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題名 以訊息即時性為基礎之車載網路傳輸協定
Age-of-Information based transmission protocol in VANET
作者 黃中諺
Huang, Chung-Yen
貢獻者 張宏慶
Jang, Hung-Chin
黃中諺
Huang, Chung-Yen
關鍵詞 車載網路
信標訊息
訊息即時性
智慧型運輸系統
訊息傳輸協定
網路模擬
Vehicles network
Beacon message
Age-of-information
Intelligent transport system
Transmission protocol
Network simulation
日期 2020
上傳時間 3-Nov-2020 11:28:21 (UTC+8)
摘要 隨著智慧城市(smart city)的發展，車載網路與智慧型運輸系統(Intelligent Transport systems，ITS)的發展益發蓬勃，若能從車載網路蒐集車輛的行車資訊，集中至智慧城市的系統中，則能藉由了解區域內車輛的行駛狀況，即時調整交通控制的設施，達到改善交通或增進行車安全的目的。即使在缺乏智慧城市設施的郊區，車載網路仍然可以增進行車安全，譬如在轉彎的死角，無論是駕駛者或車輛上裝設的感測器皆無法發現轉彎處是否有其他汽車，但是車載網路能讓車輛得知其他車輛的行車資訊，讓車輛或駕駛事先知道可能的危險，達到增進行車安全的目的。本研究以WAVE/DSRC (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments，車用環境無線擷取；Dedicated Short-Range Communications，專用短距通訊)為基礎。在IEEE 802.11p 及 IEEE 1609標準中，車輛在移動狀態下，車上設備(On Board Unit，OBU)與路側單元(Roadside Unit，RSU)藉由5.9GHz (5.85~5.925GHZ)微波頻段傳輸資料，建立車間通訊(Vehicle to Vehicle，V2V)及車對設施(Vehicle to Infrastructure，V2I)的短程通訊。本研究討論信標訊息(beacon message)在車載網路傳輸的即時性。信標訊息是車載網路溝通傳輸的基本訊息，包含各種安全訊息，如行車方向、行車速度與所在位置等。本研究引入訊息即時性(Age-of-Information，AoI)此一新興的數據指標來反應訊息的即時性。AoI定義為訊息經發送端取樣後至接收端收到訊息所經過的時間，用以描述訊息自取樣後至觀察者/接收端實際花費的時間。本研究提出中心化的AoI-based protocol與分散式的AoI-based protocol，並使用Random-Walk與SUMO模擬行車動態，再搭配多個RSU設置情境來模擬各種車載網路，最後以模擬實驗驗證本研究所提出之AoI-based protocol的效能。
With the development of smart cities, the development of vehicle networks and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is booming. If the driving information of vehicles can be collected from the vehicle network, and then forwarded to the smart city traffic control system, the driving conditions of the vehicles in the area can be under control, and the traffic control facilities can be adjusted in real-time, thereby achieving the goal of improving traffic and increasing driving safety. Even in the suburbs that lack smart city facilities, the vehicle network can increase vehicle safety by the vehicular networks. For example, in the turning corners, neither the driver nor the sensors installed on the vehicle can detect other vehicles at the corner. However, the vehicular network lets vehicles know the driving information of other vehicles, let the vehicles or drivers know whether there is danger, and thus achieve the purpose of increasing vehicle safety. The communication of this study is based on WAVE / DSRC (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments / Dedicated Short-Range Communications). In the IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609 standards, when the vehicle is moving, the on-board unit (OBU) and roadside unit (RSU) use the 5.9GHz (5.85 ~ 5.925GHZ) microwave frequency band to transmit data and establish vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) short-range communications. This study discusses the timeliness of the transmission of beacon messages on the vehicular network. Beacon messages are the basic messages communicated by the vehicle network and contain various safety messages, such as driving directions, speed, and location. We use an emerging network metric, Age-of-Information (AoI), to reflect the timeliness of messages. This study proposes a centralized AoI-based protocol and a decentralized AoI-based protocol and uses Random-Walk and SUMO to simulate driving dynamics. We use multiple RSU scenarios to simulate various vehicle networks and verify the performance of the proposed protocols.
參考文獻 1. Atef Abdrabou and Sagar Naik, “Delay analysis of a reliable broadcast scheme for I2V/V2I communications,” 2017 IEEE 86th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), 24-27 Sept. 2017.
2. Sami S. Alwakeel, Hesham A. Altwaijry, and Agung B. Prasetijo, “A multiple classifiers broadcast protocol for VANET,” 2017 4th International Conference on Information Technology, Computer, and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), 18-19 Oct. 2017.
3. Abdel Mehsen Ahmad, Zouhair Bazzal, Ali Kalakesh, and Laura Al Wardani, ”A reliable broadcast approach for VANET`s safety messages,” 2017 29th International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM), 10-13 Dec. 2017.
4. Maissam Asgari and Saleh Yousefi,” Traffic modeling of safety applications in vehicular networks,” The 5th Conference on Information and Knowledge Technology, 28-30 May 2013.
5. Andrea Baiocchi and Ion Turcanu, “A model for the optimization of beacon message age-of-Information in a VANET,” 2017 29th International Teletraffic Congress (ITC 29), Sept 2017.
6. Yu-Pin Hsu, Eytan Modiano, and Lingjie Duan,” Scheduling algorithms for minimizing age of information in wireless broadcast networks with random arrivals,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 20 August 2019.
7. Qin Guo, Heng Liu, and Pingzhi Fan,” Impacts of high mobility on post-processing SINR estimation for MIMO-OFDM transmissions,” 2013 International Workshop on High Mobility Wireless Communications, 1-3 Nov. 2013.
8. Yoshiaki Inoue, Hiroyuki Masuyama, Tetsuya Takine, and Toshiyuki Tanaka,” The stationary distribution of the age of information in FCFS single-server queues,” 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), 25-30 June 2017.
9. Igor Kadota, Elif Uysal-Biyikoglu, Rahul Singh, and Eytan Modiano, “ Scheduling policies for minimizing age of information in broadcast wireless networks,” 2016 54th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton), 27-30 Sept. 2016.
10. Igor Kadota, Elif Uysal-Biyikoglu, Rahul Singh, and Eytan Modiano,” Minimizing the age of information in broadcast wireless networks,” 2016 54th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton), 27-30 Sept. 2016.
11. Igor Kadota, Abhishek Sinha, and Eytan Modiano, “Scheduling algorithms for optimizing age of information in wireless networks with throughput constraints,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 10 June 2019, Page(s): 1359 – 1372.
12. Clement Kam, Sastry Kompella, Gam D. Nguyen, Jeffrey E. Wieselthier, and Anthony Ephremides,” Modeling the age of information in emulated ad hoc networks,” MILCOM 2017 - 2017 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), 23-25 Oct. 2017.
13. Sanjit Kaul, Roy Yates, and Marco Gruteser, “Real-time status: How often should one update?” 2012 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, March 2012.
14. Sanjit Kaul, Marco Gruteser, Vinuth Rai, and John Kenney, ” Minimizing age of information in vehicular networks,” 2011 8th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 27-30 June 2011.
15. Ganesh S. Khekare and Apeksha V. Sakhare,” A smart city framework for intelligent traffic system using VANET,” 2013 International Mutli-Conference on Automation, Computing, Communication, Control and Compressed Sensing (iMac4s) , 22-23 March 2013.
16. Yiji Lei and Heng Liu, “Optimal LTE-A pilot patterns and numbers of MIMO transmission streams under high mobility scenarios,” 2014 International Workshop on High Mobility Wireless Communications, 1-3 Nov. 2014.
17. Tehuang Liu and Wanjiun Liao, “Location-dependent throughput and delay in wireless mesh networks, “ in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, April 2008.
18. Yongfu Li, Wenbo Chen, Srinivas Peeta, and Yibing Wang, “Platoon control of connected multi-vehicle systems under V2X communications: design and experiments,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 11 April 2019.
19. Samrat Nath, Jingxian Wu, and Jing Yang, ” Optimizing age-of-information and energy efficiency tradeoff for mobile pushing notifications,” 2017 IEEE 18th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), 3-6 July 2017.
20. Yuanzhi Ni, Lin Cai, and Yuming Bo, “Vehicular beacon broadcast scheduling based on age of information (AoI),” in China Communications, July 2018.
21. Yavuz Pekşen and Tankut Acarman, ” Relay of multi-hop safety message based on beaconing in VANET,” 2012 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES 2012), 24-27 July 2012.
22. Chandrashekhar. M. Raut and Satish. R. Devane,” Intelligent transportation system for smart city using VANET,” 2017 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 6-8 April 2017.
23. Ghassan Samara and Wafaa A.H. Ali Alsalihy,” A new security mechanism for vehicular communication networks,” Information Technology Journal, Volume 11 (9): 1235-1242, 2012.
24. Yin Sun and Benjamin Cyr, ”Information aging through queues: A mutual information perspective,” 2018 IEEE 19th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), 25-28 June 2018.
25. Irshad Ahmed Soomro, Halabi Hasbullah, and Jamalul-lail bin Ab Manan, “User Requirements Model for Vehicular Ad hoc Network Applications,” 2010 International Symposium on Information Technology, 15-17 June 2010.
26. Elmar Schoch, Frank Kargl, and Michael Weber “Communication patterns in VANETs,” IEEE Communications Magazine, 25 November 2008, Page(s): 119 – 125.
27. Rajat Talak, Sertac Karaman, and Eytan Modiano, “Minimizing age-of-information in multi-hop wireless networks,” 2017 55th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton), 3-6 Oct. 2017.
28. Haoyue Tang, Jintao Wang, Zihan Tang, and Jian Song, “Scheduling to minimize age of synchronization in wireless broadcast networks with random updates,” 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), 7-12 July 2019.
29. Vishrant Tripathi and Sharayu Moharir, “Age of information in multi-source systems,” GLOBECOM 2017 - 2017 IEEE Global Communications Conference, 4-8 Dec. 2017.
30. Ralf Weber, Jim Misener, and Vince Park, ” C-V2X - a communication technology for cooperative, connected and automated mobility,” Mobile Communication - Technologies and Applications, 15-16 May, 2019.
31. Yiming Xu, V. Mahendran, Wei Guo, and Sridhar Radhakrishnan, “Fairness in fog networks: achieving fair throughput performance in MQTT-based IoTs,” 2017 14th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), 8-11 Jan. 2017.
32. Fei Ye, Raymond Yim, Sumit Roy, and Jinyun Zhang,” Efficiency and reliability of one-hop broadcasting in vehicular ad hoc networks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, 30 December 2010.
33. Haibo Zhou, Wenchao Xu, Jiacheng Chen, and Wei Wang, “Evolutionary V2X technologies toward the internet of vehicles: challenges and opportunities,” Proceedings of the IEEE, 23 January 2020.
34. https://www.nsnam.org/ retrieve date:2020/9/8.
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36. https://trid.trb.org/view/757708 retrieve date:2020/9/8.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊科學系
106753022
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106753022
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張宏慶zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Jang, Hung-Chinen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黃中諺zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Huang, Chung-Yenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 黃中諺zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Huang, Chung-Yenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2020en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Nov-2020 11:28:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Nov-2020 11:28:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Nov-2020 11:28:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106753022en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/132448-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 資訊科學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 106753022zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隨著智慧城市(smart city)的發展，車載網路與智慧型運輸系統(Intelligent Transport systems，ITS)的發展益發蓬勃，若能從車載網路蒐集車輛的行車資訊，集中至智慧城市的系統中，則能藉由了解區域內車輛的行駛狀況，即時調整交通控制的設施，達到改善交通或增進行車安全的目的。即使在缺乏智慧城市設施的郊區，車載網路仍然可以增進行車安全，譬如在轉彎的死角，無論是駕駛者或車輛上裝設的感測器皆無法發現轉彎處是否有其他汽車，但是車載網路能讓車輛得知其他車輛的行車資訊，讓車輛或駕駛事先知道可能的危險，達到增進行車安全的目的。本研究以WAVE/DSRC (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments，車用環境無線擷取；Dedicated Short-Range Communications，專用短距通訊)為基礎。在IEEE 802.11p 及 IEEE 1609標準中，車輛在移動狀態下，車上設備(On Board Unit，OBU)與路側單元(Roadside Unit，RSU)藉由5.9GHz (5.85~5.925GHZ)微波頻段傳輸資料，建立車間通訊(Vehicle to Vehicle，V2V)及車對設施(Vehicle to Infrastructure，V2I)的短程通訊。本研究討論信標訊息(beacon message)在車載網路傳輸的即時性。信標訊息是車載網路溝通傳輸的基本訊息，包含各種安全訊息，如行車方向、行車速度與所在位置等。本研究引入訊息即時性(Age-of-Information，AoI)此一新興的數據指標來反應訊息的即時性。AoI定義為訊息經發送端取樣後至接收端收到訊息所經過的時間，用以描述訊息自取樣後至觀察者/接收端實際花費的時間。本研究提出中心化的AoI-based protocol與分散式的AoI-based protocol，並使用Random-Walk與SUMO模擬行車動態，再搭配多個RSU設置情境來模擬各種車載網路，最後以模擬實驗驗證本研究所提出之AoI-based protocol的效能。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) With the development of smart cities, the development of vehicle networks and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is booming. If the driving information of vehicles can be collected from the vehicle network, and then forwarded to the smart city traffic control system, the driving conditions of the vehicles in the area can be under control, and the traffic control facilities can be adjusted in real-time, thereby achieving the goal of improving traffic and increasing driving safety. Even in the suburbs that lack smart city facilities, the vehicle network can increase vehicle safety by the vehicular networks. For example, in the turning corners, neither the driver nor the sensors installed on the vehicle can detect other vehicles at the corner. However, the vehicular network lets vehicles know the driving information of other vehicles, let the vehicles or drivers know whether there is danger, and thus achieve the purpose of increasing vehicle safety. The communication of this study is based on WAVE / DSRC (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments / Dedicated Short-Range Communications). In the IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609 standards, when the vehicle is moving, the on-board unit (OBU) and roadside unit (RSU) use the 5.9GHz (5.85 ~ 5.925GHZ) microwave frequency band to transmit data and establish vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) short-range communications. This study discusses the timeliness of the transmission of beacon messages on the vehicular network. Beacon messages are the basic messages communicated by the vehicle network and contain various safety messages, such as driving directions, speed, and location. We use an emerging network metric, Age-of-Information (AoI), to reflect the timeliness of messages. This study proposes a centralized AoI-based protocol and a decentralized AoI-based protocol and uses Random-Walk and SUMO to simulate driving dynamics. We use multiple RSU scenarios to simulate various vehicle networks and verify the performance of the proposed protocols.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.1.1 車載網路 1
1.1.2 信標訊息 2
1.1.3 訊息即時性 3
1.2 研究動機 5
1.3 論文架構 5
第二章 相關研究 7
2.1 A model for the optimization of beacon message age-of-information in a VANET 7
2.2 Vehicular beacon broadcast scheduling based on age of information (AoI 8
2.3 Minimizing age of information in vehicular networks 9
2.4 Scheduling policies for minimizing age of information in broadcast wireless networks 11
2.5 相關文獻總結 12
第三章 研究架構與方法 14
3.1 研究架構 14
3.1.1 車載網路架構 14
3.1.2 中心化車載網路 14
3.1.3 分散式車載網路 15
3.1.4 車載網路的基本元件 16
3.1.5 車載網路架構圖 16
3.2 問題分析 18
3.2.1 RSU與頻道連結 18
3.2.2 Traffic Model分析 19
3.3 以AoI為基礎的車載網路傳輸協定 20
3.3.1 中心化車載網路傳輸協定 20
3.3.1.1 中心化車載網路傳輸協定的時間框架 20
3.3.1.2 中心化的RSU接受到的AoI與車載網路的AoI關係 22
3.3.1.3 中心化車載網路頻道分配 23
3.3.1.4 中心化車載網路傳輸協定流程 25
3.3.2 分散式車載網路傳輸協定 27
第四章 模擬實驗與結果分析 31
4.1 實驗架構 31
4.2 Random Walk 32
4.2.1 RSU=1的情境 33
4.2.2 RSU=4的情境 36
4.2.3 RSU=0的情境 40
4.2.4 RSU=2的情境 43
4.2.5以Random Walk模擬行車動態總結 46
4.3 以SUMO模擬車輛動態 46
4.3.1 RSU=1 的情境 48
4.3.2 RSU=4 的情境 50
4.3.3 RSU=4 的情境與Ni[20]的方法比較 53
4.3.4 RSU=0 的情境 56
4.3.5 RSU=2 的情境 58
4.3.6 以SUMO模擬行車動態總結 61
第五章 結論與未來研究 63
5.1 結論 63
5.2 未來研究 64
參考文獻 66		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 4168465 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106753022en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 車載網路zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 信標訊息zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 訊息即時性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 智慧型運輸系統zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 訊息傳輸協定zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網路模擬zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Vehicles networken_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Beacon messageen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Age-of-informationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Intelligent transport systemen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Transmission protocolen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Network simulationen_US
dc.title (題名) 以訊息即時性為基礎之車載網路傳輸協定zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Age-of-Information based transmission protocol in VANETen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. Atef Abdrabou and Sagar Naik, “Delay analysis of a reliable broadcast scheme for I2V/V2I communications,” 2017 IEEE 86th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), 24-27 Sept. 2017.
2. Sami S. Alwakeel, Hesham A. Altwaijry, and Agung B. Prasetijo, “A multiple classifiers broadcast protocol for VANET,” 2017 4th International Conference on Information Technology, Computer, and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), 18-19 Oct. 2017.
3. Abdel Mehsen Ahmad, Zouhair Bazzal, Ali Kalakesh, and Laura Al Wardani, ”A reliable broadcast approach for VANET`s safety messages,” 2017 29th International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM), 10-13 Dec. 2017.
4. Maissam Asgari and Saleh Yousefi,” Traffic modeling of safety applications in vehicular networks,” The 5th Conference on Information and Knowledge Technology, 28-30 May 2013.
5. Andrea Baiocchi and Ion Turcanu, “A model for the optimization of beacon message age-of-Information in a VANET,” 2017 29th International Teletraffic Congress (ITC 29), Sept 2017.
6. Yu-Pin Hsu, Eytan Modiano, and Lingjie Duan,” Scheduling algorithms for minimizing age of information in wireless broadcast networks with random arrivals,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 20 August 2019.
7. Qin Guo, Heng Liu, and Pingzhi Fan,” Impacts of high mobility on post-processing SINR estimation for MIMO-OFDM transmissions,” 2013 International Workshop on High Mobility Wireless Communications, 1-3 Nov. 2013.
8. Yoshiaki Inoue, Hiroyuki Masuyama, Tetsuya Takine, and Toshiyuki Tanaka,” The stationary distribution of the age of information in FCFS single-server queues,” 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), 25-30 June 2017.
9. Igor Kadota, Elif Uysal-Biyikoglu, Rahul Singh, and Eytan Modiano, “ Scheduling policies for minimizing age of information in broadcast wireless networks,” 2016 54th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton), 27-30 Sept. 2016.
10. Igor Kadota, Elif Uysal-Biyikoglu, Rahul Singh, and Eytan Modiano,” Minimizing the age of information in broadcast wireless networks,” 2016 54th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton), 27-30 Sept. 2016.
11. Igor Kadota, Abhishek Sinha, and Eytan Modiano, “Scheduling algorithms for optimizing age of information in wireless networks with throughput constraints,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 10 June 2019, Page(s): 1359 – 1372.
12. Clement Kam, Sastry Kompella, Gam D. Nguyen, Jeffrey E. Wieselthier, and Anthony Ephremides,” Modeling the age of information in emulated ad hoc networks,” MILCOM 2017 - 2017 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), 23-25 Oct. 2017.
13. Sanjit Kaul, Roy Yates, and Marco Gruteser, “Real-time status: How often should one update?” 2012 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, March 2012.
14. Sanjit Kaul, Marco Gruteser, Vinuth Rai, and John Kenney, ” Minimizing age of information in vehicular networks,” 2011 8th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 27-30 June 2011.
15. Ganesh S. Khekare and Apeksha V. Sakhare,” A smart city framework for intelligent traffic system using VANET,” 2013 International Mutli-Conference on Automation, Computing, Communication, Control and Compressed Sensing (iMac4s) , 22-23 March 2013.
16. Yiji Lei and Heng Liu, “Optimal LTE-A pilot patterns and numbers of MIMO transmission streams under high mobility scenarios,” 2014 International Workshop on High Mobility Wireless Communications, 1-3 Nov. 2014.
17. Tehuang Liu and Wanjiun Liao, “Location-dependent throughput and delay in wireless mesh networks, “ in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, April 2008.
18. Yongfu Li, Wenbo Chen, Srinivas Peeta, and Yibing Wang, “Platoon control of connected multi-vehicle systems under V2X communications: design and experiments,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 11 April 2019.
19. Samrat Nath, Jingxian Wu, and Jing Yang, ” Optimizing age-of-information and energy efficiency tradeoff for mobile pushing notifications,” 2017 IEEE 18th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), 3-6 July 2017.
20. Yuanzhi Ni, Lin Cai, and Yuming Bo, “Vehicular beacon broadcast scheduling based on age of information (AoI),” in China Communications, July 2018.
21. Yavuz Pekşen and Tankut Acarman, ” Relay of multi-hop safety message based on beaconing in VANET,” 2012 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES 2012), 24-27 July 2012.
22. Chandrashekhar. M. Raut and Satish. R. Devane,” Intelligent transportation system for smart city using VANET,” 2017 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 6-8 April 2017.
23. Ghassan Samara and Wafaa A.H. Ali Alsalihy,” A new security mechanism for vehicular communication networks,” Information Technology Journal, Volume 11 (9): 1235-1242, 2012.
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202001752en_US