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題名 人際因素對矛盾態度的影響
The Effect of Interpersonal Factors on Ambivalence Attitude
作者 林慧慈
Lin, Hui-Tzu
貢獻者 孫蒨如
Sun, Chien-Ru
林慧慈
Lin, Hui-Tzu
關鍵詞 態度
矛盾態度
人際因素
重要他人
內團體
社會排斥
attitude
ambivalent attitude
interpersonal factors
significant other
ingroup
social exclusion
日期 2021
上傳時間 1-Oct-2021 10:05:01 (UTC+8)
摘要 當個體對態度對象物同時具有正向與負向評價時，此時態度矛盾程度較高，稱之為矛盾態度（ambivalent attitude）。當個體的態度具有高矛盾性時，常會經歷到不舒服、緊張的感覺，也較難從個體的態度去預測行為，也較容易受到說服訊息的影響改變自己的態度。至於要如何降低矛盾性，過往文獻中發現個體可藉由不斷重複表達，透過訊息處理歷程增加本身對態度信心而降低矛盾性；或者也會因為外在情境中凸顯了特定方向的相關訊息，使其「選邊站」，降低態度矛盾性。華人重視人際關係、也強調與他人間的互動，因此人際因素也可能會造成個體矛盾態度的改變，但過去研究卻鮮少對此加以探討。本研究從華人重視重要他人、重視人際關係的角度發想，探討人際因素中情緒、認知，以及行為如何影響到個體的態度。透過三個實驗，分別從好友展現的情緒、內團體他人的認知，以及可能連結對象之態度行為，來瞭解其對個體態度之影響。研究一A與一B採用2（事件框架：正向／負向）× 3（好友情緒展現：開心／難過／中性）完全參與者間設計，結果發現當「手機得爛獎而好友開心」時，具矛盾態度的個體對於手機的購買意願及推薦程度明顯低於「手機得好獎好友開心」及「得爛獎好友難過」時，顯示在事件框架與情緒展現不一致的情況下，個體會透過情緒推斷路徑而去察覺好友對於手機的態度，因而使其矛盾態度偏向於負向。研究二A與二B採用2（團體類型：內團體／外團體）× 3（團體態度方向：正向／負向／矛盾）完全參與者間設計，結果發現當內團體態度方向與自己不一致時，個體會參考其態度而趨向於正向或負向，但是當內團體之態度與個體本身一致（亦即皆為矛盾時），個體的態度則不會改變。相對地，外團體之團體態度方向則對個體並無任何明顯的影響。研究三採用2（社會排斥：排斥組／控制組）× 3（新人態度方向：正向／負向／矛盾）完全參與者間設計，結果發現反而是沒有被社會排斥的個體才會參考可能連結之新人態度而改變自己的態度。最後針對三個研究的結果、限制、未來研究進行討論。
Ambivalent attitude refers to a psychological state in which a person holds both strong positive and negative evaluations toward the same object. Possessing high level of ambivalent attitude often elicits uncomfortable and tense feelings. Ambivalent attitude is more likely to be affected by persuasive messages and also less predictive to individuals’ behavior. Previous research found that attitude ambivalence can be reduced by increasing individuals’ confidence in their attitude through repeating expression, or influenced by providing directional information in the context. Chinese culture values the importance of interpersonal relationships and interactions, however, previous research has not explore the possible impacts of these interpersonal factors. In the present research, we conducted five experiments to explore the effects of significant others’ emotion, cognition and behavior on individual’s ambivalent attitude. Study 1A and 1B were a 2 (event framing: positive / negative) × 3 (emotion of friend: happy/sad/neutral) complete between-participant design. Results showed that when event framing was inconsistent with friend’s emotion (i.e., they are glad to know the cell phone was evaluated negatively), participants inferred and were affected by their friend’s attitude, and therefore evaluated the cell phone most negatively. Study 2A and 2B were a 2 (group type: ingroup/outgroup) × 3 (attitude direction: positive/negative/ambivalence) complete between-participant design. Results showed that individuals with ambivalent attitude would take only ingroup attitude into consideration and affected their own attitude accordingly. Study 3 was a 2 (social exclusion: exclusion/control) × 3 (attitude direction of a potential friend: positive/negative/ambivalence) complete between-participant design. We found that individuals with ambivalent attitude would change their attitude towards the directions of the potential friend only when they were not socially excluded (control condition). Further implications and limitations were discussed.
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描述 博士
國立政治大學
心理學系
100752501
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100752501
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 孫蒨如zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Sun, Chien-Ruen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林慧慈zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Hui-Tzuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林慧慈zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Hui-Tzuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2021en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Oct-2021 10:05:01 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Oct-2021 10:05:01 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Oct-2021 10:05:01 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0100752501en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/137291-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100752501zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 當個體對態度對象物同時具有正向與負向評價時，此時態度矛盾程度較高，稱之為矛盾態度（ambivalent attitude）。當個體的態度具有高矛盾性時，常會經歷到不舒服、緊張的感覺，也較難從個體的態度去預測行為，也較容易受到說服訊息的影響改變自己的態度。至於要如何降低矛盾性，過往文獻中發現個體可藉由不斷重複表達，透過訊息處理歷程增加本身對態度信心而降低矛盾性；或者也會因為外在情境中凸顯了特定方向的相關訊息，使其「選邊站」，降低態度矛盾性。華人重視人際關係、也強調與他人間的互動，因此人際因素也可能會造成個體矛盾態度的改變，但過去研究卻鮮少對此加以探討。本研究從華人重視重要他人、重視人際關係的角度發想，探討人際因素中情緒、認知，以及行為如何影響到個體的態度。透過三個實驗，分別從好友展現的情緒、內團體他人的認知，以及可能連結對象之態度行為，來瞭解其對個體態度之影響。研究一A與一B採用2（事件框架：正向／負向）× 3（好友情緒展現：開心／難過／中性）完全參與者間設計，結果發現當「手機得爛獎而好友開心」時，具矛盾態度的個體對於手機的購買意願及推薦程度明顯低於「手機得好獎好友開心」及「得爛獎好友難過」時，顯示在事件框架與情緒展現不一致的情況下，個體會透過情緒推斷路徑而去察覺好友對於手機的態度，因而使其矛盾態度偏向於負向。研究二A與二B採用2（團體類型：內團體／外團體）× 3（團體態度方向：正向／負向／矛盾）完全參與者間設計，結果發現當內團體態度方向與自己不一致時，個體會參考其態度而趨向於正向或負向，但是當內團體之態度與個體本身一致（亦即皆為矛盾時），個體的態度則不會改變。相對地，外團體之團體態度方向則對個體並無任何明顯的影響。研究三採用2（社會排斥：排斥組／控制組）× 3（新人態度方向：正向／負向／矛盾）完全參與者間設計，結果發現反而是沒有被社會排斥的個體才會參考可能連結之新人態度而改變自己的態度。最後針對三個研究的結果、限制、未來研究進行討論。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Ambivalent attitude refers to a psychological state in which a person holds both strong positive and negative evaluations toward the same object. Possessing high level of ambivalent attitude often elicits uncomfortable and tense feelings. Ambivalent attitude is more likely to be affected by persuasive messages and also less predictive to individuals’ behavior. Previous research found that attitude ambivalence can be reduced by increasing individuals’ confidence in their attitude through repeating expression, or influenced by providing directional information in the context. Chinese culture values the importance of interpersonal relationships and interactions, however, previous research has not explore the possible impacts of these interpersonal factors. In the present research, we conducted five experiments to explore the effects of significant others’ emotion, cognition and behavior on individual’s ambivalent attitude. Study 1A and 1B were a 2 (event framing: positive / negative) × 3 (emotion of friend: happy/sad/neutral) complete between-participant design. Results showed that when event framing was inconsistent with friend’s emotion (i.e., they are glad to know the cell phone was evaluated negatively), participants inferred and were affected by their friend’s attitude, and therefore evaluated the cell phone most negatively. Study 2A and 2B were a 2 (group type: ingroup/outgroup) × 3 (attitude direction: positive/negative/ambivalence) complete between-participant design. Results showed that individuals with ambivalent attitude would take only ingroup attitude into consideration and affected their own attitude accordingly. Study 3 was a 2 (social exclusion: exclusion/control) × 3 (attitude direction of a potential friend: positive/negative/ambivalence) complete between-participant design. We found that individuals with ambivalent attitude would change their attitude towards the directions of the potential friend only when they were not socially excluded (control condition). Further implications and limitations were discussed.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章　緒論 1
第一節　動機與目的 1
第二節　矛盾態度 3
第三節　矛盾態度在行為上的展現 10
第四節　降低矛盾態度的因素 15
第五節　人際因素對態度改變的影響 23
第六節　本研究想法 28
第二章　矛盾態度的預試 29
第一節 矛盾態度預試一 30
第二節　矛盾態度預試二 32
第三節　矛盾態度預試三 36
第四節　矛盾態度預試四 42
第三章　他人情緒：重要他人對態度對象之情緒對個體矛盾態度之影響 48
研究一：重要他人對態度對象之情緒對個體矛盾態度之影響 51
第一節 研究一A正式實驗 52
第二節 研究一A結果 60
第三節 研究一B實驗一之修正 67
第四節 研究一B結果 71
第五節 研究一結果與討論 77
第四章　他人認知：團體之態度矛盾性與自己態度矛盾性之一致性對矛盾態度的影響 79
研究二：重要團體他人的認知（態度矛盾性）與自己認知不同時對矛盾態度的影響 84
第一節 研究二A正式實驗 85
第二節 研究二A結果 92
第三節 研究二B正式實驗 100
第四節 研究二B結果 105
第五節 研究二結果與討論 115
第五章　他人行為：遭受他人社會排斥對矛盾態度的影響 116
研究三：遭受他人社會排斥行為後新認識對象的態度對態度矛盾性程度之影響 121
第一節 研究三正式實驗 121
第二節 研究三結果 130
第三節 三個研究結果整理 140
第六章　研究討論與建議 140
第一節　情緒推論對矛盾態度的影響 141
第二節　重要團體影響矛盾態度的方向 142
第三節　矛盾態度的偏向受到他人排斥影響 144
第四節　研究貢獻 147
第五節　研究限制 150
第六節　實務應用 151
參考文獻 153
附錄 171		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 9303617 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100752501en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 態度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 矛盾態度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人際因素zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 重要他人zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 內團體zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會排斥zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) attitudeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ambivalent attitudeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) interpersonal factorsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) significant otheren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ingroupen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) social exclusionen_US
dc.title (題名) 人際因素對矛盾態度的影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Effect of Interpersonal Factors on Ambivalence Attitudeen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202101571en_US