學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 女英雄崛起：以角色認同和自我一致性檢視超級英雄電影的享樂感
Superheroine: The Enjoyment of Superhero Movie in the Perspective of Character Identification and Self-Congruity作者 黃文楷
Huang, Wen-Kan貢獻者 林淑芳
Lin, Shu-Fang
黃文楷
Huang, Wen-Kan關鍵詞 超級英雄
電影
角色認同
自我一致性
享樂感日期 2020 上傳時間 2-Sep-2020 13:20:34 (UTC+8) 摘要 超級英雄電影於近年廣受大眾歡迎，成為主流電影的類型之一，但關於超級英雄電影享樂感的研究卻仍然很少。另外電影中的女性角色形象於近年逐漸改變，女英雄角色於電影中出現之頻率增高，電影中性別刻板印象的程度則逐漸降低，這種情況和女性觀眾的觀影後感受是否相關值得關注。本研究採用單因子實驗設計，並假設電影中的女性角色形象會引發角色認同與理想自我一致性，並和享樂感與生活意義感相關，後兩者又會影響觀眾的自我效能感、領導特質評價與身體意象評價。結果指出，當觀賞的是女英雄角色時，女性觀眾的情緒共情程度會提升，正向影響享樂感；認知共情、角色融合、理想自我一致性程度亦會提升，正向影響生活意義感，但同時女英雄角色亦會直接提升女性觀眾的生活意義感，而生活意義感還會和女性觀眾的自我效能感呈現正相關。本研究結果證實女英雄角色的確能帶給女性觀眾更高程度的享樂感和生活意義感，且觀眾的其他態度與認知也可能被它們影響，此點為日後實務上電影製作與行銷提供了學術支持，除了吸引女性客群外，或許亦可藉此傳達性平觀念。而隨著超級英雄電影的持續火紅，本研究認為未來研究首先可針對更多樣的女性角色進行深入分析，也能探討男性觀眾又是為何被女英雄角色吸引，最後還可延伸探討影響享樂感和生活意義感，或被其影響的因素。 參考文獻 中文部分：李素月、陳延昇（民104年）。偶像劇中愛情與性別角色的再現與迷思：以台灣偶像劇的男女主角互動為例。中華傳播學刊，28，157-196。李紫茵、王嵩音（民100年）。線上遊戲性別轉換行為分析。傳播與社會學刊，18，45-78。簡皓瑜（譯）（民93年）。性與性別（原作者：Archer, J., & Lloyd, B.）。臺北市：巨流圖書公司。（原著出版年：2002）現代婦女基金會（民108年）。性別平等了沒？【部落格文字資料】。取自 https://www.38.org.tw/news3_detail.asp?mem_auto=32&p_kind=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF&p_kind2=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&p_kind3=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B1#p01行政院性別平等會（民108年）。2019年性別圖像手冊【電子郵件清單訊息】。取自https://gec.ey.gov.tw/Page/8996A23EDB9871BE徐嘉亷（民96年）。美國好萊塢超級英雄電影之研究（碩士論文）。取自台灣碩博士論文系統。（系統編號096TKU05232016）吳翠珍（民93年）。媒體的性別刻板印象。。媒體素養暨教案徵選教師研習，政大傳播學院媒體素養研究室。文化部（民109年1月13日）。2018影視廣播產業趨勢研究調查報告─電影產業【電子郵件清單訊息】。取自https://www.bamid.gov.tw/information_243_107704.html英文部分：Abrams, J. R., & Giles, H. (2007). Ethnic identity gratifications selection and avoidance by African Americans: A group vitality and social identity gratifications perspective. Media Psychology, 9(1), 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260709336805Aguirre-Rodriguez, A., Bóveda-Lambie, A. M., & Miniard, P. W. (2014). The impact of consumer avatars in Internet retailing on self-congruity with brands. Marketing Letters, 26(4), 631-641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-014-9296-zAhn, D., Annie Jin, S.-A., & Ritterfeld, U. (2012). Sad movies don’t always make me cry. Journal of Media Psychology, 24(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000058Apaolaza-Ibantilde, V., Ez, Hartmann, P., Diehl, R., & Terlutter, R. (2011). Women satisfaction with cosmetic brands: The role of dissatisfaction and hedonic brand benefits. African journal of business management, 5(3), 792-802. http:// 10.5897/AJBM10.305Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20-39. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4278999Aubrey, J. S. (2006). Effects of sexually objectifying media on self-objectification and body surveillance in undergraduates: results of a 2-year panel study. Journal of Communication, 56(2), 366-386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00024.xBandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1Bartky, S. L. (1990). Femininity and domination. New York, NY: Routledge.Bartsch, A. (2012). Emotional gratification in entertainment experience. Why viewers of movies and television series find it rewarding to experience emotions. Media Psychology, 15(3), 267-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2012.693811Beasley, B., & Collins S. T. (2002). Shirts vs. skins: Clothing as an indicator of gender role stereotyping in video games. Mass Communication and Society, 5(3), 279-293. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0503_3Behm-Morawitz, E., & Mastro, D. (2009). The effects of the sexualization of female video game characters on gender stereotyping and female self-concept. Sex Roles, 61(11-12), 808-823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9683-8Behm-Morawitz, E., & Pennell, H. (2013). The effects of superhero sagas on our gendered selves. In R. Rosenberg (Ed.), Our superheroes, ourselves, 73-93. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139. https://doi.org/10.1086/209154Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2003). Consumer-company identification: A framework for understanding consumers’ relationships with companies. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67. 2.76.18609Boon, S., & Lomore, C. (2001). Admirer-celebrity relationships among young adults. Human Communication Research, 27(3), 432-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2001.tb00788.xBox Office Mojo. (2017). 2017 Worldwide box office. [Web blog message]. Retrieved from https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2017/Box Office Mojo. (2019). 2019 Worldwide box office. [Web blog message]. Retrieved from https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2019/Box Office Mojo. (2020). 2020 Worldwide box office. [Web blog message]. Retrieved from https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2020/Buonomo, I., Fiorilli, C., & Benevene, P. (2019). The Impact of Emotions and Hedonic Balance on Teachers’ Self-Efficacy: Testing the Bouncing Back Effect of Positive Emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01670Busselle, R., & Bilandzic, H. (2009). Measuring narrative engagement. Media Psychology, 12(4), 321-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260903287259Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676-713. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.106.4.676Castle, J. J., & Stepp, K. (2018). Silver screen sorting: Social identity and selective exposure in popular film viewing. The Social Science Journal, 55(4), 487-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.04.001Clover, C. J. (1987). Her body, himself: Gender in the slasher film. Representations, 20, 187-228. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928507Cohen, J. (2001). Defining identification: A theoretical look at the identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication and Society, 4(3), 245-264. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0403_01Connell, R.W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person, and sexual politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Coyne, S. M., Linder, J. R., Rasmussen, E. E., Nelson, D. A., & Collier, K. M. (2014). It’s a bird! It’s a plane! It’s a gender stereotype! Longitudinal associations between superhero viewing and gender stereotyped play. Sex Roles, 70(9-10), 416-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0374-8de Wied, M., Zillmann, D., & Ordman, V. (1995). The role of empathic distress in the enjoyment of cinematic tragedy. Poetics, 23(1-2), 91-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-422x(94)00010-4Deaux, K., & Lewis, L. L. (1984). Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(5), 991-1004. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.991der Kinderen, S., Valk, A., Khapova, S. N., & Tims, M. (2020). Facilitating eudaimonic well-being in mental health care organizations: The role of servant leadership and workplace civility climate. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041173Dietz, T. L. (1998). An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior. Sex Roles, 38(5-6), 425-442. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018709905920Eisend, M., & Möller, J. (2006). The influence of TV viewing on consumers’ body images and related consumption behavior. Marketing Letters, 18(1-2), 101-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-006-9004-8Franzoi, S. L., & Shields, S. A. (1984). The body esteem scale: Multidimensional structure and sex differences in a college population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(2), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4802_12Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T.-A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.xGapinski, K. D. (2003). Body objectification and “fat talk”: Effects on emotion, motivation, and cognitive performance. Sex Roles, 48(9-10), 377-388. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023516209973Gerbner, G. (1998). Cultivation analysis: An overview. Mass Communication and Society, 1(3-4), 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.1998.9677855Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1994). Growing up with television: The cultivation perspective. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), LEA`s communication series. Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 17-41). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Glick, P., Lameiras, M., Fiske, S. T., Eckes, T., Masser, B., Volpato, C., … Wells, R. (2004). Bad but bold: Ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(5), 713-728. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.713Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2008). The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 460-476. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2001). The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10005Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271Gutierres, S. E., Kenrick, D. T., & Partch, J. J. (1999). Beauty, dominance, and the mating game: contrast effects in self-assessment reflect gender differences in mate selection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(9), 1126-1134. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992512006Gutschoven, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2005). Television viewing and age at smoking initiation: Does a relationship exist between higher levels of television viewing and earlier onset of smoking? Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 7(3), 381-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200500125260Hanich, J., Wagner, V., Shah, M., Jacobsen, T., & Menninghaus, W. (2014). Why we like to watch sad films. The pleasure of being moved in aesthetic experience. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8(2), 130-143. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035690Harper, B., & Tiggemann, M. (2007). The effect of thin ideal media images on women’s self-objectification, mood, and body image. Sex Roles, 58(9-10), 649-657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9379-xHarrison, K. (2003). Television viewers’ ideal body proportions: the case of the curvaceously thin woman. Sex Roles, 48(5-6), 255-264. https://doi.org/ 10.1023/a:1022825421647Harrison, K., & Cantor, J. (1997). The relationship between media consumption and eating disorders. Journal of Communication, 47(1), 40-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1997.tb02692.xHerbozo, S., Tantleff-Dunn, S., Gokee-Larose, J., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). Beauty and thinness messages in children’s media: A content analysis. Eating Disorders, 12(1), 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260490267742Herrett-Skjellum, J., & Allen, M. (1996). Television programming and sex stereotyping: A meta-analysis. Annals of the International Communication Association, 19(1), 157-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1996.11678930Herrmann, S. D., Adelman, R. M., Bodford, J. E., Graudejus, O., Okun, M. A., & Kwan, V. S. Y. (2016). The effects of a female role model on academic performance and persistence of women in STEM courses. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 38(5), 258-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2016.1209757Hong, J. W., & Zinkhan, G. M. (1995). Self-concept and advertising effectiveness: The influence of congruency, conspicuousness, and response mode. Psychology and Marketing, 12(1), 53-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220120105Hu, M., Zhang, M., & Wang, Y. (2017). Why do audiences choose to keep watching on live video streaming platforms? An explanation of dual identification framework. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 594-606. https://doi.org/ 0.1016/j.chb.2017.06.006Huber, F., Vollhardt, K., Matthes, I., & Vogel, J. (2010). Brand misconduct: Consequences on consumer-brand relationships. Journal of Business Research, 63(11), 1113-1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.10.006Igartua, J. J., & Pa ́ez, D. (1998). Validez y fiabilidad de una escala de empat ́ıa e identificacio ́n con los personajes [Validity and reliability of an empathy and identification with characters scale]. Psicothema, 10(2), 423-436.Igartua, J. J. (2010). Identification with characters and narrative persuasion through fictional feature films. Communications, 35(4), 347-373. https://doi.org/ 10.1515/comm.2010.019Islam, J. U., Rahman, Z., & Hollebeek, L. D. (2018). Consumer engagement in online brand communities: A solicitation of congruity theory. Internet Research, 28(1), 23-45. https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-09-2016-0279Jansz, J., & Martis, R. G. (2007). The Lara Phenomenon: Powerful female characters in video games. Sex Roles, 56(3-4), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9158-0Johar, J. S., & Sirgy, M. J. (1991). Value-expressive versus utilitarian advertising appeals: When and why to use which appeal. Journal of Advertising, 20(3), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1991.10673345Jones, P. (2018). Diana in the world of men: A character network approach to analyzing gendered vocal representation in Wonder Woman. Feminist Media Studies, 20(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1510846Kim, H.-S., & Hong, H. (2011). Fashion Leadership and Hedonic Shopping Motivations of Female Consumers. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 29(4), 314–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302x11422819Kay, M., Matuszek, C., & Munson, S. A. (2015). Unequal representation and gender stereotypes in image search results for occupations. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 15, 3819-3828. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702520Knobloch-Westerwick, S., & Alter, S. (2006). Mood adjustment to social situations through mass media use: How men ruminate and women dissipate angry moods. Human Communication Research, 32(1), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00003.xKolbe, R. H., & Albanese, P. J. (1996). Man to man: A content analysis of sole-male images in male-audience magazines. Journal of Advertising, 25(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1996.10673509Koo, W., Cho, E., & Kim, Y.-K. (2014). Actual and ideal self-congruity affecting consumers’ emotional and behavioral responses toward an online store. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 147-153. https://10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.058Kressmann, F., Sirgy, M. J., Herrmann, A., Huber, F., Huber, S., & Lee, D. J. (2006). Direct and indirect effects of self-image congruence on brand loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 59(9), 955-964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.06.001Kubey, R. W. (1986). Television use in everyday life: Coping with unstructured time. Journal of Communication, 36(3), 108-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1986.tb01441.xKubey, R., & Larson, R. (1990). The use and experience of the new video media among children and young adolescents. Communication Research, 17(1), 107-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365090017001006Labouvie-Vief, G. (2003). Dynamic integration. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(6), 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0963-7214.2003.01262.xLatu, I. M., Mast, M. S., Lammers, J., & Bombari, D. (2013). Successful female leaders empower women’s behavior in leadership tasks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), 444-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.01.003Lightsey, O. R., Boyraz, G., Ervin, A., Rarey, E. B., Gharibian Gharghani, G., & Maxwell, D. (2014). Generalized self-efficacy, positive cognitions, and negative cognitions as mediators of the relationship between conscientiousness and meaning in life. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 46(3), 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034022López-Guimerà, G., Levine, M. P., Sánchez-carracedo, D., & Fauquet, J. (2010). Influence of mass media on body image and eating disordered attitudes and behaviors in females: A review of effects and processes. Media Psychology, 13(4), 387-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2010.525737Loton, D. J., & Waters, L. E. (2017). The mediating effect of self-efficacy in the connections between strength-based parenting, Happiness and Psychological Distress in Teens. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01707Mastro, D. E. (2003). A social identity approach to understanding the impact of television messages. Communication Monographs, 70(2), 98-113. https://10.1080/0363775032000133764Mastro, D. E., Behm-Morawitz, E., & Kopacz, M. A. (2008). Exposure to television portrayals of Latinos: The implications of aversive racism and social identity theory. Human Communication Research, 34(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00311.xMcCallister, S. L., Bauer, J. E., Ducklow, H. W., & Canuel, E. A. (2006). Sources of estuarine dissolved and particulate organic matter: A multi-tracer approach. Organic Geochemistry, 37(4), 454-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.12.005McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20(2), 181-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.xMoradi, B., & Huang, Y.-P. (2008). Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(4), 377-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.xMiller, T. (2001). Global Hollywood vs. America. New York, NY: HarperCollins.Morgenroth, T., & Ryan, M. K. (2020). The effects of gender trouble: An integrative theoretical framework of the perpetuation and disruption of the gender/sex binary. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 174569162090244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620902442Mulvey, L. (1999). Visual pleasure and narrative cinema. In S. Thornham (Ed.), Feminist film theory: A reader (pp. 58-69). New York, NY: New York University Press.Musen, G., & Treisman, A. (1990). Implicit and explicit memory for visual patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(1), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.16.1.127Noll, S. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22(4), 623-636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00181.xOliver, M. B., & Bartsch, A. (2010). Appreciation as audience response: Exploring entertainment gratifications beyond hedonism. Human Communication Research, 36(1), 53-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01368.xOliver, M. B., & Bartsch, A. (2011). Appreciation of entertainment. Journal of Media Psychology, 23(1), 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000029Oliver, M. B., Hartmann, T., & Woolley, J. K. (2012). Elevation in response to entertainment portrayals of moral virtue. Human Communication Research, 38(3), 360-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01427.xOliver, M. B., & Raney, A. A. (2011). Entertainment as pleasurable and meaningful: Identifying hedonic and eudaimonic motivations for entertainment consumption. Journal of Communication, 61(5), 984-1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01585.xOliver, M. B., Weaver, III, J. B., & Sargent, S. L. (2000). An examination of factors related to sex differences in enjoyment of sad films. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(2), 282-300. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_8Park, C. W., Jaworski, B. J., & MacInnis, D. J. (1986). Strategic Brand Concept-Image Management. Journal of Marketing, 50(4), 135-145. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298605000401Parrott, S., & Parrott, C. T. (2015). U.S. Television’s “Mean World” for White Women: The Portrayal of Gender and Race on Fictional Crime Dramas. Sex Roles, 73(1-2), 70-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0505-xPennell, H., & Behm-Morawitz, E. (2015). The empowering (super) heroine? The effects of sexualized female characters in superhero films on women. Sex Roles, 72(5-6), 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0455-3Perse, E. M., Kubey, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Television and the quality of life: How viewing shapes everyday experience. Contemporary Sociology, 20(2), 284. https://doi.org/10.2307/2072983Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C., & Cunha, M. P. E. (2012). Retail employees’ self-efficacy and hope predicting their positive affect and creativity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21(6), 923-945. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2011.610891Richard R. (1994). Super heroes: A modern mythology (Studies in popular culture) by Richard Reynolds. Mississippi, MS: University Press of Mississippi.Rehak, B. (2003). Mapping the bit girl Lara Croft and new media fandom. Information, Communication & Society, 6(4), 477-496. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/1369118032000163222Rhodes, R. E., & Kates, A. (2015). Can the affective response to exercise predict future motives and physical activity behavior? A systematic review of published evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(5), 715-731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9704-5Richwine, L. (2014). Cyber attack could cost Sony studio as much as $100 million. [web log comment]. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sony-cybersecurity-costs/cyber-attack-could-cost-sony-studio-as-much-as-100-million-idUSKBN0JN2L020141209Robinson, D. C. (1981). Changing functions of mass media in the people’s republic of China. Journal of Communication, 31(4), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1981.tb00451.xRoy, R., & Rabbanee, F. K. (2015). Antecedents and consequences of self-congruity. European Journal of Marketing, 49(3-4), 444-466. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejm-12-2013-0739Rudman, W. J., & Hagiwara, A. F. (1992). Sexual exploitation in advertising health and wellness products. Women & Health, 18(4), 77-89. https://doi.org/ 10.1300/j013v18n04_05Ryan, R. M, & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141Ryan, R. M., Huta, V., & Deci, E. L. (2008). Living well: a self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 139-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9023-4Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The Contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1Scharrer, E. (2004). Virtual violence: Gender and aggression in video game advertisements. Mass Communication and Society, 7(4), 393-412. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0704_2Scharrer, E. (2005). Hypermasculinity, aggression, and television violence: An experiment. Media Psychology, 7(4), 353-376. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s1532785xmep0704_3Scharrer, E., & Blackburn, G. (2017). Cultivating conceptions of masculinity: Television and perceptions of masculine gender role norms. Mass Communication and Society, 21(2), 149-177.https://10.1080/15205436.2017.1406118Schau, H. J., & Gilly, M. C. (2003). We are what we post? Self-presentation in personal web space. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(3), 385-404. https://doi.org/10.1086/378616Simon, R., Gilgoff, D., & Samuel, T. (2004). In the house of the believers. US News & World Report, 137(4), 16-24.Schmader, T., Block, K., & Lickel, B. (2015). Social identity threat in response to stereotypic film portrayals: Effects on self-conscious emotion and implicit ingroup attitudes. Journal of Social Issues, 71(1), 54-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12096Sirgy, M. J. (1982). Self-concept in consumer behavior: A critical review. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(3), 287. https://doi.org/10.1086/208924Sommers-Flanagan, R., Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Davis, B. (1993). What’s happening on music television? A gender role content analysis. Sex Roles, 28(11-12), 745-753. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00289991Stabile, C. A. (2009). “Sweetheart, this ain’t gender studies”: Sexism and superheroes. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 6(1), 86-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420802663686Stern, B. B., Russell, C. A., & Russell, D. W. (2007). Hidden persuasions in soap operas: damaged heroines and negative consumer effects. International Journal of Advertising, 26(1), 9-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2007.11072994Swami, V., Weis, L., Barron, D., & Furnham, A. (2017). Positive body image is positively associated with hedonic (emotional) and eudaimonic (psychological and social) well-being in British adults. The Journal of Social Psychology, 158(5), 541–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2017.1392278Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London; New York, NY: Published in cooperation with European Association of Experimental Social Psychology by Academic PressTajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.Tasker, Y. (2012). Action heroines in the 1980s: The limits of “masculinity”. In D. Morley (Ed.), Spectacular bodies (pp. 132-152). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203221846Tamborini, R., Bowman, N. D., Eden, A., Grizzard, M., & Organ, A. (2010). Defining media enjoyment as the satisfaction of intrinsic needs. Journal of Communication, 60(4), 758-777. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01513.xThomson, M. (2006). Human brands: Investigating antecedents to consumers’ strong attachments to celebrities. Journal of Marketing, 70(3), 104-119. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.70.3.104Tiggemann, M. (2003). Media exposure, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: television and magazines are not the same! European Eating Disorders Review, 11(5), 418-430. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.502Trepte, S. (2006). Social identity theory. In J. Bryant & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Psychology of entertainment (pp. 255-271). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell.Twenge, J. M. (1997). Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 36(5-6), 305-325. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02766650Unger, R. and Crawford, M. (1992). Women and gender: A feminist psychology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Ussher, J. M. (1989). Critical psychology series. The psychology of the female body. New York, NY: Taylor & Frances/Routledge.Vigolo, V., & Ugolini, M. M. (2016). Does this fit my style? The role of self-congruity in young women’s repurchase intention for intimate apparel. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 20(4), 417-434. https://doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-02-2015-0016Villaume, K., & Hasson, D. (2017). Employee health-relevant personality traits are associated with the psychosocial work environment and leadership. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 23(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10773525.2017.1386385Vorderer, P. (2001). It’s all entertainment-sure. But what exactly is entertainment? Communication research, media psychology, and the explanation of entertainment experiences. Poetics, 29(4-5), 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-422x(01)00037-7Wang, C. S., & Wang, C. H. (2004). The revision of the translated multidimensionalbody-self relations questionnaire. 臺灣運動心理學報, 5, 101-126.Wang, S.-J., Hsu, C.-P., Huang, H.-C., & Chen, C.-L. (2015). How readers’ perceived self-congruity and functional congruity affect bloggers’ informational influence. Online Information Review, 39(4), 537-555. https://doi.org/10.1108/oir-02-2015-0063Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678-691. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063Weaver, A. J. (2011). The role of actors’ race in white audiences’ selective exposure to movies. Journal of Communication, 61(2), 369-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01544.xWirth, W., Hofer, M., & Schramm, H. (2012). Beyond pleasure: Exploring the eudaimonic entertainment experience. Human Communication Research, 38(4), 406-428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01434.xYoung, D. M., Rudman, L. A., Buettner, H. M., & McLean, M. C. (2013). The Influence of Female Role Models on Women’s Implicit Science Cognitions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(3), 283-292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313482109Zillmann, D. (1988). Mood management through communication choices. American Behavioral Scientist, 31(3), 327-340. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276488031003005Zillmann, D. (1991). Empathy: Affect from bearing witness to the emotions of others. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Communication. Responding to the screen: Reception and reaction processes (pp. 135-167). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Zillmann, D. (1996). The psychology of suspense in dramatic exposition. In P. Vorderer, H. J. Wulff, & M. Friedrichsen (Eds.), LEA`s communication series. Suspense: Conceptualizations, theoretical analyses, and empirical explorations (pp. 199-231). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Zillmann, D. (2000). Mood management in the context of selective exposure theory. Annals of the International Communication Association, 23(1), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2000.11678971Zuckerman, M., & Neeb, M. (1979). Sensation seeking and psychopathology. Psychiatry Research, 1(3), 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(79)90007-6 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程
107464028資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107464028 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林淑芳 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Shu-Fang en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黃文楷 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Huang, Wen-Kan en_US dc.creator (作者) 黃文楷 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Huang, Wen-Kan en_US dc.date (日期) 2020 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2020 13:20:34 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Sep-2020 13:20:34 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2020 13:20:34 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0107464028 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/131967 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 107464028 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 超級英雄電影於近年廣受大眾歡迎，成為主流電影的類型之一，但關於超級英雄電影享樂感的研究卻仍然很少。另外電影中的女性角色形象於近年逐漸改變，女英雄角色於電影中出現之頻率增高，電影中性別刻板印象的程度則逐漸降低，這種情況和女性觀眾的觀影後感受是否相關值得關注。本研究採用單因子實驗設計，並假設電影中的女性角色形象會引發角色認同與理想自我一致性，並和享樂感與生活意義感相關，後兩者又會影響觀眾的自我效能感、領導特質評價與身體意象評價。結果指出，當觀賞的是女英雄角色時，女性觀眾的情緒共情程度會提升，正向影響享樂感；認知共情、角色融合、理想自我一致性程度亦會提升，正向影響生活意義感，但同時女英雄角色亦會直接提升女性觀眾的生活意義感，而生活意義感還會和女性觀眾的自我效能感呈現正相關。本研究結果證實女英雄角色的確能帶給女性觀眾更高程度的享樂感和生活意義感，且觀眾的其他態度與認知也可能被它們影響，此點為日後實務上電影製作與行銷提供了學術支持，除了吸引女性客群外，或許亦可藉此傳達性平觀念。而隨著超級英雄電影的持續火紅，本研究認為未來研究首先可針對更多樣的女性角色進行深入分析，也能探討男性觀眾又是為何被女英雄角色吸引，最後還可延伸探討影響享樂感和生活意義感，或被其影響的因素。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章 緒論 1第一節 研究背景和動機 1第二節 研究目的 2第貳章 文獻回顧 5第一節 超級英雄電影之發展 5第二節 媒體中的性別刻板印象 8第三節 閱聽人對角色的認同與自我一致性 18第四節 超級英雄電影中的女英雄與享樂感 22第五節 性別刻板印象對享樂感與生活意義感的影響 31第六節 享樂感、生活意義感與自我效能感 32第七節 享樂感、生活意義感與領導特質 34第八節 享樂感、生活意義感與身體意象評價 36第參章 研究方法 38第一節 研究架構 38第二節 研究假設與問題 39第三節 研究方法與研究設計 42第四節 實驗刺激物 43第五節 正式實驗對象與流程 43第六節 研究變項定義與測量 45第七節 前測 50第肆章 研究結果 53第一節 實驗受試者樣本分佈 53第二節 量表信度分析 54第三節 變項操弄檢定 55第四節 假設檢定 56第伍章 結論 84第一節 發現與討論 84第二節 學術與實務貢獻 88第三節 研究限制與未來建議 89參考文獻 93附錄：量表 114 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2229618 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107464028 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 超級英雄 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 電影 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 角色認同 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自我一致性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 享樂感 zh_TW dc.title (題名) 女英雄崛起：以角色認同和自我一致性檢視超級英雄電影的享樂感 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Superheroine: The Enjoyment of Superhero Movie in the Perspective of Character Identification and Self-Congruity en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分：李素月、陳延昇（民104年）。偶像劇中愛情與性別角色的再現與迷思：以台灣偶像劇的男女主角互動為例。中華傳播學刊，28，157-196。李紫茵、王嵩音（民100年）。線上遊戲性別轉換行為分析。傳播與社會學刊，18，45-78。簡皓瑜（譯）（民93年）。性與性別（原作者：Archer, J., & Lloyd, B.）。臺北市：巨流圖書公司。（原著出版年：2002）現代婦女基金會（民108年）。性別平等了沒？【部落格文字資料】。取自 https://www.38.org.tw/news3_detail.asp?mem_auto=32&p_kind=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF&p_kind2=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&p_kind3=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B1#p01行政院性別平等會（民108年）。2019年性別圖像手冊【電子郵件清單訊息】。取自https://gec.ey.gov.tw/Page/8996A23EDB9871BE徐嘉亷（民96年）。美國好萊塢超級英雄電影之研究（碩士論文）。取自台灣碩博士論文系統。（系統編號096TKU05232016）吳翠珍（民93年）。媒體的性別刻板印象。。媒體素養暨教案徵選教師研習，政大傳播學院媒體素養研究室。文化部（民109年1月13日）。2018影視廣播產業趨勢研究調查報告─電影產業【電子郵件清單訊息】。取自https://www.bamid.gov.tw/information_243_107704.html英文部分：Abrams, J. R., & Giles, H. (2007). Ethnic identity gratifications selection and avoidance by African Americans: A group vitality and social identity gratifications perspective. Media Psychology, 9(1), 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260709336805Aguirre-Rodriguez, A., Bóveda-Lambie, A. M., & Miniard, P. W. (2014). The impact of consumer avatars in Internet retailing on self-congruity with brands. Marketing Letters, 26(4), 631-641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-014-9296-zAhn, D., Annie Jin, S.-A., & Ritterfeld, U. (2012). Sad movies don’t always make me cry. Journal of Media Psychology, 24(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000058Apaolaza-Ibantilde, V., Ez, Hartmann, P., Diehl, R., & Terlutter, R. (2011). Women satisfaction with cosmetic brands: The role of dissatisfaction and hedonic brand benefits. African journal of business management, 5(3), 792-802. http:// 10.5897/AJBM10.305Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20-39. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4278999Aubrey, J. S. (2006). Effects of sexually objectifying media on self-objectification and body surveillance in undergraduates: results of a 2-year panel study. Journal of Communication, 56(2), 366-386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00024.xBandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1Bartky, S. L. (1990). Femininity and domination. New York, NY: Routledge.Bartsch, A. (2012). Emotional gratification in entertainment experience. Why viewers of movies and television series find it rewarding to experience emotions. Media Psychology, 15(3), 267-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2012.693811Beasley, B., & Collins S. T. (2002). Shirts vs. skins: Clothing as an indicator of gender role stereotyping in video games. Mass Communication and Society, 5(3), 279-293. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0503_3Behm-Morawitz, E., & Mastro, D. (2009). The effects of the sexualization of female video game characters on gender stereotyping and female self-concept. Sex Roles, 61(11-12), 808-823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9683-8Behm-Morawitz, E., & Pennell, H. (2013). The effects of superhero sagas on our gendered selves. In R. Rosenberg (Ed.), Our superheroes, ourselves, 73-93. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139. https://doi.org/10.1086/209154Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2003). Consumer-company identification: A framework for understanding consumers’ relationships with companies. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67. 2.76.18609Boon, S., & Lomore, C. (2001). Admirer-celebrity relationships among young adults. Human Communication Research, 27(3), 432-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2001.tb00788.xBox Office Mojo. (2017). 2017 Worldwide box office. [Web blog message]. Retrieved from https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2017/Box Office Mojo. (2019). 2019 Worldwide box office. [Web blog message]. Retrieved from https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2019/Box Office Mojo. (2020). 2020 Worldwide box office. [Web blog message]. Retrieved from https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2020/Buonomo, I., Fiorilli, C., & Benevene, P. (2019). The Impact of Emotions and Hedonic Balance on Teachers’ Self-Efficacy: Testing the Bouncing Back Effect of Positive Emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01670Busselle, R., & Bilandzic, H. (2009). Measuring narrative engagement. Media Psychology, 12(4), 321-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260903287259Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676-713. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.106.4.676Castle, J. J., & Stepp, K. (2018). Silver screen sorting: Social identity and selective exposure in popular film viewing. The Social Science Journal, 55(4), 487-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.04.001Clover, C. J. (1987). Her body, himself: Gender in the slasher film. Representations, 20, 187-228. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928507Cohen, J. (2001). Defining identification: A theoretical look at the identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication and Society, 4(3), 245-264. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0403_01Connell, R.W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person, and sexual politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Coyne, S. M., Linder, J. R., Rasmussen, E. E., Nelson, D. A., & Collier, K. M. (2014). It’s a bird! It’s a plane! It’s a gender stereotype! Longitudinal associations between superhero viewing and gender stereotyped play. Sex Roles, 70(9-10), 416-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0374-8de Wied, M., Zillmann, D., & Ordman, V. (1995). The role of empathic distress in the enjoyment of cinematic tragedy. Poetics, 23(1-2), 91-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-422x(94)00010-4Deaux, K., & Lewis, L. L. (1984). Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(5), 991-1004. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.991der Kinderen, S., Valk, A., Khapova, S. N., & Tims, M. (2020). Facilitating eudaimonic well-being in mental health care organizations: The role of servant leadership and workplace civility climate. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041173Dietz, T. L. (1998). An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior. Sex Roles, 38(5-6), 425-442. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018709905920Eisend, M., & Möller, J. (2006). The influence of TV viewing on consumers’ body images and related consumption behavior. Marketing Letters, 18(1-2), 101-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-006-9004-8Franzoi, S. L., & Shields, S. A. (1984). The body esteem scale: Multidimensional structure and sex differences in a college population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(2), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4802_12Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T.-A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.xGapinski, K. D. (2003). Body objectification and “fat talk”: Effects on emotion, motivation, and cognitive performance. Sex Roles, 48(9-10), 377-388. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023516209973Gerbner, G. (1998). Cultivation analysis: An overview. Mass Communication and Society, 1(3-4), 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.1998.9677855Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1994). Growing up with television: The cultivation perspective. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), LEA`s communication series. Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 17-41). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Glick, P., Lameiras, M., Fiske, S. T., Eckes, T., Masser, B., Volpato, C., … Wells, R. (2004). Bad but bold: Ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(5), 713-728. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.713Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2008). The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 460-476. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2001). The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10005Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271Gutierres, S. E., Kenrick, D. T., & Partch, J. J. (1999). Beauty, dominance, and the mating game: contrast effects in self-assessment reflect gender differences in mate selection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(9), 1126-1134. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992512006Gutschoven, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2005). Television viewing and age at smoking initiation: Does a relationship exist between higher levels of television viewing and earlier onset of smoking? Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 7(3), 381-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200500125260Hanich, J., Wagner, V., Shah, M., Jacobsen, T., & Menninghaus, W. (2014). Why we like to watch sad films. The pleasure of being moved in aesthetic experience. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8(2), 130-143. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035690Harper, B., & Tiggemann, M. (2007). The effect of thin ideal media images on women’s self-objectification, mood, and body image. Sex Roles, 58(9-10), 649-657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9379-xHarrison, K. (2003). Television viewers’ ideal body proportions: the case of the curvaceously thin woman. Sex Roles, 48(5-6), 255-264. https://doi.org/ 10.1023/a:1022825421647Harrison, K., & Cantor, J. (1997). The relationship between media consumption and eating disorders. Journal of Communication, 47(1), 40-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1997.tb02692.xHerbozo, S., Tantleff-Dunn, S., Gokee-Larose, J., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). Beauty and thinness messages in children’s media: A content analysis. Eating Disorders, 12(1), 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260490267742Herrett-Skjellum, J., & Allen, M. (1996). Television programming and sex stereotyping: A meta-analysis. Annals of the International Communication Association, 19(1), 157-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1996.11678930Herrmann, S. D., Adelman, R. M., Bodford, J. E., Graudejus, O., Okun, M. A., & Kwan, V. S. Y. (2016). The effects of a female role model on academic performance and persistence of women in STEM courses. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 38(5), 258-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2016.1209757Hong, J. W., & Zinkhan, G. M. (1995). Self-concept and advertising effectiveness: The influence of congruency, conspicuousness, and response mode. Psychology and Marketing, 12(1), 53-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220120105Hu, M., Zhang, M., & Wang, Y. (2017). Why do audiences choose to keep watching on live video streaming platforms? An explanation of dual identification framework. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 594-606. https://doi.org/ 0.1016/j.chb.2017.06.006Huber, F., Vollhardt, K., Matthes, I., & Vogel, J. (2010). Brand misconduct: Consequences on consumer-brand relationships. Journal of Business Research, 63(11), 1113-1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.10.006Igartua, J. J., & Pa ́ez, D. (1998). Validez y fiabilidad de una escala de empat ́ıa e identificacio ́n con los personajes [Validity and reliability of an empathy and identification with characters scale]. Psicothema, 10(2), 423-436.Igartua, J. J. (2010). Identification with characters and narrative persuasion through fictional feature films. Communications, 35(4), 347-373. https://doi.org/ 10.1515/comm.2010.019Islam, J. U., Rahman, Z., & Hollebeek, L. D. (2018). Consumer engagement in online brand communities: A solicitation of congruity theory. Internet Research, 28(1), 23-45. https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-09-2016-0279Jansz, J., & Martis, R. G. (2007). The Lara Phenomenon: Powerful female characters in video games. Sex Roles, 56(3-4), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9158-0Johar, J. S., & Sirgy, M. J. (1991). Value-expressive versus utilitarian advertising appeals: When and why to use which appeal. Journal of Advertising, 20(3), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1991.10673345Jones, P. (2018). Diana in the world of men: A character network approach to analyzing gendered vocal representation in Wonder Woman. Feminist Media Studies, 20(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1510846Kim, H.-S., & Hong, H. (2011). Fashion Leadership and Hedonic Shopping Motivations of Female Consumers. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 29(4), 314–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302x11422819Kay, M., Matuszek, C., & Munson, S. A. (2015). Unequal representation and gender stereotypes in image search results for occupations. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 15, 3819-3828. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702520Knobloch-Westerwick, S., & Alter, S. (2006). Mood adjustment to social situations through mass media use: How men ruminate and women dissipate angry moods. Human Communication Research, 32(1), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00003.xKolbe, R. H., & Albanese, P. J. (1996). Man to man: A content analysis of sole-male images in male-audience magazines. Journal of Advertising, 25(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1996.10673509Koo, W., Cho, E., & Kim, Y.-K. (2014). Actual and ideal self-congruity affecting consumers’ emotional and behavioral responses toward an online store. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 147-153. https://10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.058Kressmann, F., Sirgy, M. J., Herrmann, A., Huber, F., Huber, S., & Lee, D. J. (2006). Direct and indirect effects of self-image congruence on brand loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 59(9), 955-964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.06.001Kubey, R. W. (1986). Television use in everyday life: Coping with unstructured time. Journal of Communication, 36(3), 108-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1986.tb01441.xKubey, R., & Larson, R. (1990). The use and experience of the new video media among children and young adolescents. Communication Research, 17(1), 107-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365090017001006Labouvie-Vief, G. (2003). Dynamic integration. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(6), 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0963-7214.2003.01262.xLatu, I. M., Mast, M. S., Lammers, J., & Bombari, D. (2013). Successful female leaders empower women’s behavior in leadership tasks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), 444-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.01.003Lightsey, O. R., Boyraz, G., Ervin, A., Rarey, E. B., Gharibian Gharghani, G., & Maxwell, D. (2014). Generalized self-efficacy, positive cognitions, and negative cognitions as mediators of the relationship between conscientiousness and meaning in life. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 46(3), 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034022López-Guimerà, G., Levine, M. P., Sánchez-carracedo, D., & Fauquet, J. (2010). Influence of mass media on body image and eating disordered attitudes and behaviors in females: A review of effects and processes. Media Psychology, 13(4), 387-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2010.525737Loton, D. J., & Waters, L. E. (2017). The mediating effect of self-efficacy in the connections between strength-based parenting, Happiness and Psychological Distress in Teens. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01707Mastro, D. E. (2003). A social identity approach to understanding the impact of television messages. Communication Monographs, 70(2), 98-113. https://10.1080/0363775032000133764Mastro, D. E., Behm-Morawitz, E., & Kopacz, M. A. (2008). Exposure to television portrayals of Latinos: The implications of aversive racism and social identity theory. Human Communication Research, 34(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00311.xMcCallister, S. L., Bauer, J. E., Ducklow, H. W., & Canuel, E. A. (2006). Sources of estuarine dissolved and particulate organic matter: A multi-tracer approach. Organic Geochemistry, 37(4), 454-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.12.005McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20(2), 181-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.xMoradi, B., & Huang, Y.-P. (2008). Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(4), 377-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.xMiller, T. (2001). Global Hollywood vs. America. New York, NY: HarperCollins.Morgenroth, T., & Ryan, M. K. (2020). The effects of gender trouble: An integrative theoretical framework of the perpetuation and disruption of the gender/sex binary. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 174569162090244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620902442Mulvey, L. (1999). Visual pleasure and narrative cinema. In S. Thornham (Ed.), Feminist film theory: A reader (pp. 58-69). New York, NY: New York University Press.Musen, G., & Treisman, A. (1990). Implicit and explicit memory for visual patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(1), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.16.1.127Noll, S. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22(4), 623-636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00181.xOliver, M. B., & Bartsch, A. (2010). Appreciation as audience response: Exploring entertainment gratifications beyond hedonism. Human Communication Research, 36(1), 53-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01368.xOliver, M. B., & Bartsch, A. (2011). Appreciation of entertainment. Journal of Media Psychology, 23(1), 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000029Oliver, M. B., Hartmann, T., & Woolley, J. K. (2012). Elevation in response to entertainment portrayals of moral virtue. Human Communication Research, 38(3), 360-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01427.xOliver, M. B., & Raney, A. A. (2011). Entertainment as pleasurable and meaningful: Identifying hedonic and eudaimonic motivations for entertainment consumption. Journal of Communication, 61(5), 984-1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01585.xOliver, M. B., Weaver, III, J. B., & Sargent, S. L. (2000). An examination of factors related to sex differences in enjoyment of sad films. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(2), 282-300. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_8Park, C. W., Jaworski, B. J., & MacInnis, D. J. (1986). Strategic Brand Concept-Image Management. Journal of Marketing, 50(4), 135-145. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298605000401Parrott, S., & Parrott, C. T. (2015). U.S. Television’s “Mean World” for White Women: The Portrayal of Gender and Race on Fictional Crime Dramas. Sex Roles, 73(1-2), 70-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0505-xPennell, H., & Behm-Morawitz, E. (2015). The empowering (super) heroine? The effects of sexualized female characters in superhero films on women. Sex Roles, 72(5-6), 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0455-3Perse, E. M., Kubey, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Television and the quality of life: How viewing shapes everyday experience. Contemporary Sociology, 20(2), 284. https://doi.org/10.2307/2072983Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C., & Cunha, M. P. E. (2012). Retail employees’ self-efficacy and hope predicting their positive affect and creativity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21(6), 923-945. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2011.610891Richard R. (1994). Super heroes: A modern mythology (Studies in popular culture) by Richard Reynolds. Mississippi, MS: University Press of Mississippi.Rehak, B. (2003). Mapping the bit girl Lara Croft and new media fandom. Information, Communication & Society, 6(4), 477-496. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/1369118032000163222Rhodes, R. E., & Kates, A. (2015). Can the affective response to exercise predict future motives and physical activity behavior? A systematic review of published evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(5), 715-731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9704-5Richwine, L. (2014). Cyber attack could cost Sony studio as much as $100 million. [web log comment]. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sony-cybersecurity-costs/cyber-attack-could-cost-sony-studio-as-much-as-100-million-idUSKBN0JN2L020141209Robinson, D. C. (1981). Changing functions of mass media in the people’s republic of China. Journal of Communication, 31(4), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1981.tb00451.xRoy, R., & Rabbanee, F. K. (2015). Antecedents and consequences of self-congruity. European Journal of Marketing, 49(3-4), 444-466. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejm-12-2013-0739Rudman, W. J., & Hagiwara, A. F. (1992). Sexual exploitation in advertising health and wellness products. Women & Health, 18(4), 77-89. https://doi.org/ 10.1300/j013v18n04_05Ryan, R. M, & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141Ryan, R. M., Huta, V., & Deci, E. L. (2008). Living well: a self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 139-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9023-4Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The Contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1Scharrer, E. (2004). Virtual violence: Gender and aggression in video game advertisements. Mass Communication and Society, 7(4), 393-412. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0704_2Scharrer, E. (2005). Hypermasculinity, aggression, and television violence: An experiment. Media Psychology, 7(4), 353-376. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s1532785xmep0704_3Scharrer, E., & Blackburn, G. (2017). Cultivating conceptions of masculinity: Television and perceptions of masculine gender role norms. Mass Communication and Society, 21(2), 149-177.https://10.1080/15205436.2017.1406118Schau, H. J., & Gilly, M. C. (2003). We are what we post? Self-presentation in personal web space. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(3), 385-404. https://doi.org/10.1086/378616Simon, R., Gilgoff, D., & Samuel, T. (2004). In the house of the believers. US News & World Report, 137(4), 16-24.Schmader, T., Block, K., & Lickel, B. (2015). Social identity threat in response to stereotypic film portrayals: Effects on self-conscious emotion and implicit ingroup attitudes. Journal of Social Issues, 71(1), 54-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12096Sirgy, M. J. (1982). Self-concept in consumer behavior: A critical review. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(3), 287. https://doi.org/10.1086/208924Sommers-Flanagan, R., Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Davis, B. (1993). What’s happening on music television? A gender role content analysis. Sex Roles, 28(11-12), 745-753. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00289991Stabile, C. A. (2009). “Sweetheart, this ain’t gender studies”: Sexism and superheroes. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 6(1), 86-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420802663686Stern, B. B., Russell, C. A., & Russell, D. W. (2007). Hidden persuasions in soap operas: damaged heroines and negative consumer effects. International Journal of Advertising, 26(1), 9-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2007.11072994Swami, V., Weis, L., Barron, D., & Furnham, A. (2017). Positive body image is positively associated with hedonic (emotional) and eudaimonic (psychological and social) well-being in British adults. The Journal of Social Psychology, 158(5), 541–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2017.1392278Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London; New York, NY: Published in cooperation with European Association of Experimental Social Psychology by Academic PressTajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.Tasker, Y. (2012). Action heroines in the 1980s: The limits of “masculinity”. In D. Morley (Ed.), Spectacular bodies (pp. 132-152). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203221846Tamborini, R., Bowman, N. D., Eden, A., Grizzard, M., & Organ, A. (2010). Defining media enjoyment as the satisfaction of intrinsic needs. Journal of Communication, 60(4), 758-777. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01513.xThomson, M. (2006). Human brands: Investigating antecedents to consumers’ strong attachments to celebrities. Journal of Marketing, 70(3), 104-119. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.70.3.104Tiggemann, M. (2003). Media exposure, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: television and magazines are not the same! European Eating Disorders Review, 11(5), 418-430. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.502Trepte, S. (2006). Social identity theory. In J. Bryant & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Psychology of entertainment (pp. 255-271). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell.Twenge, J. M. (1997). Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 36(5-6), 305-325. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02766650Unger, R. and Crawford, M. (1992). Women and gender: A feminist psychology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Ussher, J. M. (1989). Critical psychology series. The psychology of the female body. New York, NY: Taylor & Frances/Routledge.Vigolo, V., & Ugolini, M. M. (2016). Does this fit my style? The role of self-congruity in young women’s repurchase intention for intimate apparel. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 20(4), 417-434. https://doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-02-2015-0016Villaume, K., & Hasson, D. (2017). Employee health-relevant personality traits are associated with the psychosocial work environment and leadership. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 23(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10773525.2017.1386385Vorderer, P. (2001). It’s all entertainment-sure. But what exactly is entertainment? Communication research, media psychology, and the explanation of entertainment experiences. Poetics, 29(4-5), 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-422x(01)00037-7Wang, C. S., & Wang, C. H. (2004). The revision of the translated multidimensionalbody-self relations questionnaire. 臺灣運動心理學報, 5, 101-126.Wang, S.-J., Hsu, C.-P., Huang, H.-C., & Chen, C.-L. (2015). How readers’ perceived self-congruity and functional congruity affect bloggers’ informational influence. Online Information Review, 39(4), 537-555. https://doi.org/10.1108/oir-02-2015-0063Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678-691. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063Weaver, A. J. (2011). The role of actors’ race in white audiences’ selective exposure to movies. Journal of Communication, 61(2), 369-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01544.xWirth, W., Hofer, M., & Schramm, H. (2012). Beyond pleasure: Exploring the eudaimonic entertainment experience. Human Communication Research, 38(4), 406-428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01434.xYoung, D. M., Rudman, L. A., Buettner, H. M., & McLean, M. C. (2013). The Influence of Female Role Models on Women’s Implicit Science Cognitions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(3), 283-292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313482109Zillmann, D. (1988). Mood management through communication choices. American Behavioral Scientist, 31(3), 327-340. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276488031003005Zillmann, D. (1991). Empathy: Affect from bearing witness to the emotions of others. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Communication. Responding to the screen: Reception and reaction processes (pp. 135-167). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Zillmann, D. (1996). The psychology of suspense in dramatic exposition. In P. Vorderer, H. J. Wulff, & M. Friedrichsen (Eds.), LEA`s communication series. Suspense: Conceptualizations, theoretical analyses, and empirical explorations (pp. 199-231). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Zillmann, D. (2000). Mood management in the context of selective exposure theory. Annals of the International Communication Association, 23(1), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2000.11678971Zuckerman, M., & Neeb, M. (1979). Sensation seeking and psychopathology. Psychiatry Research, 1(3), 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(79)90007-6 zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202001281 en_US
