At World Bank.” The New York Time.
Venard, B. and Hanafi, M. (2008). “ Organizational isomorphism and corruption in financial institutions: empirical research in emerging countries.” Journal of Business Ethics 81:481-498.
Waller, C. J., Verdier, T. and Gardner, R. (2002) “Corruption: top down or bottom up?” Economic Inquiry Vol. 40, No.4, 688-703.
World Bank (1997). Helping Countries Combat Corruption: The Role of the World Bank. Washington DC: World Bank.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
財政學系
107255020
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107255020
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃智聰zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Huang, Jr-Tsungen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王若琳zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wang, Ruo-Linen_US
dc.creator (作者) 王若琳zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wang, Ruo-Linen_US
dc.date (日期) 2020en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Aug-2020 18:14:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Aug-2020 18:14:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Aug-2020 18:14:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0107255020en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/131196-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 財政學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 107255020zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隨著經濟和政治發展日趨現代化，政治貪腐成為一個重要課題，當政府存在貪腐的情形，對於政策施行的效率和該地區的經濟發展都會形成一種阻礙，而人民對於政府的信任度也會大幅銳減，自1995年開始國際透明組織每年發表清廉指數及貪腐指數，由此可見政治的貪腐和政治的廉潔程度，逐漸被視為一項全球重要的議題。關於貪腐成因以及影響因素的研究也慢慢受到關注，但絕大部分貪腐的研究廣設為寡占市場的競租行為、選舉制度、司法健全、民主政治等的附屬相關議題。故本文納入了有別於政治競爭和選舉制度的因素，使用議會政黨席次的集中度，對於各縣市貪腐的影響，更運用了空間計量模型進行實證分析。本文研究2011年至2018年的臺灣各縣市貪腐影響因素，進行Wald檢定，得出使用固定效果的空間杜賓模型為本文適用的空間模型。實證結果發現，各縣市議會政黨席次集中度越分散，公務人員發生貪腐遭起訴之人數減少。相反的，若集中度越高且議會中席次最多的政黨與執政黨為同一政黨，公務人員因貪腐遭起訴人數也會減少。而空間群聚的現象，研究資料顯示，地方政府貪腐群聚傳染的現象呈現反向的結果。最後，本文也發現貪腐與公務人員受教育程度、各縣市政府支出、平均每人可支配所得等社會經濟指標有關。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) With the modernization of economic and political development, political corruption has become an important issue. When there is corruption in the government, it will form an obstacle to the efficiency of policy implementation and economic development in the region, and the people trust in the government will also be drastically reduced. This shows that the degree of political corruption and political integrity has gradually been regarded as an important global issue. Researches on the causes and influencing factors of corruption have also gradually attracted attention, but most of the researches on corruption are widely used as subordinate related topics such as oligopolistic market renting behavior, electoral system, judicial integrity, and democratic politics. Therefore, this article incorporates factors that are different from political competition and the electoral system, and uses the concentration of the seats of members of Congress to apply empirical analysis of the spatial dose model to the impact of corruption in counties and cities.
This paper studies the influencing factors of corruption in various counties and cities in Taiwan from 2011 to 2018, conducts the Wald test, and concludes that the spatial Durbin model using fixed effects is the spatial model applicable to this article. The empirical results found that the counties and cities with higher concentration and corruption have a significant positive impact, indicating that the more concentrated the counties are to the exclusive counties and cities, the corruption cases prosecuted by public officials in that county and city also increase, but the Correlation, that is, the phenomenon of spatial clustering, research data shows that the phenomenon of local government corruption and colonial infection shows a reverse result.
Finally, this paper also found that social and economic indicators such as the education level of public officials, government expenditures of various cities and the average disposable income per capita are the influencing factors of corruption. The detail report and discussion are presented in below chapters.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章、研究背景與架構 1
第一節、研究背景與目的 1
第二節、研究流程與架構 4
第二章、文獻回顧 6
第一節、貪腐之定義 6
第二節、集中度影響貪腐相關文獻 8
第三節、其他影響貪腐相關文獻 11
第三章、臺灣各縣市貪腐情況 18
第一節、臺灣各縣市貪污空間分布情況 18
第二節、臺灣各縣市議會政黨席次集中度情況 26
第四章、研究方法 30
第一節、空間計量模型設定 30
第二節、實證模型設定 34
第三節、變數說明與資料來源 36
第五章、實證結果與分析 45
第一節、共線性與單根檢定結果 45
第二節、實證模型估計結果 48
第六章、結論與政策意涵 58
第一節、結論 58
第二節、政策意涵 61
參考文獻 62
一、中文文獻 62
二、英文文獻 62
附錄 66		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 3094322 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107255020en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 貪腐zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 議會政黨集中度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 空間計量模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Corruptionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Local councilen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) HHIen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Spatial Durbin modelen_US
dc.title (題名) 議會政黨集中度與貪腐—以臺灣地方政府為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Political Party Diversity in Local Council and Government Corruption—Evidence from the Spatial Analysis of Taiwanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文文獻
王政（2009）。如何消除貪污—四種途徑之分析。《文官制度季刊》，第1期，頁51-76。
吳重禮（2018）。臺灣縣市政府貪腐現象的再檢視：以地方法院司法判決為例。《公共行政學報》，第55期，頁109-121。
彭立忠、 張裕衛（ 2007） 。華人四地貪腐程度之比較—以「貪腐成因」 為分析途徑。《公共行政學報》， 第24期，頁103-35。
廖興中、呂佩安（2013）。臺灣縣市政府貪腐現象之空間自相關分析。《臺灣民主季刊》，10（2），頁39-72。

二、英文文獻
Alfano, M. R., Baraldi, A. L. and Cantabene, C. (2013). “The Role of Political in the Link Between Electoral Systems and Corruption: the Italian Case”, The Journal of Socio-Economics 47(1): 1 -10.
Alfano, M. R. and Baraldi, A. L. (2015) “The role of political competition in the link between electoral systems and corruption: an extension.” European Journal of Government and Economics.
Bayley, D. H. (1966). “The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation.” The Western Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 4:719-32.
Bergh, A. Fink, G. and Öhrvall, R. (2012) “Public Sector Size and Corruption: Evidence from 290 Swedish Municipalities.” IFN Working Paper No. 938.
Charron, N. (2011). “Party systems, electoral systems and constraints on corruption.” Electoral Studies 30 (2011) 595–606.
Elhorst, J. P. (2012). “Dynamic spatial panels: models, methods, and inferences.” Journal of Geographical Systems, 2012, vol. 14, issue 1, 5-28.
Fisman, R. and Gatti, R. (2002). “Decentralization and Corruption: Evidence Across Countries.” Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 83, No. 3:325-45.
Gallagher, M. (1991) ‘Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral Systems’, Electoral Studies 10(1): 33-51.
Goel, R. K. and Nelson, M. A. (2007). “Are Corrupt Acts Contagious? Evidence from the United States.” Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol. 29:839-50.
Hausman, J. A. (1978), “Specification Tests in Econometrics.” Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
Hassaballa, H. (2017). “ Studying the Effect of Corruption on Income Per-capita Level in an IV Estimation in Developing countries.” European Journal of Sustainable Development (2017), 6, 1, 57-70.
Heidenheimer, A. J., Michael, J. and Victor T. L. (1989). “Introduction” In Arnold J. Heidenheimer, Michael Johnson and Victor T. LeVine (eds.), Political Corruption: A Handbook (pp. 3-14). New Brunswick: Transaction.
Jetter, M., A. M. Agudelo, and A. R. Hassan. 2015. “The Effect of Democracy on Corruption: Income Is Key.” World Development 74: 286–304. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.05.016.
Klitgaard, R. (1998). International Cooperation Against Corruption. Finance and Development, 35(1): 3-6.
LeSage, J.P., and R.K. Pace (2009), “Introduction to Spatial Econometrics.” (Statistics, textbooks and monographs). London: CRC Press.
Levin, A., C. Lin, and C. Chu (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-sample Properties,” Journal of Econometrics, 108, 1-14.
Lewis, B. D. and Hendrawan, A. (2019). “The impact of majority coalitions on local government spending, service delivery, and corruption in Indonesia.” European Journal of Political Economy 58 (2019) 178–191.
McMullan, M. (1961). “A Theory of Corruption.” Sociological Review, Vol. 9, No. 2:181-201.
Meier, K. J. and Holbrook, T. M. (1992). “I seen my opportunities and I took’em: Political corruption in the American states.” Journal of Politics, No. 54:135-55.
Myerson, R. (1993). “Effectiveness of electoral systems for reducing government corruption: a game-Theoretic approach, Games and Economic Behavior”, 5, 118–132.
Nye, J. S. (1967) “Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefi Analysis.” American Political Science Review, Vol. 61, No. 2:417-27.
Park, H. (2003). “Determinants of corruption：A cross national analysis.” Multinational Business Review 29-48.
Persson, T., Tabellini, G., Trebbi F. (2003). Electoral rules and corruption, Journal of the European Economic Association, 1, 958–989.
Porta, D. D. (2004). “Political parties and corruption: Ten hypotheses on five vicious circles.” Crime, Law and Social Change 42: 35–60
Porta, D. D. and Vannucci, A. (1999). “Corrupt Exchanges. Actors, Resources, and Mechanisms of Political Corruption.” New York: de Gruyter.
Steven R. Weisman (2007) “Mending Fences At World Bank.” The New York Time.
Venard, B. and Hanafi, M. (2008). “ Organizational isomorphism and corruption in financial institutions: empirical research in emerging countries.” Journal of Business Ethics 81:481-498.
Waller, C. J., Verdier, T. and Gardner, R. (2002) “Corruption: top down or bottom up?” Economic Inquiry Vol. 40, No.4, 688-703.
World Bank (1997). Helping Countries Combat Corruption: The Role of the World Bank. Washington DC: World Bank.		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202000835en_US