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題名 被認知的貪腐對五個OECS國家中CBI計畫的影響
Impact of Perceived Corruption on the Citizenship By Investment (CBI) Program in Five OECS Countries
作者 魏柏全
Joshua, Bertrand Wendell
貢獻者 吳德源
Der-Yuan Wu
魏柏全
Bertrand Wendell Joshua
關鍵詞 公民資格
投資
經濟發展與清廉印象
Citizenship
Investment
Economic Development and Perceived Corruption
日期 2021
上傳時間 4-Aug-2021 16:29:21 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究旨在對投資型公民計劃進行研究，該計劃已成為東加勒比國家組織的一種現象。我國聖露西亞於2016 年，成為該計劃實施最近期的一個國家，聖克里斯多福及尼維斯則於1984年，成為世界上第一個實施該計劃的國家。投資型公民計劃是 OECS 國家和歐洲國家的主要收入來源。它是合法的，但作為政府籌集急需資金的手段，仍然備受爭議。投資型公民計劃的研究相對新穎，探討該計劃正面意義的相關文獻並不多，相反地，多數研究關注其他方面，特別是清廉程度 (The perception of corruption) 這部分。在本論文中，作者將試圖探討論述，以反對將護照作為發展手段、恣意出售。我還想在本文中提出反論: 出售公民資格，不會使經濟不平等現象影響政治領域，而將為政府提供可觀投資，促進發展。
This research seeks to undertake a study of the Citizenship by Investment Program which has become a phenomenon in the OECS Caribbean with Saint Lucia becoming the last country to implement this program in 2016 and St. Kitts and Nevis being the first country in the world to implement the program in 1984. Citizenship by Investment is a major source of income for OECS countries as well as European countries. It is legal but still stands as the most controversial means of governments raising much needed financing. The study of Citizenship by Investment is relatively new and there is very limited literature that explores the positives of the program and a lot of attention is paid to other aspects especially the perception of corruption. This research seeks to examine arguments for and against selling passports as a means for development. Additionally, this research will argue that the selling of citizenship does not bring economic inequality into political sphere’s and its not a policy that breeds corruption but rather provides significant investment for government which promotes development.
參考文獻 Acemoglu, D., & Verdier, T. (1998). Property rights, corruption and the allocation of
talent: a general equilibrium approaches. The Economic Journal, 108(450), 1381-1403.

Acemoglu, D., & Verdier, T. (2000). The choice between market failures and
corruption. American Economic Review, 90(1), 194-211.

Ahmad, E., Ullah, M. A., & Arfeen, M. I. (2012). Does corruption affect economic
growth?. Latin American Journal of Economics, 49(2), 277-305.

Asonuma, M. T., Li, X., Papaioannou, M. M. G., & Thomas, M. S. (2017). Sovereign
Debt Restructurings in Grenada: Causes, Processes, Outcomes, and Lessons Learned.International Monetary Fund.

Adams, W. (1968). The Brain Drain. New York: The Macmillan Publishing Company.

Adu, P. (2016). Planning an Action Research. Methodology Related Presentations TCSPP. Retrieved from; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8af5k3qRRQ

Bak, M. (2019). Overview of corruption and anti-corruption in Antigua and Barbuda,
Barbados, Dominica, Guyana, Jamaica, St Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago.
Transparency International.

Barbulescu, R. (2018). Global Mobility Corridors for the Ultra-Rich. The Neoliberal
Transformation of Citizenship. In Debating Transformations of National Citizenship (pp. 29-32). Springer, Cham.

Bauböck, R. (2018). What is wrong with selling citizenship? It corrupts democracy!.
In Debating transformations of national citizenship (pp. 37-41). Springer, Cham.

Becker, G. (1987). ‘Why Not Let Immigrants Pay for Speedy Entry?’. The Economies of
Life, 58–60.

Borna, S. & James M. S. (2002). ‘The Ethics and Efficacy of Selling National
Citizenship’. Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 193-207.

Brasz, H. A. (1970). The Sociology of Corruption in A.J Heidenheimer (ed), Political
Reading in Comparative Analysis. Holt Reinhart, New York.

Chiswick B. R. (1982). The Impact of Immigration on the Level and Distribution of
Economic Well-Being. The Gateway: U.S. Immigration Issues and Policies. 289–313.

Córdova, A., & Seligson, M. A. (2010). Economic shocks and democratic vulnerabilities
in Latin America and the Caribbean. Latin American Politics and Society, 52(2), 1-35.

Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five
traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating
quantitative and qualitative approaches to research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Pearson Education

Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Guttman, M., & Hanson, W. (2003). Advanced mixed
methods research designs.

Dzankic, J. (2012). The pros and cons of ius pecuniae: investor citizenship in comparative
perspective. Retrived from:
http://dianan.iue.it:8080/bitstream/handle/1814/21476/RSCAS_2012_14.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Freckleton, M., Wright, A., & Craigwell, R. (2012). Economic growth, foreign direct
investment and corruption in developed and developing countries. Journal of Economic studies.

Green, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework
for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11 (3), 255-274.

Glick, D. M., & Friedland, Z. (2014). How often do states study each other? Evidence of
policy knowledge diffusion. American Politics Research, 42(6), 956-985.

Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica (2018). Estimates of Expenditure.
Retrieved from: http://finance.gov.dm/budget/estimates/21-2017-2018-estimates.

Heckelman, J. C., & Powell, B. (2010). Corruption and the institutional environment for
growth. Comparative Economic Studies, 52(3), 351-378.

Herskovits, M. J. (1947). The Science of Cultural Anthropology. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, Inc.

Inayatullah, S. (2004). The causal layered analysis (CLA) reader. Theory and Case
Studies of an Integrative and Transformative Methodology, 1-52.

Index, C. P. (2017). Corruption perception index. Transparency International. Retrieved
from: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2017/index/nzl

Index, C. P. (2018). Corruption perception index. Transparency International. Retrieved
from: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2018/index/nzl

Index, C. P. (2019). Corruption perception index. Transparency International. Retrieved
from: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2019/index/nzl

Index, C. P. (2020). Corruption perception index. Transparency International. Retrieved
from: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/nzl

Jain, A. K. (1998). Economics of Corruption. Boston: Kluwer Academics Publishers.

Johann & Lambsdorff (2005) Consequences and causes of corruption: What do we know
from a cross-section of countries? Passauer Diskussionspapiere: Volkswirtschaftliche Reihe, Vol. 34, No. 05.

Johnston, L. (2013). A Passport at Any Price? Citizenship by Investment Through the
Prism of Institutional Corruption. Edmond J. Safra Working Papers, (22).

Knack, Stephen (2006) Measuring Corruption in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: A
Critique of the Cross-Country Indicators. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3968.

Krugman, P., & Venables, A. J. (1995). Globalization and the Inequality of Nations. The
quarterly journal of economics, 110(4), 857-880.

Lindgreen, A. (2004). Corruption and unethical behavior: Report on a set of Danish guidelines. Journal of Business Ethics, 51(1), 31-39.

Lui, Francis T. (1985). An Equilibrium Queuing Model of Bribery. Journal of Political
Economy Vol.93, No. 4, pp. 760-781

Mauro, Paolo. (1995). Corruption and Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.
110, pp. 681– 712

Mauro, P. (2004). The Persistence of Corruption and Slow Economic Growth. IMF Staff
Papers, 51(1), 1-18. Retrieved June 11, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30035860

Maxcy, S. J. (2003). Pragmatic threads in mixed methods research in the social sciences:
The search for multiple modes of inquiry and the end of the philosophy of formalism. Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research, 51-89.

Méndez, F., & Sepúlveda, F. (2006). Corruption, growth and political regimes: Cross
country evidence. European Journal of Political Economy, 22(1), 82-98.

Mertens, D. M. (2003). Mixed methods and the politics of human research: The transformative-emancipatory perspective. Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research, 135-164.

Miller, D. (2000, Fall). Qualitative Research Course Packet. University of Nebraska –
Lincoln.

Mo, Pak Hung. (2001). Corruption and Economic Growth. Journal of Comparative
Economics 29, pp. 66–79

Mill, J. S. (1861). Utilitarianism. London, England: Parker, Son, and Bourn, West Strand.

Nielsen, K. (1966). ‘Ethical Relativism and the Facts of Cultural Relativity’. Social
Research, 33, 531–555.

Leff, Nathaniel H. (1964). Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption.
American Behavioural Scientist 8, pp. 8 –14.

OECS (2010) The Revised Treaty of Basseterre. OECS Commission.
Retrieved from https://www.oecs.org/our-work/knowledge/library/legal/revised-treaty-of-basseterre

Price Waterhouse Coopers (2019). Assessment of the Commonwealth of Dominica’s
Citizenship by Investment Program. Retrieved from https://cbiu.gov.dm/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PwC-Report_-Dominica-CBI_19-August.pdf

Professional Wealth Management (2019). A Guide to Global Citizenship, The 2019 CBI
Index. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/bertr/Downloads/CBI-Index-2019-(English).pdf

Rose-Ackerman, S. (1999). Corruption and Government, Causes, Consequences and
Reforms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sandholtz, W. & Taagepera, R. (2005) Corruption, Culture, and
Communism. International Review of Sociology, 15:1, 109-131

Shachar, A. (2009). The Birthright Lottery, Citizenship and Global Inequality.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Shachar A. (2018) Dangerous Liaisons: Money and Citizenship. In: Bauböck R. (eds)
Debating Transformations of National Citizenship. IMISCOE Research Series.

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Svensson, J. (2005). Eight questions about corruption. Journal of economic
perspectives, 19(3), 19-42.

Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook on mixed methods in the
behavioral and social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and
quantitative approaches. Applied Social Research Methods Series, 46. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

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Ten Years of Cross-National Empirical Research? Annual Revision of Political Science 10, pp. 211-244.

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IDENTITY-RELATED CRIME;https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Thematic_Programme/Thematic_Programme_on_Corruption_-2012-2015_sept12.pdf

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The World Bank.

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Uncertain Times.

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of demographic change.

Wyse, S. E. (2011). What is the difference between qualitative research and quantitative
research? Available at: http://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-qualitative-research-and-quantitative-research/

Yan, S. (2014, August 28). “U.S runs out of investor visas as Chinese overwhelm
program”. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2014/08/27/news/economy/china-us-visa/index.html

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Epistemological, theoretical, and methodological differences. European Journal of
Education, 48 (2), 311-332.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
108862015
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108862015
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 吳德源zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Der-Yuan Wuen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 魏柏全zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Bertrand Wendell Joshuaen_US
dc.creator (作者) 魏柏全zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Joshua, Bertrand Wendellen_US
dc.date (日期) 2021en_US
dc.date.accessioned 4-Aug-2021 16:29:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 4-Aug-2021 16:29:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Aug-2021 16:29:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108862015en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/136697-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 108862015zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究旨在對投資型公民計劃進行研究，該計劃已成為東加勒比國家組織的一種現象。我國聖露西亞於2016 年，成為該計劃實施最近期的一個國家，聖克里斯多福及尼維斯則於1984年，成為世界上第一個實施該計劃的國家。投資型公民計劃是 OECS 國家和歐洲國家的主要收入來源。它是合法的，但作為政府籌集急需資金的手段，仍然備受爭議。投資型公民計劃的研究相對新穎，探討該計劃正面意義的相關文獻並不多，相反地，多數研究關注其他方面，特別是清廉程度 (The perception of corruption) 這部分。在本論文中，作者將試圖探討論述，以反對將護照作為發展手段、恣意出售。我還想在本文中提出反論: 出售公民資格，不會使經濟不平等現象影響政治領域，而將為政府提供可觀投資，促進發展。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This research seeks to undertake a study of the Citizenship by Investment Program which has become a phenomenon in the OECS Caribbean with Saint Lucia becoming the last country to implement this program in 2016 and St. Kitts and Nevis being the first country in the world to implement the program in 1984. Citizenship by Investment is a major source of income for OECS countries as well as European countries. It is legal but still stands as the most controversial means of governments raising much needed financing. The study of Citizenship by Investment is relatively new and there is very limited literature that explores the positives of the program and a lot of attention is paid to other aspects especially the perception of corruption. This research seeks to examine arguments for and against selling passports as a means for development. Additionally, this research will argue that the selling of citizenship does not bring economic inequality into political sphere’s and its not a policy that breeds corruption but rather provides significant investment for government which promotes development.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ..................................... i
Abstract..............................................ii
List of Figures .....................................iii
List of Table.........................................iv
List of Abbreviations ..............................................................vi

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Research Motivation ............................................... 1-2
1.2 The Purpose of the Research.................................2-3
1.3 Research Questions/ Objectives ..............................3
1.4 O.E.C.S............................................................................ 4-5

Chapter 2: Related Literature & Conceptual Framework
2.1 Literature Review.......................................................6-15
2.2 Conceptual Framework.........................................16-20
2.3 Research Methodology.........................................20-22
2.4 Research Limitations .............................................22-23

Chapter 3: The Practice of Other CBI Programs
3.1 The Emergence of the CBI Program ....................24-29
3.2 Analysis of other CBI Programs..............................29-33
3.3 The Economic Fallout from Corruption ..............33-38

Chapter 4: Case Studies of OECS CBI Countries
4.1 The Case of Saint Lucia ............................................39-43
4.2 The Case of Grenada .................................................44-48
4.3 The Case of St. Kitts and Nevis .............................48-52
4.4 The Case of Dominica ...............................................52-56
4.5 The Case of Antigua and Barbuda .......................57-63

Chapter 5: Research Findings & Implications
5.1 Results and Discussions ...........................................64-71
5.2 Policy Implications .....................................................71-73

Chapter 6: Conclusion & Recommendations
6.1 Conclusion ....................................................................74-76
6.2 Recommendations ....................................................76-77
Bibliography........................................................................78-84		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1642957 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108862015en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公民資格zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 投資zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 經濟發展與清廉印象zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Citizenshipen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Investmenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Economic Development and Perceived Corruptionen_US
dc.title (題名) 被認知的貪腐對五個OECS國家中CBI計畫的影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Impact of Perceived Corruption on the Citizenship By Investment (CBI) Program in Five OECS Countriesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Acemoglu, D., & Verdier, T. (1998). Property rights, corruption and the allocation of
talent: a general equilibrium approaches. The Economic Journal, 108(450), 1381-1403.

Acemoglu, D., & Verdier, T. (2000). The choice between market failures and
corruption. American Economic Review, 90(1), 194-211.

Ahmad, E., Ullah, M. A., & Arfeen, M. I. (2012). Does corruption affect economic
growth?. Latin American Journal of Economics, 49(2), 277-305.

Asonuma, M. T., Li, X., Papaioannou, M. M. G., & Thomas, M. S. (2017). Sovereign
Debt Restructurings in Grenada: Causes, Processes, Outcomes, and Lessons Learned.International Monetary Fund.

Adams, W. (1968). The Brain Drain. New York: The Macmillan Publishing Company.

Adu, P. (2016). Planning an Action Research. Methodology Related Presentations TCSPP. Retrieved from; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8af5k3qRRQ

Bak, M. (2019). Overview of corruption and anti-corruption in Antigua and Barbuda,
Barbados, Dominica, Guyana, Jamaica, St Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago.
Transparency International.

Barbulescu, R. (2018). Global Mobility Corridors for the Ultra-Rich. The Neoliberal
Transformation of Citizenship. In Debating Transformations of National Citizenship (pp. 29-32). Springer, Cham.

Bauböck, R. (2018). What is wrong with selling citizenship? It corrupts democracy!.
In Debating transformations of national citizenship (pp. 37-41). Springer, Cham.

Becker, G. (1987). ‘Why Not Let Immigrants Pay for Speedy Entry?’. The Economies of
Life, 58–60.

Borna, S. & James M. S. (2002). ‘The Ethics and Efficacy of Selling National
Citizenship’. Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 193-207.

Brasz, H. A. (1970). The Sociology of Corruption in A.J Heidenheimer (ed), Political
Reading in Comparative Analysis. Holt Reinhart, New York.

Chiswick B. R. (1982). The Impact of Immigration on the Level and Distribution of
Economic Well-Being. The Gateway: U.S. Immigration Issues and Policies. 289–313.

Córdova, A., & Seligson, M. A. (2010). Economic shocks and democratic vulnerabilities
in Latin America and the Caribbean. Latin American Politics and Society, 52(2), 1-35.

Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five
traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating
quantitative and qualitative approaches to research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Pearson Education

Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Guttman, M., & Hanson, W. (2003). Advanced mixed
methods research designs.

Dzankic, J. (2012). The pros and cons of ius pecuniae: investor citizenship in comparative
perspective. Retrived from:
http://dianan.iue.it:8080/bitstream/handle/1814/21476/RSCAS_2012_14.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Freckleton, M., Wright, A., & Craigwell, R. (2012). Economic growth, foreign direct
investment and corruption in developed and developing countries. Journal of Economic studies.

Green, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework
for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11 (3), 255-274.

Glick, D. M., & Friedland, Z. (2014). How often do states study each other? Evidence of
policy knowledge diffusion. American Politics Research, 42(6), 956-985.

Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica (2018). Estimates of Expenditure.
Retrieved from: http://finance.gov.dm/budget/estimates/21-2017-2018-estimates.

Heckelman, J. C., & Powell, B. (2010). Corruption and the institutional environment for
growth. Comparative Economic Studies, 52(3), 351-378.

Herskovits, M. J. (1947). The Science of Cultural Anthropology. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, Inc.

Inayatullah, S. (2004). The causal layered analysis (CLA) reader. Theory and Case
Studies of an Integrative and Transformative Methodology, 1-52.

Index, C. P. (2017). Corruption perception index. Transparency International. Retrieved
from: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2017/index/nzl

Index, C. P. (2018). Corruption perception index. Transparency International. Retrieved
from: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2018/index/nzl

Index, C. P. (2019). Corruption perception index. Transparency International. Retrieved
from: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2019/index/nzl

Index, C. P. (2020). Corruption perception index. Transparency International. Retrieved
from: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/nzl

Jain, A. K. (1998). Economics of Corruption. Boston: Kluwer Academics Publishers.

Johann & Lambsdorff (2005) Consequences and causes of corruption: What do we know
from a cross-section of countries? Passauer Diskussionspapiere: Volkswirtschaftliche Reihe, Vol. 34, No. 05.

Johnston, L. (2013). A Passport at Any Price? Citizenship by Investment Through the
Prism of Institutional Corruption. Edmond J. Safra Working Papers, (22).

Knack, Stephen (2006) Measuring Corruption in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: A
Critique of the Cross-Country Indicators. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3968.

Krugman, P., & Venables, A. J. (1995). Globalization and the Inequality of Nations. The
quarterly journal of economics, 110(4), 857-880.

Lindgreen, A. (2004). Corruption and unethical behavior: Report on a set of Danish guidelines. Journal of Business Ethics, 51(1), 31-39.

Lui, Francis T. (1985). An Equilibrium Queuing Model of Bribery. Journal of Political
Economy Vol.93, No. 4, pp. 760-781

Mauro, Paolo. (1995). Corruption and Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.
110, pp. 681– 712

Mauro, P. (2004). The Persistence of Corruption and Slow Economic Growth. IMF Staff
Papers, 51(1), 1-18. Retrieved June 11, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30035860

Maxcy, S. J. (2003). Pragmatic threads in mixed methods research in the social sciences:
The search for multiple modes of inquiry and the end of the philosophy of formalism. Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research, 51-89.

Méndez, F., & Sepúlveda, F. (2006). Corruption, growth and political regimes: Cross
country evidence. European Journal of Political Economy, 22(1), 82-98.

Mertens, D. M. (2003). Mixed methods and the politics of human research: The transformative-emancipatory perspective. Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research, 135-164.

Miller, D. (2000, Fall). Qualitative Research Course Packet. University of Nebraska –
Lincoln.

Mo, Pak Hung. (2001). Corruption and Economic Growth. Journal of Comparative
Economics 29, pp. 66–79

Mill, J. S. (1861). Utilitarianism. London, England: Parker, Son, and Bourn, West Strand.

Nielsen, K. (1966). ‘Ethical Relativism and the Facts of Cultural Relativity’. Social
Research, 33, 531–555.

Leff, Nathaniel H. (1964). Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption.
American Behavioural Scientist 8, pp. 8 –14.

OECS (2010) The Revised Treaty of Basseterre. OECS Commission.
Retrieved from https://www.oecs.org/our-work/knowledge/library/legal/revised-treaty-of-basseterre

Price Waterhouse Coopers (2019). Assessment of the Commonwealth of Dominica’s
Citizenship by Investment Program. Retrieved from https://cbiu.gov.dm/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PwC-Report_-Dominica-CBI_19-August.pdf

Professional Wealth Management (2019). A Guide to Global Citizenship, The 2019 CBI
Index. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/bertr/Downloads/CBI-Index-2019-(English).pdf

Rose-Ackerman, S. (1999). Corruption and Government, Causes, Consequences and
Reforms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202101063en_US