Publications-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 浮體式離岸風力發電應為未來台灣風力發電之主力
The Future of Offshore Wind in Taiwan Relies on the Switch to Floating Platforms作者 蔡創⽻
Clarke, Byron貢獻者 吳文傑
Wu, Jack
蔡創⽻
Byron Clarke關鍵詞 離岸風
浮動平台
投資
台灣
再生能源
offshore wind
floating platforms
investments
Taiwan
renewable energy日期 2021 上傳時間 4-Aug-2021 15:05:34 (UTC+8) 摘要 There has been tremendous growth in the offshore wind industry over the past decade as the decline in costs of renewable energy has allowed for intense competition with fossil fuels. The demand for renewable energy is increasing rapidly while nations and large multinational companies move towards becoming carbon neutral. The Taiwanese government has been aggressive with its ambitious goals of reducing its carbon output, decreasing its reliance on imported energy, diversifying energy sources, and creating local supply chains to compete globally. To do so, offshore wind power generation is of strategic importance. Taiwan has so far focused on awarding contracts for wind turbines with fixed foundations. Although this part of the industry is much more developed and offers less risk, Taiwan is far behind major competitors in Europe and China. To bridge the gap, investments are needed to decrease the levelized costs of electricity (LCOE). Key elements of achieving these goals rely on improving learning rates, increasing capacity load factors, and investing in technology that further decreases capital expenditures and operational expenses. Taiwan will have to make investments in talent, address environmental concerns of residents, and focus on the long-term future of the industry. Addressing these concerns will allow Taiwan to make the infrastructure investments needed for floating wind platforms and thus allowing for competitiveness in the market. 參考文獻 ReferencesAcademic Journal ArticlesAlfred J. Baird (2004) Public goods and the public financing of major European seaports, Maritime Policy & Management, 31:(4), 375-391, DOI: 10.1080/0308883042000304890Andersen, M. T. (2016). Floating Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines. Aalborg Universitetsforlag. Ph.d.- serien for Det Teknisk-Naturvidenskabelige Fakultet, Aalborg Universitet, DOI: 10.5278/vbn.phd.engsci.00175Castro-Santos, L.; Martins, E.; Guedes Soares, C. Methodology to Calculate the Costs of a Floating Offshore Renewable Energy Farm. Energies 2016, 9, (324). https://doi.org/10.3390/en9050324Cheng, K.-S., Ho, C.-Y., & Teng, J.-H. (2020). Wind Characteristics in the Taiwan Strait: A Case Study of the First Offshore Wind Farm in Taiwan. Energies, 24, 6492. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246492Eva Topham, David McMillan, Sustainable decommissioning of an offshore wind farm, Renewable Energy, Volume 102, Part B, (2017), Pages 470-480, ISSN 0960-1481, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.066.Ghigo A, Cottura L, Caradonna R, Bracco G, Mattiazzo G. Platform Optimization and Cost Analysis in a Floating Offshore Wind Farm. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8(11):835. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110835Hayley Farr, Benjamin Ruttenberg, Ryan K. Walter, Yi-Hui Wang, Crow White,Potential environmental effects of deepwater floating offshore wind energy facilities,Ocean & Coastal Management,Volume 207,(2021),105611,ISSN 0964-5691,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105611.Hassan, G. G. (2013). A guide to UK Offshore Wind Operations and Maintenance. Scottish Enterprise and The Crown Estate.Huang, Hai-Ning. (2021). Localization of Taiwan Offshore Wind Industry and Onward: Critiques and Recommendations for its Policy Design Through the Lens of WTO Law. Asian Journal of WTO & international health law and policy. 16. 59-98.Kausche, Michael & Adam, Frank & Dahlhaus, Frank & Grossmann, Jochen. (2018). Floating offshore wind - Economic and ecological challenges of a TLP solution. Renewable Energy. 126. 10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.058.Jayson R. Miedema, Daniel Zedek; Cutaneous Meningioma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1 February 2012; 136 (2): 208–211. doi: https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2010-0505-RSKu-Jung Lin1,2, Chia-Pao Hsu, and Hung-Yu Liu1 (May 6, 2021)Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 27, (5), pp. 427-434 (2019) 427 DOI: 10.6119/JMST.201910_27(5).0005Matti Scheu, Denis Matha, Marie-Antoinette Schwarzkopf, Athanasios Kolios,Human exposure to motion during maintenance on floating offshore wind turbines, Ocean Engineering, Volume 165, (2018), Pages 293-306, ISSN 0029-8018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.07.016.May, R, Nygård, T, Falkdalen, U, Åström, J, Hamre, O, Stokke, BG. Paint it black: Efficacy of increased wind‐turbine rotor blade visibility to reduce avian fatalities. Ecol Evol. 2020; (10): 8927– 8935. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6592Myhr, Anders & Bjerkseter, Catho & Ågotnes, Anders & Nygaard, Tor. (2014). Levelised cost of energy for offshore floating wind turbines in a life cycle perspective. Renewable Energy. 66. 714–728. 10.1016/j.renene.2014.01.017.Patrizio Lecca, Peter G. McGregor, Kim J. Swales, Marie Tamba, The Importance of Learning for Achieving the UK`s Targets for Offshore Wind, Ecological Economics, Volume 135, (2017), Pages 259-268, ISSN 0921-8009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.01.021.Rezaei M., Khozani N., Jafari N., “Wind energy utilization for hydrogen production in an underdeveloped country: An economic investigation”, Renewable Energy 147, 2020;1044-1057Rockmann C, Lagerveld S, Stavenuiter J. Operation and maintenance costs of offshore wind farms and potential multi‐use platforms in the Dutch North Sea. In: Aquaculture Perspective of Multi‐Use Sites in the Open Ocean. Springer; 2017: Section 4.2.1Sonar, D. (2021). Renewable energy based trigeneration systems—technologies, challenges and opportunities. In Renewable-Energy-Driven Future (pp. 125–168). Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820539-6.00004-2Van der Valk, Paul. (2014). Coupled Simulations of Wind Turbines and Offshore Support Structures: Strategies based on the Dynamic Substructuring Paradigm. Page 10 – 18. 10.4233/uuid:ac619319-9eae-443d-8b94-d0246f80ffdb.Wang, King & Cheng, Yu. (2012). The Evolution of feed-in tariff policy in Taiwan. Energy Strategy Reviews. 1. 130–133. 10.1016/j.esr.2012.05.002.Wiser, R., Rand, J., Seel, J. et al. Expert elicitation survey predicts 37% to 49% declines in wind energy costs by 2050. Nat Energy 6, 555–565 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00810-zOnline Sources (company websites, articles, online publications, news, blogs)7000 Year Old Reef Threatening a $2 Billion Energy Project. (2021, March 2). Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-02/the-7-000-year-old-reef-threatening-a-2-billion-energy-project台灣年報 | RE100 TW. (2021, June). RE100 TW. https://www.re100.org.tw/taiwan-reportAllen, S. (2020, August 21). Fishermen block progress on Yunlin offshore wind . 4c Offshore. https://www.4coffshore.com/news/fishermen-block-progress-on-yunlin-offshore-wind-nid17932.htmlSmith, A. Z. (2014, September 29). What does the capacity factor of wind mean? Energy Numbers. https://energynumbers.info/capacity-factor-of-windApple commits to be 100 percent carbon neutral for its supply chain and products by 2030. (2020, July 21). Apple Newsroom. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/07/apple-commits-to-be-100-percent-carbon-neutral-for-its-supply-chain-and-products-by-2030/Bhattacharya, S. (2017, August 9). Challenges in design of foundations for offshore wind turbines | The E&T; Energy and Power Hub. The E&T Energy and Power Hub; IET Services Ltd. https://web.archive.org/web/20171207140411/https://energyhub.theiet.org/users/59305-subhamoy-bhattacharya/posts/19278-challenges-in-design-of-foundations-for-offshore-wind-turbines#shareBrown, M. (2019, July 30). The Beatrice, World’s Deepest Wind Farm, Turns on the Coast of Scotland. Inverse. https://www.inverse.com/article/58168-world-s-deepest-wind-energy-farm-of-its-kind-pushes-renewables-to-the-limitChina Fueling Asian Offshore Wind Market Growth. (2020, December 11). StackPath. https://www.offshore-mag.com/renewable-energy/article/14188902/china-fueling-asian-offshore-wind-market-growthChina ousts Taiwan as Apple’s biggest source of suppliers. (2021, June 2). Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/China-tech/China-ousts-Taiwan-as-Apple-s-biggest-source-of-suppliersCIP to finish Changhua phase 1 wind power operation base in 2021 in Taiwan. (2020). REVE News. https://www.evwind.es/2020/08/16/cip-to-finish-changhua-phase-1-wind-power-operation-base-in-2021-in-taiwan/76554CPC Corporation, Taiwan-Upstream Operations. (2021, May 31). CPC Corporation, Taiwan. https://en.cpc.com.tw/cp.aspx?n=2609De Chant, T. D. C. (2021, May 25). Sensor-driven turbine platforms could unlock 4,000 TWh of offshore wind. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/05/sensor-driven-turbine-platforms-could-unlock-4000-twh-of-offshore-wind/Development of offshore wind energy in Vietnam. (2020, September 23). REVE News of the Wind Sector in Spain and in the World. https://www.evwind.es/2020/09/23/development-of-offshore-wind-energy-in-vietnam/77318Driving Costs Reductions in Offshore. (2021, May 16). Wind Europe; LEANWIND. https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/reports/LEANWIND-Driving-cost-reductions-in-offshore.pdfEnergy imports by country, 2020. (2021, January 31). Knoema. https://knoema.com/atlas/ranks/Energy-importsEnergy Statistical Annual Reports. (2021, April 2). Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. https://www.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/english/content/ContentLink.aspx?menu_id=1540Energy Taiwan-PV Taiwan. (2020, June 4). 台灣國際智慧能源週. https://www.energytaiwan.com.tw/en/menu/7944FA1675C74675D0636733C6861689/info.htmlFerry, T. (2020a, October 16). Offshore Wind Projects Face a Series of Challenges - Taiwan Business TOPICS. Taiwan Business TOPICS. https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2020/10/offshore-wind-projects-challenges/#:~:text=Taiwan%20is%20aiming%20for%205.7,8%25%20of%20Taiwan’s%20power%20supplyFerry, T. (2020b, October 22). Cultivating Talent for the Offshore Wind Era . Taiwan Business TOPICS. https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2020/10/cultivating-talent-offshore-wind-era/FIT Overview. (2021, April 1). Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO). https://www.ieso.ca/sector-participants/feed-in-tariff-program/overviewFixed vs Floating Wind. (2020, June). Xodus Group. xodusgroup.comFloating offshore systems key: experts. (2021, March 15). Taipei Times. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2021/03/15/2003753835Four-year Wind Power Promotion Plan . (2019, June 14). Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan); Department of Information Services, Executive Yuan. https://english.ey.gov.tw/News3/9E5540D592A5FECD/d603a1bf-9963-4e53-a92b-e6520a3d93ff#:~:text=The%20Four%2Dyear%20Wind%20Power,and%20increasing%20renewable%20resources%20toFull power at first floating wind energy project in continental Europe . (2020, July 28). ES Wind. https://www.evwind.es/2020/07/28/full-power-at-first-floating-wind-energy-project-in-continental-europe/76075Future of Wind 2019 Report. (2018). IRENA. irena.orgGlobal Offshore Renewable Map | 4C Offshore. (n.d.). Marine Consultants – Submarine Cable Consulting & Market Intelligence | 4C Offshore. Retrieved June 17, 2021, from https://www.4coffshore.com/offshorewind/Global Offshore Wind Report 2020. (2020, August 5). Global Wind Energy Council. https://gwec.net/global-offshore-wind-report-2020/#key-findingsGlobal Wind Report 2021. (2021, March 24). Global Wind Energy Council. https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2021/Global Wind Speed Information Database. (2021, May 3). Marine Consultants – Submarine Cable Consulting & Market Intelligence | 4C Offshore. https://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/windspeeds.aspxGoogle rumored to be preparing third data center in Taiwan. (2020, August 26). Taiwan News. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3995351Government urged to set up areas off-limits to offshore wind farms. (2021, January 18). Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. https://focustaiwan.tw/business/202101180020Green Energy. (2017, September). ROC-Taiwan; MOEA. https://www.roc-taiwan.org/uploads/sites/30/2018/03/Green-Energy.pdfGrowing distrust of China brings $51b “returning” windfall for Taiwan, East Asia News & Top Stories . (2020, September 15). The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/growing-distrust-of-china-brings-51b-returning-windfall-for-taiwanGuoco Tower - The Skyscraper Center. (2021, April 26). Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/guoco-tower/15186GWEC. (2015). GWEC Global WInd Report 2014. GWEC. http://gwec.netHarris, J. (2019, December 4). Taiwan offshore wind: the challenges. Pinsent Masons. https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/analysis/taiwan-offshore-wind-the-challengesHistory of Europe’s wind industry · WindEurope. (2021, May 31). Wind Europe. https://windeurope.org/about-wind/history/How can we make floating wind farms cost-effective? (2020, July 29). World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/07/floating-wind-farms-green-energy-electricity-offshore/How Cheap Must Batteries Get for Renewables to Compete With Fossil Fuels? (2019, August 12). Singularity Hub. https://singularityhub.com/2019/08/12/how-cheap-must-batteries-get-for-renewables-to-compete-with-fossil-fuels/How much wind energy does it take to power an average home? (2021, June 15). USGS.Gov . https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-much-wind-energy-does-it-take-power-average-homeHow much wind for a wind turbine. (2021, June 10). Renewables First. https://www.renewablesfirst.co.uk/windpower/windpower-learning-centre/how-windy-does-it-have-to-be/JAPAN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT. (2021, May 31). JX Nippon Oil & Gas Exploration Corporation. https://www.nex.jx-group.co.jp/english/corporate/history/jed_history.htmlJapan steps up renewables investment to beat 2030 target. (2020, August 14). Power Technology. https://www.power-technology.com/news/japan-invest-renewable-wind-solar-hydrogen-decarbonisation-coal-decommissioning/Katz, C. (2020, December 17). The batteries that could make fossil fuels obsolete - BBC Future. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-batteryKeene, M. (2021, January 4). Comparing offshore wind turbine foundations. Windpower Engineering & Development. https://www.windpowerengineering.com/comparing-offshore-wind-turbine-foundations/Low offshore wind auction bids catch industry by surprise. (2018, July 6). Inframation Group. https://www.inframationgroup.com/info/apac-low-offshore-wind-auction-bids-catch-industry-surprise%C2%A0Market to Watch: Taiwan Offshore Wind | Global Wind Energy Council. (2020, January 16). Global Wind Energy Council. https://gwec.net/market-to-watch-taiwan-offshore-wind/Microsoft to establish its first datacenter region in Taiwan as a part of its “Reimagine Taiwan” initiative . (2020, October 26). Microsoft Stories Asia. https://news.microsoft.com/apac/2020/10/27/microsoft-to-establish-its-first-datacenter-region-in-taiwan-as-a-part-of-its-reimagine-taiwan-initiative/Migrant workers in Taiwan rally for better pay, more time off - Focus Taiwan. (2020, December 13). Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202012130010#:~:text=According%20to%20a%20brochure%20handed,minimum%20wage%20of%20NT%2423%2C800Minimum wage - Vietnam . (2021, May 26). WageIndicator Subsite Collection. https://wageindicator.org/salary/minimum-wage/vietnamMOEA plans a new target to develop further 10 GW of offshore wind capacity between 2026 to 2035 -- anticipation of a price drop below the average consumer price. (2020, January 6). 中華民國經濟部(Ministry of Economic Affairs,R.O.C.)全球資訊網. https://www.moea.gov.tw/MNS/english/news/News.aspx?kind=6&menu_id=176&news_id=90182MOEA plans a new target to develop further 10 GW of offshore wind capacity between 2026 to 2035 -- anticipation of a price drop below the average consumer price. (2021, January 6). Ministry of Economic Affairs, R.O.C. https://www.moea.gov.tw/MNS/english/news/News.aspx?kind=6&menu_id=176&news_id=90182More forced power outages in Taiwan as demand spikes amid heatwave, drought. (2021, May 17). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hot-drought-hit-taiwan-struck-by-power-cuts-second-time-week-2021-05-17/More oil and gas companies leaning into renewable energy tech. (2021, January 26). World Oil - Upstream News. https://www.worldoil.com/news/2021/1/26/more-oil-and-gas-companies-leaning-into-renewable-energy-techMost in US say alternative energy takes priority over fossil fuels | Pew Research Center. (2017, January 23). Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/23/two-thirds-of-americans-give-priority-to-developing-alternative-energy-over-fossil-fuels/New Survey Shows Strong Support for Energy Transition in Taiwan. (2021, May 12). 風險社會與政策研究中心 - 首頁; RSPRC Research Team. https://rsprc.ntu.edu.tw/en/m01-2/energy-transition/1415-2020-survey.htmlNumber offshore rigs worldwide by region 2018. (2020, November 9). Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/279100/number-of-offshore-rigs-worldwide-by-region/Offshore Wind Outlook 2019. (2019). International Energy Agency. https://webstore.iea.org/offshore-wind-outlook-2019-world-energy-outlook-special-reportØrsted and TSMC sign the world’s largest renewables corporate power purchase agreement. (2020, July). Ørsted.Tw. https://orsted.tw/en/news/2020/07/orsted-tsmc-cppaØrsted sends first batch of Taiwanese O&M technicians for training secondment in the UK. (2021 4). Ørsted.Tw. https://Orsted.tw/en/news/2021/05/first-taiwanese-technicians-training-in-ukPatel, P. (2019, March 21). Wind Turbines Make Better Neighbors than Power Plants. Anthropocene. https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2019/03/wind-turbines-make-better-neighbors-than-power-plants/Power generation news and jobs in coal, gas, nuclear, renewables. (n.d.). POWER Magazine. Retrieved June 16, 2021, from https://www.powermag.com/bp-buying-1-1-billion-stake-in-u-s-offshore-Premier: Make Taiwan a global model for offshore wind power. (2018, March 22). Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan); Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan).https://english.ey.gov.tw/Page/61BF20C3E89B856/8ead428d-a862-46c4-8bd4-3e8d76eb6befRE100 Members. (2021, June 4). RE100. https://www.there100.org/re100-membersRenewable Energy Overview - Power Generation Information - Information Disclosure . (2021). Taiwan Power Company. https://www.taipower.com.tw/en/page.aspx?mid=4495&cid=2846&cchk=9bdbe22a-28cc-45b6-9700-b2c29001d58bRitchie, H., & Roser, M. (2020, February 10). What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy? Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energySeven major companies that committed to net-zero emissions in 2020. (2021, June 1). PRI. https://www.unpri.org/pri-blog/seven-major-companies-that-committed-to-net-zero-emissions-in-2020/6909.articleShah, Dr. R., Gan, J., & Ladella, K. (2021, May 4). Using Wind Energy for Hydrogen Production : An Innovative Concept. AltEnergyMag. https://www.altenergymag.com/article/2021/04/using-wind-energy-for-hydrogen-production-an-innovative-concept/35012#:~:text=The%20current%20hydrogen%20production%20system,is%20illustrated%20in%20Figure%201Shumkov, I. (2019, January 17). INTERVIEW - Floating wind power on the path to maturity, an expert’s view. Renewablesnow.Com. https://renewablesnow.com/news/interview-floating-wind-power-on-the-path-to-maturity-an-experts-view-639687/Six ways our oil and gas expertise is energising renewables. (2021, March 27). Equinor.Com; Equinor. https://www.equinor.com/en/magazine/industry-competence-transfer.htmlSouth Korea plans to build 8.2GW, $43bn offshore wind farm. (2021, February 8). Power Technology. https://www.power-technology.com/news/south-korea-plans-build-43bn-offshore-wind-farm/South Korea Unveils EUR 27 Billion Floating Wind Project. (2021, May 7). Offshore Wind. https://www.offshorewind.biz/2021/05/07/south-korea-unveils-eur-27-billion-floating-wind-project/Stevenson, D. T. (2021, May 4). Offshore wind too ugly for the Hamptons but OK for other beach resorts? WindAction. http://www.windaction.org/posts/52368-offshore-wind-too-ugly-for-the-hamptons-but-ok-for-other-beach-resorts#.YJvTh2YzZH0Stokstad, E. (2018, April 5). Migration forecasts could help prevent wind turbines and buildings from killing millions of birds | Science | AAAS. Science Mag. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/migration-forecasts-could-help-prevent-wind-turbines-and-buildings-killing-millions#Taiwan cuts offshore wind tariffs - reNews - Renewable Energy News. (2021, January 7). ReNEWS - Renewable Energy News; reNEWS Ltd. https://renews.biz/65588/taiwan-cuts-offshore-wind-tariffs/#:~:text=Taiwan%20has%20reduced%20its%20feed,by%20the%20ministry%20in%20DecemberTaiwan Drafts Plan for Further 5 GW of Offshore Wind. (2021a, May 11). Offshore Wind. https://www.offshorewind.biz/2021/05/11/taiwan-drafts-plan-for-further-5-gw-of-offshore-wind/Taiwan feed-in tariff 2019: is it enough?(2019, February 6). Watson Farley Williams. https://www.wfw.com/articles/taiwan-feed-in-tariff-2019-is-it-enough/Taiwan Offshore Wind energy. (2020, January 17). REVE News of the Wind Sector in Spain and in the World. https://www.evwind.es/2020/01/17/taiwan-offshore-wind-energy/73104Taiwan Offshore Wind Farm Projects Insights. (2018, February). Jones Day. www.jonesday.com/en/insights/2018/02/taiwan-offshore-wind-farm-projects-guiding-investorTaiwan pushing for trade, investment with US, EU. (2019, October 28). Asia Times. https://asiatimes.com/2019/10/taiwan-pushing-for-trade-investment-with-us-eu/Taiwan Raises Red Alert Over Water Cuts For Chipmakers. (2021, March 24). Bloomberg . https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-24/taiwan-raises-red-alert-over-water-cuts-supply-for-chipmakersTaiwan Reduces 2020 Offshore Wind Feed-in-Tariff . (2020, January 6). Offshore Wind. https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/01/06/taiwan-reduces-2020-offshore-wind-feed-in-tariff/Taiwan Selects Eleven Offshore Wind Projects. (2018, April 30). Offshore Wind Biz. https://www.offshorewind.biz/2018/04/30/taiwan-selects-eleven-offshore-wind-projects/Taiwan to allocate NT$500 million to monitor Japan’s radioactive water. (2021, April 22). Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202104220017Taiwan to auction 5 GW of offshore wind in three phases. (2020, June 22). Riviera. https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/taiwan-to-auction-5-gw-of-offshore-wind-in-three-phases-59929Taiwan to boost renewable energy to 20% by 2025, introduce trillion-dollar investment | Taiwan News | 2020-02-27 15:02:00. (2020, February 27). Taiwan News; Taiwan News. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3880997Taiwan-awards-offshore-accolades - reNews - Renewable Energy News. (2018, April 30). ReNEWS - Renewable Energy News; reNEWS Ltd. https://renews.biz/32037/taiwan-awards-offshore-accolades/Taiwan’s offshore wind sector stays afloat amidst tariff cuts. (2021, January). Asian Power. https://asian-power.com/regulation/in-focus/taiwans-offshore-wind-sector-stays-afloat-amidst-tariff-cutsThe Climate Pledge | Signatories. (2021, June 4). The Climate Pledge. https://www.theclimatepledge.com/us/en/SignatoriesThe Maritime Executive. (2021, May 24). Ørsted Launches Its First Renewable Hydrogen Project. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/oersted-launches-its-first-renewable-hydrogen-projectThe Paris Agreement. (2021, June 4). United Nations Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreementThe Repositioning of Taiwan in the Global Supply Chain Network. (2020, February 19). Taiwan Insight. https://taiwaninsight.org/2020/02/19/the-repositioning-of-taiwan-in-the-global-supply-chain-network/Three industries in Taiwan to face talent shortages before 2023. (2021, May 6). Taiwan News. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4196350Total to acquire stake in offshore wind farm in Taiwan. (2021, April 29). News on Renewable, Nuclear, Fossil, Technology, Market Data - Power Technology. https://www.power-technology.com/news/total-yunlin-offshore-wind-farm/Welle, D. (2020, January 17). How divestment stacks up against fossil fuels. DW.COM; Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). https://www.dw.com/en/how-divestment-stacks-up-against-fossil-fuels/a-52032277What is offshore wind power? (2021, February 3). National Grid Group. https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/what-offshore-wind-powerWhy Do Taiwan’s Environmentalists Oppose Renewable Energy Facilities? . (2020, July 13). Taiwan Insight. https://taiwaninsight.org/2020/07/13/why-do-taiwans-environmentalists-oppose-renewable-energy-facilities/Why Renewable Energy Will Replace Fossil Fuels. (2017, July 17). State of the Planet. https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2017/07/17/why-renewable-energy-will-replace-fossil-fuels/Wind energy supply chain. (2021). Ørsted.Co.Uk. https://Orsted.co.uk/energy-solutions/offshore-wind/supply-chainWind farm costs – Guide to an offshore wind farm. (2021, May 13). Guide to an Offshore Windfarm. https://guidetoanoffshorewindfarm.com/wind-farm-costsWind industry seeks more governmental flexibility. (2020, October 13). Taipei Times. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2020/10/13/2003745053Wind Turbine Cost: Worth The Million-Dollar Price In 2020? (2020, March 24). Weather Guard Lightning Tech. https://weatherguardwind.com/how-much-does-wind-turbine-cost-worth-it/Winning Bid Prices in Taiwan’s Latest Offshore Wind Auction Are Much Lower Than Expected. (2018, July 4). EnergyTrend. https://www.energytrend.com/news/20180704-12369.htmlWorld’s first floating wind farm starts generating electricity. (2017, October 18). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-41652707最低工资 - 台湾 - WageIndicator.tw. (2021, May 26). WageIndicator Subsite Collection. https://wageindicator.tw/minimum-wage 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
108933030資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108933030 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 吳文傑 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Wu, Jack en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蔡創⽻ zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Byron Clarke en_US dc.creator (作者) 蔡創⽻ zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Clarke, Byron en_US dc.date (日期) 2021 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-Aug-2021 15:05:34 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-Aug-2021 15:05:34 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Aug-2021 15:05:34 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108933030 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/136429 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 108933030 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) There has been tremendous growth in the offshore wind industry over the past decade as the decline in costs of renewable energy has allowed for intense competition with fossil fuels. The demand for renewable energy is increasing rapidly while nations and large multinational companies move towards becoming carbon neutral. The Taiwanese government has been aggressive with its ambitious goals of reducing its carbon output, decreasing its reliance on imported energy, diversifying energy sources, and creating local supply chains to compete globally. To do so, offshore wind power generation is of strategic importance. Taiwan has so far focused on awarding contracts for wind turbines with fixed foundations. Although this part of the industry is much more developed and offers less risk, Taiwan is far behind major competitors in Europe and China. To bridge the gap, investments are needed to decrease the levelized costs of electricity (LCOE). Key elements of achieving these goals rely on improving learning rates, increasing capacity load factors, and investing in technology that further decreases capital expenditures and operational expenses. Taiwan will have to make investments in talent, address environmental concerns of residents, and focus on the long-term future of the industry. Addressing these concerns will allow Taiwan to make the infrastructure investments needed for floating wind platforms and thus allowing for competitiveness in the market. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents1. Introduction 11.1. A Brief Overview of Offshore Wind Power Generation 11.2. Offshore Wind as a Substitute Product for Fossil Fuels 21.3. History and Development Trends in Offshore Wind Energy 42. The Global Offshore Wind Market 62.1. Recent Developments, Trends, and Overall Market 63. A Comparison of Offshore Wind Options 93.1. Fixed Foundations 93.1.1. Advantages of Fixed Offshore Wind Foundations 103.1.2. Disadvantages of Fixed Offshore Wind Foundations 103.2. Floating Foundations 113.2.1. Advantages of Floating Offshore Wind Foundations 123.2.2. Disadvantages of Floating Offshore Wind Foundations 133.3. Cost Comparisons of Fixed and Floating Offshore Wind Foundations 143.3.1. Levelized Cost of Electricity 143.3.2. Capital Expenditures: Fixed Platforms 153.3.3. Capital Expenditures: Floating Platforms 163.3.4. Decommissioning Costs 163.3.5. Operational and Maintenance (O&M) Expenditures: Fixed Foundations 183.3.6. Operational and Maintenance (O&M) Expenditures: Floating Foundations 193.3.7. Capacity Load Factor and Its Influence on Lifetime Energy Output 203.3.8. How Learning Rates and Economies of Scale Affect LCOE 223.3.9. Predictions of Future Costs 253.4. Other Costs and Concerns Comparisons 283.4.1. Territory 283.4.2. Residents 283.4.3. Marine Life (Mammals, Fish, Benthic Species, Etc…) 293.4.4. Birds 314. Taiwan’s Offshore Wind Energy Development 324.1. A Push into Offshore Wind Energy Generation 324.2. Awarding Contracts 344.3. Future Rounds 364.4. Subsidy Schemes 374.4.1. Feed-in-Tariffs 374.4.2. Initial Phase of Subsidies: Feed-in-Tariffs (FiTs) 384.4.3. Slashes in Feed-in-Tariffs 384.4.4. Feed-in-Tariffs: Bidding Process 405. Taiwan as a Market: Demand and Supply Analysis 415.1. Demand Analysis 415.1.1. Taiwan’s Energy Demand 415.1.2. Demand From Multinational and Domestic Companies 435.2. Supply Analysis 455.2.1. Taiwan’s Reliance on Imported Energy 455.2.2. Wind and Water Depth Conditions 485.2.3. Environmental Concerns 515.2.4. Labour Conditions: Fishermen 525.2.5. Labour Conditions: Talent 535.2.6. Demand From Regional Competitors 545.2.7. Opportunity Costs: Other Renewable Energies 555.2.8. Opportunity Costs: Generation of Hydrogen 575.3. Localization and Issues Associated with Developing a Market 585.4. Lack of Infrastructure 605.5. Lack of History in Oil and Gas 616. A Case for the Future 646.1. The Switch to Floating Platforms is Already Happening 646.2. A Quick Response to International and Regional Pressure 677. Conclusion 708. References 72 zh_TW dc.format.extent 4834777 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108933030 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 離岸風 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 浮動平台 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 投資 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 再生能源 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) offshore wind en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) floating platforms en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) investments en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) renewable energy en_US dc.title (題名) 浮體式離岸風力發電應為未來台灣風力發電之主力 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Future of Offshore Wind in Taiwan Relies on the Switch to Floating Platforms en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ReferencesAcademic Journal ArticlesAlfred J. Baird (2004) Public goods and the public financing of major European seaports, Maritime Policy & Management, 31:(4), 375-391, DOI: 10.1080/0308883042000304890Andersen, M. T. (2016). Floating Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines. Aalborg Universitetsforlag. Ph.d.- serien for Det Teknisk-Naturvidenskabelige Fakultet, Aalborg Universitet, DOI: 10.5278/vbn.phd.engsci.00175Castro-Santos, L.; Martins, E.; Guedes Soares, C. Methodology to Calculate the Costs of a Floating Offshore Renewable Energy Farm. Energies 2016, 9, (324). https://doi.org/10.3390/en9050324Cheng, K.-S., Ho, C.-Y., & Teng, J.-H. (2020). Wind Characteristics in the Taiwan Strait: A Case Study of the First Offshore Wind Farm in Taiwan. Energies, 24, 6492. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246492Eva Topham, David McMillan, Sustainable decommissioning of an offshore wind farm, Renewable Energy, Volume 102, Part B, (2017), Pages 470-480, ISSN 0960-1481, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.066.Ghigo A, Cottura L, Caradonna R, Bracco G, Mattiazzo G. Platform Optimization and Cost Analysis in a Floating Offshore Wind Farm. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8(11):835. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110835Hayley Farr, Benjamin Ruttenberg, Ryan K. Walter, Yi-Hui Wang, Crow White,Potential environmental effects of deepwater floating offshore wind energy facilities,Ocean & Coastal Management,Volume 207,(2021),105611,ISSN 0964-5691,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105611.Hassan, G. G. (2013). A guide to UK Offshore Wind Operations and Maintenance. Scottish Enterprise and The Crown Estate.Huang, Hai-Ning. (2021). Localization of Taiwan Offshore Wind Industry and Onward: Critiques and Recommendations for its Policy Design Through the Lens of WTO Law. Asian Journal of WTO & international health law and policy. 16. 59-98.Kausche, Michael & Adam, Frank & Dahlhaus, Frank & Grossmann, Jochen. (2018). Floating offshore wind - Economic and ecological challenges of a TLP solution. Renewable Energy. 126. 10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.058.Jayson R. Miedema, Daniel Zedek; Cutaneous Meningioma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1 February 2012; 136 (2): 208–211. doi: https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2010-0505-RSKu-Jung Lin1,2, Chia-Pao Hsu, and Hung-Yu Liu1 (May 6, 2021)Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 27, (5), pp. 427-434 (2019) 427 DOI: 10.6119/JMST.201910_27(5).0005Matti Scheu, Denis Matha, Marie-Antoinette Schwarzkopf, Athanasios Kolios,Human exposure to motion during maintenance on floating offshore wind turbines, Ocean Engineering, Volume 165, (2018), Pages 293-306, ISSN 0029-8018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.07.016.May, R, Nygård, T, Falkdalen, U, Åström, J, Hamre, O, Stokke, BG. Paint it black: Efficacy of increased wind‐turbine rotor blade visibility to reduce avian fatalities. Ecol Evol. 2020; (10): 8927– 8935. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6592Myhr, Anders & Bjerkseter, Catho & Ågotnes, Anders & Nygaard, Tor. (2014). Levelised cost of energy for offshore floating wind turbines in a life cycle perspective. Renewable Energy. 66. 714–728. 10.1016/j.renene.2014.01.017.Patrizio Lecca, Peter G. McGregor, Kim J. Swales, Marie Tamba, The Importance of Learning for Achieving the UK`s Targets for Offshore Wind, Ecological Economics, Volume 135, (2017), Pages 259-268, ISSN 0921-8009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.01.021.Rezaei M., Khozani N., Jafari N., “Wind energy utilization for hydrogen production in an underdeveloped country: An economic investigation”, Renewable Energy 147, 2020;1044-1057Rockmann C, Lagerveld S, Stavenuiter J. Operation and maintenance costs of offshore wind farms and potential multi‐use platforms in the Dutch North Sea. In: Aquaculture Perspective of Multi‐Use Sites in the Open Ocean. Springer; 2017: Section 4.2.1Sonar, D. (2021). Renewable energy based trigeneration systems—technologies, challenges and opportunities. In Renewable-Energy-Driven Future (pp. 125–168). Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820539-6.00004-2Van der Valk, Paul. (2014). Coupled Simulations of Wind Turbines and Offshore Support Structures: Strategies based on the Dynamic Substructuring Paradigm. Page 10 – 18. 10.4233/uuid:ac619319-9eae-443d-8b94-d0246f80ffdb.Wang, King & Cheng, Yu. (2012). The Evolution of feed-in tariff policy in Taiwan. Energy Strategy Reviews. 1. 130–133. 10.1016/j.esr.2012.05.002.Wiser, R., Rand, J., Seel, J. et al. Expert elicitation survey predicts 37% to 49% declines in wind energy costs by 2050. Nat Energy 6, 555–565 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00810-zOnline Sources (company websites, articles, online publications, news, blogs)7000 Year Old Reef Threatening a $2 Billion Energy Project. (2021, March 2). Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-02/the-7-000-year-old-reef-threatening-a-2-billion-energy-project台灣年報 | RE100 TW. (2021, June). RE100 TW. https://www.re100.org.tw/taiwan-reportAllen, S. (2020, August 21). Fishermen block progress on Yunlin offshore wind . 4c Offshore. https://www.4coffshore.com/news/fishermen-block-progress-on-yunlin-offshore-wind-nid17932.htmlSmith, A. Z. (2014, September 29). What does the capacity factor of wind mean? Energy Numbers. https://energynumbers.info/capacity-factor-of-windApple commits to be 100 percent carbon neutral for its supply chain and products by 2030. (2020, July 21). Apple Newsroom. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/07/apple-commits-to-be-100-percent-carbon-neutral-for-its-supply-chain-and-products-by-2030/Bhattacharya, S. (2017, August 9). Challenges in design of foundations for offshore wind turbines | The E&T; Energy and Power Hub. The E&T Energy and Power Hub; IET Services Ltd. https://web.archive.org/web/20171207140411/https://energyhub.theiet.org/users/59305-subhamoy-bhattacharya/posts/19278-challenges-in-design-of-foundations-for-offshore-wind-turbines#shareBrown, M. (2019, July 30). The Beatrice, World’s Deepest Wind Farm, Turns on the Coast of Scotland. Inverse. https://www.inverse.com/article/58168-world-s-deepest-wind-energy-farm-of-its-kind-pushes-renewables-to-the-limitChina Fueling Asian Offshore Wind Market Growth. (2020, December 11). StackPath. https://www.offshore-mag.com/renewable-energy/article/14188902/china-fueling-asian-offshore-wind-market-growthChina ousts Taiwan as Apple’s biggest source of suppliers. (2021, June 2). Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/China-tech/China-ousts-Taiwan-as-Apple-s-biggest-source-of-suppliersCIP to finish Changhua phase 1 wind power operation base in 2021 in Taiwan. (2020). REVE News. https://www.evwind.es/2020/08/16/cip-to-finish-changhua-phase-1-wind-power-operation-base-in-2021-in-taiwan/76554CPC Corporation, Taiwan-Upstream Operations. (2021, May 31). CPC Corporation, Taiwan. https://en.cpc.com.tw/cp.aspx?n=2609De Chant, T. D. C. (2021, May 25). Sensor-driven turbine platforms could unlock 4,000 TWh of offshore wind. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/05/sensor-driven-turbine-platforms-could-unlock-4000-twh-of-offshore-wind/Development of offshore wind energy in Vietnam. (2020, September 23). REVE News of the Wind Sector in Spain and in the World. https://www.evwind.es/2020/09/23/development-of-offshore-wind-energy-in-vietnam/77318Driving Costs Reductions in Offshore. (2021, May 16). Wind Europe; LEANWIND. https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/reports/LEANWIND-Driving-cost-reductions-in-offshore.pdfEnergy imports by country, 2020. (2021, January 31). Knoema. https://knoema.com/atlas/ranks/Energy-importsEnergy Statistical Annual Reports. (2021, April 2). Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. https://www.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/english/content/ContentLink.aspx?menu_id=1540Energy Taiwan-PV Taiwan. (2020, June 4). 台灣國際智慧能源週. https://www.energytaiwan.com.tw/en/menu/7944FA1675C74675D0636733C6861689/info.htmlFerry, T. (2020a, October 16). Offshore Wind Projects Face a Series of Challenges - Taiwan Business TOPICS. Taiwan Business TOPICS. https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2020/10/offshore-wind-projects-challenges/#:~:text=Taiwan%20is%20aiming%20for%205.7,8%25%20of%20Taiwan’s%20power%20supplyFerry, T. (2020b, October 22). Cultivating Talent for the Offshore Wind Era . Taiwan Business TOPICS. https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2020/10/cultivating-talent-offshore-wind-era/FIT Overview. (2021, April 1). Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO). https://www.ieso.ca/sector-participants/feed-in-tariff-program/overviewFixed vs Floating Wind. (2020, June). Xodus Group. xodusgroup.comFloating offshore systems key: experts. (2021, March 15). Taipei Times. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2021/03/15/2003753835Four-year Wind Power Promotion Plan . (2019, June 14). Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan); Department of Information Services, Executive Yuan. https://english.ey.gov.tw/News3/9E5540D592A5FECD/d603a1bf-9963-4e53-a92b-e6520a3d93ff#:~:text=The%20Four%2Dyear%20Wind%20Power,and%20increasing%20renewable%20resources%20toFull power at first floating wind energy project in continental Europe . (2020, July 28). ES Wind. https://www.evwind.es/2020/07/28/full-power-at-first-floating-wind-energy-project-in-continental-europe/76075Future of Wind 2019 Report. (2018). IRENA. irena.orgGlobal Offshore Renewable Map | 4C Offshore. (n.d.). Marine Consultants – Submarine Cable Consulting & Market Intelligence | 4C Offshore. Retrieved June 17, 2021, from https://www.4coffshore.com/offshorewind/Global Offshore Wind Report 2020. (2020, August 5). Global Wind Energy Council. https://gwec.net/global-offshore-wind-report-2020/#key-findingsGlobal Wind Report 2021. (2021, March 24). Global Wind Energy Council. https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2021/Global Wind Speed Information Database. (2021, May 3). Marine Consultants – Submarine Cable Consulting & Market Intelligence | 4C Offshore. https://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/windspeeds.aspxGoogle rumored to be preparing third data center in Taiwan. (2020, August 26). Taiwan News. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3995351Government urged to set up areas off-limits to offshore wind farms. (2021, January 18). Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. https://focustaiwan.tw/business/202101180020Green Energy. (2017, September). ROC-Taiwan; MOEA. https://www.roc-taiwan.org/uploads/sites/30/2018/03/Green-Energy.pdfGrowing distrust of China brings $51b “returning” windfall for Taiwan, East Asia News & Top Stories . (2020, September 15). The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/growing-distrust-of-china-brings-51b-returning-windfall-for-taiwanGuoco Tower - The Skyscraper Center. (2021, April 26). Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/guoco-tower/15186GWEC. (2015). GWEC Global WInd Report 2014. GWEC. http://gwec.netHarris, J. (2019, December 4). Taiwan offshore wind: the challenges. Pinsent Masons. https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/analysis/taiwan-offshore-wind-the-challengesHistory of Europe’s wind industry · WindEurope. (2021, May 31). Wind Europe. https://windeurope.org/about-wind/history/How can we make floating wind farms cost-effective? (2020, July 29). World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/07/floating-wind-farms-green-energy-electricity-offshore/How Cheap Must Batteries Get for Renewables to Compete With Fossil Fuels? (2019, August 12). Singularity Hub. https://singularityhub.com/2019/08/12/how-cheap-must-batteries-get-for-renewables-to-compete-with-fossil-fuels/How much wind energy does it take to power an average home? (2021, June 15). USGS.Gov . https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-much-wind-energy-does-it-take-power-average-homeHow much wind for a wind turbine. (2021, June 10). Renewables First. https://www.renewablesfirst.co.uk/windpower/windpower-learning-centre/how-windy-does-it-have-to-be/JAPAN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT. (2021, May 31). JX Nippon Oil & Gas Exploration Corporation. https://www.nex.jx-group.co.jp/english/corporate/history/jed_history.htmlJapan steps up renewables investment to beat 2030 target. (2020, August 14). Power Technology. https://www.power-technology.com/news/japan-invest-renewable-wind-solar-hydrogen-decarbonisation-coal-decommissioning/Katz, C. (2020, December 17). The batteries that could make fossil fuels obsolete - BBC Future. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-batteryKeene, M. (2021, January 4). Comparing offshore wind turbine foundations. Windpower Engineering & Development. https://www.windpowerengineering.com/comparing-offshore-wind-turbine-foundations/Low offshore wind auction bids catch industry by surprise. (2018, July 6). Inframation Group. https://www.inframationgroup.com/info/apac-low-offshore-wind-auction-bids-catch-industry-surprise%C2%A0Market to Watch: Taiwan Offshore Wind | Global Wind Energy Council. (2020, January 16). Global Wind Energy Council. https://gwec.net/market-to-watch-taiwan-offshore-wind/Microsoft to establish its first datacenter region in Taiwan as a part of its “Reimagine Taiwan” initiative . (2020, October 26). Microsoft Stories Asia. https://news.microsoft.com/apac/2020/10/27/microsoft-to-establish-its-first-datacenter-region-in-taiwan-as-a-part-of-its-reimagine-taiwan-initiative/Migrant workers in Taiwan rally for better pay, more time off - Focus Taiwan. (2020, December 13). Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202012130010#:~:text=According%20to%20a%20brochure%20handed,minimum%20wage%20of%20NT%2423%2C800Minimum wage - Vietnam . (2021, May 26). WageIndicator Subsite Collection. https://wageindicator.org/salary/minimum-wage/vietnamMOEA plans a new target to develop further 10 GW of offshore wind capacity between 2026 to 2035 -- anticipation of a price drop below the average consumer price. (2020, January 6). 中華民國經濟部(Ministry of Economic Affairs,R.O.C.)全球資訊網. https://www.moea.gov.tw/MNS/english/news/News.aspx?kind=6&menu_id=176&news_id=90182MOEA plans a new target to develop further 10 GW of offshore wind capacity between 2026 to 2035 -- anticipation of a price drop below the average consumer price. (2021, January 6). Ministry of Economic Affairs, R.O.C. https://www.moea.gov.tw/MNS/english/news/News.aspx?kind=6&menu_id=176&news_id=90182More forced power outages in Taiwan as demand spikes amid heatwave, drought. (2021, May 17). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hot-drought-hit-taiwan-struck-by-power-cuts-second-time-week-2021-05-17/More oil and gas companies leaning into renewable energy tech. (2021, January 26). World Oil - Upstream News. https://www.worldoil.com/news/2021/1/26/more-oil-and-gas-companies-leaning-into-renewable-energy-techMost in US say alternative energy takes priority over fossil fuels | Pew Research Center. (2017, January 23). Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/23/two-thirds-of-americans-give-priority-to-developing-alternative-energy-over-fossil-fuels/New Survey Shows Strong Support for Energy Transition in Taiwan. (2021, May 12). 風險社會與政策研究中心 - 首頁; RSPRC Research Team. https://rsprc.ntu.edu.tw/en/m01-2/energy-transition/1415-2020-survey.htmlNumber offshore rigs worldwide by region 2018. (2020, November 9). Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/279100/number-of-offshore-rigs-worldwide-by-region/Offshore Wind Outlook 2019. (2019). International Energy Agency. https://webstore.iea.org/offshore-wind-outlook-2019-world-energy-outlook-special-reportØrsted and TSMC sign the world’s largest renewables corporate power purchase agreement. (2020, July). Ørsted.Tw. https://orsted.tw/en/news/2020/07/orsted-tsmc-cppaØrsted sends first batch of Taiwanese O&M technicians for training secondment in the UK. (2021 4). Ørsted.Tw. https://Orsted.tw/en/news/2021/05/first-taiwanese-technicians-training-in-ukPatel, P. (2019, March 21). Wind Turbines Make Better Neighbors than Power Plants. Anthropocene. https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2019/03/wind-turbines-make-better-neighbors-than-power-plants/Power generation news and jobs in coal, gas, nuclear, renewables. (n.d.). POWER Magazine. Retrieved June 16, 2021, from https://www.powermag.com/bp-buying-1-1-billion-stake-in-u-s-offshore-Premier: Make Taiwan a global model for offshore wind power. (2018, March 22). Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan); Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan).https://english.ey.gov.tw/Page/61BF20C3E89B856/8ead428d-a862-46c4-8bd4-3e8d76eb6befRE100 Members. (2021, June 4). RE100. https://www.there100.org/re100-membersRenewable Energy Overview - Power Generation Information - Information Disclosure . (2021). Taiwan Power Company. https://www.taipower.com.tw/en/page.aspx?mid=4495&cid=2846&cchk=9bdbe22a-28cc-45b6-9700-b2c29001d58bRitchie, H., & Roser, M. (2020, February 10). What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy? Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energySeven major companies that committed to net-zero emissions in 2020. (2021, June 1). PRI. https://www.unpri.org/pri-blog/seven-major-companies-that-committed-to-net-zero-emissions-in-2020/6909.articleShah, Dr. R., Gan, J., & Ladella, K. (2021, May 4). Using Wind Energy for Hydrogen Production : An Innovative Concept. AltEnergyMag. https://www.altenergymag.com/article/2021/04/using-wind-energy-for-hydrogen-production-an-innovative-concept/35012#:~:text=The%20current%20hydrogen%20production%20system,is%20illustrated%20in%20Figure%201Shumkov, I. (2019, January 17). INTERVIEW - Floating wind power on the path to maturity, an expert’s view. Renewablesnow.Com. https://renewablesnow.com/news/interview-floating-wind-power-on-the-path-to-maturity-an-experts-view-639687/Six ways our oil and gas expertise is energising renewables. (2021, March 27). Equinor.Com; Equinor. https://www.equinor.com/en/magazine/industry-competence-transfer.htmlSouth Korea plans to build 8.2GW, $43bn offshore wind farm. (2021, February 8). Power Technology. https://www.power-technology.com/news/south-korea-plans-build-43bn-offshore-wind-farm/South Korea Unveils EUR 27 Billion Floating Wind Project. (2021, May 7). Offshore Wind. https://www.offshorewind.biz/2021/05/07/south-korea-unveils-eur-27-billion-floating-wind-project/Stevenson, D. T. (2021, May 4). Offshore wind too ugly for the Hamptons but OK for other beach resorts? WindAction. http://www.windaction.org/posts/52368-offshore-wind-too-ugly-for-the-hamptons-but-ok-for-other-beach-resorts#.YJvTh2YzZH0Stokstad, E. (2018, April 5). Migration forecasts could help prevent wind turbines and buildings from killing millions of birds | Science | AAAS. Science Mag. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/migration-forecasts-could-help-prevent-wind-turbines-and-buildings-killing-millions#Taiwan cuts offshore wind tariffs - reNews - Renewable Energy News. (2021, January 7). ReNEWS - Renewable Energy News; reNEWS Ltd. https://renews.biz/65588/taiwan-cuts-offshore-wind-tariffs/#:~:text=Taiwan%20has%20reduced%20its%20feed,by%20the%20ministry%20in%20DecemberTaiwan Drafts Plan for Further 5 GW of Offshore Wind. (2021a, May 11). Offshore Wind. https://www.offshorewind.biz/2021/05/11/taiwan-drafts-plan-for-further-5-gw-of-offshore-wind/Taiwan feed-in tariff 2019: is it enough?(2019, February 6). Watson Farley Williams. https://www.wfw.com/articles/taiwan-feed-in-tariff-2019-is-it-enough/Taiwan Offshore Wind energy. (2020, January 17). REVE News of the Wind Sector in Spain and in the World. https://www.evwind.es/2020/01/17/taiwan-offshore-wind-energy/73104Taiwan Offshore Wind Farm Projects Insights. (2018, February). Jones Day. www.jonesday.com/en/insights/2018/02/taiwan-offshore-wind-farm-projects-guiding-investorTaiwan pushing for trade, investment with US, EU. (2019, October 28). Asia Times. https://asiatimes.com/2019/10/taiwan-pushing-for-trade-investment-with-us-eu/Taiwan Raises Red Alert Over Water Cuts For Chipmakers. (2021, March 24). Bloomberg . https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-24/taiwan-raises-red-alert-over-water-cuts-supply-for-chipmakersTaiwan Reduces 2020 Offshore Wind Feed-in-Tariff . (2020, January 6). Offshore Wind. https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/01/06/taiwan-reduces-2020-offshore-wind-feed-in-tariff/Taiwan Selects Eleven Offshore Wind Projects. (2018, April 30). Offshore Wind Biz. https://www.offshorewind.biz/2018/04/30/taiwan-selects-eleven-offshore-wind-projects/Taiwan to allocate NT$500 million to monitor Japan’s radioactive water. (2021, April 22). Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202104220017Taiwan to auction 5 GW of offshore wind in three phases. (2020, June 22). Riviera. https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/taiwan-to-auction-5-gw-of-offshore-wind-in-three-phases-59929Taiwan to boost renewable energy to 20% by 2025, introduce trillion-dollar investment | Taiwan News | 2020-02-27 15:02:00. (2020, February 27). Taiwan News; Taiwan News. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3880997Taiwan-awards-offshore-accolades - reNews - Renewable Energy News. (2018, April 30). ReNEWS - Renewable Energy News; reNEWS Ltd. https://renews.biz/32037/taiwan-awards-offshore-accolades/Taiwan’s offshore wind sector stays afloat amidst tariff cuts. (2021, January). Asian Power. https://asian-power.com/regulation/in-focus/taiwans-offshore-wind-sector-stays-afloat-amidst-tariff-cutsThe Climate Pledge | Signatories. (2021, June 4). The Climate Pledge. https://www.theclimatepledge.com/us/en/SignatoriesThe Maritime Executive. (2021, May 24). Ørsted Launches Its First Renewable Hydrogen Project. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/oersted-launches-its-first-renewable-hydrogen-projectThe Paris Agreement. (2021, June 4). United Nations Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreementThe Repositioning of Taiwan in the Global Supply Chain Network. (2020, February 19). Taiwan Insight. https://taiwaninsight.org/2020/02/19/the-repositioning-of-taiwan-in-the-global-supply-chain-network/Three industries in Taiwan to face talent shortages before 2023. (2021, May 6). Taiwan News. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4196350Total to acquire stake in offshore wind farm in Taiwan. (2021, April 29). News on Renewable, Nuclear, Fossil, Technology, Market Data - Power Technology. https://www.power-technology.com/news/total-yunlin-offshore-wind-farm/Welle, D. (2020, January 17). How divestment stacks up against fossil fuels. DW.COM; Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). https://www.dw.com/en/how-divestment-stacks-up-against-fossil-fuels/a-52032277What is offshore wind power? (2021, February 3). National Grid Group. https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/what-offshore-wind-powerWhy Do Taiwan’s Environmentalists Oppose Renewable Energy Facilities? . (2020, July 13). Taiwan Insight. https://taiwaninsight.org/2020/07/13/why-do-taiwans-environmentalists-oppose-renewable-energy-facilities/Why Renewable Energy Will Replace Fossil Fuels. (2017, July 17). State of the Planet. https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2017/07/17/why-renewable-energy-will-replace-fossil-fuels/Wind energy supply chain. (2021). Ørsted.Co.Uk. https://Orsted.co.uk/energy-solutions/offshore-wind/supply-chainWind farm costs – Guide to an offshore wind farm. (2021, May 13). Guide to an Offshore Windfarm. https://guidetoanoffshorewindfarm.com/wind-farm-costsWind industry seeks more governmental flexibility. (2020, October 13). Taipei Times. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2020/10/13/2003745053Wind Turbine Cost: Worth The Million-Dollar Price In 2020? (2020, March 24). Weather Guard Lightning Tech. https://weatherguardwind.com/how-much-does-wind-turbine-cost-worth-it/Winning Bid Prices in Taiwan’s Latest Offshore Wind Auction Are Much Lower Than Expected. (2018, July 4). EnergyTrend. https://www.energytrend.com/news/20180704-12369.htmlWorld’s first floating wind farm starts generating electricity. (2017, October 18). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-41652707最低工资 - 台湾 - WageIndicator.tw. (2021, May 26). WageIndicator Subsite Collection. https://wageindicator.tw/minimum-wage zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202100749 en_US
