Publications-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 國際對菲律賓民答那峨島援助之分析:莫洛國自治區過渡政府的發展協調
Foreign Aid to Mindanao, Philippines: Development Coordination in the Bangsamoro Transitional Government作者 潘睿恩
Miranda, Ryan Victor Patangan貢獻者 劉曉鵬
Liu Hsiao-Pong
潘睿恩
Ryan Victor Patangan Miranda關鍵詞 菲律賓
發展協調
國際援助
民答那峨島
莫洛國自治區
Philippines
Development Coordination
Foreign Aid
Mindanao
Bangsamoro日期 2021 上傳時間 4-Aug-2021 16:29:19 (UTC+8) 摘要 菲律賓南部在治理方面向和平邁出了一個大步。民答那峨島上的穆斯林莫洛國自治區(Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, BARMM)在2018年被建立，並且經過2019年公民投票的確認之後，許多援助國以及援助機構表達對於此地進行發展援助的意願。許多援助國家都希望可以看到在莫洛國自治區的政權和平轉移，但往往在這些曾經發生衝突的地區，援助的影響以及有效性都會大打折扣。對於這些曾經衝突地區的援助，會遇到的主要問題是國際援助的出現是否可以維持和平，或者可能會刺激新衝突的發生？特別是在莫洛國自治區，我們可以觀察到自治區過渡政府、菲律賓政府以及國際發展援助的夥伴建立了一個三方援助協調機制。本文旨在分析發展援助協調機制在莫洛國自治區建立和平的效果。經過研究，筆者發現現今在莫洛國自治區的發展援助機制仍需要被強化，現存的機構的角色與功能也需要被確認。此外，本文也指出給予莫洛國自治政府的發展援助仍然在中央政府的監督之下。最後，本文也證實國際援助確實在民答那峨島上有維持和平的功能。
Southern Philippines is entering into a new era of governance as it takes a step closer to just and lasting peace. The creation of the new Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) after it was signed into law in 2018 and ratified through a plebiscite in 2019 made donor countries and agencies express more development assistance to the Muslim-dominated region in Mindanao.International development partners are eager to support a harmonious transition to the new Bangsamoro Government that aims for an autonomous region in Mindanao. Like most transitions to new governance, there are challenges and gaps in terms of coordination particularly in a post conflict-affected area which could greatly affect the effectiveness of aid. Foreign aid to post-conflict areas is confronted with questions among the critics of the donor communities as to whether it could sustain peace or escalate conflict. For an improved delivery of aid in the Bangsamoro, particularly at the height of the transition to BARMM, development partners together with the Philippine government and Bangsamoro government create mechanisms for development coordination.This paper analyzed the aid development coordination mechanisms for peacebuilding at the time of transition to the Bangsamoro Government looking into the different levels of coordination. The study has found out that with the current development on the transitional government, aid development coordination in the Bangsamoro region is still at a stage where mechanisms needed to be fortified and roles and functions of the existing agencies and institutions be defined clearly. In addition, this study also revealed that development assistance to the Bangsamoro region is still under the supervision of the national government despite the autonomy of the Bangsamoro Government. Further, this paper substantiates previous findings in the literature that foreign aid contributes to sustaining the gains of the peace process in Mindanao.參考文獻 Abuza, Z.,& Lischin, L. (2020). The Challenges Facing the Philippines’ Bangsamoro Autonomous Region at One Year. Special Report United States Institute of Peace, 468. https://www.usip.org/publications/2020/06/challenges-facing-philippines-bangsamoro-autonomous-region-one-yearAmakasu, P., Carvalho, R., Potter, D.M. (2016). Peacebuilding and the ‘human securitization’ of Japan’s foreign aid. In S. Brown & J. Gravingholt (Eds.), The Securitization of foreign aid. (pp.85-112). Palgrave Macmillan UK. DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-56882-3Amador III, J. S. (2016, July 12). Why the Philippines-Australia Comprehensive Partnership Matters. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/why-the-philippines-australia-comprehensive-partnership-matters/Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (Rev. ed.). London; New York: Verso.Asian Development Bank (2018). Country Partnership Strategy, Philippines 2018-2023: High and Inclusive Growth. https://www.adb.org/documents/philippines-country-partnership-strategy-2018-2023Australian Embassy The Philippines. (n.d.) Promoting Peace and Stability Through Education in Southern Philippines. Australian Embassy The Philippines. https://philippines.embassy.gov.au/mnla/medrel170317.htmlAustralian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2020, May 2020) Strategic Review of Australia’s Support for Peacebuilding in Conflict-Affected Mindanao: Review Mission Findings.Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2015). Joint Declaration on Australia-The Philippines Comprehensive Partnership. https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Pages/joint-declaration-on-australia-the-philippines-comprehensive-partnershipAustralian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (n.d.) Australia’s Support for Peace in Mindanao: Strategic Review and Management Response. https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Pages/philippines-strategic-review-of-australias-support-for-peace-in-mindanaoBangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. (2020, June 11). Chief Minister leads the organization of BEDC. Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. https://bangsamoro.gov.ph/news/latest-news/chief-minister-leads-the-organization-of-bedc/Bangsamoro Planning and Development Authority. (2020) 1st Bangsamoro Development Plan 2020-2022. https://iag.org.ph/images/pdf/1st-BDP-Final.pdfBangsamoro Transition Authority. (n.d). Embassy of Japan, UN hold ‘Bangsamoro Friends Forum’. Bangsamoro Transition Authority BARMM. https://parliament.bangsamoro.gov.ph/2020/02/20/embassy-of-japan-un-hold-bangsamoro-friends-forum/Begovic, B. (2014). The theory and practice of foreign aid. Center for International Private Enterprise Development Institute. Retrieved from https://www.developmentinstitute.org/2014/09/the-theory-and-practice-of-foreign-aid/Beriker, N. (2009). Conflict resolution: The missing link between liberal international relations theory and realistic practice. In D. Sandole, S. Byrne, I. Sandole-Staroste & J. Senehi (Eds.), Handbook of conflict analysis and resolution. Abingdon, England: Routledge.Berrebi, C., & Thelen, V. (2011). Dilemmas of Foreign Aid in Post-Conflict Areas. In Chivvis C., Olmstead S., Taylor J., Watts S., & Wilke E. (Authors) & Davis P. (Ed.), Dilemmas of Intervention: Social Science for Stabilization and Reconstruction (pp. 291-320). RAND Corporation. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg1119osd.14Bommer, C., Dreher, A., & Perez-Alvarez, M. (2018). Regional and ethnic favoritism in the allocation of humanitarian aid. CESifo Working Paper Series No. 7038, 1-40. Munich, Germany: Munich Society for the Promotion of Economic Research.Brahimi, L. (2007). Defining conflict, post conflict. Retrieved from https://guides.womenwin.org/gbv/conflict/context/defining-conflict-post-conflictBuendia, R. G. (2007). The politics of ethnicity and Moro secessionism in the Philippines. Asia Research Centre. Perth, Western Australia: Murdoch UniversityCanlas D., Tan, J.G., & Abuyuan, L. (2011, January 3). Second-Phase Country Level Evaluation (CLE 2) of the Implementation of the Paris Declaration (PD) in the Philippines. OECD Better Policies for Better Lives. https://www.oecd.org/countries/philippines/47670364.pdfCaraballo, M. U. (2013, July 28). Bangsamoro can now engage in PPP, ODA. Republic of the Philippines Public-Private Partnership Center. https://ppp.gov.ph/in_the_news/bangsamoro-can-now-engage-in-ppp-oda/Chandy, L. (2011). Ten years of fragile states: What have we learned? Global Economy and Development. Washington, DC, USA: The Brookings Institution.Conciliation Resources (2019). Peace agreement with the MILF. Retrieved from https://www.c-r.org/accord/philippines%E2%80%93mindanaoConoza, A. P. (2019, May 22). A broad and deep relationship. Business World. https://www.bworldonline.com/a-broad-and-deep-relationship/Disch, A. (2000). Aid Coordination and Aid Effectiveness. ECON Centre for Economic Analysis. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253352842_Aid_Coordination _and_ Aid_Effectiveness/citationsDonaubauer, J., Herzer, D. & Nunnenkamp, P. (2019). The effectiveness of aid under post-conflict conditions: A sector-specific analysis. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(4), 720-736. DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2017.1400013Dornan (2011). Liberal Internationalism. E-International Relations. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2011/08/02/liberal-internationalism/Esmaquel II, P. R. (2018, January 24). Philippine formally rejects P380 million in EU aid. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/nation/philippines-formally-rejects-european-union-aidEsman, M.J. (1997). Can foreign aid moderate ethnic conflict? Peaceworks, 31(13), 1-18. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace.European Union. (2012). Framework Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of the Philippines, of the other part. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A22017A1222%2801%29George, A. (2000). Strategies for Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: Scholarship for Policymaking. PS: Political Science and Politics, 33(1), 15-19. doi:10.2307/420771German Development Institute (2004). Donor coordination: a basic requirement for more efficient and effective development. Bonn, Germany: German Development InstituteGlang, H. (2017, October 26). Duterte slams EU, says `go to hell`. AA Asia Pacific. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/duterte-slams-eu-says-go-to-hell/947888Gustavo, G. (2019). Bangsamoro Conflict and International Community Participation in Bringing Peace to Mindanao (1976-2018). Universitas Pelita Harapan. Retrieved from http://repository.uph.edu/4760/Hattori, T. (2001) Reconceptualizing foreign aid. Review of Political Economy, 8 (4), 633-660. DOI: 10.1080/09692290110077610Herbolzheimer, K. (2005). The peace process in Mindanao, the Philippines: Evolution and lessons learned. Oslo, Norway: NOREF Norwegian Centre for Conflict Resolution PublicationsHistory.com Editors (2009, November 13). President Truman announces the Truman Doctrine. HISTORY. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/truman-doctrine-is-announcedInstitute for Economics & Peace. Global Peace Index 2019: Measuring Peace in a Complex World, Sydney, June 2019. Retrieved from: http://visionofhumanity.org/reportsInternational Crisis Group. (2019, June 27). The Philippines: Militancy and the New Bangsamoro. International Crisis Group. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/philippines/301-philippines-militancy-and-new-bangsamoroInternational Crisis Group (2021, April 15). Southern Philippines: Keeping Normalisation on Track in the Bangsamoro. International Crisis Group. Retrieved from https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/313%20-philippines-normalisation-bangsamoro.pdfInternational Crisis Group (2020, April 14). Southern Philippines: Tackling Clan Politics in the Bangsamoro. International Crisis Group. Retrieved from https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/306-philippines-clan-politics.pdfInstitute for Economics & Peace. Pillars of Peace: Understanding the key attitudes and institutions that underpin peaceful societies 2013. Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/169569/Pillars%20of%20Peace%20Report%20IEP.pdfJapan International Cooperation Agency. (2020). JICA Annual Report 2019. https://www.jica.go.jp/philippine/english/office/others/c8h0vm0000d3hsdw-att/report_2019.pdfJapan International Cooperation Agency. (2019, June 18). Signing of Record of Discussions on Technical Cooperation Project with the Philippines: Supporting the Capacity Building of the Bangsamoro Transition Authority in Mindanao. Japan International Cooperation Agency. https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/press/2019/20190618_21.htmlJapan International Cooperation Agency. (2020, September 7). JICA, MILG hold survey to assess impact of coronavirus in BARMM, help economic recovery. Japan International Cooperation Agency. https://www.jica.go.jp/philippine/english/office/topics/news/200907.htmlJenkins (2017). Effective donor coordination models for multi-donor technical assistance:Countering sophisticated forms of corruption through coordinated efforts. Norway: Chr Michelsen InstituteKaimo, K. (2013, September 3). First Donors Forum for the formulation of Bangsamoro Development Plan held today by BDA. Mindanao Pagadian Frontline. http://pagadianfrontline.blogspot.com/2013/09/first-donors-forum-for-formulation-of.htmlKnox, M. H. (1999). Donor collaboration in the Philippines: Solid accomplishments, promising future. US Agency for the International Development. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacn949.pdfKtaileh, D. (2016). Donors’ conditionality in post-conflict peacebuilding: The case of Iraq. Linnaeus UniversityKudo, M. & Yoshimura, M. (2008). Peace-Building in Mindanao: Major Donors’ Approaches for Reconstruction. https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/jica-ri/publication/archives/jbic/report/review/pdf/37_12.pdfMacapagal, M.E. J., Montiel, C.J., & Canuday, J.P. (2018). The unifying and divisive effects of social identities: Religious and ethnopolitical identities among Mindanao Muslims in the Philippines. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 12:28 (pp.1-12). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambride University PressMacekura, S. (2013). The Point Four Program and US International Development Policy. Political Science Quarterly Vol. 128, No. 1 (Spring 2013), pp. 127-160Mindanao Trust Fund. (n.d.) Project Component Description. Mindanao Trust Fund. https://www.mtf.ph/projects/bangsamoro-development-plan-bdpMinistry of Foreign Affairs Japan. (n.d.) Supporting Reconstruction and Peace through Socio-economic Development – Working to Sustain Peace in Mindanao, the Philippines. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan. https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/white/2017/html/column/column04.htmlMinistry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2020). Third Party Evaluation Report 2019, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan Evaluation of Japan’s ODA to Republic of the Philippines. https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/evaluation/FY2019/pdfs/philippines.pdfMinistry of Foreign Affairs Japan. (2016, October 26). Japan-Philippines Joint Statement. https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000198399.pdfMinistry of Foreign Affairs Japan. (2017, October 30). Japan - Philippines Joint Statement on Bilateral Cooperation for the Next Five Years. https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000303417.pdfMontiel, C.J., Ma. Macapagal, E. & Canuday, J. (2018). The unifying and divisive effects of social identities: Religious and ethnopolitical identities among Mindanao Muslims in the Philippines. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 12:28 (pp.1-12). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University PressMorgenthau, H. (1962). A Political Theory of Foreign Aid. The American Political Science Review Vol. 56, No. 2 (Jun., 1962), pp. 301-309. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1952366Ndikumana, L. (2016). The role of foreign aid in post-conflict countries. Leuven, Belgium: Centre for Research on Peace and Development (CRPD)OCHA Philippines. (2019, September 20). The Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus – Old wine in new bottles?. OCHA Philippines. https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/philippines/card/5x4ddz3n2TOrganic Law for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 2018. (Phi) (PH).Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019). Development Aid at a Glance Statistics by Region: Asia. OECD Better Policies for Better Lives. https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-data/Asia-Development-Aid-at-a-Glance-2019.pdfOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (n.d.). Endorsements to the Paris Declaration and the Accra Agenda for Action (AAA). OECD Better Policies for Better Lives. https://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/countriesterritoriesanden dorsementstotheparisdeclarationandaaa.htmOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (n.d.). Countries, Territories and Organisations Adhering to the Busan Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation. OECD Better Policies for Better Lives. https://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/busanadherents.htmPanić, M. (2008). Post-conflict countries: Aid effectiveness and permanent peace. University of Cambridge.Pankaj, A. K. (2005). Revisiting Foreign Aid Theories. International Studies, 42(2), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/002088170404200201Presidential Communications Operations Office (2019). Speech of President Rodrigo Roa Duterte during the inauguration of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Retrieved from https://pcoo.gov.ph/presidential-speech/speech-of-president-rodrigo-roa-duterte-during-the-inauguration-of-the-bangasamoro-autonomous-region-in-muslim-mindanao-barmm/Punzalan, N. (2020, November 3). Authority to launch first-ever Bangsamoro Development Plan. Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1120537Reuters. (2018, March 2). Philippines, EU say aid, joint projects intact, despite Duterte’s ire. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-eu-aid-idUSKCN1GE1I3Reyes, C.M., Mina, C.D., & Asis, R.D. (2017). Inequality of opportunities among ethnic groups in the Philippines. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Institute for Development StudiesRocamora, J. A. (2020, November 4). EU reaffirms support to Mindanao peace process. Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1120755Rood, S. (2016). The Role of International Actors in Search for Peace in Mindanao. In P. Hutchcroft, (ed.) Mindanao: The Long Journey to Peace and Prosperity. Manila: Anvil Press.Smillie, I. (2007). Developing conflict-sensitive aid: The relationship between aid and conflict. In O. Brown et al (Eds.), Trade, aid and security: an agenda for peace and development (pp. 41-79). London, UK: EarthscanTan, N. (2018, November). Bangsamoro Organic Law. Lecture presented at the Mindanao Women Leaders Forum, General Santos City, PhilippinesThe Asia Foundation (2017). The state of conflict and violence in Asia. Retrieved from https://asiafoundation.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/10/The_State_of_Conflict_and_Violence_in_Asia-12.29.17.pdfThe Fund for Peace (2019). Fragile States Index 2019. Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://fundforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/9511904-fragilestatesindex.pdfThe Philippine Embassy of Canberra, Australia. (2021, April 27). Philippines – Australia convene 2nd Trade, Investment, and Industry Dialogue, to collaborate in addressing economic impact of the pandemic. The Philippine Embassy of Canberra, Australia. https://www.philembassy.org.au/latest/news/philippines-australia-convene-2nd-trade-investment-and-industry-dialogue-to-collaborate-in-addressing-economic-impact-of-the-pandemicThe Philippine Embassy of Canberra, Australia. (2014, February 21). PH hosts 4th Philippines-Australia Ministerial Meeting (PAMM). The Philippine Embassy of Canberra, Australia. https://www.philembassy.org.au/latest/news/ph-hosts-4th-philippines-australia-ministerial-meeting-pammTheys, S. (2018). Introducing Constructivism in International RelationsTheory. E-International Relations. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2018/02/23/introducing-constructivism-in-international-relations-theory/Trajano, J. C. (2019, April 01). Peacebuilding from the grassroots: Resolving conflicts in Mindanao. Asia Dialogue. Retrieved from https://theasiadialogue.com/2019/04/01/peacebuilding-from-the-grassroots-resolving-conflicts-in-mindanaoUS Department of State (2021) Integrated Country Strategy Philippines. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/ICS_EAP_Philippines_Public-Release.pdfUS Department of State (2009). Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2009-2017 Transformational Diplomacy. https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/86291.pdfUnited Nations Philippines. (2019). Partnership Framework for Sustainable Development (PFSD) 2019-2023. https://philippines.un.org/en/42381-partnership-framework-sustainable-development-pfsd-2019-2023United Nations Philippines. (2017). Philippines United Nations Development Assistance Framework 2012-2018 Evaluation Report. https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/cf-documents/f98796d2-f7a9-43ad-80a8-5eaa6e0cb06f_Philippines__UNDAF_2012-2018Evaluation_FINAL__2017.10.pdfUnited Nations Philippines. (2013). United Nations Country Team Statement 2013 Philippines Development Forum. http://www.pdf.ph/downloads/PDF%202013/Statements/UNCT%20Statement_%202013%20PDF.pdfUSAID Philippines (2019). Country Development Cooperation Strategy 2019-2024. https://www.usaid.gov/philippines/cdcsUnited Nations Philippines. (2021, February 18). UN Philippines chief reinforces commitment to help build peaceful, successful inclusive democracy in BARMM. United Nations Philippines. https://philippines.un.org/index.php/en/112353-un-philippines-chief-reinforces-commitment-help-build-peaceful-successful-inclusiveUnited Nations System in the Philippines. (2004).The United Nations Development Assistance Framework in the Philippines (2005-2009. Office of the Ombudsman. https://www.ombudsman.gov.ph/UNDP4/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/UNDAF.pdfUnited Nations System in the Philippines. (2011). Supporting Inclusive, sustainable and resilient development: The United Nations Development Assistance Framework for the Philippines 2012-2018. United Nations Philippines. https://philippines.un.org/en/42351-supporting-inclusive-sustainable-and-resilient-development-2012-2018USAID (2019). Our Work in Mindanao. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/philippines/cross-cutting/mindanaoUvin, P. (1999). The influence of aid in situations of violent conflict. Watson Institute for International Studies. RI, USA: Brown UniversityWorld Health Organization (2009). Review of coordination mechanisms for development cooperation in Tajikistan. Copenhagen, Denmark:WHO Regional Office for Europe 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
108862013資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108862013 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 劉曉鵬 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Liu Hsiao-Pong en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 潘睿恩 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Ryan Victor Patangan Miranda en_US dc.creator (作者) 潘睿恩 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Miranda, Ryan Victor Patangan en_US dc.date (日期) 2021 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-Aug-2021 16:29:19 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-Aug-2021 16:29:19 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Aug-2021 16:29:19 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108862013 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/136696 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 108862013 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 菲律賓南部在治理方面向和平邁出了一個大步。民答那峨島上的穆斯林莫洛國自治區(Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, BARMM)在2018年被建立，並且經過2019年公民投票的確認之後，許多援助國以及援助機構表達對於此地進行發展援助的意願。許多援助國家都希望可以看到在莫洛國自治區的政權和平轉移，但往往在這些曾經發生衝突的地區，援助的影響以及有效性都會大打折扣。對於這些曾經衝突地區的援助，會遇到的主要問題是國際援助的出現是否可以維持和平，或者可能會刺激新衝突的發生？特別是在莫洛國自治區，我們可以觀察到自治區過渡政府、菲律賓政府以及國際發展援助的夥伴建立了一個三方援助協調機制。本文旨在分析發展援助協調機制在莫洛國自治區建立和平的效果。經過研究，筆者發現現今在莫洛國自治區的發展援助機制仍需要被強化，現存的機構的角色與功能也需要被確認。此外，本文也指出給予莫洛國自治政府的發展援助仍然在中央政府的監督之下。最後，本文也證實國際援助確實在民答那峨島上有維持和平的功能。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Southern Philippines is entering into a new era of governance as it takes a step closer to just and lasting peace. The creation of the new Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) after it was signed into law in 2018 and ratified through a plebiscite in 2019 made donor countries and agencies express more development assistance to the Muslim-dominated region in Mindanao.International development partners are eager to support a harmonious transition to the new Bangsamoro Government that aims for an autonomous region in Mindanao. Like most transitions to new governance, there are challenges and gaps in terms of coordination particularly in a post conflict-affected area which could greatly affect the effectiveness of aid. Foreign aid to post-conflict areas is confronted with questions among the critics of the donor communities as to whether it could sustain peace or escalate conflict. For an improved delivery of aid in the Bangsamoro, particularly at the height of the transition to BARMM, development partners together with the Philippine government and Bangsamoro government create mechanisms for development coordination.This paper analyzed the aid development coordination mechanisms for peacebuilding at the time of transition to the Bangsamoro Government looking into the different levels of coordination. The study has found out that with the current development on the transitional government, aid development coordination in the Bangsamoro region is still at a stage where mechanisms needed to be fortified and roles and functions of the existing agencies and institutions be defined clearly. In addition, this study also revealed that development assistance to the Bangsamoro region is still under the supervision of the national government despite the autonomy of the Bangsamoro Government. Further, this paper substantiates previous findings in the literature that foreign aid contributes to sustaining the gains of the peace process in Mindanao. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgments iiiAbstract vList of Figures viList of Tables viiList of Abbreviations viiiINTRODUCTION 1Background of the Study 1Research Objectives 3Research Questions 4Significance of the Study 4Research Limitations 5Methodology and Research Procedure 6CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW 91. International Context of Post-Conflict Foreign Aid and Coordination Mechanisms 91.1 Post-Conflict Foreign Aid 111.2 Development Coordination 142. Liberal Institutionalism and Foreign Aid 173. Foreign Aid Coordination Mechanisms in the Philippines 184. The Bangsamoro Struggle, Identity and the Peace Process 195. Transition to the Bangsamoro Government 23CHAPTER II – INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS APPROACHES TO AID COORDINATION IN MINDANAO 251. Multilateral Level 251.1 Asian Development Bank 261.2 United Nations 291.3 European Union 302. Bilateral Level 322.1 Japan 332.2 United States 352.3 Australia 37CHAPTER III – CURRENT PRACTICES OF FOREIGN AID DEVELOPMENT COORDINATION IN THE BANGSAMORO 391. Plans and Strategies 392. Coordination and Dialogues 433. Model of Aid Development Coordination in the Bangsamoro 48CHAPTER IV – SUSTAINING PEACEBUILDING THROUGH FOREIGN AID 521. Governance 532. Socio-Economic Development 533. Peace Panels and Normalization 564. Discussion and Synthesis 60CHAPTER V – CHALLENGES IN THE COORDINATION MECHANISMS AND EVALUATION OF FOREIGN AID TO PEACEBUILDING IN MINDANAO 621. Challenges in the Foreign Aid Development Coordination 622. Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Assistance 653. Discussion and Synthesis 69CONCLUSIONS 721. Future of Foreign Aid Development Coordination in the Bangsamoro 722. Recommendations 74References 76Annexes 88 zh_TW dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108862013 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 菲律賓 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 發展協調 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際援助 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民答那峨島 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 莫洛國自治區 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Philippines en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Development Coordination en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Foreign Aid en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mindanao en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Bangsamoro en_US dc.title (題名) 國際對菲律賓民答那峨島援助之分析:莫洛國自治區過渡政府的發展協調 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Foreign Aid to Mindanao, Philippines: Development Coordination in the Bangsamoro Transitional Government en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abuza, Z.,& Lischin, L. (2020). The Challenges Facing the Philippines’ Bangsamoro Autonomous Region at One Year. Special Report United States Institute of Peace, 468. https://www.usip.org/publications/2020/06/challenges-facing-philippines-bangsamoro-autonomous-region-one-yearAmakasu, P., Carvalho, R., Potter, D.M. (2016). Peacebuilding and the ‘human securitization’ of Japan’s foreign aid. In S. Brown & J. Gravingholt (Eds.), The Securitization of foreign aid. (pp.85-112). Palgrave Macmillan UK. DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-56882-3Amador III, J. S. (2016, July 12). Why the Philippines-Australia Comprehensive Partnership Matters. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/why-the-philippines-australia-comprehensive-partnership-matters/Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (Rev. ed.). London; New York: Verso.Asian Development Bank (2018). Country Partnership Strategy, Philippines 2018-2023: High and Inclusive Growth. https://www.adb.org/documents/philippines-country-partnership-strategy-2018-2023Australian Embassy The Philippines. (n.d.) Promoting Peace and Stability Through Education in Southern Philippines. Australian Embassy The Philippines. https://philippines.embassy.gov.au/mnla/medrel170317.htmlAustralian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2020, May 2020) Strategic Review of Australia’s Support for Peacebuilding in Conflict-Affected Mindanao: Review Mission Findings.Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2015). Joint Declaration on Australia-The Philippines Comprehensive Partnership. https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Pages/joint-declaration-on-australia-the-philippines-comprehensive-partnershipAustralian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (n.d.) Australia’s Support for Peace in Mindanao: Strategic Review and Management Response. https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Pages/philippines-strategic-review-of-australias-support-for-peace-in-mindanaoBangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. (2020, June 11). Chief Minister leads the organization of BEDC. Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. https://bangsamoro.gov.ph/news/latest-news/chief-minister-leads-the-organization-of-bedc/Bangsamoro Planning and Development Authority. (2020) 1st Bangsamoro Development Plan 2020-2022. https://iag.org.ph/images/pdf/1st-BDP-Final.pdfBangsamoro Transition Authority. (n.d). Embassy of Japan, UN hold ‘Bangsamoro Friends Forum’. Bangsamoro Transition Authority BARMM. https://parliament.bangsamoro.gov.ph/2020/02/20/embassy-of-japan-un-hold-bangsamoro-friends-forum/Begovic, B. (2014). The theory and practice of foreign aid. Center for International Private Enterprise Development Institute. Retrieved from https://www.developmentinstitute.org/2014/09/the-theory-and-practice-of-foreign-aid/Beriker, N. (2009). Conflict resolution: The missing link between liberal international relations theory and realistic practice. In D. Sandole, S. Byrne, I. Sandole-Staroste & J. Senehi (Eds.), Handbook of conflict analysis and resolution. Abingdon, England: Routledge.Berrebi, C., & Thelen, V. (2011). Dilemmas of Foreign Aid in Post-Conflict Areas. In Chivvis C., Olmstead S., Taylor J., Watts S., & Wilke E. (Authors) & Davis P. (Ed.), Dilemmas of Intervention: Social Science for Stabilization and Reconstruction (pp. 291-320). RAND Corporation. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg1119osd.14Bommer, C., Dreher, A., & Perez-Alvarez, M. (2018). Regional and ethnic favoritism in the allocation of humanitarian aid. CESifo Working Paper Series No. 7038, 1-40. Munich, Germany: Munich Society for the Promotion of Economic Research.Brahimi, L. (2007). Defining conflict, post conflict. Retrieved from https://guides.womenwin.org/gbv/conflict/context/defining-conflict-post-conflictBuendia, R. G. (2007). The politics of ethnicity and Moro secessionism in the Philippines. Asia Research Centre. Perth, Western Australia: Murdoch UniversityCanlas D., Tan, J.G., & Abuyuan, L. (2011, January 3). Second-Phase Country Level Evaluation (CLE 2) of the Implementation of the Paris Declaration (PD) in the Philippines. OECD Better Policies for Better Lives. https://www.oecd.org/countries/philippines/47670364.pdfCaraballo, M. U. (2013, July 28). Bangsamoro can now engage in PPP, ODA. Republic of the Philippines Public-Private Partnership Center. https://ppp.gov.ph/in_the_news/bangsamoro-can-now-engage-in-ppp-oda/Chandy, L. (2011). Ten years of fragile states: What have we learned? Global Economy and Development. Washington, DC, USA: The Brookings Institution.Conciliation Resources (2019). Peace agreement with the MILF. Retrieved from https://www.c-r.org/accord/philippines%E2%80%93mindanaoConoza, A. P. (2019, May 22). A broad and deep relationship. Business World. https://www.bworldonline.com/a-broad-and-deep-relationship/Disch, A. (2000). Aid Coordination and Aid Effectiveness. ECON Centre for Economic Analysis. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253352842_Aid_Coordination _and_ Aid_Effectiveness/citationsDonaubauer, J., Herzer, D. & Nunnenkamp, P. (2019). The effectiveness of aid under post-conflict conditions: A sector-specific analysis. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(4), 720-736. DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2017.1400013Dornan (2011). Liberal Internationalism. E-International Relations. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2011/08/02/liberal-internationalism/Esmaquel II, P. R. (2018, January 24). Philippine formally rejects P380 million in EU aid. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/nation/philippines-formally-rejects-european-union-aidEsman, M.J. (1997). Can foreign aid moderate ethnic conflict? Peaceworks, 31(13), 1-18. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace.European Union. (2012). Framework Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of the Philippines, of the other part. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A22017A1222%2801%29George, A. (2000). Strategies for Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: Scholarship for Policymaking. PS: Political Science and Politics, 33(1), 15-19. doi:10.2307/420771German Development Institute (2004). Donor coordination: a basic requirement for more efficient and effective development. Bonn, Germany: German Development InstituteGlang, H. (2017, October 26). Duterte slams EU, says `go to hell`. AA Asia Pacific. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/duterte-slams-eu-says-go-to-hell/947888Gustavo, G. (2019). Bangsamoro Conflict and International Community Participation in Bringing Peace to Mindanao (1976-2018). Universitas Pelita Harapan. Retrieved from http://repository.uph.edu/4760/Hattori, T. (2001) Reconceptualizing foreign aid. Review of Political Economy, 8 (4), 633-660. DOI: 10.1080/09692290110077610Herbolzheimer, K. (2005). The peace process in Mindanao, the Philippines: Evolution and lessons learned. Oslo, Norway: NOREF Norwegian Centre for Conflict Resolution PublicationsHistory.com Editors (2009, November 13). President Truman announces the Truman Doctrine. HISTORY. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/truman-doctrine-is-announcedInstitute for Economics & Peace. Global Peace Index 2019: Measuring Peace in a Complex World, Sydney, June 2019. Retrieved from: http://visionofhumanity.org/reportsInternational Crisis Group. (2019, June 27). The Philippines: Militancy and the New Bangsamoro. International Crisis Group. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/philippines/301-philippines-militancy-and-new-bangsamoroInternational Crisis Group (2021, April 15). Southern Philippines: Keeping Normalisation on Track in the Bangsamoro. International Crisis Group. Retrieved from https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/313%20-philippines-normalisation-bangsamoro.pdfInternational Crisis Group (2020, April 14). Southern Philippines: Tackling Clan Politics in the Bangsamoro. International Crisis Group. Retrieved from https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/306-philippines-clan-politics.pdfInstitute for Economics & Peace. Pillars of Peace: Understanding the key attitudes and institutions that underpin peaceful societies 2013. Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/169569/Pillars%20of%20Peace%20Report%20IEP.pdfJapan International Cooperation Agency. (2020). JICA Annual Report 2019. https://www.jica.go.jp/philippine/english/office/others/c8h0vm0000d3hsdw-att/report_2019.pdfJapan International Cooperation Agency. (2019, June 18). Signing of Record of Discussions on Technical Cooperation Project with the Philippines: Supporting the Capacity Building of the Bangsamoro Transition Authority in Mindanao. Japan International Cooperation Agency. https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/press/2019/20190618_21.htmlJapan International Cooperation Agency. (2020, September 7). JICA, MILG hold survey to assess impact of coronavirus in BARMM, help economic recovery. Japan International Cooperation Agency. https://www.jica.go.jp/philippine/english/office/topics/news/200907.htmlJenkins (2017). Effective donor coordination models for multi-donor technical assistance:Countering sophisticated forms of corruption through coordinated efforts. Norway: Chr Michelsen InstituteKaimo, K. (2013, September 3). First Donors Forum for the formulation of Bangsamoro Development Plan held today by BDA. Mindanao Pagadian Frontline. http://pagadianfrontline.blogspot.com/2013/09/first-donors-forum-for-formulation-of.htmlKnox, M. H. (1999). Donor collaboration in the Philippines: Solid accomplishments, promising future. US Agency for the International Development. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacn949.pdfKtaileh, D. (2016). Donors’ conditionality in post-conflict peacebuilding: The case of Iraq. Linnaeus UniversityKudo, M. & Yoshimura, M. (2008). Peace-Building in Mindanao: Major Donors’ Approaches for Reconstruction. https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/jica-ri/publication/archives/jbic/report/review/pdf/37_12.pdfMacapagal, M.E. J., Montiel, C.J., & Canuday, J.P. (2018). The unifying and divisive effects of social identities: Religious and ethnopolitical identities among Mindanao Muslims in the Philippines. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 12:28 (pp.1-12). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambride University PressMacekura, S. (2013). The Point Four Program and US International Development Policy. Political Science Quarterly Vol. 128, No. 1 (Spring 2013), pp. 127-160Mindanao Trust Fund. (n.d.) Project Component Description. Mindanao Trust Fund. https://www.mtf.ph/projects/bangsamoro-development-plan-bdpMinistry of Foreign Affairs Japan. (n.d.) Supporting Reconstruction and Peace through Socio-economic Development – Working to Sustain Peace in Mindanao, the Philippines. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan. https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/white/2017/html/column/column04.htmlMinistry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2020). Third Party Evaluation Report 2019, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan Evaluation of Japan’s ODA to Republic of the Philippines. https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/evaluation/FY2019/pdfs/philippines.pdfMinistry of Foreign Affairs Japan. (2016, October 26). Japan-Philippines Joint Statement. https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000198399.pdfMinistry of Foreign Affairs Japan. (2017, October 30). Japan - Philippines Joint Statement on Bilateral Cooperation for the Next Five Years. https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000303417.pdfMontiel, C.J., Ma. Macapagal, E. & Canuday, J. (2018). The unifying and divisive effects of social identities: Religious and ethnopolitical identities among Mindanao Muslims in the Philippines. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 12:28 (pp.1-12). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University PressMorgenthau, H. (1962). A Political Theory of Foreign Aid. The American Political Science Review Vol. 56, No. 2 (Jun., 1962), pp. 301-309. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1952366Ndikumana, L. (2016). The role of foreign aid in post-conflict countries. Leuven, Belgium: Centre for Research on Peace and Development (CRPD)OCHA Philippines. (2019, September 20). The Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus – Old wine in new bottles?. OCHA Philippines. https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/philippines/card/5x4ddz3n2TOrganic Law for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 2018. (Phi) (PH).Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019). Development Aid at a Glance Statistics by Region: Asia. OECD Better Policies for Better Lives. https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-data/Asia-Development-Aid-at-a-Glance-2019.pdfOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (n.d.). Endorsements to the Paris Declaration and the Accra Agenda for Action (AAA). OECD Better Policies for Better Lives. https://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/countriesterritoriesanden dorsementstotheparisdeclarationandaaa.htmOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (n.d.). Countries, Territories and Organisations Adhering to the Busan Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation. OECD Better Policies for Better Lives. https://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/busanadherents.htmPanić, M. (2008). Post-conflict countries: Aid effectiveness and permanent peace. University of Cambridge.Pankaj, A. K. (2005). Revisiting Foreign Aid Theories. International Studies, 42(2), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/002088170404200201Presidential Communications Operations Office (2019). Speech of President Rodrigo Roa Duterte during the inauguration of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Retrieved from https://pcoo.gov.ph/presidential-speech/speech-of-president-rodrigo-roa-duterte-during-the-inauguration-of-the-bangasamoro-autonomous-region-in-muslim-mindanao-barmm/Punzalan, N. (2020, November 3). Authority to launch first-ever Bangsamoro Development Plan. Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1120537Reuters. (2018, March 2). Philippines, EU say aid, joint projects intact, despite Duterte’s ire. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-eu-aid-idUSKCN1GE1I3Reyes, C.M., Mina, C.D., & Asis, R.D. (2017). Inequality of opportunities among ethnic groups in the Philippines. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Institute for Development StudiesRocamora, J. A. (2020, November 4). EU reaffirms support to Mindanao peace process. Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1120755Rood, S. (2016). The Role of International Actors in Search for Peace in Mindanao. In P. Hutchcroft, (ed.) Mindanao: The Long Journey to Peace and Prosperity. Manila: Anvil Press.Smillie, I. (2007). Developing conflict-sensitive aid: The relationship between aid and conflict. In O. Brown et al (Eds.), Trade, aid and security: an agenda for peace and development (pp. 41-79). London, UK: EarthscanTan, N. (2018, November). Bangsamoro Organic Law. Lecture presented at the Mindanao Women Leaders Forum, General Santos City, PhilippinesThe Asia Foundation (2017). The state of conflict and violence in Asia. Retrieved from https://asiafoundation.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/10/The_State_of_Conflict_and_Violence_in_Asia-12.29.17.pdfThe Fund for Peace (2019). Fragile States Index 2019. Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://fundforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/9511904-fragilestatesindex.pdfThe Philippine Embassy of Canberra, Australia. (2021, April 27). Philippines – Australia convene 2nd Trade, Investment, and Industry Dialogue, to collaborate in addressing economic impact of the pandemic. The Philippine Embassy of Canberra, Australia. https://www.philembassy.org.au/latest/news/philippines-australia-convene-2nd-trade-investment-and-industry-dialogue-to-collaborate-in-addressing-economic-impact-of-the-pandemicThe Philippine Embassy of Canberra, Australia. (2014, February 21). PH hosts 4th Philippines-Australia Ministerial Meeting (PAMM). The Philippine Embassy of Canberra, Australia. https://www.philembassy.org.au/latest/news/ph-hosts-4th-philippines-australia-ministerial-meeting-pammTheys, S. (2018). Introducing Constructivism in International RelationsTheory. E-International Relations. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2018/02/23/introducing-constructivism-in-international-relations-theory/Trajano, J. C. (2019, April 01). Peacebuilding from the grassroots: Resolving conflicts in Mindanao. Asia Dialogue. Retrieved from https://theasiadialogue.com/2019/04/01/peacebuilding-from-the-grassroots-resolving-conflicts-in-mindanaoUS Department of State (2021) Integrated Country Strategy Philippines. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/ICS_EAP_Philippines_Public-Release.pdfUS Department of State (2009). Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2009-2017 Transformational Diplomacy. https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/86291.pdfUnited Nations Philippines. (2019). Partnership Framework for Sustainable Development (PFSD) 2019-2023. https://philippines.un.org/en/42381-partnership-framework-sustainable-development-pfsd-2019-2023United Nations Philippines. (2017). Philippines United Nations Development Assistance Framework 2012-2018 Evaluation Report. https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/cf-documents/f98796d2-f7a9-43ad-80a8-5eaa6e0cb06f_Philippines__UNDAF_2012-2018Evaluation_FINAL__2017.10.pdfUnited Nations Philippines. (2013). United Nations Country Team Statement 2013 Philippines Development Forum. http://www.pdf.ph/downloads/PDF%202013/Statements/UNCT%20Statement_%202013%20PDF.pdfUSAID Philippines (2019). Country Development Cooperation Strategy 2019-2024. https://www.usaid.gov/philippines/cdcsUnited Nations Philippines. (2021, February 18). UN Philippines chief reinforces commitment to help build peaceful, successful inclusive democracy in BARMM. United Nations Philippines. https://philippines.un.org/index.php/en/112353-un-philippines-chief-reinforces-commitment-help-build-peaceful-successful-inclusiveUnited Nations System in the Philippines. (2004).The United Nations Development Assistance Framework in the Philippines (2005-2009. Office of the Ombudsman. https://www.ombudsman.gov.ph/UNDP4/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/UNDAF.pdfUnited Nations System in the Philippines. (2011). Supporting Inclusive, sustainable and resilient development: The United Nations Development Assistance Framework for the Philippines 2012-2018. United Nations Philippines. https://philippines.un.org/en/42351-supporting-inclusive-sustainable-and-resilient-development-2012-2018USAID (2019). Our Work in Mindanao. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/philippines/cross-cutting/mindanaoUvin, P. (1999). The influence of aid in situations of violent conflict. Watson Institute for International Studies. RI, USA: Brown UniversityWorld Health Organization (2009). Review of coordination mechanisms for development cooperation in Tajikistan. Copenhagen, Denmark:WHO Regional Office for Europe zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202100842 en_US
