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題名 台灣學習者與英語母語者使用連接詞because之比較：以語料庫為本之研究
Learners’ and Native Speakers’ Use of because: A Corpus-based Study作者 何靜文
Ho, Ching-Wen貢獻者 鍾曉芳
Chung, Siaw-Fong
何靜文
Ho, Ching-Wen關鍵詞 連接詞
因果關係
語料分析
英語第二外語寫作
Logical connectors
Because
Corpus analysis
EFL/ ESL writing日期 2021 上傳時間 2-九月-2021 18:06:44 (UTC+8) 摘要 連接詞的使用在寫作能力上扮演重要的角色。而because 許多常用連接詞的其中之一，同時because也因為[because X]此較新穎之用法被美國方言協會（ADC）選為2013年的年度字。因此，為了幫助台灣學習者在使用because上能夠更貼近母語者，本研究分為兩部分：第一部分為分析母語者與台灣學習者使用because上的不同，第二為調查台灣學習者對於[because X]的接受度為何。本研究從美國當代語料庫（COCA）及學習者語料庫（ICNALE）各收集了100筆語料，就模式(pattern)及功能(function)進行分析；另外透過線上問卷的方式調查台灣學習者對於[because X]的接受度為何，並透過閱讀具有相似結構的母語句子後，是否接受度會有所提升。 經過語料分析過後，研究結果發現母語者在使用because上，模式較為多元。而因為母語干擾的關係，台灣學習者在某些特定模式上有過度使用的情形發生，如“, because”，又或是因為非大多數的學習者熟知某模式而鮮少被使用，以避免文法上的錯誤產生，如“because of”；在第二部分，本研究則發現透過閱讀相似結構的母語句子後，台灣學習者在對於 [because X] 的接受度並無顯著性。本研究最後提出幾個在教學的建議，教師在教導已具備一定程度的學生時，可針對較少學習者使用，或是學習者比較不熟悉的模式做寫作訓練；對於[because X]，教師須注意學生是否在非正式場合(如社群媒體)上看到母語人士使用，而誤以為[because X] 是屬於正規的英文。
Logical connectors, which establish the links between sentences and paragraphs, are the important devices to create the cohesion in written texts. One of the most commonly used connectors is because, it is also the Word of the Year in 2013 chosen by American Dialect Society (ADC) because of the relatively recent structure [because X]. There are two parts of the present study. First, in order to help teachers in Taiwan train students how to use because closer to native speakers (NSs) do, we investigate the how NSs and Taiwanese non-native speakers (NNSs) use because differently. Second, we investigate how well Taiwanese NNSs accept the structure [because X] and try to figure out if learners’ first language (L1) can bring a positive influence on accepting it.To examine the use of because, we collected the written data in formal context from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and the International Corpus Network of Asian Learners (ICNALE) for the date of NSs and NNSs. As for investigating the acceptability of [because X], we create an online questionnaire with 8 sentences in [because X] and 8 sentences in similar structure in Chinese. In the first part, we found out that NSs used because more variably than NNSs do, and we also found out that there are some patterns that were overused due to the influence of L1, and some patterns were rarely found because learners were not familiar with the use of the patterns and avoid using them to make grammatical errors. In the second part, after reading the similar structure in learner’s L1, the acceptability of [because X] did not have significant difference. The instructors should be aware if the learners take [because X] as a pattern that follows English grammar rules after seeing it used by native speakers on informal genre such as social media.參考文獻 REFERENCESAdams, M. (2017). Because Much? American Speech, 92(4), 533-546. doi:10.1215/00031283-4395226Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman.Biq, Y.-O. (1995). Chinese Causal Sequencing and Yinwei in Conversation and Press Reportage. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 21(2), 47. https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v21i2.1374Cain, K., Patson, N., & Andrews, L. (2005). Age- and ability-related differences in young readers` use of conjunctions. Journal of Child Language, 32(4), 877-892. doi:10.1017/s0305000905007014Carey, S. (2013, November 13). `Because` has become a preposition, because grammar. https://stancarey.wordpress.com/2013/11/13/because-has-become-a-preposition-because-grammar/Carrey, J. [@JimCarrey]. (2020, May 14). I shaved because…hey, I don’t need a reason. I just shaved damn-it! [twitter]. Twitter https://twitter.com/jimcarrey/status/1260706930701422592Celce-Murcia, M., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (1999). The grammar book: An ESL/EFL teacher`s course (2nd ed.). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.Chen, F. J. G. (2007). The L2 acquisition of information sequencing in Chinese: The case of English CSL learners in Taiwan. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 4(2), 170-191.Crewe, W. J. (1990). The illogic of logical connectives. ELT Journal, 44(4), 316–325. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/44.4.316Davies, M. (2010). The Corpus of Contemporary American English as the first reliable monitor corpus of English. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 25(4), 447-464. doi:10.1093/llc/fqq018Don, Z. M., & Sriniwass, S. (2017). Conjunctive Adjuncts in Undergraduate ESL Essays in Malaysia: Frequency and Manner of Use. Moderna språk, 111(1), 99-117.Garber, M. (2013, November 19). English Has a New Preposition, Because Internet. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/11/english-has-a-new-preposition-because-internet/281601/Halliday, M., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English (English Language Series; No. 9) (1st ed.). Longman.Halliday, M., & Matthiessen, C. (2014). Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th ed.). Routledge.Hilpert, M. (2007). Just because it`s new doesn`t mean people will notice it. English today, 23(3-4), 29-33.Hirose, Y. (1991). On a certain nominal use of because-clauses: Just because because-clauses can substitute for that-clauses does not mean that this is always possible. English Linguistics, 8, 16-33.Hoad, T.F. (1986). The Concise Oxford factionary of English etymology.Ishikawa, S. I. (2010). A corpus-based study on Asian learners’ use of English linking adverbials. Themes in Science and Technology Education, 3(1-2), 139-157.Ishikawa, S. I. (2014). Design of the ICNALE-Spoken: A new database for multi-modal contrastive interlanguage analysis. Learner corpus studies in Asia and the world, 2, 63-76.Ishikawa, S. I. (2019). The ICNALE Spoken Dialogue: A new dataset for the study of Asian learners’ performance in L2 English interviews. English Teaching, 74(4), 153-177.Kanetani, M. (2019). Causation and reasoning constructions. Amsterdam ; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Kishner, J. M., & Gibbs, R. W. (1996). How “Just” Gets Its Meanings: Polysemy and Context in Psychological Semantics. Language and Speech, 39(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383099603900102Lin, Y. C. (2020).A Corpus-based Study of Native Speakers’ and Taiwanese EFL Learners’ Use of the Adverb JUST [Unpublished master`s thesis]. National Chengchi University.Ma, Y., & Wang, B. (2016). A Corpus-based Study of Connectors in Student Writing: A Comparison between a Native Speaker (NS) Corpus and a Non-native Speaker (NNS) Learner Corpus. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 5(1). doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.5n.1p.113McCarthy, M. (1991). Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers (Cambridge Language Teaching Library) (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.McCulloch, G. (2014, January 5). Why the new "because" isn`t a preposition (but is actually cooler). https://allthingslinguistic.com/post/72252671648/why-the-new-because-isnt-a-preposition-but-is.Meyer, C. (2002). Corpus analysis and linguistic theory. In English Corpus Linguistics: An Introduction (Studies in English Language, p.1-29). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511606311.002Minneapolis, H. (2014, January 04). "Because" is the 2013 Word of the Year. https://www.americandialect.org/because-is-the-2013-word-of-the-yearMudhhi, S. K., & Hussein, R. F. (2014). A Corpus–based study Of Conjunctive adjuncts in the writings of native and non-native speakers of English. English Linguistics Research, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.5430/elr.v3n2p18Odlin, T. (2005). CROSSLINGUISTIC INFLUENCE AND CONCEPTUAL TRANSFER: WHAT ARE THE CONCEPTS? Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 25, 3-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0267190505000012Pullum, G. K. (2014, January 5). Language log » because syntax. Language Log. https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=9494Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman.Seoane, E., Acuña-Fariña, C., & Palacios-Martínez, I. (2018). Subordination in English: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives (Topics in English Linguistics [tiel], 101). De Gruyter Mouton.Trebits, A. (2009). Conjunctive cohesion in English language EU documents – A corpus-based analysis and its implications. English for Specific Purposes, 28(3), 199-210. doi:10.1016/j.esp.2009.04.004Walla, S. (2016). Because, X: a New Construction of Because in Popular Culture (thesis). Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI.Walther, Joseph. (2011). Theories of computer-mediated communication and interpersonal relations. The Handbook of Interpersonal Communication. 443-479.Weinberger, D. (2013, January 7). Because noun. Joho the Blog. https://www.hyperorg.com/blogger/2013/01/07/because-noun/.Whitman, N. (2013, October 18). Because as a Preposition. Quick and Dirty Tips. http:// www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/because-as-a-preposition?page=2Yoon, J. W., & Yoo, I. W. (2011). An Error Analysis of English Conjunctive Adjuncts in Korean College Students’ Writing. English Teaching, 66(1), 225-244. doi:10.15858/engtea.66.1.201103.225 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英語教學碩士在職專班
106951007資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106951007 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 鍾曉芳 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chung, Siaw-Fong en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 何靜文 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Ho, Ching-Wen en_US dc.creator (作者) 何靜文 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Ho, Ching-Wen en_US dc.date (日期) 2021 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-九月-2021 18:06:44 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-九月-2021 18:06:44 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-九月-2021 18:06:44 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0106951007 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/137130 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 英語教學碩士在職專班 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 106951007 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 連接詞的使用在寫作能力上扮演重要的角色。而because 許多常用連接詞的其中之一，同時because也因為[because X]此較新穎之用法被美國方言協會（ADC）選為2013年的年度字。因此，為了幫助台灣學習者在使用because上能夠更貼近母語者，本研究分為兩部分：第一部分為分析母語者與台灣學習者使用because上的不同，第二為調查台灣學習者對於[because X]的接受度為何。本研究從美國當代語料庫（COCA）及學習者語料庫（ICNALE）各收集了100筆語料，就模式(pattern)及功能(function)進行分析；另外透過線上問卷的方式調查台灣學習者對於[because X]的接受度為何，並透過閱讀具有相似結構的母語句子後，是否接受度會有所提升。 經過語料分析過後，研究結果發現母語者在使用because上，模式較為多元。而因為母語干擾的關係，台灣學習者在某些特定模式上有過度使用的情形發生，如“, because”，又或是因為非大多數的學習者熟知某模式而鮮少被使用，以避免文法上的錯誤產生，如“because of”；在第二部分，本研究則發現透過閱讀相似結構的母語句子後，台灣學習者在對於 [because X] 的接受度並無顯著性。本研究最後提出幾個在教學的建議，教師在教導已具備一定程度的學生時，可針對較少學習者使用，或是學習者比較不熟悉的模式做寫作訓練；對於[because X]，教師須注意學生是否在非正式場合(如社群媒體)上看到母語人士使用，而誤以為[because X] 是屬於正規的英文。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Logical connectors, which establish the links between sentences and paragraphs, are the important devices to create the cohesion in written texts. One of the most commonly used connectors is because, it is also the Word of the Year in 2013 chosen by American Dialect Society (ADC) because of the relatively recent structure [because X]. There are two parts of the present study. First, in order to help teachers in Taiwan train students how to use because closer to native speakers (NSs) do, we investigate the how NSs and Taiwanese non-native speakers (NNSs) use because differently. Second, we investigate how well Taiwanese NNSs accept the structure [because X] and try to figure out if learners’ first language (L1) can bring a positive influence on accepting it.To examine the use of because, we collected the written data in formal context from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and the International Corpus Network of Asian Learners (ICNALE) for the date of NSs and NNSs. As for investigating the acceptability of [because X], we create an online questionnaire with 8 sentences in [because X] and 8 sentences in similar structure in Chinese. In the first part, we found out that NSs used because more variably than NNSs do, and we also found out that there are some patterns that were overused due to the influence of L1, and some patterns were rarely found because learners were not familiar with the use of the patterns and avoid using them to make grammatical errors. In the second part, after reading the similar structure in learner’s L1, the acceptability of [because X] did not have significant difference. The instructors should be aware if the learners take [because X] as a pattern that follows English grammar rules after seeing it used by native speakers on informal genre such as social media. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements iiiChinese abstract ixEnglish abstract xiCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Motivation and Background 11.2 Definitions of because 51.3 Purpose of the study 61.4 Research questions of the study 71.5 The significance of the study 7CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 92.1 Definition of logical connectors 92.2 because in English grammar 102.3 Meanings and functions of because 112.4 The Pattern [because X] 162.5 Compare the use of logical connectors between Native Speakers (NSs) and Asian EFL learners 192.6 The functions and sentence sequence of yīngwèi 232.7 Cross-linguistic Influence between Chinese and English 252.8 Summary of this chapter 26CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 293.1 Method of corpus study 293.1.1 Corpora 293.1.2 Corpus data collection 303.1.3 Data analysis 333.2 Acceptability toward [because X] 373.2.1 Material 383.2.2 Procedure 413.2.3 Participants 423.2.4 Data analysis 42CHAPTER 4 THE USE OF BECAUSE BETWEEN NSs and TAIWANESE NNSs 434.1 Different use of because between NSs and Taiwanese NNSs 434.1.1 Different patterns of because and the distribution 434.1.2 Different functions of because used by NSs and NNSs in Taiwan 494.2 Discussion of the patterns of because 534.2.1 The variety use of because 534.2.2 Comma before because 534.2.3 The patterns of because of 554.2.4 Because in the sentence initial position 574.2.5 Just/ simply because 604.3 Summary of the chapter 62CHAPTER 5 ACCEPTABILITY OF [because X] 655.1 The outcome of the questionnaire 655.2 Discussion of acceptability of [because X] 695.3 Summary of this chapter 70CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 736.1 Summary and major findings 736.2 Pedagogical Implication 766.3 Limitation 78REFERENCES 81APPENDIX 85 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2064352 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106951007 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 連接詞 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 因果關係 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語料分析 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 英語第二外語寫作 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Logical connectors en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Because en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Corpus analysis en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) EFL/ ESL writing en_US dc.title (題名) 台灣學習者與英語母語者使用連接詞because之比較：以語料庫為本之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Learners’ and Native Speakers’ Use of because: A Corpus-based Study en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) REFERENCESAdams, M. (2017). Because Much? American Speech, 92(4), 533-546. doi:10.1215/00031283-4395226Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman.Biq, Y.-O. (1995). Chinese Causal Sequencing and Yinwei in Conversation and Press Reportage. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 21(2), 47. https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v21i2.1374Cain, K., Patson, N., & Andrews, L. (2005). Age- and ability-related differences in young readers` use of conjunctions. Journal of Child Language, 32(4), 877-892. doi:10.1017/s0305000905007014Carey, S. (2013, November 13). `Because` has become a preposition, because grammar. https://stancarey.wordpress.com/2013/11/13/because-has-become-a-preposition-because-grammar/Carrey, J. [@JimCarrey]. (2020, May 14). I shaved because…hey, I don’t need a reason. I just shaved damn-it! [twitter]. Twitter https://twitter.com/jimcarrey/status/1260706930701422592Celce-Murcia, M., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (1999). The grammar book: An ESL/EFL teacher`s course (2nd ed.). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.Chen, F. J. G. (2007). The L2 acquisition of information sequencing in Chinese: The case of English CSL learners in Taiwan. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 4(2), 170-191.Crewe, W. J. (1990). The illogic of logical connectives. ELT Journal, 44(4), 316–325. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/44.4.316Davies, M. (2010). The Corpus of Contemporary American English as the first reliable monitor corpus of English. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 25(4), 447-464. doi:10.1093/llc/fqq018Don, Z. M., & Sriniwass, S. (2017). Conjunctive Adjuncts in Undergraduate ESL Essays in Malaysia: Frequency and Manner of Use. Moderna språk, 111(1), 99-117.Garber, M. (2013, November 19). English Has a New Preposition, Because Internet. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/11/english-has-a-new-preposition-because-internet/281601/Halliday, M., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English (English Language Series; No. 9) (1st ed.). Longman.Halliday, M., & Matthiessen, C. (2014). Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th ed.). Routledge.Hilpert, M. (2007). Just because it`s new doesn`t mean people will notice it. English today, 23(3-4), 29-33.Hirose, Y. (1991). On a certain nominal use of because-clauses: Just because because-clauses can substitute for that-clauses does not mean that this is always possible. English Linguistics, 8, 16-33.Hoad, T.F. (1986). The Concise Oxford factionary of English etymology.Ishikawa, S. I. (2010). A corpus-based study on Asian learners’ use of English linking adverbials. Themes in Science and Technology Education, 3(1-2), 139-157.Ishikawa, S. I. (2014). Design of the ICNALE-Spoken: A new database for multi-modal contrastive interlanguage analysis. Learner corpus studies in Asia and the world, 2, 63-76.Ishikawa, S. I. (2019). The ICNALE Spoken Dialogue: A new dataset for the study of Asian learners’ performance in L2 English interviews. English Teaching, 74(4), 153-177.Kanetani, M. (2019). Causation and reasoning constructions. Amsterdam ; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Kishner, J. M., & Gibbs, R. W. (1996). How “Just” Gets Its Meanings: Polysemy and Context in Psychological Semantics. Language and Speech, 39(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383099603900102Lin, Y. C. (2020).A Corpus-based Study of Native Speakers’ and Taiwanese EFL Learners’ Use of the Adverb JUST [Unpublished master`s thesis]. National Chengchi University.Ma, Y., & Wang, B. (2016). A Corpus-based Study of Connectors in Student Writing: A Comparison between a Native Speaker (NS) Corpus and a Non-native Speaker (NNS) Learner Corpus. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 5(1). doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.5n.1p.113McCarthy, M. (1991). Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers (Cambridge Language Teaching Library) (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.McCulloch, G. (2014, January 5). Why the new "because" isn`t a preposition (but is actually cooler). https://allthingslinguistic.com/post/72252671648/why-the-new-because-isnt-a-preposition-but-is.Meyer, C. (2002). Corpus analysis and linguistic theory. In English Corpus Linguistics: An Introduction (Studies in English Language, p.1-29). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511606311.002Minneapolis, H. (2014, January 04). "Because" is the 2013 Word of the Year. https://www.americandialect.org/because-is-the-2013-word-of-the-yearMudhhi, S. K., & Hussein, R. F. (2014). A Corpus–based study Of Conjunctive adjuncts in the writings of native and non-native speakers of English. English Linguistics Research, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.5430/elr.v3n2p18Odlin, T. (2005). CROSSLINGUISTIC INFLUENCE AND CONCEPTUAL TRANSFER: WHAT ARE THE CONCEPTS? Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 25, 3-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0267190505000012Pullum, G. K. (2014, January 5). Language log » because syntax. Language Log. https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=9494Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman.Seoane, E., Acuña-Fariña, C., & Palacios-Martínez, I. (2018). Subordination in English: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives (Topics in English Linguistics [tiel], 101). De Gruyter Mouton.Trebits, A. (2009). Conjunctive cohesion in English language EU documents – A corpus-based analysis and its implications. English for Specific Purposes, 28(3), 199-210. doi:10.1016/j.esp.2009.04.004Walla, S. (2016). Because, X: a New Construction of Because in Popular Culture (thesis). Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI.Walther, Joseph. (2011). Theories of computer-mediated communication and interpersonal relations. The Handbook of Interpersonal Communication. 443-479.Weinberger, D. (2013, January 7). Because noun. Joho the Blog. https://www.hyperorg.com/blogger/2013/01/07/because-noun/.Whitman, N. (2013, October 18). Because as a Preposition. Quick and Dirty Tips. http:// www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/because-as-a-preposition?page=2Yoon, J. W., & Yoo, I. W. (2011). An Error Analysis of English Conjunctive Adjuncts in Korean College Students’ Writing. English Teaching, 66(1), 225-244. doi:10.15858/engtea.66.1.201103.225 zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202101172 en_US
