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題名 台灣英語學習者中介語之捲舌音聲學研究
Retroflex Sounds in Taiwan EFL Learner’s Interlanguage: An Acoustic Study作者 林志安
Lin, Jr-An貢獻者 萬依萍
Wan, I-Ping
林志安
Lin, Jr-An關鍵詞 中介語
中介語音
第二語言習得
聲學分析
捲舌音分析
Interlanguage
Interphonetics
SLA
Acoustic Analysis
Retroflex Analysis日期 2021 上傳時間 2-三月-2021 14:14:49 (UTC+8) 摘要 中介語音(Interphonetics)的研究對於中介語理論(Interlanguage Theory)的建構來說，為不可或缺的一環。中介語理論為近代第二語言習得理論(Second Language Acquisition)中用來解釋第二語言學習者語言學習情況的假說，此理論假定學習者在學習第二語言的過程中，會建構出一個獨立的中介語系統，而此語言系統會隨著學習者的學習狀況，逐漸從母語(L1)的趨近目標語(TL)。本篇論文從台灣成人學習英語齒槽近似音[ɹ]的情形進行其中介語音的探討，由感知(perception)及產製(production)的角度進行實驗觀察，並對比其母語—台灣華語中的捲舌音的感知及產製，來探討台灣成人英語學習者中介語[ɹ]的建構，是否會受到其母語中類似語音的影響。本論文總共設計了三種實驗來觀察受試者中介語[ɹ]的建構。受試者皆為台灣成人英語初級學習者。實驗一為台灣華語之捲舌音產製實驗，實驗二則為英語齒槽近似音[ɹ]的產製實驗，而實驗三為台灣華語捲舌音及英文近似音[ɹ]的感知區辨實驗。此外，本論文採納了三種第二語音習得理論進行實驗結果的解釋，分別為言語學習模型(Flege, 1995)、認知類化模型(Best, 1995)、以及有標性差異假說(F. R. Eckman, 1977)。實驗結果顯示，學習者中介語[ɹ]的建構，並不是完全依賴母語的遷移。在產製實驗方面，學習者在台灣華語捲舌音的弱化會遷移到其中介語，但也有學習者建構出和其母語不同的中介語語音。在感知實驗方面，受試者似乎容易將台灣華語音節尾捲舌音及英語[ɚ]及[ɝ]視為相同的語音。實驗結果有部分符合分別為言語學習模型(Flege, 1995)及認知類化模型(Best, 1995)中的假說，並解釋了影響中介語音建構的因素不單單只有學習者母語的遷移。
The study of Interphonetics is an essential part of the construction of Interlanguage Theory (IL). IL is a hypothesis used in recent Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theory to explain the language learning of second language learners. The language system gradually moves from the native language (L1) to the target language (TL) as the learner progresses. This thesis examines the speech sounds of Taiwanese adults learning English alveolar approximant [ɹ] in their interlanguage from the perspective of perception and production and compares the perception and production of the retroflex sounds in their native language, Taiwan Mandarin. The thesis is to investigate whether the construction of English learners` interlanguage speech sound [ɹ] is influenced by the similar speech sounds in their native language.Three experiments were designed to observe the construction of the interlanguage speech sound [ɹ]. The subjects were all beginner adult learners of English in Taiwan. Experiment 1 was the production test of the Taiwanese Chinese retroflex sounds, experiment 2 was the production test of the English alveolar approximant [ɹ], and experiment 3 was the perceptual discrimination test between the Taiwanese Chinese retroflex sounds and the English approximant [ɹ]. In addition, three second language acquisition theories were adopted to explain the experimental results, namely, the Speech Learning Model (Flege, 1995), the Perceptual Assimilation Model (Best, 1995), and the Markedness Differential Hypothesis (F. R. Eckman, 1977).Results show that the construction of the learner`s interlanguage language [ɹ] is not entirely dependent on the transfer of the native language. In the production experiments, learners` retroflex reduction in the Taiwanese Chinese was transferred to their interlanguage language, but some learners also constructed interlanguage speech sounds that were different from their native language. In the perceptual experiment, it appeared that the subjects easily perceived the Taiwan syllable-final retroflex sounds as the same as the English [ɚ] and [ɝ]. The results are partially consistent with the hypotheses of the Speech Learning Model (Flege, 1995) and the Perceptual Assimilation Model (Best, 1995), respectively, and explain that except for L1 transfer, there might be other factors affecting the construction of the interlanguage speech sounds.參考文獻 ReferencesAl-khresheh, M. H. (2015). A Review Study of Interlanguage Theory. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 4(3). doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.4n.3p.123Association, I. P. (2005). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide To The Use Of The International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press.Bailey, N., Madden, C., & Krashen, S. (1974). Is there any `natural sequence` in adult second language learning? Language Learning, 21(2), 253-243.Becker, K. 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(1998). taiwan diqu nianqin ren zhi chi shi yu zi ci si zhende bufen ma? [The indiscrimination of zhi chi shi and zi ci si in Taiwanese young people]. World Chinese Language Association, 90, 1-7.Y, C., M, R., H, G., & J, L. (2001). Vowel production by Mandarin speakers of English. Clin Linguist Phonet, 13, 1-14.Zhou, X., Espy-Wilson, C. Y., Tiede, M., & Boyce, S. (2007). An articulatory and acoustic study of ”retroflex” and ”bunched” American English rhotic sound based on MRI. Interspeech, p.54-57. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
107555004資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107555004 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 萬依萍 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Wan, I-Ping en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 林志安 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Lin, Jr-An en_US dc.creator (作者) 林志安 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lin, Jr-An en_US dc.date (日期) 2021 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-三月-2021 14:14:49 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-三月-2021 14:14:49 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-三月-2021 14:14:49 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0107555004 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/134002 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 107555004 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 中介語音(Interphonetics)的研究對於中介語理論(Interlanguage Theory)的建構來說，為不可或缺的一環。中介語理論為近代第二語言習得理論(Second Language Acquisition)中用來解釋第二語言學習者語言學習情況的假說，此理論假定學習者在學習第二語言的過程中，會建構出一個獨立的中介語系統，而此語言系統會隨著學習者的學習狀況，逐漸從母語(L1)的趨近目標語(TL)。本篇論文從台灣成人學習英語齒槽近似音[ɹ]的情形進行其中介語音的探討，由感知(perception)及產製(production)的角度進行實驗觀察，並對比其母語—台灣華語中的捲舌音的感知及產製，來探討台灣成人英語學習者中介語[ɹ]的建構，是否會受到其母語中類似語音的影響。本論文總共設計了三種實驗來觀察受試者中介語[ɹ]的建構。受試者皆為台灣成人英語初級學習者。實驗一為台灣華語之捲舌音產製實驗，實驗二則為英語齒槽近似音[ɹ]的產製實驗，而實驗三為台灣華語捲舌音及英文近似音[ɹ]的感知區辨實驗。此外，本論文採納了三種第二語音習得理論進行實驗結果的解釋，分別為言語學習模型(Flege, 1995)、認知類化模型(Best, 1995)、以及有標性差異假說(F. R. Eckman, 1977)。實驗結果顯示，學習者中介語[ɹ]的建構，並不是完全依賴母語的遷移。在產製實驗方面，學習者在台灣華語捲舌音的弱化會遷移到其中介語，但也有學習者建構出和其母語不同的中介語語音。在感知實驗方面，受試者似乎容易將台灣華語音節尾捲舌音及英語[ɚ]及[ɝ]視為相同的語音。實驗結果有部分符合分別為言語學習模型(Flege, 1995)及認知類化模型(Best, 1995)中的假說，並解釋了影響中介語音建構的因素不單單只有學習者母語的遷移。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The study of Interphonetics is an essential part of the construction of Interlanguage Theory (IL). IL is a hypothesis used in recent Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theory to explain the language learning of second language learners. The language system gradually moves from the native language (L1) to the target language (TL) as the learner progresses. This thesis examines the speech sounds of Taiwanese adults learning English alveolar approximant [ɹ] in their interlanguage from the perspective of perception and production and compares the perception and production of the retroflex sounds in their native language, Taiwan Mandarin. The thesis is to investigate whether the construction of English learners` interlanguage speech sound [ɹ] is influenced by the similar speech sounds in their native language.Three experiments were designed to observe the construction of the interlanguage speech sound [ɹ]. The subjects were all beginner adult learners of English in Taiwan. Experiment 1 was the production test of the Taiwanese Chinese retroflex sounds, experiment 2 was the production test of the English alveolar approximant [ɹ], and experiment 3 was the perceptual discrimination test between the Taiwanese Chinese retroflex sounds and the English approximant [ɹ]. In addition, three second language acquisition theories were adopted to explain the experimental results, namely, the Speech Learning Model (Flege, 1995), the Perceptual Assimilation Model (Best, 1995), and the Markedness Differential Hypothesis (F. R. Eckman, 1977).Results show that the construction of the learner`s interlanguage language [ɹ] is not entirely dependent on the transfer of the native language. In the production experiments, learners` retroflex reduction in the Taiwanese Chinese was transferred to their interlanguage language, but some learners also constructed interlanguage speech sounds that were different from their native language. In the perceptual experiment, it appeared that the subjects easily perceived the Taiwan syllable-final retroflex sounds as the same as the English [ɚ] and [ɝ]. The results are partially consistent with the hypotheses of the Speech Learning Model (Flege, 1995) and the Perceptual Assimilation Model (Best, 1995), respectively, and explain that except for L1 transfer, there might be other factors affecting the construction of the interlanguage speech sounds. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgement iiAbstract vTable of Contents viIndex of Tables viiiIndex of Figures xiChapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Research Background 11.2 Statement of Problems 31.3 Purpose of Study 41.4 The Organization of the Thesis 4Chapter 2 Literature Review 62.1 The Issue of Retroflex Fricatives [ʂ], and[ʐ] and Alveolar Approximant [ɹ] 62.1.1 Standard Mandarin Chinese (SMC) Retroflex Sounds 82.1.2 Taiwan Mandarin Chinese (TMC) Retroflex Sounds 122.1.3 Standard American English (SAE) Approximant [ɹ] Sound 152.1.4 Previous Studies on the Production and Perception of English [ɹ] Sounds of Taiwan Mandarin Speakers 192.1.5 Recapitulation 202.2 Interlanguage and Second Language Acquisition 212.2.1 Definition of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) 222.2.2 Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) and L1 Transfer 232.2.3 Definition of Interlanguage, Interphonology, and Interphonetics 242.2.4 Previous Studies of Speech Sounds in SLA 252.2.5 Recapitulation 262.3 Models 262.4 Research Questions & Hypothesis 28Chapter 3 Methodology 303.1 The Experiments 313.1.1 Participants 313.1.2 Speech Materials and Stimuli 323.1.3 Instruments 443.1.4 Procedure 453.2 Data Analysis 463.3 The Pilot Study 51Chapter 4 Results & Findings 534.1 Production (Experiment 1 & 2) 534.1.1 Waveform & Spectrogram Observation 544.1.2 Acoustic Analysis 674.2 Perception (Experiment 3) 784.2.1 Overall Performance 784.2.2 D-prime (Signal Detection) Analysis 82Chapter 5 Discussion 855.1 Retroflex Initials 855.1.1 L1 [ʐ]-Approximant Group 875.1.2 L1 [ɹ] Group 885.1.3 L1 [l] Group 895.2 Retroflex Finals 895.2.1 L1 [ə] Group 905.2.2 L1 [ɚ] Group 915.3 General Discussion 91Chapter 6 Conclusion 93References 94Appendix 1 English Background Questionnaire 99Appendix 2 Speech Materials 100 zh_TW dc.format.extent 6359707 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107555004 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中介語 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中介語音 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 第二語言習得 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聲學分析 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 捲舌音分析 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Interlanguage en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Interphonetics en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) SLA en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Acoustic Analysis en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Retroflex Analysis en_US dc.title (題名) 台灣英語學習者中介語之捲舌音聲學研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Retroflex Sounds in Taiwan EFL Learner’s Interlanguage: An Acoustic Study en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ReferencesAl-khresheh, M. 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