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題名 對外國直接投資國家安全審查機制之研究-兼論WTO國家安全例外規範
A Study on Foreign Direct Investment Screening Mechanism for National Security-with Reference to WTO Norm on National Security Exception
作者 曾美幸
Tseng, Mei-Hsing
貢獻者 許耀明
Hsu, Yao-Ming
曾美幸
Tseng, Mei-Hsing
關鍵詞 外國直接投資
國際貿易
國家安全
基本安全例外
國際投資法
雙邊投資協定
外國直接投資國家安全審查
WTO爭端解決機制
Foreign Direct Investment
International Trade
National Security
Essential Security Exception
International Investment Law
Bilateral Investment Treaty
Foreign Investment Screening For National Security
WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism
日期 2021
上傳時間 2-Sep-2021 17:11:36 (UTC+8)
摘要 “Salus reipublicae suprema lex?”(國家安全是最高法律嗎?)
隨著經濟全球化趨勢發展，外國直接投資與國際貿易已成為全球經貿發展之兩大驅動力，亦為多國籍企業擴展海外市場之重要經營策略，外國直接投資與國際貿易之關係亦由傳統之替代關係轉化為緊密鏈結關係。近年來，因部分外國併購投資涉及對地主國關鍵性產業或技術，以及敏感性產業之投資，引發各國對該等投資可能帶來國家安全之疑慮，「國家安全」遂成為國際投資法重要議題，許多國家亦紛紛建置外國直接投資國家安全審查機制，以作為各國捍衛對外國投資監理主權的安全閥。
「國家安全」乃屬不確定法律概念，各國之國家安全審查，無論於定義範圍或審查標準均無一致性原則，此亦引發外國投資人對於地主國國家安全審查機制欠缺透明度及可預測性之疑慮；對於被否決案件，外國投資人是否具適當救濟管道，亦為外國投資人於赴他國投資時關切之重點。
對於國際投資爭端，投資人可透過與地主國政府友好協商解決、於地主國國內尋求行政或司法救濟、或尋求國際投資爭端解決。投資人除可採前述投資人與國家爭端解決模式外，亦可採國與國爭端解決模式處理。惟對於國家安全審查結果引發之爭端，除訴諸投資人與地主國爭端解決外，是否可訴諸WTO爭端解決，是為本論文擬探討之主要議題。
基此，外國直接投資國家安全審查機制雖屬各國內國法性質，本論文將從國際法角度探討外國直接投資國家安全審查機制於國際投資法之運用情形，將就「國家安全」概念之演進及國家安全例外規範與外國投資國安全審查之關係進行探討，並對美國、歐盟、德國及我國之外國直接投資國家安全審查機制及其運作情形進行分析。此外，本論文也就目前國際間普遍運用之投資人與地主國爭端解決機制及援引國家安全例外條款之投資爭端解決個案分析。最後，將就WTO爭端解決機制及援引國家安全例外條款之爭端解決案例分析，以探討外國直接投資國家安全審查引發之爭端，適用WTO爭端解決機制之可行性。
With the development of economic globalization, foreign direct investment and international trade have become the two major driving forces for global economic and trade development as well as important business strategies for multinational corporations to expand overseas markets. The relationship between foreign direct investment and international trade has also transformed from a traditional substitution relationship into a close interlinkage relationship.
As some foreign M&A investment activities engage in critical industries or acquiring technologies of the host country, they have aroused concerns among countries that such cross-border M&A investments will bring national security threats to the host country. Therefore, many countries start to implement a foreign direct investment screening mechanism for national security to protect their rights to regulate foreign direct investments.
As "National security" is still an undefined legal concept, so far there is no worldwide consistent principle for foreign direct investment screening mechanism for national security. Foreign investors often criticize that the national security screening mechanism of the host country is not transparent and lacks predictability. Doubts on whether foreign investors could seek appropriate recourse against national security review decisions is also the main concern of foreign investors in considering whether to invest in other countries.
Regarding international investment disputes settlement, investors can settle disputes through pursuing local administrative and judicial remedies in the host country, or seek international dispute settlement. However, for the disputes arising from the decision of the national security review, apart from resorting to Investor-State Dispute Settlement between investors and the host state, whether the disputes can be resolved through WTO dispute settlement mechanism is the main topic to be discussed in this thesis.
This thesis aims to discuss the application of the foreign investment screening mechanism for national security from the perspective of international law. It will discuss the evolution of the concept of "national security" and analyze the relationship between international investment treaty and WTO norms on national security exception and foreign investment screening mechanism for national security. In addition, the thesis will study on the foreign direct investment screening mechanism for national security in the United States, the European Union, Germany, and Taiwan. Moreover, the thesis will discuss international investment dispute settlement mechanism followed by a case study on an investment dispute for national security exception issue. Finally, the feasibility of applying the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism to investment disputes arising from the decision of national security review will be explored through a case study on a WTO dispute case invoking GATT national security exception clause.
參考文獻 一、中文文獻
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(2)期刊論文
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(3)博碩士學位論文
馬曉鈺(2016)。外國投資國家安全審查與國際投資協定之關係研究。山東大學碩士學位論文。2016年3月。
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(4) 協定、法規及法律文件
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外國人投資條例。1997年 11 月 19 日。
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亞東關係協會與財團法人交流協會有關投資自由化、促進及保護合作協議。2011年9月22日。
海峽兩岸投資保障和促進協議。2012 年 08 月 09 日。
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紐西蘭與臺澎金馬個別關稅領域經濟合作協定(Agreement between New Zealand and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu on Economic Cooperation)。2013年7月10日。
臺星經濟夥伴協定(AGREEMENT BETWEEN SINGAPORE AND THE SEPARATE CUSTOMS TERRITORY OF TAIWAN, PENGHU, KINMEN AND MATSU ON ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP)。2014年4月19日。
臺灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例。2019年 07 月 24 日。
臺灣、澎湖、金門、馬祖個別關稅領域與紐西蘭經濟合作協定（中譯本）。2013年12月1日。
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(5)訴願書及法院判決
行政院106年8月31日對於香港商賽瑞科技有限公司訴願案之訴願決定書。
最高行政法院 104 年判字第 91 號判決，2015年 02 月 26 日。
(6)政府或組織報告、出版品
經濟部(2012)。國際協定分析釋義。台北市: 經濟部。
(7)網路資料
中央社報導, 雙子星案 南海：尋求WTO爭議解決途徑, 取自https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2019-10-20/314141 (最後查詢日: 2021年6月1日)。
林卓元。亞太十五國11月15日正式簽署RCEP。中華經濟研究院WTO及TRA研究中心電子報，2020年11年17日。取自https://web.wtocenter.org.tw/Page.aspx?pid=348006&nid=72 (最後查詢日:2021年5月30日)。
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二、外文文獻
(1) Books
Blanco, Sebastian Mantilla and Pehl, Alexander (2019). NATIONAL SECURITY EXCEPTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS -JUSTIFIABILITY AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW. Switzerland: Springer.
den Bossche, Peter Van and Zdouc, Werner(2017). THE LAW AND POLICY OF THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION TEXTS, CASES AND MATERIALS. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Collins, Alan (2013). Contemporary Security Studies (3th ed.). UK: Oxford University Press.
Dimopoulos, Angelos (2011). EU FOREIGN INVESTMENT LAW (1st published). UK: Oxford University Press.
Dolzer, Rudolf and Schreuer, Christoph (2012). PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW (2nd ed.). UK: Oxford University Press.
Jürgen Kurtz (2016). THE WTO AND INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAw (1st published). UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sornarajah, M (2010). THE INTERNATIONAL LAW ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT (3rd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press.
Vastardis, Anil Yilmaz (2020). THE NATIONALITY OF CORPORATE INVESTORS UNDER INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW (1st published). UK: Hart Publishing.
(2) Short Works in Collection
Dickerson, Hollin (2010). Minimum Standards. MAX PLANCK ENCYCLOPEDIAS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.
Dugard, John (2009). Diplomatic Protection. MAX PLANCK ENCYCLOPEDIAS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.
Juillard, Patrick (2007). Calvo Doctrine. MAX PLANCK ENCYCLOPEDIAS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.
Paulus, Andreas (2011). Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Encyclopedia entries, OXFORD PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW.
(3) Book Chapters
Grisel, Florian (2014). The Sources of Foreign Investment Law. In Douglas, Zachary Pauwelyn, Joost & Vinuales, Jorge E.(eds.), THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW- BRING THEORY INTO PRACTICE (pp.213-233). UK: Oxford University Press.
Mann, Howard (2002). The right of states to regulate and international investment law: A comment. THE DEVELOPMENT DIMENSION OF FDI: POLICY AND RULE-MAKING PERSPECTIVES, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (pp.211-223). Sweitzerland: United Nations Publications.
Sauvant, Karl P. (2009). Driving and countervailing forces: A Rebalancing of National FDI Policies. In Sauvant, Karl P.(eds.). YEAR BOOK OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW & POLICY (pp.215-272). Switzerland: United Nations Publications.
Sauve, Pierre (2003). Domestic Regulation and the GATS, THE DEVELOPMENT DIMENSION OF FDI: POLICY AND RULE-MAKING PERSPECTIVES, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (pp.225-231). Switzerland: United Nations Publications.
Titi, Catharine (2018). Embedded Liberalism and International Investment Agreements: The Future of the Right to Regulate with Reflections on WTO Laws, In Moon, Gillian & Toohey, Lisa (eds). THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION–THE EMBEDDED LIBERALISM COMPROMISE REVISITED (pp.123-124). UK: Cambridge University Press.
Yannaca-Small, Katia (2007). Essential Security Interests under International Investment Law, OECD International Investment Perspective: Freedom of Investment in a Changing World (pp.93-134). France: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
(4) Articles
Anuradha, R.V. (2018). Totalus Petrificus:The Spell of National Security. 13 ASIAN JOURNAL OF WTO AND INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LAW AND POLICY, 311-332.
Berin, Alec J. (2019). CFIUS or Sisyphus: Toward a European Framework for Foreign Direct Investment Review. 51 GEORGE WASHINGTON INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW, 701-728.
Beveridge, Fiona (2006). Foreign Investment in the WTO. 57 NORTHERN IRELAND LEGAL QUARTERLY, 513-538.
Blakey, J. Russel (2020). The Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act: The Double-Edged Sword of U.S. Foreign Investment Regulations. 53 LOYOLA OF LOS ANGELES LAW REVIEW, 981-1104.
Boklan, Daria and Bahri, Amrita (2020). The First WTO’s Ruling on National Security Exception: Balancing Interests or Opening Pandora’s Box?. 19 WORLD TRADE REVIEW, 123-136.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法學院碩士在職專班
107961020
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107961020
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 許耀明zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hsu, Yao-Mingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 曾美幸zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tseng, Mei-Hsingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 曾美幸zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tseng, Mei-Hsingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2021en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2021 17:11:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Sep-2021 17:11:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2021 17:11:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0107961020en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/137000-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法學院碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 107961020zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) “Salus reipublicae suprema lex?”(國家安全是最高法律嗎?)
隨著經濟全球化趨勢發展，外國直接投資與國際貿易已成為全球經貿發展之兩大驅動力，亦為多國籍企業擴展海外市場之重要經營策略，外國直接投資與國際貿易之關係亦由傳統之替代關係轉化為緊密鏈結關係。近年來，因部分外國併購投資涉及對地主國關鍵性產業或技術，以及敏感性產業之投資，引發各國對該等投資可能帶來國家安全之疑慮，「國家安全」遂成為國際投資法重要議題，許多國家亦紛紛建置外國直接投資國家安全審查機制，以作為各國捍衛對外國投資監理主權的安全閥。
「國家安全」乃屬不確定法律概念，各國之國家安全審查，無論於定義範圍或審查標準均無一致性原則，此亦引發外國投資人對於地主國國家安全審查機制欠缺透明度及可預測性之疑慮；對於被否決案件，外國投資人是否具適當救濟管道，亦為外國投資人於赴他國投資時關切之重點。
對於國際投資爭端，投資人可透過與地主國政府友好協商解決、於地主國國內尋求行政或司法救濟、或尋求國際投資爭端解決。投資人除可採前述投資人與國家爭端解決模式外，亦可採國與國爭端解決模式處理。惟對於國家安全審查結果引發之爭端，除訴諸投資人與地主國爭端解決外，是否可訴諸WTO爭端解決，是為本論文擬探討之主要議題。
基此，外國直接投資國家安全審查機制雖屬各國內國法性質，本論文將從國際法角度探討外國直接投資國家安全審查機制於國際投資法之運用情形，將就「國家安全」概念之演進及國家安全例外規範與外國投資國安全審查之關係進行探討，並對美國、歐盟、德國及我國之外國直接投資國家安全審查機制及其運作情形進行分析。此外，本論文也就目前國際間普遍運用之投資人與地主國爭端解決機制及援引國家安全例外條款之投資爭端解決個案分析。最後，將就WTO爭端解決機制及援引國家安全例外條款之爭端解決案例分析，以探討外國直接投資國家安全審查引發之爭端，適用WTO爭端解決機制之可行性。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) With the development of economic globalization, foreign direct investment and international trade have become the two major driving forces for global economic and trade development as well as important business strategies for multinational corporations to expand overseas markets. The relationship between foreign direct investment and international trade has also transformed from a traditional substitution relationship into a close interlinkage relationship.
As some foreign M&A investment activities engage in critical industries or acquiring technologies of the host country, they have aroused concerns among countries that such cross-border M&A investments will bring national security threats to the host country. Therefore, many countries start to implement a foreign direct investment screening mechanism for national security to protect their rights to regulate foreign direct investments.
As "National security" is still an undefined legal concept, so far there is no worldwide consistent principle for foreign direct investment screening mechanism for national security. Foreign investors often criticize that the national security screening mechanism of the host country is not transparent and lacks predictability. Doubts on whether foreign investors could seek appropriate recourse against national security review decisions is also the main concern of foreign investors in considering whether to invest in other countries.
Regarding international investment disputes settlement, investors can settle disputes through pursuing local administrative and judicial remedies in the host country, or seek international dispute settlement. However, for the disputes arising from the decision of the national security review, apart from resorting to Investor-State Dispute Settlement between investors and the host state, whether the disputes can be resolved through WTO dispute settlement mechanism is the main topic to be discussed in this thesis.
This thesis aims to discuss the application of the foreign investment screening mechanism for national security from the perspective of international law. It will discuss the evolution of the concept of "national security" and analyze the relationship between international investment treaty and WTO norms on national security exception and foreign investment screening mechanism for national security. In addition, the thesis will study on the foreign direct investment screening mechanism for national security in the United States, the European Union, Germany, and Taiwan. Moreover, the thesis will discuss international investment dispute settlement mechanism followed by a case study on an investment dispute for national security exception issue. Finally, the feasibility of applying the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism to investment disputes arising from the decision of national security review will be explored through a case study on a WTO dispute case invoking GATT national security exception clause.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 外國直接投資與國際貿易 1
第二節 研究動機與目的 5
第三節 研究範圍 9
第四節 研究方法 11
第五節 研究架構 12
第二章 國際投資法相關規範 14
第一節 國際投資規範相關定義 14
第二節 國際投資法之發展 25
第三節 國際投資爭端解決機制 39
第四節 外國直接投資管理法規發展趨勢 43
第五節 小結 49
第三章 國家安全例外規範與外國投資國家安全審查 51
第一節 國際法對於國家安全例外相關規範 52
第二節 與國家安全相關之外國直接投資規範 64
第三節 與外國直接投資相關之WTO規範 74
第四節 WTO相關安全例外條款 81
第五節 小結 87
第四章 美國、歐盟及我國對外國直接投資國家安全審查機制 89
第一節 美國外國直接投資國家安全審查機制 89
第二節 歐盟外人直接投資審查機制 114
第三節 我國外國直接投資審查機制 142
第四節 小結 155
第五章 外國直接投資涉內國國家安全審查爭端尋求WTO 爭端解決機制救濟之可行性分析 160
第一節 外國直接投資國家安全審查爭端解決 160
第二節 WTO爭端解決機制及國家安全例外爭端案例探討 182
第三節 外人投資涉國家安全審查爭端於WTO爭端解決機制之適用 198
第四節 小結 220
第六章 結論 223
參考文獻 231
一、中文文獻 231
二、外文文獻 236		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 8892812 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107961020en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外國直接投資zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際貿易zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國家安全zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 基本安全例外zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際投資法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 雙邊投資協定zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外國直接投資國家安全審查zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) WTO爭端解決機制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Foreign Direct Investmenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) International Tradeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) National Securityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Essential Security Exceptionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) International Investment Lawen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Bilateral Investment Treatyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Foreign Investment Screening For National Securityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanismen_US
dc.title (題名) 對外國直接投資國家安全審查機制之研究-兼論WTO國家安全例外規範zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Study on Foreign Direct Investment Screening Mechanism for National Security-with Reference to WTO Norm on National Security Exceptionen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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Sornarajah, M (2010). THE INTERNATIONAL LAW ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT (3rd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press.
Vastardis, Anil Yilmaz (2020). THE NATIONALITY OF CORPORATE INVESTORS UNDER INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW (1st published). UK: Hart Publishing.
(2) Short Works in Collection
Dickerson, Hollin (2010). Minimum Standards. MAX PLANCK ENCYCLOPEDIAS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.
Dugard, John (2009). Diplomatic Protection. MAX PLANCK ENCYCLOPEDIAS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.
Juillard, Patrick (2007). Calvo Doctrine. MAX PLANCK ENCYCLOPEDIAS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.
Paulus, Andreas (2011). Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Encyclopedia entries, OXFORD PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW.
(3) Book Chapters
Grisel, Florian (2014). The Sources of Foreign Investment Law. In Douglas, Zachary Pauwelyn, Joost & Vinuales, Jorge E.(eds.), THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW- BRING THEORY INTO PRACTICE (pp.213-233). UK: Oxford University Press.
Mann, Howard (2002). The right of states to regulate and international investment law: A comment. THE DEVELOPMENT DIMENSION OF FDI: POLICY AND RULE-MAKING PERSPECTIVES, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (pp.211-223). Sweitzerland: United Nations Publications.
Sauvant, Karl P. (2009). Driving and countervailing forces: A Rebalancing of National FDI Policies. In Sauvant, Karl P.(eds.). YEAR BOOK OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW & POLICY (pp.215-272). Switzerland: United Nations Publications.
Sauve, Pierre (2003). Domestic Regulation and the GATS, THE DEVELOPMENT DIMENSION OF FDI: POLICY AND RULE-MAKING PERSPECTIVES, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (pp.225-231). Switzerland: United Nations Publications.
Titi, Catharine (2018). Embedded Liberalism and International Investment Agreements: The Future of the Right to Regulate with Reflections on WTO Laws, In Moon, Gillian & Toohey, Lisa (eds). THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION–THE EMBEDDED LIBERALISM COMPROMISE REVISITED (pp.123-124). UK: Cambridge University Press.
Yannaca-Small, Katia (2007). Essential Security Interests under International Investment Law, OECD International Investment Perspective: Freedom of Investment in a Changing World (pp.93-134). France: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
(4) Articles
Anuradha, R.V. (2018). Totalus Petrificus:The Spell of National Security. 13 ASIAN JOURNAL OF WTO AND INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LAW AND POLICY, 311-332.
Berin, Alec J. (2019). CFIUS or Sisyphus: Toward a European Framework for Foreign Direct Investment Review. 51 GEORGE WASHINGTON INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW, 701-728.
Beveridge, Fiona (2006). Foreign Investment in the WTO. 57 NORTHERN IRELAND LEGAL QUARTERLY, 513-538.
Blakey, J. Russel (2020). The Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act: The Double-Edged Sword of U.S. Foreign Investment Regulations. 53 LOYOLA OF LOS ANGELES LAW REVIEW, 981-1104.
Boklan, Daria and Bahri, Amrita (2020). The First WTO’s Ruling on National Security Exception: Balancing Interests or Opening Pandora’s Box?. 19 WORLD TRADE REVIEW, 123-136.
Brewer, Thomas & Young, Stephen (1998). Investment Issues at the WTO: The Architecture of Rules and the Settlement of Disputes. 1 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 457-470.
Brown, Lester R. (1976). Redefining National Security. 4 EPA JOURNAL, 15-39.
Chaisse, Julien (2015). Demystifying Public Security Exception and Limitations on Capital Movement: Hard Law, Soft Law and Sovereign Investments in the EU Internal Market. 37 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, 583-646.
Curran, Louise, Eckhardt, Jappe and Lee, Jaemin (2021). The Trade Policy Response to COVID-19 and its Implications for International Business. CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS, 252-320.
Deeley, Hunter(2015). The Expanding Reach of the Executive in Foreign Direct Investment: How Ralls v. CFIUS Will Alter the FDI Landscape in the United States. 4 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY BUSINESS LAW REVIEW, 125-152.
Dimitropoulos, Georgios (2019). National Security: The Role of Investment Screening Mechanisms. 1 HANDBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW AND POLICY, 1-41.
Douglas, Zachary (2004). The Hybrid Foundations of Investment Treaty Arbitration. 74 BRITISH YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, 152-289.
Duque, Gustavo Adolfo Guarin (2019). Interpreting WTO Rules in Times of Contestation (Part 2): A Proposed Interpretation of Article XXI(b)ii–iii of the GATT 1994 in the Light of the Vienna Convention of the Law of the Treaties. 14 WORLD TRADE AND CUSTOMS JOURNAL, 31-44.
Fei, Xiuyan and Li, Zhenning (2020). Host States’ Logic of Balance in Applying the Right to Regulate Foreign Investment Admission. 17 US-CHINA LAW REVIEW, 64-74.
Heath, J. Benton (2019). National Security and Economic Globalization: Toward Collision or Reconciliation?. 42 FORDHAM INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL, 1431-1449.
Heath, J. Benton (2019). The New National Security Challenge to the Economic Order. 129 YALE LAW JOURNAL, 1020-1098.
Heinemann, Andreas (2012). Government Control of Cross-Border M&A: Legitimate Regulation or Protectionism?. 15 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 843-870.
Ioachimescu-Voinea, Ｍihai (2019). National Security Exceptions in the WTO – A Carte Blanche for Protectionism? Part I- Introduction, Negotiating history of Art. XXI of GATT, Russia –Traffic in Transit Panel’s Report. 10 LAW REVIEW, 12-42.
Juwaihan, Ma’en (2019). Settlement of Commercial Disputes in the World Trade Organization (WTO). 91 JOURNAL OF LAW, POLICY AND GLOBALIZATION, 86-94.
Karas, Martin (2019). Trends in Investment Treaty Making: Finding Balance between National Sovereignty and Investment Protection. 13 CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND SECURITY STUDIES, 49-63.
Kawharu, Amokura (2015). The Admission of Foreign Investment Under the TPP and RCEP. 16 JOURNAL OF WORLD INVESTMENT & TRADE, 1058-1088.
Kofman, Marina (2018). Investor-State Dispute Settlement Challenges and Reforms. 25 AUSTRALIAN INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL, 49-62.
Lederman, Isaac (2020). The Right Rights for the Right People: The need for Judicial Protection of Foreign Investors. 61 BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW, 703-748.
Lee, Jaemin (2018). Commercializing National Security: National Security Exceptions’ outer Parameter under GATT Article XXI. 13 ASIAN JOURNAL OF WTO AND INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LAW AND POLICY, 277-310.
Lee, Jaemin(2020). The Coronavirus Pandemic and International Investment Arbitration- Application of ‘Security Exceptions” Clauses in Investment Agreements. 13 CONTEMPORARY ASIA ARBITRATION JOURNAL, 185-204.
Liu, Chang (2016). Ralls v. CFIUS: The Long Time Coming Judicial Protection of Foreign Investors’ Constitutional Rights against Government and President’s National Security Review. 15 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND LAW, 361-388.
Lowenfeld, Andreas F. (2009). The ICSID Convention: Origins and Transformation. 38 GEORGIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE LAW, 47-61.
Mosoti,Victor (2003). The WTO Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures and the Flow of Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Meeting the Development Challenge, 15 PACE INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW, 181-201.
Pobjie, Erin (2020). COVID-19 and the Scope of the UN Security Council’s Mandate to Address Non-Traditional Threats to International Peace and Security. MPIL RESEARCH PAPER SERIES, No. 2020-41, 1-20.
Prazeres, Tatiana Lacerda (2020). Trade and National Security: Rising Risks for the WTO. 19 WORLD TRADE REVIEW. 137-148.
Puig, Sergio (2015). The Merging of International Trade and Investment Law. 33 BERKELEY JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1-59.
Reinisch, August (2013). The Scope of Investor-State Dispute Settlement in International Investment Agreements. 21 ASIA PACIFIC LAW REVIEW, 3-26.
Roberts, Anthea, Moraes, Henrique Choer and Ferguson,Victor (2019). Toward a Geoeconomic Order in International Trade and Investment. 22 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 55-676.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan and Billa, Benjamin (2008). Treaties and National Security. 40 JoURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLITICS, 437-496.
Sappideen, Razeen and He, Ling Ling (2015). Dispute Resolution in Investment Treaties: Balancing the Rights of Investors and host States. 49 JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 85-116.
Sauvant, Karl P. (2009). Driving and countervailing forces: A Rebalancing of National FDI Policies. YEAR BOOK OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW & POLICY 2008-2009, 215-272.
Sauvant, Karl P. and Ong, Mevelyn with Lama, Katherine and Peterson, Thor (2016). The Rise of Self-Judging Essential Security interest Causes in International Investment Agreements. 188 COLUMBIA FDI PERSPECTIVES, 1-9 (2016).
Sornarajah, Muthucumaraswamy (2011). Mutations of Neo-Liberalism in International Investment Law. 3 TRADE, LAW AND DEVELOPMENT, 203-232.
Singh, Kavaljit (2003). Multilateral Investment Agreement in the WTO issues and illusions, ASIA-PACIFIC RESEARCH NETWORK BRIEFING PAPER, 1-31.
Verhoosel, Gaeton (2003). The use of Investor-State Arbitration Under Bilateral Investment Treaties to Seek Relief for Breaches of WTO Law. 6 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 493-506.
Wakely, Jonathan and Indorf, Andrew.(2018). Managing National Security Risk in an Open Economy: Reforming the Committee in Foreign Investment in the United States. 9 HARVARD NATIONAL SECURITY JOURNAL, 1-50. .
Westbrook, Amy Dean (2019). Securing the Nation or Entrenching the Board: The Evolution of CFIUS Review of Corporate Acquisitions. 102 MARQUETTE LAW REVIEW, 643-700.
Yang, Guohua(2019). The Causes of the Crisis Confronting the WTO Appellate Body, 9 JOURNAL OF WTO AND CHINA, 102-126.(2019).
Zimmerman, Evan J.(2020). The Foreign Risk Review Modernization Act: How CFIUS Became a Tech Office. 34 BERKELEY TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL, 1267-1304.
Zwartkruis Wolf and de Jong, Bas (2020). The EU Regulation on Screening of Foreign Direct Investment: A Game Changer?. 31 EUROPEAN BUSINESS REVIEW, 447-474.
(5) Cases
Associação Peço a Palavra and Others v. Conselho de Ministro. Court of Justice of European Union Case C-563/17. Judgment of the Court (2019).
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited. Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, p.3 (1970).
Canada Administration of the Foreign Investment Review Act. Report of Panel. L/5504-30S/140 (1984).
Commission v. Spain, Court of Justice of European Union Case C-463/00. Judgment of the Court (2003).
CMS Gas Transmission Company v. The Republic of Argentina. ICSID Case No. ARB/01/8. Award. (2005).
Continental Casualty Company v. Argentine Republic. ICSID Case No. ARB/03/09 (2008).
Enron Corp. Ponderosa Assets, L.P. v. Argentine Republic. ICSID Case No. ARB/013. Award. (2007).
European Communities- Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas. WTO Appellate Body Report No. WT/DS27/A (1997).
India-Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules. Report of the Appellate Body. WT/DS456 (2016).
Japan-Measures Related to the Exportation of Products and Technology to Korea. Request for Consultations by the Republic of Korea, WTO Doc. WT/DS590/1 (2019).
LG&E Energy Corp., LG&E Capital Crop., and LG&E International Inc. v. Argentine Republic. ICSID Case No. ARB/02/1. Decision on Liability. (2006).
Ralls Corporation v. Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. 926 F. Supp.2d 71, 79 (D.D.C. 2013).
Ralls Corporation v. Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. 758 F. 3d 296, 304-307 (D.C.Cir. 2014).
Russia – Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit. Report of the Panel. WTO Doc. WT/DS512/R (2019).
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(6) Statutes
European Commission. REGULATION (EU) 2019/452 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL OF 19 MARCH 2019 ESTABLISHING A FRAMEWORK FOR THE SCREENING OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS INTO THE UNION.
Germany. FOREIGN TRADE AND PAYMENT ACT. 2020.
Germany. FOREIGN TRADE PAYMENTS ORDINANCE. 2020.
The United States. CONSTITUTION AMENDMENT V
The United States. 42 U.S. Code § 5195c - Critical infrastructures protection.
The United States. DEFENSE PRODUCTION ACT of 1950.
The United States. FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 2007.
The United States. FOREIGN INVESTMENT RISK REVIEW MODERNIZATION ACT OF 2018.
The United States. HOMELAND SECURITY ACT OF 2002.
The United States. NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT of 1993.
The United States. OMNIBUS TRADE AND COMPETITIVENESS ACT OF 1988.
The United States. Title 31 of THE CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS Part 800-802.
The United Kingdom. NATIONAL SECURITY AND INVESTMENT ACT 2021.
(7) Treaties or Norms
2008 GERMAN MODEL TREATY BETWEEN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY AND (ANOTHER COUNTRY NAME) CONCERNING THE ENCOURAGEMENT AND RECIPROCAL PROTECTION OF INVESTMENTS.
2012 THE UNITED STATES MODEL BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATY.
2019 NETHERLANDS MODEL INVESTMENT AGREEMENT.
2021CANADA MODEL FIPA (AGREEMENT BETWEEN CANADA AND FOR PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF INVESTMENTS).
AGREEMENT AMONG THE GOVERNMENT OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, THE REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE, AND THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF INVESTMENTS. December 15, 1987.
AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG-ECONOMIC UNION AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING RECIPROCAL ENCOURAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF INVESTMENTS. June 6, 2005.
AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF UKRAINE FOR THE PROMOTION AND RECIPROCAL PROTECTION OF INVESTMENTS. February 8, 1994.
AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE UNITED MEXICAN STATES, AND CANADA. July 1, 2020.
CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, October 24, 1945.
COMPREHENSIVE AND PROGRESSIVE AGREEMENT FOR TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP. March 8, 2018.
CONVENTION ON CERTAIN QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE CONFLICT OF NATIONALITY LAWS. League of Nations. April 12, 1930, 179 L.N.T.S. 89 (LoN-4137).
CONVENTION OF FRIENDSHIP, COMMERCE AND EXTRADITION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND SWITZERLAND. November 25, 1850.
CONVENTION ON THE SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES BETWEEN STATES AND NATIONALS OF OTHER STATES. March 18, 1965, 575 U.N.T.S. 159.
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ENERGY CHARTER TREATY. December 17, 1994, 2080 U.N.T.S. 95.
FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. December 20, 2015.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, MINISTERIAL DECLARATION. Adopted on November 29, 1982. L/5424.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, DECISION CONCERNING ARTICLE XXI OF THE GENERAL AGREEMENT, Decision of November 30, 1982. Adopted on December 2, 1982. L/5426.
GUIDANCE TO THE MEMBER STATES CONCERNING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL FROM THIRD COUNTRIES, AND THE PROTECTION OF EUROPE’S STRATEGIC ASSETS, AHEAD OF THE APPLICATION OF REGULATION (EU) 2019/452 (FDI Screening Regulation).
ICSID RULES GOVERNING THE ADDITIONAL FACILITY FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF PROCEEDINGS BY THE SECRETARIAT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTEs. April 2006.
IISD MODEL INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT ON INVESTMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. International Institute for Sustainable Development.
REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT. November 15, 2020
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THE TREATY BETWEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC CONCERNING THE RECIPROCAL ENCOURAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF INVESTMENT. November 14, 1991.
THE TREATY OF LISBON.
THE TREATY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION.
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. MINISTERIAL DECLARATION. Adopted on November 29, 1982. L/5424.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. DECISION CONCERNING ARTICLE XXI OF THE GENERAL AGREEMENT. Adopted on December 02, 1982. L/5426.
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U.S. President Obama’s Executive Order of September 28, 2012 Regarding the Acquisition of Four U.S. Wind Farm Project Companies by Ralls Corporation.
U.S. President Obama’s Executive Order of December 2, 2016 Regarding the Proposed Acquisition of a Controlling Interest in AIXTRO by Grand Chip Investment GMBH, December 2, 2016.
U.S. President Trump’s Executive Order of September 13, 2017 Regarding the Proposed Acquisition of Lattice Semiconductor Corporation by China Venture Capital Fund Corporation Limited.
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202101444en_US