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題名 當代日本公眾外交研究－以新媒體的國際傳播運用為例
On Japan’s Contemporary Public Diplomacy: Perspective of Utilizing New Media in International Communication
作者 林士評
Lin, Shih-Ping
貢獻者 李世暉
Li, Shih-Hui
林士評
Lin, Shih-Ping
關鍵詞 日本
公眾外交
新媒體
社群媒體
國際傳播
Japan
Public Diplomacy
New Media
Social Media
International Communication
日期 2020
上傳時間 2-Sep-2020 13:09:12 (UTC+8)
摘要 在新媒體時代下，各國外交單位皆開始使用社群媒體與他國民眾進行溝通交流，日本政府在2011年之後，也開始積極透過新媒體進行國際傳播，以傳遞日本正確樣貌及形塑良好國際形象。本文首先以戰略面、制度面、執行面，整理日本戰後七十多年的公眾外交發展，再歸納出日本公眾外交演變的主要特徵，最後透過「Fanpage Karma」臉書粉絲頁面分析工具，擷取首相官邸英文臉書粉絲頁面的貼文內容及受眾反饋，進一步分析日本公眾外交新媒運用之特色與成效。

本研究發現日本政府對新媒體的掌握仍處在摸索階段，僅是將社群媒體視為傳遞資訊的工具而已，不但尚未擬定宏觀的新媒體國際傳播戰略，也沒有利用社群媒體與國際公眾進行雙向的互動交流。儘管如此，日本在進行新媒體國際傳播時，仍具有以下四個特點。第一，日本政府致力闡述日本內政，期能讓外界理解日本國內情勢及立場。第二，日本積極改善自然災害所帶來的負面國際形象，不僅對外展現快速有效的災害應變能力，也傳遞日本重視「公開透明」及「協調共識」民主治理精神，第三，日本對外展現日本在國際間的影響力及貢獻國際社會的能力與意願。第四，日本政府向外界形塑首相和各國高層政要關係良好的形象，同時傳達日本將在此基礎之上，深化日本與各國之間的雙邊關係。

在受眾反饋方面，首相官邸臉書粉絲頁面的粉絲數量不多，貼文回應、互動、參與程度皆不是很高，且國際公眾重視日本外交議題，但日本政府貼文內容卻聚焦內政議題，反映出日本藉由新媒體進行公眾外交的成效並不顯著。值得注意的是，日本捕殺鯨魚及海豚的傳統文化將成為日本新媒體國際傳播的另一大隱憂，倘若沒有妥善處理因應，將影響日本未來公眾外交的執行成效。
In the era of new media, foreign ministries of many countries have begun to use social media to communicate with foreign people of other countries. After 2011, the Japanese government also proactively conveys Japan’s views, policies and initiatives and shapes a decent global image via new media. The article first summarized 70 years of the development of Japan’s public diplomacy after World War II from the aspects of strategy, institution and implementation, and then summarized main features of the evolution of Japan’s public diplomacy. Ultimately, it extracted posts and feedbacks from English-writing Facebook fan page of Prime Minister’s Office of Japan with a Facebook analytics tool called “Fanpage Karma” and further analyzed the characteristics and effectiveness of the use of new media in Japan’s public diplomacy.

The study found that the Japanese government’s grasp of new media is still at exploratory stage and it simply regards social media as a tool to convey information. The Japanese government did not yet formulate a grand new media strategy for international communication, nor did it mutually interact with foreign public through social media. Nonetheless, there are still four features in Japan’s use of social media in international communication. Firstly, the Japanese government was dedicated to explaining Japan’s domestic affairs with an aim to allow the international community to fully understand Japan’s domestic situation and official positions. Secondly, Japan tried its best to improve its negative international image brought about by various natural disasters. Not only did it show its quick and effective disaster response capabilities, but it also conveyed Japan’s emphasis on democratic governance of openness, transparency, coordination and consensus. Thirdly, Japan publicly displayed not merely its international influence and presence but also its ability and willingness to contribute to the international community. Finally, the Japanese government shaped an image of good ties between prime minister and high-level officials of other countries, and conveyed that Japan will deepen bilateral relations between Japan and other countries on this basis.

In the aspect of audience’s feedback, the number of fans on Facebook fan page of Prime Minister’s Office of Japan is not large, and fans’ response, interaction and participation are not high. Moreover, what the Japanese government mainly focused on is Japan’s domestic affairs while foreign audience paid more attention to Japan’s foreign affairs. These denote that the effectiveness of Japan’s use of new media in public diplomacy is not significant. Notably, Japan’s traditional culture of killing whales and dolphins will become another major concern for Japan’s use of new media in international communication. If Japan does not handle it properly, it will have a negative impact on Japan’s future public diplomacy.
參考文獻 壹、中文部分
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龐文真譯，1996，《國際傳播》，台北：五南出版社。譯自Robert S. Fortner. International Communications: History, Conflict, and Control of the Global Metropolis. Boston: Cengage Learning. 1992。
二、期刊論文
吳明上，2018，〈第二次安倍政權成為穩定政權之研究：從內閣官房長官角色分析〉，《遠景基金會季刊》，19(3)：67-108。
周慶安、朱昱炫，2017，「公共外交2.0開啟雙向互動的對外傳播時代」，對外傳播，2017(1)。
三、網際網路
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貳、日文部分
一、書籍
渡邊靖，2011，《文化と外交：パブリック・ディプロマシーの時代》，東京：中央公論新社。
二、期刊論文
金子將史，2011，〈パブリック・ディプロマシーと国家ブランディング－過熱する国家間のイメージ競争〉，《外交》，3：24-32。
三、專書論文
岡村黎明，2006，〈グローバル社会の発展と日本のメディアの課題〉，渡邊光一（編），《マスメディアと国際政治》，東京：南窓社，頁200-224。
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本田修，2014，〈311後の国際文化交流〉，金子將史、北野充（編），《パブリック・ディプロマシー戦略》，東京：PHP研究所，頁248-266。
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參、英文部分
一、書籍
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Hocking, Brian, Jan Melissen, Shaun Riordan & Paul Sharp. 2012. Futures for Diplomacy: Integrative Diplomacy in the 21st Century. Hague: Clingendael Institute.
Hocking, Brian & Jan Melissen. 2015. Diplomacy in the Digital Age. Hague: Clingendael Institute.
Kunczik, Michael. 1997. Image of Nations and International Public Relations. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, Publishers.
Leonard, Mark & Vidhya Alakeson. 2000. Going Public: Diplomacy for the Information Society. London: Foreign Policy Centre.
Leonard, Mark. 2002. Public Diplomacy. London: The Foreign Policy Centre.
Melissen, Jan. 2011. Beyond the New Public Diplomacy. Hague: Clingendael Institute.
Manor, Ilan. 2019. The Digitalization of Public Diplomacy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Pells, Richard. 1998. Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, And Transformed American Culture Since World War II. New York: Basic Books.
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Tuch, Hans N.. 1990. Communicating with the World: US Public Diplomacy Overseas. New York: St Martin’s Press.
二、期刊論文
Armstrong, Matt. 2009. “Social Media as Public Diplomacy.” Perspectives 1(2).
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Gilboa, Eytan. 2002. “Global Communication and Foreign Policy.” Journal of Communication 52 (4): 731-748.
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Ham, Peter Van. 2001. “The Rise of the Brand State: The Postmodern Politics of Image and Reputation.” Foreign Affairs 80(5): 2-3.
Hallams, Ellen. 2010. “Digital Diplomacy: The Internet, the Battle for Ideas & US Foreign Policy.” CEU Political Science Journal 4: 538-574.
Hughes, David John, Moss Rowe, Mark Batey & Andrew Lee. 2012. “ A Tale of Two Sites: Twitter vs. Facebook and the Personality Predictors of Social Media Usage.” Computers in Human Behavior 28(2): 561-569.
Harris, Britney. 2013. “Diplomacy 2.0: The Future of Social Media in Nation. Branding.” The Journal of Public Diplomacy 4(1): 17-32.
Malone, Gifford. 1985. “Managing Public Diplomacy.” Washington Quarterly 8 (3): 199-213.
McGray, Douglas. 2002. “Japan`s Gross National Cool.” Foreign Policy 130: 44-54.
McDowell, Mark. 2008. Public Diplomacy at the Crossroads: Definitions and Challenges in an “Open Source” Era. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 32(3): 7-16.
Nye, Joseph S. 2008 “Public Diplomacy and Soft Power.” The ANNALS 616(1): 94-109.
Nakamura, Toshiya. 2013. “Japan`s New Public Diplomacy : Coolness in Foreign Policy Objectives.”メディアと社会 2013(5): 1-23.
Robinson, Piers. 1999. “The CNN effect: Can the News Media Drive Foreign Policy?” Review of International Studies 25(2): 301-309.
Signitzer, Benno, and Timothy Coombs. 1992. Public Relations and Public. Diplomacy: Conceptual Divergence. Public Relations Review 18 (2): 137-147.
Saxton, Gregory D. & Richard Waters. 2014. “What Do Stakeholders Like on Facebook? Examining Public Reactions to Nonprofit Organizations’ Information, Promotional and Community-Building Messages.” Journal of Public Relations Research 26(3): 280-299.
Watanabe, Yasushi. 2019. “Heisei Was an Era Marked by Japanese Soft Power.” Debating Japan 2(5): 1-5.
Yepsen, Erika A. 2012. “Practicing Successful Twitter Public Diplomacy: A Model. and Case Study of U.S. Efforts in Venezuela.” CPD Perspective on Public Diplomacy 6: 1-48.
Zhong, Xin & Jiayi Lu. 2013. “Public Diplomacy Meets Social Media: A Study of the U.S. Embassy’s Blogs and Micro-blogs.” Public Relations Review 39(5): 542-548.
三、專書論文
Boyd-Barrett, Oliver. 2007. “Alternative Reframing of Mainstream Media Frames.” in Media on the Move Global Flow and Contra-Flow, ed. Daya Kishan Thussu. Abingdon: Routledge. 178-194.
Bjola, Corneliu & Lu Jiang. 2015. “Social Media and Public Diplomacy: A Comparative Analysis of the Digital Diplomatic Strategies of the EU, U.S. and Japan in China” in Digital Diplomacy: Theory and practice, ed. C. Bjola & M. Holmes. New York: Routledge. 71-88
Holmes, Marcus. 2015. “Digital Diplomacy and International Change Management”. in Digital Diplomacy Theory and Practice. ed. C. Bjola & M. Holmes. New York: Routledge. 13-32.
Melissen, Jan. 2005. “The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice.” in The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, ed. Jan Melissen. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 3-27.
Manor, Ilan & Elad Segev. 2015. “America’s Selfie: How the US Portrays Itself on its Social Media Accounts.” in Digital Diplomacy Theory and Practice. ed. C. Bjola & M. Holmes. New York: Routledge. 89-108.
Ogawa, Tadashi. 2008. “Origin and Development of Japan’s Public Diplomacy” in Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy. ed. Nancy Snow & Philip M. Taylor. London: Routledge. 270-281.
Sharp, Paul. 2005. “Revolutionary States, Outlaw Regimes and the Techniques of Public Diplomacy.” in The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, ed. Jan Melissen. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 106.
Smith, Gorden & Allen Sutherland. 2002. “The New Diplomacy: Real-Time
Implications and Applications.” in Cyber-Diplomacy: Managing Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century, ed. Evan H . Potter. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen`s University Press, 151-174.
Sotiriu, S. 2015. “Digital Diplomacy: Between Promises and Reality.” in Digital. Diplomacy: Theory and practice, ed. C. Bjola & M. Holmes. New York: Routledge. 33-51.
Wehrenfennig, Daniel. 2013. “From an Analog Past to a Digital Future: Information. and Communication Technology in Conflict Management.” in Cyberspaces and Global Affairs, ed. Sean S. Costigan & Jake Perry. London: Routledge. 23-43.
四、網際網路
Al-Najjar, Abeer. 2009. “Kaust and Social Networking: The New Face of Saudi Arabia.” in https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/kaust-and-social-networking-new-face-saudi-arabia. Latest update 15 October 2018.
Al Jazeera, 2019. “Iraq: HRW Denounces Lethal Force Against Protesters, Urges Probe.” in https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iraq-hrw-denounces-lethal-force-protesters-urges-probe-191010123643525.html. Latest update 3 June 2020.
Bowman, Shayne & Chris Willis. 2003. “We Media: How Audiences Are Shaping the Future of News and Information.” in http://www.hypergene.net/wemedia/download/we_media.pdf. Latest update 30 October 2018.
Constantinides, Efthymios. 2009. “Social Media / Web 2.0 as Marketing Parameter: An Introduction” in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228388652_Social_MediaWeb_20_as_Marketing_Parameter_An_Introduction. Latest update 31 October 2018.
Dale, Helle C.. 2009. “Public Diplomacy 2.0: Where the U.S. Government Meets “New Media.” in https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/report/public-diplomacy-20-where-the-us-government-meets-new-media. Latest update 16 October 2018.
Fifield, Anna. 2015. “U.S. Academics Condemn Japanese Efforts to Revise History of Comfort Women” in https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/american-academics-condemn-japanese-efforts-to-revise-history-of-comfort-women/2015/02/09/e795fc1c-38f0-408f-954a-7f989779770a_story.html. Latest update 16 April 2020.
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Hanson, Fergus. 2012. “Baked in and Wired: eDiplomacy@State.” in https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/baked-in-hansonf-5.pdf. Latest update 15 March 2020.
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Kwak, Haewoon, Changhyun Lee, Hosung Park & Sue Moon. 2010. “What is Twitter, a Social Network or a News Media?” in http://www.ambuehler.ethz.ch/CDstore/www2010/www/p591.pdf，Latest update 30 May 2020.
Lewis, Dev. 2014. “Digital Diplomacy.” in https://www.gatewayhouse.in/digital-diplomacy-2/. Latest update 16 March 2020.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
日本研究學位學程
104861002
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104861002
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李世暉zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Li, Shih-Huien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林士評zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Shih-Pingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林士評zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Shih-Pingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2020en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2020 13:09:12 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Sep-2020 13:09:12 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2020 13:09:12 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104861002en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/131906-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 日本研究學位學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 104861002zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在新媒體時代下，各國外交單位皆開始使用社群媒體與他國民眾進行溝通交流，日本政府在2011年之後，也開始積極透過新媒體進行國際傳播，以傳遞日本正確樣貌及形塑良好國際形象。本文首先以戰略面、制度面、執行面，整理日本戰後七十多年的公眾外交發展，再歸納出日本公眾外交演變的主要特徵，最後透過「Fanpage Karma」臉書粉絲頁面分析工具，擷取首相官邸英文臉書粉絲頁面的貼文內容及受眾反饋，進一步分析日本公眾外交新媒運用之特色與成效。

本研究發現日本政府對新媒體的掌握仍處在摸索階段，僅是將社群媒體視為傳遞資訊的工具而已，不但尚未擬定宏觀的新媒體國際傳播戰略，也沒有利用社群媒體與國際公眾進行雙向的互動交流。儘管如此，日本在進行新媒體國際傳播時，仍具有以下四個特點。第一，日本政府致力闡述日本內政，期能讓外界理解日本國內情勢及立場。第二，日本積極改善自然災害所帶來的負面國際形象，不僅對外展現快速有效的災害應變能力，也傳遞日本重視「公開透明」及「協調共識」民主治理精神，第三，日本對外展現日本在國際間的影響力及貢獻國際社會的能力與意願。第四，日本政府向外界形塑首相和各國高層政要關係良好的形象，同時傳達日本將在此基礎之上，深化日本與各國之間的雙邊關係。

在受眾反饋方面，首相官邸臉書粉絲頁面的粉絲數量不多，貼文回應、互動、參與程度皆不是很高，且國際公眾重視日本外交議題，但日本政府貼文內容卻聚焦內政議題，反映出日本藉由新媒體進行公眾外交的成效並不顯著。值得注意的是，日本捕殺鯨魚及海豚的傳統文化將成為日本新媒體國際傳播的另一大隱憂，倘若沒有妥善處理因應，將影響日本未來公眾外交的執行成效。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In the era of new media, foreign ministries of many countries have begun to use social media to communicate with foreign people of other countries. After 2011, the Japanese government also proactively conveys Japan’s views, policies and initiatives and shapes a decent global image via new media. The article first summarized 70 years of the development of Japan’s public diplomacy after World War II from the aspects of strategy, institution and implementation, and then summarized main features of the evolution of Japan’s public diplomacy. Ultimately, it extracted posts and feedbacks from English-writing Facebook fan page of Prime Minister’s Office of Japan with a Facebook analytics tool called “Fanpage Karma” and further analyzed the characteristics and effectiveness of the use of new media in Japan’s public diplomacy.

The study found that the Japanese government’s grasp of new media is still at exploratory stage and it simply regards social media as a tool to convey information. The Japanese government did not yet formulate a grand new media strategy for international communication, nor did it mutually interact with foreign public through social media. Nonetheless, there are still four features in Japan’s use of social media in international communication. Firstly, the Japanese government was dedicated to explaining Japan’s domestic affairs with an aim to allow the international community to fully understand Japan’s domestic situation and official positions. Secondly, Japan tried its best to improve its negative international image brought about by various natural disasters. Not only did it show its quick and effective disaster response capabilities, but it also conveyed Japan’s emphasis on democratic governance of openness, transparency, coordination and consensus. Thirdly, Japan publicly displayed not merely its international influence and presence but also its ability and willingness to contribute to the international community. Finally, the Japanese government shaped an image of good ties between prime minister and high-level officials of other countries, and conveyed that Japan will deepen bilateral relations between Japan and other countries on this basis.

In the aspect of audience’s feedback, the number of fans on Facebook fan page of Prime Minister’s Office of Japan is not large, and fans’ response, interaction and participation are not high. Moreover, what the Japanese government mainly focused on is Japan’s domestic affairs while foreign audience paid more attention to Japan’s foreign affairs. These denote that the effectiveness of Japan’s use of new media in public diplomacy is not significant. Notably, Japan’s traditional culture of killing whales and dolphins will become another major concern for Japan’s use of new media in international communication. If Japan does not handle it properly, it will have a negative impact on Japan’s future public diplomacy.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的與研究問題 9
第三節 研究範圍與研究限制 10
第四節 研究方法與研究流程 11
第五節 文獻檢閱 14
第二章 理論探討 20
第一節 公眾外交理論 20
第二節 國際傳播理論 32
第三節 公眾外交與國際傳播的互動 39
第三章 當代日本公眾外交發展 51
第一節 冷戰時期日本公眾外交目標與策略 51
第二節 後冷戰時期日本公眾外交目標與策略 59
第三節 當代日本公眾外交執行體制 74
第四章 新媒體下的當代日本公眾外交 86
第一節 首相官邸臉書英文粉絲頁面內容分析 88
第二節 首相官邸臉書英文粉絲頁面互動分析 100
第三節 新媒體對日本公眾外交的意涵 111
第五章 結論 116
第一節 研究發現 116
第二節 研究建議 122
參考文獻 123
附錄一 訪談逐字稿 140		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 8978643 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104861002en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 日本zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公眾外交zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新媒體zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社群媒體zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際傳播zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Japanen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Public Diplomacyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) New Mediaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social Mediaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) International Communicationen_US
dc.title (題名) 當代日本公眾外交研究－以新媒體的國際傳播運用為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) On Japan’s Contemporary Public Diplomacy: Perspective of Utilizing New Media in International Communicationen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、中文部分
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參、英文部分
一、書籍
Barston, R.P. 2014. Modern Diplomacy. London: Routledge.
Bjola, Corneliu & Marcus Holmes. 2015. Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.
Cohen, Yoel. 1986. Media Diplomacy : The Foreign Office in the Mass Communications Age. London: Frank Cass.
Cull, Nicholas J. 2019. Public Diplomacy Foundations for Global Engagement in the Digital Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Dizard, Wilson. 2001. Digital Diplomacy: U.S. Foreign Policy in the Information Age. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
Holsti, K. J. 1987. International Politics : A Framework for Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Hocking, Brian, Jan Melissen, Shaun Riordan & Paul Sharp. 2012. Futures for Diplomacy: Integrative Diplomacy in the 21st Century. Hague: Clingendael Institute.
Hocking, Brian & Jan Melissen. 2015. Diplomacy in the Digital Age. Hague: Clingendael Institute.
Kunczik, Michael. 1997. Image of Nations and International Public Relations. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, Publishers.
Leonard, Mark & Vidhya Alakeson. 2000. Going Public: Diplomacy for the Information Society. London: Foreign Policy Centre.
Leonard, Mark. 2002. Public Diplomacy. London: The Foreign Policy Centre.
Melissen, Jan. 2011. Beyond the New Public Diplomacy. Hague: Clingendael Institute.
Manor, Ilan. 2019. The Digitalization of Public Diplomacy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nye, Joseph S.. 2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.
Pells, Richard. 1998. Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, And Transformed American Culture Since World War II. New York: Basic Books.
Potter, Evan H . 2002. Cyber-Diplomacy: Managing Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century. Ontario: McGill-Queen’s Press.
Qualter, Terence H. 1962. Propaganda and Psychological Warfare. New York: Random House.
Tuch, Hans N.. 1990. Communicating with the World: US Public Diplomacy Overseas. New York: St Martin’s Press.
二、期刊論文
Armstrong, Matt. 2009. “Social Media as Public Diplomacy.” Perspectives 1(2).
Bennett, W. Lance. 1990. “Toward a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States.” Journal of Communication 40 (2): 103-125.
Chalaby, Jean K. 2003. “Television for a New Global Order: Transnational Television Networks and the Formation of Global Systems.” Gazette 65(6): 457-472.
Constantinides, Efthymios & Stefan J. Fountain. 2007. “Web2.0: Conceptual Foundations and Marketing Issues.” Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice 9(3): 231-244.
Cowan, Geoffrey & Amelia Arsenault. 2008 “Moving from Monologue to Dialogue to Collaboration: The Three Layers of Public Diplomacy..” The ANNALS 616(1): 10-30.
Cull, Nicholas J. 2009. “Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past.” CPD Perspective. on Public Diplomacy: 1-61.
Gilboa, Eytan. 1998 “Media Diplomacy: Conceptual Divergence and Applications.” Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 3(3): 56-75.
Gilboa, Eytan. 2002. “Global Communication and Foreign Policy.” Journal of Communication 52 (4): 731-748.
Gilboa, Eytan. 2008 “Searching of Theory of Public Diplomacy.” The ANNALS 616(1): 55-77.
Ham, Peter Van. 2001. “The Rise of the Brand State: The Postmodern Politics of Image and Reputation.” Foreign Affairs 80(5): 2-3.
Hallams, Ellen. 2010. “Digital Diplomacy: The Internet, the Battle for Ideas & US Foreign Policy.” CEU Political Science Journal 4: 538-574.
Hughes, David John, Moss Rowe, Mark Batey & Andrew Lee. 2012. “ A Tale of Two Sites: Twitter vs. Facebook and the Personality Predictors of Social Media Usage.” Computers in Human Behavior 28(2): 561-569.
Harris, Britney. 2013. “Diplomacy 2.0: The Future of Social Media in Nation. Branding.” The Journal of Public Diplomacy 4(1): 17-32.
Malone, Gifford. 1985. “Managing Public Diplomacy.” Washington Quarterly 8 (3): 199-213.
McGray, Douglas. 2002. “Japan`s Gross National Cool.” Foreign Policy 130: 44-54.
McDowell, Mark. 2008. Public Diplomacy at the Crossroads: Definitions and Challenges in an “Open Source” Era. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 32(3): 7-16.
Nye, Joseph S. 2008 “Public Diplomacy and Soft Power.” The ANNALS 616(1): 94-109.
Nakamura, Toshiya. 2013. “Japan`s New Public Diplomacy : Coolness in Foreign Policy Objectives.”メディアと社会 2013(5): 1-23.
Robinson, Piers. 1999. “The CNN effect: Can the News Media Drive Foreign Policy?” Review of International Studies 25(2): 301-309.
Signitzer, Benno, and Timothy Coombs. 1992. Public Relations and Public. Diplomacy: Conceptual Divergence. Public Relations Review 18 (2): 137-147.
Saxton, Gregory D. & Richard Waters. 2014. “What Do Stakeholders Like on Facebook? Examining Public Reactions to Nonprofit Organizations’ Information, Promotional and Community-Building Messages.” Journal of Public Relations Research 26(3): 280-299.
Watanabe, Yasushi. 2019. “Heisei Was an Era Marked by Japanese Soft Power.” Debating Japan 2(5): 1-5.
Yepsen, Erika A. 2012. “Practicing Successful Twitter Public Diplomacy: A Model. and Case Study of U.S. Efforts in Venezuela.” CPD Perspective on Public Diplomacy 6: 1-48.
Zhong, Xin & Jiayi Lu. 2013. “Public Diplomacy Meets Social Media: A Study of the U.S. Embassy’s Blogs and Micro-blogs.” Public Relations Review 39(5): 542-548.
三、專書論文
Boyd-Barrett, Oliver. 2007. “Alternative Reframing of Mainstream Media Frames.” in Media on the Move Global Flow and Contra-Flow, ed. Daya Kishan Thussu. Abingdon: Routledge. 178-194.
Bjola, Corneliu & Lu Jiang. 2015. “Social Media and Public Diplomacy: A Comparative Analysis of the Digital Diplomatic Strategies of the EU, U.S. and Japan in China” in Digital Diplomacy: Theory and practice, ed. C. Bjola & M. Holmes. New York: Routledge. 71-88
Holmes, Marcus. 2015. “Digital Diplomacy and International Change Management”. in Digital Diplomacy Theory and Practice. ed. C. Bjola & M. Holmes. New York: Routledge. 13-32.
Melissen, Jan. 2005. “The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice.” in The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, ed. Jan Melissen. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 3-27.
Manor, Ilan & Elad Segev. 2015. “America’s Selfie: How the US Portrays Itself on its Social Media Accounts.” in Digital Diplomacy Theory and Practice. ed. C. Bjola & M. Holmes. New York: Routledge. 89-108.
Ogawa, Tadashi. 2008. “Origin and Development of Japan’s Public Diplomacy” in Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy. ed. Nancy Snow & Philip M. Taylor. London: Routledge. 270-281.
Sharp, Paul. 2005. “Revolutionary States, Outlaw Regimes and the Techniques of Public Diplomacy.” in The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, ed. Jan Melissen. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 106.
Smith, Gorden & Allen Sutherland. 2002. “The New Diplomacy: Real-Time
Implications and Applications.” in Cyber-Diplomacy: Managing Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century, ed. Evan H . Potter. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen`s University Press, 151-174.
Sotiriu, S. 2015. “Digital Diplomacy: Between Promises and Reality.” in Digital. Diplomacy: Theory and practice, ed. C. Bjola & M. Holmes. New York: Routledge. 33-51.
Wehrenfennig, Daniel. 2013. “From an Analog Past to a Digital Future: Information. and Communication Technology in Conflict Management.” in Cyberspaces and Global Affairs, ed. Sean S. Costigan & Jake Perry. London: Routledge. 23-43.
四、網際網路
Al-Najjar, Abeer. 2009. “Kaust and Social Networking: The New Face of Saudi Arabia.” in https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/kaust-and-social-networking-new-face-saudi-arabia. Latest update 15 October 2018.
Al Jazeera, 2019. “Iraq: HRW Denounces Lethal Force Against Protesters, Urges Probe.” in https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iraq-hrw-denounces-lethal-force-protesters-urges-probe-191010123643525.html. Latest update 3 June 2020.
Bowman, Shayne & Chris Willis. 2003. “We Media: How Audiences Are Shaping the Future of News and Information.” in http://www.hypergene.net/wemedia/download/we_media.pdf. Latest update 30 October 2018.
Constantinides, Efthymios. 2009. “Social Media / Web 2.0 as Marketing Parameter: An Introduction” in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228388652_Social_MediaWeb_20_as_Marketing_Parameter_An_Introduction. Latest update 31 October 2018.
Dale, Helle C.. 2009. “Public Diplomacy 2.0: Where the U.S. Government Meets “New Media.” in https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/report/public-diplomacy-20-where-the-us-government-meets-new-media. Latest update 16 October 2018.
Fifield, Anna. 2015. “U.S. Academics Condemn Japanese Efforts to Revise History of Comfort Women” in https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/american-academics-condemn-japanese-efforts-to-revise-history-of-comfort-women/2015/02/09/e795fc1c-38f0-408f-954a-7f989779770a_story.html. Latest update 16 April 2020.
Facebook. 2018. “Facebook Reports Second Quarter 2018 Results.” in https://investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2018/Facebook-Reports-Second-Quarter-2018-Results/default.aspx. Latest update 14 October 2018.
Hanson, Fergus. 2012. “Baked in and Wired: eDiplomacy@State.” in https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/baked-in-hansonf-5.pdf. Latest update 15 March 2020.
ITU. 2018. “ICT Facts and Figures 2017.”in https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx. Latest update 14 October 2018.
Kwak, Haewoon, Changhyun Lee, Hosung Park & Sue Moon. 2010. “What is Twitter, a Social Network or a News Media?” in http://www.ambuehler.ethz.ch/CDstore/www2010/www/p591.pdf，Latest update 30 May 2020.
Lewis, Dev. 2014. “Digital Diplomacy.” in https://www.gatewayhouse.in/digital-diplomacy-2/. Latest update 16 March 2020.
Oxford Dictionaries. 2016. “Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year 2016 is...” in https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/press/news/2016/11/17/WOTY-16. Latest update 31 October 2018.
Omnicore. 2018. “Twitter by the Numbers: Stats, Demographics & Fun Facts.” In. https://www.omnicoreagency.com/twitter-statistics/. Latest update 14 October 2018.
Public Diplomacy Alumni Association. 2008. “What is Public Diplomacy?” in http://www.publicdiplomacy.org/1.htm. Latest update 30 October 2018.
Shaer, Matthew. 2009. “From the tumult in Iran, Twitter emerges as a powerful social tool.” in https://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/Horizons/2009/0617/from-the-tumult-in-iran-twitter-emerges-as-a-powerful-social-tool. Latest update 16 October 2018.
Sandre, Andrea. 2012. “Twiplomacy is Bringing Diplomacy back to Relevancy.” in http://www.diplomacy.edu/blog/twiplomacy-bringing-diplomacy-back-relevancy. Latest update 14 March 2020.
Snow, Nancy. 2012. “Public Diplomacy and Propaganda: Rethinking Diplomacy in. the Age of Persuasion.” in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322357771_Public_Diplomacy_and_Propaganda_Rethinking_Diplomacy_in_the_Age_of_Persuasion. Latest update 10 March 2020.
Snow, Nancy. 2014. “NHK World and Japanese Public Diplomacy: Journalistic Boundaries and State Interests” in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275833590_NHK_World_and_Japanese_Public_Diplomacy_Journalistic_Boundaries_and_State_Interests. Latest update 19 October 2018.
The PACE project. 2006. “What is decentralization?” in. http://isr.uci.edu/projects/pace/decentralization.html. Latest update 11 Aug. 2020.
USC Center on Public Diplomacy. “What is Public Diplomacy?” in https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/page/what-is-pd. Latest update 31 October 2018.
Umekawa, Takashi. 2015. “Japan Budgets Over $15 Million for Overseas Universities in Soft Power Push.” in https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-diplomacy/japan-budgets-over-15-million-for-overseas-universities-in-soft-power-push-idUSKBN0M905M20150313. Latest update 16 April 2020.		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202001623en_US