Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 雅馬遜公司第二總部計畫及其對氣候變遷影響的對策
Amazon’s Impact on its HQ2 Community and their Climate Change Efforts
作者 楊若琳
Young, Maialen Marie Etchevers
貢獻者 冷則剛
Leng, Tse-Kang
楊若琳
Maialen Marie Etchevers Young
關鍵詞 雅馬遜
氣候變遷
溫室氣體
氣候宣言
維吉尼亞洲
Amazon
Climate change
Greenhouse gases
Climate Pledge
Virginia
日期 2021
上傳時間 1-Jul-2021 19:15:50 (UTC+8)
摘要 Abstract
Amazon’s Impact on its HQ2 Community and their Climate Change Efforts
By
Maialen Marie Etchevers Young

Climate Change is a global concern and threat that has come to the forefront of many minds in recent decades. Efforts to understand and minimize the negative impacts of climate change are taking place at an increasing rate. Large corporations are increasingly stepping up as forces to propel transition efforts at all levels. This paper looks at the behemoth company Amazon, what actions they are taking internally to minimize their personal footprint on climate change, as well as actions they are taking that are propelling climate change transition efforts outside of their immediate business, and, in particular, the impact Amazon is having on climate change efforts in their new HQ2 community in the US. Those impacts are perhaps greatest at the county level, as seen by the changes in Arlington’s 2013 and 2019 Climate Energy Plan, and as compared to similar plans in comparable sized cities in Virginia. At the state level, Amazon is pushing for policy changes that will benefit the entire state’s efforts towards a lower carbon footprint. Infrastructure commitments made during the HQ2 bidding process at the regional and local level also have the potential to improve the community’s carbon footprint by encouraging transportation methods that consume less energy. To what extent Amazon’s presence will have on their HQ2 community’s challenges and success in reaching a carbon neutral future is yet to be fully understood. However, for now, their impact looks to be both positive and strong.
參考文獻 References
About Amazon, Amazon.com, Inc., 2021, www.aboutamazon.com/.
“Aerosols: Volcanoes, Dust, Clouds and Climate.” The Discovery of Global Warming, Spencer Weart & American Institute of Physics, Feb. 2021, history.aip.org/climate/aerosol.htm#L_M075.
Ahuja, Kieran. “Amazon Rolls out First of 100,000 Custom-Built Electric Delivery Vans from Tesla-Rival Rivian.” Driving.co.uk from The Sunday Times, 11 Feb. 2021, www.driving.co.uk/news/business/amazons-rivian-delivery-vans-roll-l/.
Amazon.com, 2020, 2019 Annual Report, s2.q4cdn.com/299287126/files/doc_financials/2020/ar/2019-Annual-Report.pdf.
Amazon.com, 2020, All In: Staying the Course on Our Commitment to Sustainability, sustainability.aboutamazon.com/pdfBuilderDownload?name=sustainability-all-in-december-2020.
“Amazon.com, Inc. (AMZN) Stock Historical Prices & Data.” Yahoo! Finance, NASDAQ, 29 Apr. 2021, finance.yahoo.com/quote/AMZN/history/.
“Amazon Around the Globe.” Sustainability, Amazon.com, Apr. 2021, sustainability.aboutamazon.com/about/around-the-globe?energyType=true.
Andrews, Kate, et al. “Amazon Announces Investment in Two More Solar Farms in Halifax County.” Virginia Business, 10 Dec. 2020, www.virginiabusiness.com/article/amazon-announces-investment-in-two-more-solar-farms-in-halifax-county/.
“Arlington County, Virginia.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Apr. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia.
Aydin, Rebecca. “Amazon`s New Headquarters in Arlington, Virginia, Could Include a Bike-Friendly Office with Employee Showers - Take a Look at the Plans.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 22 July 2019, www.businessinsider.com/amazon-hq2-headquarters-metropolitan-park-arlington-virginia-images-2019-7.
Berg, Nate. “Amazon Crushed Affordable Housing. Now It`s Trying to Offset the Problem It Helped Create.” Fast Company, Fast Company, 4 Mar. 2021, www.fastcompany.com/90610519/amazon-crushed-affordable-housing-now-its-trying-to-offset-the-problem-it-helped-create.
Berthiaume, Dan. “Amazon Opens 18th Tech Hub.” Chain Store Age, 29 July 2019, chainstoreage.com/real-estate/amazon-opens-18th-tech-hub.
Bird, Lori, and Tyler Clevenger. “2019 Was a Watershed Year for Clean Energy Commitments from U.S. States and Utilities.” World Resources Institute, 20 Dec. 2019, www.wri.org/insights/2019-was-watershed-year-clean-energy-commitments-us-states-and-utilities#:~:text=U.S.%20states%20and%20utilities%20made,energy%20in%20the%20coming%20decades.
Bloch, Michael. “Carbon Sequestration - Artificial vs Natural.” Carbonify, Mar. 2021, www.carbonify.com/articles/carbon-sequestration.htm.
Capriel, Jonathan. Bizjournals.com, 12 Sept. 2020, www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2020/09/12/amazons-funded-park-gets-arlington-county-approval.html.
“Carbon Offsetting - A Key Instrument to Fight Climate Change.” CO2 Cards, 2020, co2cards.com/carbon-offsetting#:~:text=Carbon%20offset%20is%20a%20way,by%20supporting%20emission%20saving%20projects.
Chen, Angela. “More Solar Panels Mean More Waste and There`s No Easy Solution.” The Verge, VOX Media, 25 Oct. 2018, www.theverge.com/2018/10/25/18018820/solar-panel-waste-chemicals-energy-environment-recycling.
Cohn, Scott. “Amazon Reveals the Truth on Why It Nixed New York and Chose Virginia for Its HQ2.” CNBC, 10 July 2019, www.cnbc.com/2019/07/10/amazon-reveals-the-truth-on-why-it-nixed-ny-and-chose-virginia-for-hq2.html.
“Country Rankings.” IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency, 2020, www.irena.org/Statistics/View-Data-by-Topic/Capacity-and-Generation/Country-Rankings.
CS, Dominion. “Amazon Narrows down Search for HQ2 to 20-City Shortlist.” Dominion Capital Strategies, 23 Jan. 2018, dominion-cs.com/es/amazon-narrows-down-search-for-hq2-to-20-city-shortlist/.
Cui, Hongyang, et al. “Update on the Global Transition to Electric Vehicles through 2019.” The International Council on Clean Transportation, 13 July 2020, theicct.org/publications/update-global-ev-transition-2019.
DeVoe, Jo. “At Two-Year Mark, Amazon Says HQ2 Is On Track for Construction and Hiring Goals.” ARLnow.com, Local News Now LLC, 16 Nov. 2020, www.arlnow.com/2020/11/16/at-two-year-mark-amazon-says-hq2-is-on-track-for-construction-and-hiring-goals/.
“Dominion, Microsoft Team up to Build Solar Project.” Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, 1 Nov. 2017, www.c2es.org/content/dominion-microsoft-team-up-to-build-solar-project/.
Doshi, Tilak. “Biden`s Coming China Headache: Climate Change And ‘Developing Countries.’” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 5 Dec. 2020, www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2020/12/05/bidens-coming-china-headache-climate-change-and-developing-countries/?sh=58c5aa332c5e.
“Each Country`s Share of CO2 Emissions.” Union of Concerned Scientists, 12 August 2020, www.ucsusa.org/resources/each-countrys-share-co2-emissions.
“EDF Launches ‘Power Up, America’ Campaign.” Environmental Defense Fund, 30 Nov. 2020, www.edf.org/media/edf-launches-power-america-campaign.
“Emissions Sources (2020).” Climate Central, 19 Feb. 2020, www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/emissions-sources-2020.
Frank, Robert. “The Real Reason Amazon`s HQ2 Will Be near Washington, D.C.” CNBC, 14 Sept. 2018, www.cnbc.com/2018/09/14/the-real-reason-amazons-hq2-will-be-near-washington-dc.html.
Gillers, David, et al. U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Market Risk Advisory Committee, 2020, MANAGING CLIMATE RISK IN THE U.S. FINANCIAL SYSTEM, www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-09/9-9-20%20Report%20of%20the%20Subcommittee%20on%20Climate-Related%20Market%20Risk%20-%20Managing%20Climate%20Risk%20in%20the%20U.S.%20Financial%20System%20for%20posting.pdf.
“Global Stocktake (Referred to in Article 14 of the Paris Agreement).” Unfccc.int, United Nations Climate Change, unfccc.int/topics/science/workstreams/global-stocktake-referred-to-in-article-14-of-the-paris-agreement.
“Global Warming Timeline.” The Discovery of Global Warming, Spencer Weart & American Institute of Physics, Feb. 2021, history.aip.org/climate/timeline.htm.
Gordon, Philip. “Revealed: the Countries Leading the Way in Renewable Energy.” Smart Energy International, Clarion Energy, 13 Dec. 2019, www.smart-energy.com/renewable-energy/revealed-the-countries-leading-the-way-in-renewable-energy/.
Green Climate Fund. Green Climate Fund, 13 Nov. 2020, www.greenclimate.fund/.
“Greenhouse Gas Equivalent Global Warming Potential.” CÍARAN MALIK, 19 May 2020, ciaranmalik.org/portfolio/greenhouse-gas-equivalent-global-warming-potential/.
Haselton, Todd. “Jeff Bezos to Step down as Amazon CEO, Andy Jassy to Take over in Q3.” CNBC, 2 Feb. 2021, www.cnbc.com/2021/02/02/jeff-bezos-to-step-down-as-amazon-ceo-andy-jassy-to-take-over-in-q3.html.
History.com Editors. “Climate Change History.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 6 Oct. 2017, www.history.com/topics/natural-disasters-and-environment/history-of-climate-change.
Hodges, Tina. Edited by Jarrett Stoltzfus, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2010, Public Transportation’s Role in Responding to Climate Change, www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/PublicTransportationsRoleInRespondingToClimateChange2010.pdf.
Ibrahim, Selam. “The Hult Prize Challenge 2018: Harnessing the Power of Energy.” Hult | Blogs, Hult International Business School, 30 Jan. 2018, www.hult.edu/blog/hult-prize-2018-harnessing-energy/.
IEA. “Data & Statistics.” IEA, 1 Apr. 2021, www.iea.org/data-and-statistics?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy+supply&indicator=TPESbySource.
“India Cookstove: Breathing Space Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) Programme.” Carbon Footprint, www.carbonfootprint.com/gs_india_cookstoves.html.
ISSU, 2018, NOVA Proposal, issuu.com/teamsubjectmatter/docs/nova_r1_proposal_full_doc_single_pa.
Northern Virginia Amazon HQ2 Submission
Johnson, Anna. “The State of Virginia Commits to 100 Percent Carbon-Free Electricity.” Fresh Energy, 24 Mar. 2020, fresh-energy.org/the-state-of-virginia-commits-to-100-percent-carbon-free-electricity.
Jones, Dwight C., and Byron C. Marshall. City of Richmond, 2011, RVAgreen: A Roadmap to Sustainability, www.richmondgov.com/Sustainability/documents/RVAGreen_ARoadmapToSustainability.pdf.
Keohane, Nat. “A New Warning Bell for Wall Street, as Wildfires Rage out West.” Environmental Defense Fund, 18 Sept. 2020, www.edf.org/blog/2020/09/18/new-warning-bell-wall-street-wildfires-rage-out-west.
“Key Aspects of the Paris Agreement.” Unfccc.int, United Nations Climate Change, unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement/key-aspects-of-the-paris-agreement.
Lake, Sydney. “Dominion to Build Yet Another Solar Facility for Facebook.” Virginia Business, 13 Feb. 2020, www.virginiabusiness.com/article/dominion-to-build-yet-another-solar-facility-for-facebook/.
Lerner, Michele. “Amazon Update: Second Headquarters Development and the Area`s Housing Market.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 19 Nov. 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/realestate/amazon-update-hq2-development-and-the-areas-housing-market/2020/11/18/3057e766-15fa-11eb-ad6f-36c93e6e94fb_story.html.
Lozanova, Sarah. “The State of Solar Panel Recycling in the U.S.” Earth911, Earth Media Partners, 4 Feb. 2020, earth911.com/eco-tech/the-state-of-solar-panel-recycling-in-the-u-s/.
Main, Ivy. “2018 Guide to Wind and Solar Policy in Virginia.” Power for the People VA, 18 July 2018, powerforthepeopleva.com/2018/07/18/2018-guide-to-wind-and-solar-policy-in-virginia/.
Main, Ivy. “Amazon Will Need Even More Energy in Virginia. Will They Make It Clean?” Virginia Mercury, 26 Nov. 2018, www.virginiamercury.com/2018/11/26/amazon-will-need-even-more-energy-in-virginia-will-they-make-it-clean/.
Main, Ivy. “An Early Look at Climate and Energy Bills in the 2021 Session.” Power for the People VA, 5 Jan. 2021, powerforthepeopleva.com/2021/01/05/an-early-look-at-climate-and-energy-bills-in-the-2021-session/.
Main, Ivy. “How Virginia Could Build 5,000 Megawatts of Wind and Solar, and Still Have No Wind or Solar.” Power for the People VA, 9 July 2018, powerforthepeopleva.com/2018/07/09/how-virginia-could-build-5000-megawatts-of-wind-and-solar-and-still-have-no-wind-or-solar/.
McClellan, Andria, and Theresa Whibley. The City of Norfolk, 2019, Mayor’s Advisory Commission on Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation : Climate Action Plan, www.norfolk.gov/DocumentCenter/View/56485/Mayors-Commission-on-Climate-Change---Final?bidId=.
Merchant, Emma F. “Report: Virginia`s 100% Clean Energy Law Insufficient to Tackle Climate Change.” Greentech Media, Wood Mackenzie, 9 Dec. 2020, www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/report-virginias-100-clean-energy-law-insufficient-to-tackle-climate-change.
“Microsoft Adds 315 Megawatts of New Solar Power in Virginia in Largest Corporate Solar Agreement in the United States.” Stories, 21 Mar. 2018, news.microsoft.com/2018/03/21/microsoft-adds-315-megawatts-of-new-solar-power-in-virginia-in-largest-corporate-solar-agreement-in-the-united-states/.
Mills, Victoria. “A $3 Trillion Stimulus, but $0 for Renewable Energy - Leading Businesses Want to Change That.” TheHill, CAPITOL HILL PUBLISHING CORP., 8 Aug. 2020, thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/510957-three-trillion-in-stimulus-but-zero-for-renewable-energy.
Miranda, Mariah. “Virginia Is Now the Sole Winner of Amazon`s HQ2. Here`s What Its Planned Neighborhood Looks like Right Now.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 16 Feb. 2019, www.businessinsider.com/amazon-hq-arlington-virginia-national-landing-crystal-city-photos-2018-11#and-there-are-plans-to-add-to-the-existing-environment-and-infrastructure-2.
Moret, Stephen, et al. “Virginia`s Amazon Proposal.” Northern Virginia: Innovation Lives Here, 2021, hqnova.com/info.html.
“Moving Towards the Enhanced Transparency Framework.” Unfccc.int, United Nations Climate Change, unfccc.int/enhanced-transparency-framework.
Mullins, Luke. “The Real Story of How Virginia Won Amazon`s HQ2.” Washingtonian, 16 June 2019, www.washingtonian.com/2019/06/16/the-real-story-of-how-virginia-won-amazon-hq2/.
Murray, Thomas. “No Matter the Election Results, Corporate Climate Action Is Here to Stay.” EDF+Business, Environmental Defense Fund, 2 Nov. 2020, business.edf.org/insights/no-matter-the-election-results-corporate-climate-action-is-here-to-stay/.
Murray, Tom. “Net Zero Is The New Business Imperative.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 23 Sept. 2020, www.forbes.com/sites/edfenergyexchange/2020/09/23/net-zero-is-the-new-business-imperative/?sh=50e688064fd4.
National Geographic Society. “Carbon Sources and Sinks.” National Geographic Society, 26 Mar. 2020, www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/carbon-sources-and-sinks/.
“Net Zero Carbon by 2040.” The Climate Pledge | Net Zero Carbon by 2040, 2021, www.theclimatepledge.com/.
Northern Virginia, 2021, National Landing Transportation Solutions, hqnova.com/assets/pdfs/NOVA_National-Landing_Transportation-Solution.pdf.
“Other Greenhouse Gases.” The Discovery of Global Warming, Spencer Weart & American Institute of Physics, Feb. 2021, history.aip.org/climate/othergas.htm#L_0284.
Palmer, Annie. “Amazon Debuts Electric Delivery Vans Created with Rivian.” CNBC, 8 Oct. 2020, www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/amazon-new-electric-delivery-vans-created-with-rivian-unveiled.html.
“Paris Agreement - Status of Ratification.” Unfccc.int, United Nations Climate Change, unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/status-of-ratification.
Phillips, Zachary. “$4B Worth of Transit Projects Coming to National Landing near Washington, D.C.” Construction Dive, Industry Dive, 15 Jan. 2021, www.constructiondive.com/news/4b-worth-of-transit-projects-coming-to-national-landing-near-washington-d/593473/.
Pomeroy, Robin. “One Trillion Trees - Uniting the World to Save Forests and Climate.” World Economic Forum, 22 Jan. 2020, www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/one-trillion-trees-world-economic-forum-launches-plan-to-help-nature-and-the-climate/.
Ritchie, Hannah. “Sector by Sector: Where Do Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Come from?” Our World in Data, Global Change Data Lab, 18 Sept. 2020, ourworldindata.org/ghg-emissions-by-sector.
Rothstein, Steven M, and Dan Saccardi Ceres. “Op-Ed: Climate Change Threatens U.S. Banks Far More than They`re Disclosing.” CNBC, NBCUniversal, 19 Oct. 2020, www.cnbc.com/2020/10/19/climate-change-threatens-banks-far-more-than-theyre-disclosing.html.
“RVAGreen 2050.” Richmond VA > Sustainability > RVAgreen 2050, City of Richmond, 2021, www.richmondgov.com/Sustainability/RVA_Green.aspx.
“RVAgreen Sustainability Dashboard” Richmond, Virginia, City of Richmond, Apr. 2021, www.richmondgov.com/Sustainability/Dashboard.aspx#AlternativeEnergy.
“Simple Models of Climate.” The Discovery of Global Warming, Spencer Weart & American Institute of Physics, Feb. 2021, history.aip.org/climate/simple.htm#L_M018.
Slatt, Chris. “Here Are 5 New Infrastructure Projects We`ll Likely Get with Amazon.” Greater Greater Washington, 14 Nov. 2018, ggwash.org/view/69866/crystal-city-national-landing-virginia-new-infrastructure-get-amazon.
Staff, Amazon. “Amazon Donates $9 Million to Organizations in Arlington Region.” About Amazon, Amazon, 16 Nov. 2020, www.aboutamazon.com/news/community/amazon-donates-9-million-to-organizations-in-arlington-region.
Staff, Amazon. “Amazon Launches $2 Billion Housing Equity Fund to Preserve and Create over 20,000 Affordable Homes.” About Amazon, Amazon, 6 Jan. 2021, www.aboutamazon.com/news/community/amazon-launches-2-billion-housing-equity-fund-to-preserve-and-create-over-20-000-affordable-homes.
“State Electricity Generation Fuel Shares.” Nuclear Energy Institute, Aug. 2020, www.nei.org/resources/statistics/state-electricity-generation-fuel-shares.
Percent electricity generated within the borders of each state in 2019
Steffen, Andrea D. “The Helix At Amazon`s HQ2 Is A Solar Powered Swirl of Glass And Trees.” Intelligent Living, 24 Mar. 2021, www.intelligentliving.co/amp/the-helix-amazons-hq2-solar-powered-glass-trees/.
Sullivan, Patricia. “Amazon`s Va. Headquarters Expected to Have $15 Billion Economic Impact by 2030.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 8 Dec. 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/amazons-va-headquarters-expected-to-have-15-billion-economic-impact-by-2030/2018/12/07/3f0db0c8-fa4b-11e8-8d64-4e79db33382f_story.html.
Sullivan, Patricia. “New Amazon-Arlington Solar Farm to Fulfill Most of County`s Renewable Pledges.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 29 Jan. 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/amazon-arlington-solar-farm/2020/01/28/c44baf76-41e2-11ea-b503-2b077c436617_story.html.
Tejada, J. Walter, et al. Arlington County Virginia, 2013, Community Energy Plan: AN ELEMENT OF ARLINGTON COUNTY’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ADOPTED - JUNE, 2013, arlingtonva.s3.dualstack.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Arlingtons-Community-Energy-Plan.pdf.
Tejada, J. Walter, et al. Arlington County Virginia, 2019, Community Energy: Arlington Initiative to RETHINK ENERGY, arlingtonva.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/10/Final-CEP-CLEAN-003.pdf.
“The Public and Climate, Cont.” The Discovery of Global Warming, Spencer Weart & American Institute of Physics, Feb. 2021, history.aip.org/climate/public2.htm#L_M080.
“Virginia - State Energy Profile Analysis - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).” EIA, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 15 Oct. 2020, www.eia.gov/state/analysis.php?sid=VA#:~:text=By%20July%202020%2C%20Virginia`s%20installed,743%20megawatts%20by%20mid-2020.
“Virginia Solar.” SEIA, Solar Energy Industries Association, Apr. 2021, www.seia.org/state-solar-policy/virginia-solar.
Data Current Through: Q4 2020
“Welcome to National Landing.” National Landing: Pentagon City, Crystal City, Potomac Yard, 2021, nationallanding.org/.
Wesoff, Eric, and Becky Beetz. “Pv Magazine: Solar Panel Recycling in the US - a Looming Issue That Could Harm Industry Growth and Reputation.” Recycle PV Solar, 3 Dec. 2020, recyclepv.solar/pv-magazine-solar-panel-recycling-in-the-us-a-looming-issue-that-could-harm-industry-growth-and-reputation/.
Willige, Andrea. “The UN Says Climate-Smart Cities Are the Future – These 3 Projects Show Their Potential.” World Economic Forum, 11 Sept. 2020, www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/climate-change-resilience-urban-infrastructure/.
Yurieff, Kaya. “Everything We Know about Amazon`s HQ2 Search.” CNN, Cable News Network, 6 Nov. 2018, edition.cnn.com/2018/11/05/tech/amazon-hq2-update/index.html#:~:text=In%20its%20request%20for%20proposals,more%20than%201%20million%20people.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
108933045
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108933045
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 冷則剛zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Leng, Tse-Kangen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 楊若琳zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Maialen Marie Etchevers Youngen_US
dc.creator (作者) 楊若琳zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Young, Maialen Marie Etcheversen_US
dc.date (日期) 2021en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2021 19:15:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Jul-2021 19:15:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2021 19:15:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108933045en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/135966-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 108933045zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstract
Amazon’s Impact on its HQ2 Community and their Climate Change Efforts
By
Maialen Marie Etchevers Young

Climate Change is a global concern and threat that has come to the forefront of many minds in recent decades. Efforts to understand and minimize the negative impacts of climate change are taking place at an increasing rate. Large corporations are increasingly stepping up as forces to propel transition efforts at all levels. This paper looks at the behemoth company Amazon, what actions they are taking internally to minimize their personal footprint on climate change, as well as actions they are taking that are propelling climate change transition efforts outside of their immediate business, and, in particular, the impact Amazon is having on climate change efforts in their new HQ2 community in the US. Those impacts are perhaps greatest at the county level, as seen by the changes in Arlington’s 2013 and 2019 Climate Energy Plan, and as compared to similar plans in comparable sized cities in Virginia. At the state level, Amazon is pushing for policy changes that will benefit the entire state’s efforts towards a lower carbon footprint. Infrastructure commitments made during the HQ2 bidding process at the regional and local level also have the potential to improve the community’s carbon footprint by encouraging transportation methods that consume less energy. To what extent Amazon’s presence will have on their HQ2 community’s challenges and success in reaching a carbon neutral future is yet to be fully understood. However, for now, their impact looks to be both positive and strong.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
2. Climate Change and Global Efforts to Mitigate Risk 3
2.1. Climate Change Background 3
2.2. The Paris Climate Agreement 7
2.3. Efforts Being Made Around the Globe 8
2.4. The Role of Different Groups in Transition Efforts 13
3. Amazon’s Impact on its HQ2 Community and their Climate Change Efforts 15
3.1. Introduction to Amazon and its HQ2 Community 16
3.1.1. Overview 16
3.1.2. HQ2 Community 17
3.2. Amazon’s Climate Pledge 21
3.3. HQ2 Community Impact 23
3.3.1. County Level: Arlington 23
3.3.2. State Level: Virginia 33
3.3.3. Infrastructure and Climate Change 39
3.3.4. HQ2 National Landing Campus: An Icon and a Reminder to City and State made climate pledges 45
4. Conclusion 49
5. References 50
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1978757 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108933045en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 雅馬遜zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 氣候變遷zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 溫室氣體zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 氣候宣言zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 維吉尼亞洲zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Amazonen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Climate changeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Greenhouse gasesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Climate Pledgeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Virginiaen_US
dc.title (題名) 雅馬遜公司第二總部計畫及其對氣候變遷影響的對策zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Amazon’s Impact on its HQ2 Community and their Climate Change Effortsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) References
About Amazon, Amazon.com, Inc., 2021, www.aboutamazon.com/.
“Aerosols: Volcanoes, Dust, Clouds and Climate.” The Discovery of Global Warming, Spencer Weart & American Institute of Physics, Feb. 2021, history.aip.org/climate/aerosol.htm#L_M075.
Ahuja, Kieran. “Amazon Rolls out First of 100,000 Custom-Built Electric Delivery Vans from Tesla-Rival Rivian.” Driving.co.uk from The Sunday Times, 11 Feb. 2021, www.driving.co.uk/news/business/amazons-rivian-delivery-vans-roll-l/.
Amazon.com, 2020, 2019 Annual Report, s2.q4cdn.com/299287126/files/doc_financials/2020/ar/2019-Annual-Report.pdf.
Amazon.com, 2020, All In: Staying the Course on Our Commitment to Sustainability, sustainability.aboutamazon.com/pdfBuilderDownload?name=sustainability-all-in-december-2020.
“Amazon.com, Inc. (AMZN) Stock Historical Prices & Data.” Yahoo! Finance, NASDAQ, 29 Apr. 2021, finance.yahoo.com/quote/AMZN/history/.
“Amazon Around the Globe.” Sustainability, Amazon.com, Apr. 2021, sustainability.aboutamazon.com/about/around-the-globe?energyType=true.
Andrews, Kate, et al. “Amazon Announces Investment in Two More Solar Farms in Halifax County.” Virginia Business, 10 Dec. 2020, www.virginiabusiness.com/article/amazon-announces-investment-in-two-more-solar-farms-in-halifax-county/.
“Arlington County, Virginia.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Apr. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia.
Aydin, Rebecca. “Amazon`s New Headquarters in Arlington, Virginia, Could Include a Bike-Friendly Office with Employee Showers - Take a Look at the Plans.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 22 July 2019, www.businessinsider.com/amazon-hq2-headquarters-metropolitan-park-arlington-virginia-images-2019-7.
Berg, Nate. “Amazon Crushed Affordable Housing. Now It`s Trying to Offset the Problem It Helped Create.” Fast Company, Fast Company, 4 Mar. 2021, www.fastcompany.com/90610519/amazon-crushed-affordable-housing-now-its-trying-to-offset-the-problem-it-helped-create.
Berthiaume, Dan. “Amazon Opens 18th Tech Hub.” Chain Store Age, 29 July 2019, chainstoreage.com/real-estate/amazon-opens-18th-tech-hub.
Bird, Lori, and Tyler Clevenger. “2019 Was a Watershed Year for Clean Energy Commitments from U.S. States and Utilities.” World Resources Institute, 20 Dec. 2019, www.wri.org/insights/2019-was-watershed-year-clean-energy-commitments-us-states-and-utilities#:~:text=U.S.%20states%20and%20utilities%20made,energy%20in%20the%20coming%20decades.
Bloch, Michael. “Carbon Sequestration - Artificial vs Natural.” Carbonify, Mar. 2021, www.carbonify.com/articles/carbon-sequestration.htm.
Capriel, Jonathan. Bizjournals.com, 12 Sept. 2020, www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2020/09/12/amazons-funded-park-gets-arlington-county-approval.html.
“Carbon Offsetting - A Key Instrument to Fight Climate Change.” CO2 Cards, 2020, co2cards.com/carbon-offsetting#:~:text=Carbon%20offset%20is%20a%20way,by%20supporting%20emission%20saving%20projects.
Chen, Angela. “More Solar Panels Mean More Waste and There`s No Easy Solution.” The Verge, VOX Media, 25 Oct. 2018, www.theverge.com/2018/10/25/18018820/solar-panel-waste-chemicals-energy-environment-recycling.
Cohn, Scott. “Amazon Reveals the Truth on Why It Nixed New York and Chose Virginia for Its HQ2.” CNBC, 10 July 2019, www.cnbc.com/2019/07/10/amazon-reveals-the-truth-on-why-it-nixed-ny-and-chose-virginia-for-hq2.html.
“Country Rankings.” IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency, 2020, www.irena.org/Statistics/View-Data-by-Topic/Capacity-and-Generation/Country-Rankings.
CS, Dominion. “Amazon Narrows down Search for HQ2 to 20-City Shortlist.” Dominion Capital Strategies, 23 Jan. 2018, dominion-cs.com/es/amazon-narrows-down-search-for-hq2-to-20-city-shortlist/.
Cui, Hongyang, et al. “Update on the Global Transition to Electric Vehicles through 2019.” The International Council on Clean Transportation, 13 July 2020, theicct.org/publications/update-global-ev-transition-2019.
DeVoe, Jo. “At Two-Year Mark, Amazon Says HQ2 Is On Track for Construction and Hiring Goals.” ARLnow.com, Local News Now LLC, 16 Nov. 2020, www.arlnow.com/2020/11/16/at-two-year-mark-amazon-says-hq2-is-on-track-for-construction-and-hiring-goals/.
“Dominion, Microsoft Team up to Build Solar Project.” Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, 1 Nov. 2017, www.c2es.org/content/dominion-microsoft-team-up-to-build-solar-project/.
Doshi, Tilak. “Biden`s Coming China Headache: Climate Change And ‘Developing Countries.’” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 5 Dec. 2020, www.forbes.com/sites/tilakdoshi/2020/12/05/bidens-coming-china-headache-climate-change-and-developing-countries/?sh=58c5aa332c5e.
“Each Country`s Share of CO2 Emissions.” Union of Concerned Scientists, 12 August 2020, www.ucsusa.org/resources/each-countrys-share-co2-emissions.
“EDF Launches ‘Power Up, America’ Campaign.” Environmental Defense Fund, 30 Nov. 2020, www.edf.org/media/edf-launches-power-america-campaign.
“Emissions Sources (2020).” Climate Central, 19 Feb. 2020, www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/emissions-sources-2020.
Frank, Robert. “The Real Reason Amazon`s HQ2 Will Be near Washington, D.C.” CNBC, 14 Sept. 2018, www.cnbc.com/2018/09/14/the-real-reason-amazons-hq2-will-be-near-washington-dc.html.
Gillers, David, et al. U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Market Risk Advisory Committee, 2020, MANAGING CLIMATE RISK IN THE U.S. FINANCIAL SYSTEM, www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-09/9-9-20%20Report%20of%20the%20Subcommittee%20on%20Climate-Related%20Market%20Risk%20-%20Managing%20Climate%20Risk%20in%20the%20U.S.%20Financial%20System%20for%20posting.pdf.
“Global Stocktake (Referred to in Article 14 of the Paris Agreement).” Unfccc.int, United Nations Climate Change, unfccc.int/topics/science/workstreams/global-stocktake-referred-to-in-article-14-of-the-paris-agreement.
“Global Warming Timeline.” The Discovery of Global Warming, Spencer Weart & American Institute of Physics, Feb. 2021, history.aip.org/climate/timeline.htm.
Gordon, Philip. “Revealed: the Countries Leading the Way in Renewable Energy.” Smart Energy International, Clarion Energy, 13 Dec. 2019, www.smart-energy.com/renewable-energy/revealed-the-countries-leading-the-way-in-renewable-energy/.
Green Climate Fund. Green Climate Fund, 13 Nov. 2020, www.greenclimate.fund/.
“Greenhouse Gas Equivalent Global Warming Potential.” CÍARAN MALIK, 19 May 2020, ciaranmalik.org/portfolio/greenhouse-gas-equivalent-global-warming-potential/.
Haselton, Todd. “Jeff Bezos to Step down as Amazon CEO, Andy Jassy to Take over in Q3.” CNBC, 2 Feb. 2021, www.cnbc.com/2021/02/02/jeff-bezos-to-step-down-as-amazon-ceo-andy-jassy-to-take-over-in-q3.html.
History.com Editors. “Climate Change History.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 6 Oct. 2017, www.history.com/topics/natural-disasters-and-environment/history-of-climate-change.
Hodges, Tina. Edited by Jarrett Stoltzfus, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2010, Public Transportation’s Role in Responding to Climate Change, www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/PublicTransportationsRoleInRespondingToClimateChange2010.pdf.
Ibrahim, Selam. “The Hult Prize Challenge 2018: Harnessing the Power of Energy.” Hult | Blogs, Hult International Business School, 30 Jan. 2018, www.hult.edu/blog/hult-prize-2018-harnessing-energy/.
IEA. “Data & Statistics.” IEA, 1 Apr. 2021, www.iea.org/data-and-statistics?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy+supply&indicator=TPESbySource.
“India Cookstove: Breathing Space Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) Programme.” Carbon Footprint, www.carbonfootprint.com/gs_india_cookstoves.html.
ISSU, 2018, NOVA Proposal, issuu.com/teamsubjectmatter/docs/nova_r1_proposal_full_doc_single_pa.
Northern Virginia Amazon HQ2 Submission
Johnson, Anna. “The State of Virginia Commits to 100 Percent Carbon-Free Electricity.” Fresh Energy, 24 Mar. 2020, fresh-energy.org/the-state-of-virginia-commits-to-100-percent-carbon-free-electricity.
Jones, Dwight C., and Byron C. Marshall. City of Richmond, 2011, RVAgreen: A Roadmap to Sustainability, www.richmondgov.com/Sustainability/documents/RVAGreen_ARoadmapToSustainability.pdf.
Keohane, Nat. “A New Warning Bell for Wall Street, as Wildfires Rage out West.” Environmental Defense Fund, 18 Sept. 2020, www.edf.org/blog/2020/09/18/new-warning-bell-wall-street-wildfires-rage-out-west.
“Key Aspects of the Paris Agreement.” Unfccc.int, United Nations Climate Change, unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement/key-aspects-of-the-paris-agreement.
Lake, Sydney. “Dominion to Build Yet Another Solar Facility for Facebook.” Virginia Business, 13 Feb. 2020, www.virginiabusiness.com/article/dominion-to-build-yet-another-solar-facility-for-facebook/.
Lerner, Michele. “Amazon Update: Second Headquarters Development and the Area`s Housing Market.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 19 Nov. 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/realestate/amazon-update-hq2-development-and-the-areas-housing-market/2020/11/18/3057e766-15fa-11eb-ad6f-36c93e6e94fb_story.html.
Lozanova, Sarah. “The State of Solar Panel Recycling in the U.S.” Earth911, Earth Media Partners, 4 Feb. 2020, earth911.com/eco-tech/the-state-of-solar-panel-recycling-in-the-u-s/.
Main, Ivy. “2018 Guide to Wind and Solar Policy in Virginia.” Power for the People VA, 18 July 2018, powerforthepeopleva.com/2018/07/18/2018-guide-to-wind-and-solar-policy-in-virginia/.
Main, Ivy. “Amazon Will Need Even More Energy in Virginia. Will They Make It Clean?” Virginia Mercury, 26 Nov. 2018, www.virginiamercury.com/2018/11/26/amazon-will-need-even-more-energy-in-virginia-will-they-make-it-clean/.
Main, Ivy. “An Early Look at Climate and Energy Bills in the 2021 Session.” Power for the People VA, 5 Jan. 2021, powerforthepeopleva.com/2021/01/05/an-early-look-at-climate-and-energy-bills-in-the-2021-session/.
Main, Ivy. “How Virginia Could Build 5,000 Megawatts of Wind and Solar, and Still Have No Wind or Solar.” Power for the People VA, 9 July 2018, powerforthepeopleva.com/2018/07/09/how-virginia-could-build-5000-megawatts-of-wind-and-solar-and-still-have-no-wind-or-solar/.
McClellan, Andria, and Theresa Whibley. The City of Norfolk, 2019, Mayor’s Advisory Commission on Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation : Climate Action Plan, www.norfolk.gov/DocumentCenter/View/56485/Mayors-Commission-on-Climate-Change---Final?bidId=.
Merchant, Emma F. “Report: Virginia`s 100% Clean Energy Law Insufficient to Tackle Climate Change.” Greentech Media, Wood Mackenzie, 9 Dec. 2020, www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/report-virginias-100-clean-energy-law-insufficient-to-tackle-climate-change.
“Microsoft Adds 315 Megawatts of New Solar Power in Virginia in Largest Corporate Solar Agreement in the United States.” Stories, 21 Mar. 2018, news.microsoft.com/2018/03/21/microsoft-adds-315-megawatts-of-new-solar-power-in-virginia-in-largest-corporate-solar-agreement-in-the-united-states/.
Mills, Victoria. “A $3 Trillion Stimulus, but $0 for Renewable Energy - Leading Businesses Want to Change That.” TheHill, CAPITOL HILL PUBLISHING CORP., 8 Aug. 2020, thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/510957-three-trillion-in-stimulus-but-zero-for-renewable-energy.
Miranda, Mariah. “Virginia Is Now the Sole Winner of Amazon`s HQ2. Here`s What Its Planned Neighborhood Looks like Right Now.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 16 Feb. 2019, www.businessinsider.com/amazon-hq-arlington-virginia-national-landing-crystal-city-photos-2018-11#and-there-are-plans-to-add-to-the-existing-environment-and-infrastructure-2.
Moret, Stephen, et al. “Virginia`s Amazon Proposal.” Northern Virginia: Innovation Lives Here, 2021, hqnova.com/info.html.
“Moving Towards the Enhanced Transparency Framework.” Unfccc.int, United Nations Climate Change, unfccc.int/enhanced-transparency-framework.
Mullins, Luke. “The Real Story of How Virginia Won Amazon`s HQ2.” Washingtonian, 16 June 2019, www.washingtonian.com/2019/06/16/the-real-story-of-how-virginia-won-amazon-hq2/.
Murray, Thomas. “No Matter the Election Results, Corporate Climate Action Is Here to Stay.” EDF+Business, Environmental Defense Fund, 2 Nov. 2020, business.edf.org/insights/no-matter-the-election-results-corporate-climate-action-is-here-to-stay/.
Murray, Tom. “Net Zero Is The New Business Imperative.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 23 Sept. 2020, www.forbes.com/sites/edfenergyexchange/2020/09/23/net-zero-is-the-new-business-imperative/?sh=50e688064fd4.
National Geographic Society. “Carbon Sources and Sinks.” National Geographic Society, 26 Mar. 2020, www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/carbon-sources-and-sinks/.
“Net Zero Carbon by 2040.” The Climate Pledge | Net Zero Carbon by 2040, 2021, www.theclimatepledge.com/.
Northern Virginia, 2021, National Landing Transportation Solutions, hqnova.com/assets/pdfs/NOVA_National-Landing_Transportation-Solution.pdf.
“Other Greenhouse Gases.” The Discovery of Global Warming, Spencer Weart & American Institute of Physics, Feb. 2021, history.aip.org/climate/othergas.htm#L_0284.
Palmer, Annie. “Amazon Debuts Electric Delivery Vans Created with Rivian.” CNBC, 8 Oct. 2020, www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/amazon-new-electric-delivery-vans-created-with-rivian-unveiled.html.
“Paris Agreement - Status of Ratification.” Unfccc.int, United Nations Climate Change, unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/status-of-ratification.
Phillips, Zachary. “$4B Worth of Transit Projects Coming to National Landing near Washington, D.C.” Construction Dive, Industry Dive, 15 Jan. 2021, www.constructiondive.com/news/4b-worth-of-transit-projects-coming-to-national-landing-near-washington-d/593473/.
Pomeroy, Robin. “One Trillion Trees - Uniting the World to Save Forests and Climate.” World Economic Forum, 22 Jan. 2020, www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/one-trillion-trees-world-economic-forum-launches-plan-to-help-nature-and-the-climate/.
Ritchie, Hannah. “Sector by Sector: Where Do Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Come from?” Our World in Data, Global Change Data Lab, 18 Sept. 2020, ourworldindata.org/ghg-emissions-by-sector.
Rothstein, Steven M, and Dan Saccardi Ceres. “Op-Ed: Climate Change Threatens U.S. Banks Far More than They`re Disclosing.” CNBC, NBCUniversal, 19 Oct. 2020, www.cnbc.com/2020/10/19/climate-change-threatens-banks-far-more-than-theyre-disclosing.html.
“RVAGreen 2050.” Richmond VA > Sustainability > RVAgreen 2050, City of Richmond, 2021, www.richmondgov.com/Sustainability/RVA_Green.aspx.
“RVAgreen Sustainability Dashboard” Richmond, Virginia, City of Richmond, Apr. 2021, www.richmondgov.com/Sustainability/Dashboard.aspx#AlternativeEnergy.
“Simple Models of Climate.” The Discovery of Global Warming, Spencer Weart & American Institute of Physics, Feb. 2021, history.aip.org/climate/simple.htm#L_M018.
Slatt, Chris. “Here Are 5 New Infrastructure Projects We`ll Likely Get with Amazon.” Greater Greater Washington, 14 Nov. 2018, ggwash.org/view/69866/crystal-city-national-landing-virginia-new-infrastructure-get-amazon.
Staff, Amazon. “Amazon Donates $9 Million to Organizations in Arlington Region.” About Amazon, Amazon, 16 Nov. 2020, www.aboutamazon.com/news/community/amazon-donates-9-million-to-organizations-in-arlington-region.
Staff, Amazon. “Amazon Launches $2 Billion Housing Equity Fund to Preserve and Create over 20,000 Affordable Homes.” About Amazon, Amazon, 6 Jan. 2021, www.aboutamazon.com/news/community/amazon-launches-2-billion-housing-equity-fund-to-preserve-and-create-over-20-000-affordable-homes.
“State Electricity Generation Fuel Shares.” Nuclear Energy Institute, Aug. 2020, www.nei.org/resources/statistics/state-electricity-generation-fuel-shares.
Percent electricity generated within the borders of each state in 2019
Steffen, Andrea D. “The Helix At Amazon`s HQ2 Is A Solar Powered Swirl of Glass And Trees.” Intelligent Living, 24 Mar. 2021, www.intelligentliving.co/amp/the-helix-amazons-hq2-solar-powered-glass-trees/.
Sullivan, Patricia. “Amazon`s Va. Headquarters Expected to Have $15 Billion Economic Impact by 2030.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 8 Dec. 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/amazons-va-headquarters-expected-to-have-15-billion-economic-impact-by-2030/2018/12/07/3f0db0c8-fa4b-11e8-8d64-4e79db33382f_story.html.
Sullivan, Patricia. “New Amazon-Arlington Solar Farm to Fulfill Most of County`s Renewable Pledges.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 29 Jan. 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/amazon-arlington-solar-farm/2020/01/28/c44baf76-41e2-11ea-b503-2b077c436617_story.html.
Tejada, J. Walter, et al. Arlington County Virginia, 2013, Community Energy Plan: AN ELEMENT OF ARLINGTON COUNTY’S COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ADOPTED - JUNE, 2013, arlingtonva.s3.dualstack.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Arlingtons-Community-Energy-Plan.pdf.
Tejada, J. Walter, et al. Arlington County Virginia, 2019, Community Energy: Arlington Initiative to RETHINK ENERGY, arlingtonva.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/10/Final-CEP-CLEAN-003.pdf.
“The Public and Climate, Cont.” The Discovery of Global Warming, Spencer Weart & American Institute of Physics, Feb. 2021, history.aip.org/climate/public2.htm#L_M080.
“Virginia - State Energy Profile Analysis - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).” EIA, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 15 Oct. 2020, www.eia.gov/state/analysis.php?sid=VA#:~:text=By%20July%202020%2C%20Virginia`s%20installed,743%20megawatts%20by%20mid-2020.
“Virginia Solar.” SEIA, Solar Energy Industries Association, Apr. 2021, www.seia.org/state-solar-policy/virginia-solar.
Data Current Through: Q4 2020
“Welcome to National Landing.” National Landing: Pentagon City, Crystal City, Potomac Yard, 2021, nationallanding.org/.
Wesoff, Eric, and Becky Beetz. “Pv Magazine: Solar Panel Recycling in the US - a Looming Issue That Could Harm Industry Growth and Reputation.” Recycle PV Solar, 3 Dec. 2020, recyclepv.solar/pv-magazine-solar-panel-recycling-in-the-us-a-looming-issue-that-could-harm-industry-growth-and-reputation/.
Willige, Andrea. “The UN Says Climate-Smart Cities Are the Future – These 3 Projects Show Their Potential.” World Economic Forum, 11 Sept. 2020, www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/climate-change-resilience-urban-infrastructure/.
Yurieff, Kaya. “Everything We Know about Amazon`s HQ2 Search.” CNN, Cable News Network, 6 Nov. 2018, edition.cnn.com/2018/11/05/tech/amazon-hq2-update/index.html#:~:text=In%20its%20request%20for%20proposals,more%20than%201%20million%20people.
zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202100568en_US