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題名 拉丁美洲的性別不平等、族群分歧和經濟增長
Gender Inequality, Ethnic Cleavages, and Economic Growth in Latin America
作者 丹尼斯·平托
Pinto, Denise
貢獻者 蘇彥斌
Yen-Pin Su
丹尼斯·平托
Denise Pinto
關鍵詞 性別落差
族群分歧
經濟成長
拉丁美洲
玻利維亞
智利
Gender gap
ethnical fractionalization
economic growth
Latin America
Bolivia
Chile
日期 2020
上傳時間 2-Sep-2020 13:14:21 (UTC+8)
摘要 近期已有不少研究探討性別不平等的現象對於一國經濟表現的影響，然而，相關的實證結果莫衷一是。本論文主張，性別不平等對於一國經濟成長的效應視該國的族群分歧程度而定。具體而言，本論文假設：性別不平等與族群分歧對於經濟成長的交互作用將會降低經濟成長。本論文聚焦於教育、勞力與就業三個層面的性別不平等，並利用18個拉丁美洲國家在1980年至2018年的資料進行分析。本論文的實證分析結果顯示，當一國的性別不平等情況愈嚴重，而且其族群分歧程度愈高時，則該國會出現較低的經濟成長率。除了量化分析之外，本論文亦透過玻利維亞與智利的比較案例研究，說明經濟成長如何受到性別不平等與族群分歧程度的交互作用所影響。總體而言，本論文試圖為政治經濟學的文獻提供補充觀點，同時也為開發中國家的經濟發展提供政策啟發。
Recent literature has been analyzing the key role of gender inequality for explaining economic performance. However, findings about the effects of gender inequality are inconclusive. In this thesis, I contend that the effect of gender inequality on economic growth is conditional on ethnic fractionalization. I hypothesize that the combined effect of greater levels of gender gaps and ethnic cleavage reduces economic growth. Focusing on gender inequality in education, labor force, and employment, I empirically test my hypothesis based on data in 18 Latin American countries from 1980 to 2018. The quantitative analyses demonstrate that that a country with a wider gender gap and a higher degree of ethnic fractionalization is more likely to have low economic growth. The qualitative comparative case studies of Bolivia and Chile further illustrate how economic performance is affected by the interaction effects of gender gaps and ethnic fractionalization. Overall, this thesis aims to fill the gap in the literature of political economy and provide policy implications for the economic development of developing countries.
參考文獻 Alesina, Alberto, Arnaud Devleeschauwer, William Easterly, Sergio Kurlat, and Romain Wacziarg. 2003. “Fractionalization”. Journal of Economic Growth 8(2): 155-194.
Baez, Cristian. 2018. “Reflections on the Afro-Chilean Social Movement: We Entered as Blacks, and We Left as Afro descendants and Afro-Chileans Appeared on the Scene”. ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America. https: //revista. drclas. Harvard. edu/book/reflections-afro-chilean-social-movement-we-entered-blacks-and-we-left? (Accessed July 31, 2020).
Banda, Fareda and Christine Chinkin. 2004. “Report Gender, Minorities and Indigenous Peoples”. https: //minorityrights. org/advocacy-statements/report-launch-gender-minorities-and- indigenous-peoples/ (Accessed December 19, 2019).
Becker, Gary, Edward Glaeser, and Kevin Murphy. 1999. “Population and Economic Growth”. American Economic Review 89(2): 145–149.
Braunstein, Elissa. 2012. “Neoliberal Development Macroeconomics: A Consideration of its Gendered Employment Effects”. UNRISD Research Paper 2012-1, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD).
Collier, Paul. 2001. “Ethnic Diversity: An Economic Analysis”. Economic Policy 32: 127–66.
Cruz, Cesi, Philip Keefer, and Carlos Scartascini. 2018. Database of Political Institutions 2017 (DPI2017). Inter-American Development Bank. Available at https: //mydata. iadb. org/Reform-Modernization-of-the-State/ Database-of-Political-Institutions-2017/938i-s2bw.
De Gregorio, Jose, and Jong-Wha Lee. 1999. “Economic Growth in Latin America: Sources and Prospects”. Paper prepared for the Global Development Network Conference, Cairo, Egypt.
De Paula, Carmen. 2018. Gender Gaps in Chile : An Overview. Washington, D. C: World Bank Group.
Easterly, William and Ross Levine. 1997. “Africa`s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(4): 1203–1250.
ECLAC. 2014. Guaranteeing Indigenous People’s Rights in Latin America. Progress in the Past Decade and Remaining Challenges. Summary. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations.
ECLAC. 2016. The Social Inequality Matrix in Latin America. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations.
ECLAC. 2017. Social Panorama of Latin America, 2016. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations.
ECLAC. 2018. Afro Descendent Women in Latin America and the Caribbean: Debts of Equality. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations.
ECLAC. 2019a. Social Panorama of Latin America, 2019. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations.
ECLAC. 2019b. Gender Equality Plans in Latin America and the Caribbean: Road Maps for Development. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations.
Freedom House. 2020. Freedom in the World Data. Available at https: //freedomhouse. org/report/freedom-world.
Goodrick, Delwyn. 2014. Comparative Case Studies: Methodological Briefs - Impact Evaluation No. 9. Florence, Italy: United Nations.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. 2020. Data & Tools | International IDEA. Available at https: //www. idea. int/data-tools.
International Labour Office. 2013. “Statistics of Work, Employment and Labour Underutilization”. In Geneva. https: //www. ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---stat/documents/publication/wcms_220535. pdf.
Jimenez, Wilson and Miguel Vera. (2010). Indigenous Population and Differences in Access to Primary Education in Bolivia. Ottawa: FOCAL.

Johnson, Burke, and Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie. 2004. “Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come”. Educational Researcher 33(7): 14-26.
Kabeer, Naila, and Luisa Natali. 2013. “Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Is There a Win-Win”? IDS Working Papers 2013(417): 1–58.
Klasen, Stephan. 2000. Does Gender Inequality Reduce Growth and Development: Evidence from Cross-Country Regressions (English)? Policy research report on gender and development working paper series; no. 7 Washington, D. C: World Bank Group. http: //documents. worldbank. org/curated/en/612001468741378860/Does-gender-inequality-reduce-growth-and-development-evidence-from-cross-country-regressions (Accessed December 13, 2019).
Klasen, Stephan. 2002. “Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross‐Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development”. The World Bank Economic Review 16(3): 345-373.
Klasen, Stephan and Francesca Lamanna. 2009. “The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment on Economic Growth: New Evidence for a Panel of Countries”. Feminist Economics 15(3): 91-132.
Lundvall, Jonna Maria, Santiago Garriga, Anna Tabitha Bonfert, Emcet Oktay Tas and Maria Villegas-Otero. 2015. Bolivia - Challenges and Constraints to Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment. Washington, D. C: World Bank Group.
Mainwaring, Scott, and Aníbal Pérez-Liñán. 2013. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America – Replication Dataset. University of Notre Dame and University of Pittsburgh. Available at http: //kellogg. nd. edu/democracies-materials. shtml.
Minority Rights Group. 2019. “Chile - Minority Rights Group”. https: //minorityrights. org/country/chile/ (Accessed May 16, 2020).
Montalvo, José G. and Marta Reynal-Querol. 2005. "Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars”. American Economic Review 95(3): 796-816.
North, Douglass C. 1991. “Institutions”. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 5(1): 97-112.
OHCHR. 2011. Manual on Human Rights Monitoring: Integrating Gender into Human Rights Monitoring. Geneva, New York: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations.
Raul Madrid. 2016. Latin American Ethnicity Database. University of Texas Austin. Available at https: //raulmadrid. org/.
Richards, Patricia. 2005. “The Politics of Gender, Human Rights, and Being Indigenous in Chile”. Gender and Society 19(2): 199-220.
Rodrik, Dani. 2002. “Institutions, Integration, and Geography: in Search of the Deep Determinants of Economic Growth”. https: //wcfia. Harvard. edu/publications/institutions-integration-and-geography-search-deep-determinants-economic-growth (Accessed December 20, 2019).
Sachs, Jeffrey D. and Andrew Warner. 1995. “Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration”. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 26: 1-118.
Seguino, Stephanie. 2000a. “Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis”. World Development 28(7): 1211-1230.
Seguino, Stephanie. 2000b. “Accounting for Gender in Asian Economic Growth”. Feminist Economics 6(3): 27-58.
Seguino, Stephanie. 2010. “Gender, Distribution, and Balance of Payments Constrained Growth in Developing Countries”. Review of Political Economy 22(3): 373–404.
Stromquist, Nelly. 2001. “What Poverty Does to Girls’ Education: The Intersection of Class, Gender and Policy in Latin America”. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 31(1): 39-56.

UNDP. 2019a. “Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century a Briefing Note for Countries on the 2019 Human Development Report Bolivia (Plurinational State Of Bolivia)”. http: //hdr. undp. org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/BOL. pdf.
UNDP. 2019b. “Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century: Briefing Note for Countries on the 2019 Human Development Report, Chile.” http: //hdr. undp. org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/CHL. pdf.
United Nations. 2019a. “Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth”. https: //www. un. org/sustainabledevelopment/economic-growth/ (Accessed December 13, 2019).
United Nations. 2019b. “Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Disability | United Nations Enable”. https: //www. un. org/development/desa/disabilities/about-us/sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-and-disability. html (Accessed May 16, 2020).
Villarroel, Gratzia. 2011. “Bolivian Women: Making the Revolution”. ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America. https: //revista. drclas. harvard. edu/book/bolivian-women (Accessed July 31, 2020).
Werner, Alejandro. 2020. “Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean: New Challenges to Growth”. IMF Blog. https: //blogs. imf. org/2020/01/29/outlook-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-new-challenges-to-growth/ (Accessed June 16, 2020).
World Bank. 2012. “World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development”. https: //openknowledge. worldbank. org/handle/10986/ (Accessed December 19, 2019).
World Bank. 2013. Inclusion Matters: The Foundation for Shared Prosperity. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank. 2015. Indigenous Latin America in the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank. 2018. “World Development Indicators 2018”. https: //openknowledge. worldbank. org/handle/10986/26447 (Accessed December 19, 2019).
World Bank. 2019. World Bank Open Data. Available at https: //data. worldbank. org/ .
World Bank. 2020a. “The World Bank in Bolivia”. https: //www. worldbank. org/en/country/bolivia/overview (Accessed May 27, 2020).
World Bank. 2020b. “The World Bank in Chile”. https: //www. worldbank. org/en/country/bolivia/overview (Accessed May 27, 2020).
World Bank Group. 2020. “World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal”. https: //climateknowledgeportal. worldbank. org/ (May 27, 2020).
Young, Alwyn. 1995. “The Tyranny of Numbers: Accounting for the Economic Miracle in East Asia”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(3): 641-680.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
107862018
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107862018
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蘇彥斌zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yen-Pin Suen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 丹尼斯·平托zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Denise Pintoen_US
dc.creator (作者) 丹尼斯·平托zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Pinto, Deniseen_US
dc.date (日期) 2020en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2020 13:14:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Sep-2020 13:14:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2020 13:14:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0107862018en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/131932-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 107862018zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 近期已有不少研究探討性別不平等的現象對於一國經濟表現的影響，然而，相關的實證結果莫衷一是。本論文主張，性別不平等對於一國經濟成長的效應視該國的族群分歧程度而定。具體而言，本論文假設：性別不平等與族群分歧對於經濟成長的交互作用將會降低經濟成長。本論文聚焦於教育、勞力與就業三個層面的性別不平等，並利用18個拉丁美洲國家在1980年至2018年的資料進行分析。本論文的實證分析結果顯示，當一國的性別不平等情況愈嚴重，而且其族群分歧程度愈高時，則該國會出現較低的經濟成長率。除了量化分析之外，本論文亦透過玻利維亞與智利的比較案例研究，說明經濟成長如何受到性別不平等與族群分歧程度的交互作用所影響。總體而言，本論文試圖為政治經濟學的文獻提供補充觀點，同時也為開發中國家的經濟發展提供政策啟發。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Recent literature has been analyzing the key role of gender inequality for explaining economic performance. However, findings about the effects of gender inequality are inconclusive. In this thesis, I contend that the effect of gender inequality on economic growth is conditional on ethnic fractionalization. I hypothesize that the combined effect of greater levels of gender gaps and ethnic cleavage reduces economic growth. Focusing on gender inequality in education, labor force, and employment, I empirically test my hypothesis based on data in 18 Latin American countries from 1980 to 2018. The quantitative analyses demonstrate that that a country with a wider gender gap and a higher degree of ethnic fractionalization is more likely to have low economic growth. The qualitative comparative case studies of Bolivia and Chile further illustrate how economic performance is affected by the interaction effects of gender gaps and ethnic fractionalization. Overall, this thesis aims to fill the gap in the literature of political economy and provide policy implications for the economic development of developing countries.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents
Abstract 2
Keywords 2
Acknowledgments 3
List of Figures 6
List of Tables 7
Chapter One: Introduction 8
1.1 Puzzle: 8
1.2 Why economic growth? 9
Chapter Two: Theoretical Perspectives 13
2.1 Explaining Economic Growth 13
2.2 Gender Inequality 14
2.3 Ethnic Fractionalization 16
2.4 The Combined Effects of Gender Inequality and Ethnic Fractionalization 17
Chapter Three: Gender Inequality and Ethnic Fractionalization in Latin America 21
3.1 Gender Inequality 22
3.2 Ethnic Fractionalization 24
Chapter Four: Quantitative Analysis 27
4.1 Data and Operationalization 27
4.1.1 Dependent Variable 27
4.1.2 Independent Variables 27
4.1.3 Control Variables 29
4.2 Methods and Estimation Techniques 36
4.3 Empirical Results 36
Chapter Five: Qualitative Analyses 47
5.1 Overview 47
5.2 Case Study of Bolivia 49
5.3 Case Study of Chile 56
5.4 Discussion 61
Chapter Six: Conclusion 65
6.1 Research Summary 65
6.2 Policy Implications 66
References 69		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1553944 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107862018en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 性別落差zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 族群分歧zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 經濟成長zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 拉丁美洲zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 玻利維亞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 智利zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gender gapen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ethnical fractionalizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) economic growthen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Latin Americaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Boliviaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chileen_US
dc.title (題名) 拉丁美洲的性別不平等、族群分歧和經濟增長zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Gender Inequality, Ethnic Cleavages, and Economic Growth in Latin Americaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alesina, Alberto, Arnaud Devleeschauwer, William Easterly, Sergio Kurlat, and Romain Wacziarg. 2003. “Fractionalization”. Journal of Economic Growth 8(2): 155-194.
Baez, Cristian. 2018. “Reflections on the Afro-Chilean Social Movement: We Entered as Blacks, and We Left as Afro descendants and Afro-Chileans Appeared on the Scene”. ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America. https: //revista. drclas. Harvard. edu/book/reflections-afro-chilean-social-movement-we-entered-blacks-and-we-left? (Accessed July 31, 2020).
Banda, Fareda and Christine Chinkin. 2004. “Report Gender, Minorities and Indigenous Peoples”. https: //minorityrights. org/advocacy-statements/report-launch-gender-minorities-and- indigenous-peoples/ (Accessed December 19, 2019).
Becker, Gary, Edward Glaeser, and Kevin Murphy. 1999. “Population and Economic Growth”. American Economic Review 89(2): 145–149.
Braunstein, Elissa. 2012. “Neoliberal Development Macroeconomics: A Consideration of its Gendered Employment Effects”. UNRISD Research Paper 2012-1, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD).
Collier, Paul. 2001. “Ethnic Diversity: An Economic Analysis”. Economic Policy 32: 127–66.
Cruz, Cesi, Philip Keefer, and Carlos Scartascini. 2018. Database of Political Institutions 2017 (DPI2017). Inter-American Development Bank. Available at https: //mydata. iadb. org/Reform-Modernization-of-the-State/ Database-of-Political-Institutions-2017/938i-s2bw.
De Gregorio, Jose, and Jong-Wha Lee. 1999. “Economic Growth in Latin America: Sources and Prospects”. Paper prepared for the Global Development Network Conference, Cairo, Egypt.
De Paula, Carmen. 2018. Gender Gaps in Chile : An Overview. Washington, D. C: World Bank Group.
Easterly, William and Ross Levine. 1997. “Africa`s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(4): 1203–1250.
ECLAC. 2014. Guaranteeing Indigenous People’s Rights in Latin America. Progress in the Past Decade and Remaining Challenges. Summary. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations.
ECLAC. 2016. The Social Inequality Matrix in Latin America. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations.
ECLAC. 2017. Social Panorama of Latin America, 2016. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations.
ECLAC. 2018. Afro Descendent Women in Latin America and the Caribbean: Debts of Equality. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations.
ECLAC. 2019a. Social Panorama of Latin America, 2019. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations.
ECLAC. 2019b. Gender Equality Plans in Latin America and the Caribbean: Road Maps for Development. Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations.
Freedom House. 2020. Freedom in the World Data. Available at https: //freedomhouse. org/report/freedom-world.
Goodrick, Delwyn. 2014. Comparative Case Studies: Methodological Briefs - Impact Evaluation No. 9. Florence, Italy: United Nations.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. 2020. Data & Tools | International IDEA. Available at https: //www. idea. int/data-tools.
International Labour Office. 2013. “Statistics of Work, Employment and Labour Underutilization”. In Geneva. https: //www. ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---stat/documents/publication/wcms_220535. pdf.
Jimenez, Wilson and Miguel Vera. (2010). Indigenous Population and Differences in Access to Primary Education in Bolivia. Ottawa: FOCAL.

Johnson, Burke, and Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie. 2004. “Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come”. Educational Researcher 33(7): 14-26.
Kabeer, Naila, and Luisa Natali. 2013. “Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Is There a Win-Win”? IDS Working Papers 2013(417): 1–58.
Klasen, Stephan. 2000. Does Gender Inequality Reduce Growth and Development: Evidence from Cross-Country Regressions (English)? Policy research report on gender and development working paper series; no. 7 Washington, D. C: World Bank Group. http: //documents. worldbank. org/curated/en/612001468741378860/Does-gender-inequality-reduce-growth-and-development-evidence-from-cross-country-regressions (Accessed December 13, 2019).
Klasen, Stephan. 2002. “Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross‐Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development”. The World Bank Economic Review 16(3): 345-373.
Klasen, Stephan and Francesca Lamanna. 2009. “The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment on Economic Growth: New Evidence for a Panel of Countries”. Feminist Economics 15(3): 91-132.
Lundvall, Jonna Maria, Santiago Garriga, Anna Tabitha Bonfert, Emcet Oktay Tas and Maria Villegas-Otero. 2015. Bolivia - Challenges and Constraints to Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment. Washington, D. C: World Bank Group.
Mainwaring, Scott, and Aníbal Pérez-Liñán. 2013. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America – Replication Dataset. University of Notre Dame and University of Pittsburgh. Available at http: //kellogg. nd. edu/democracies-materials. shtml.
Minority Rights Group. 2019. “Chile - Minority Rights Group”. https: //minorityrights. org/country/chile/ (Accessed May 16, 2020).
Montalvo, José G. and Marta Reynal-Querol. 2005. "Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars”. American Economic Review 95(3): 796-816.
North, Douglass C. 1991. “Institutions”. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 5(1): 97-112.
OHCHR. 2011. Manual on Human Rights Monitoring: Integrating Gender into Human Rights Monitoring. Geneva, New York: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations.
Raul Madrid. 2016. Latin American Ethnicity Database. University of Texas Austin. Available at https: //raulmadrid. org/.
Richards, Patricia. 2005. “The Politics of Gender, Human Rights, and Being Indigenous in Chile”. Gender and Society 19(2): 199-220.
Rodrik, Dani. 2002. “Institutions, Integration, and Geography: in Search of the Deep Determinants of Economic Growth”. https: //wcfia. Harvard. edu/publications/institutions-integration-and-geography-search-deep-determinants-economic-growth (Accessed December 20, 2019).
Sachs, Jeffrey D. and Andrew Warner. 1995. “Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration”. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 26: 1-118.
Seguino, Stephanie. 2000a. “Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis”. World Development 28(7): 1211-1230.
Seguino, Stephanie. 2000b. “Accounting for Gender in Asian Economic Growth”. Feminist Economics 6(3): 27-58.
Seguino, Stephanie. 2010. “Gender, Distribution, and Balance of Payments Constrained Growth in Developing Countries”. Review of Political Economy 22(3): 373–404.
Stromquist, Nelly. 2001. “What Poverty Does to Girls’ Education: The Intersection of Class, Gender and Policy in Latin America”. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 31(1): 39-56.

UNDP. 2019a. “Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century a Briefing Note for Countries on the 2019 Human Development Report Bolivia (Plurinational State Of Bolivia)”. http: //hdr. undp. org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/BOL. pdf.
UNDP. 2019b. “Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century: Briefing Note for Countries on the 2019 Human Development Report, Chile.” http: //hdr. undp. org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/CHL. pdf.
United Nations. 2019a. “Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth”. https: //www. un. org/sustainabledevelopment/economic-growth/ (Accessed December 13, 2019).
United Nations. 2019b. “Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Disability | United Nations Enable”. https: //www. un. org/development/desa/disabilities/about-us/sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-and-disability. html (Accessed May 16, 2020).
Villarroel, Gratzia. 2011. “Bolivian Women: Making the Revolution”. ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America. https: //revista. drclas. harvard. edu/book/bolivian-women (Accessed July 31, 2020).
Werner, Alejandro. 2020. “Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean: New Challenges to Growth”. IMF Blog. https: //blogs. imf. org/2020/01/29/outlook-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-new-challenges-to-growth/ (Accessed June 16, 2020).
World Bank. 2012. “World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development”. https: //openknowledge. worldbank. org/handle/10986/ (Accessed December 19, 2019).
World Bank. 2013. Inclusion Matters: The Foundation for Shared Prosperity. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank. 2015. Indigenous Latin America in the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank. 2018. “World Development Indicators 2018”. https: //openknowledge. worldbank. org/handle/10986/26447 (Accessed December 19, 2019).
World Bank. 2019. World Bank Open Data. Available at https: //data. worldbank. org/ .
World Bank. 2020a. “The World Bank in Bolivia”. https: //www. worldbank. org/en/country/bolivia/overview (Accessed May 27, 2020).
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202001355en_US