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題名 戰後臺韓佛教之現代化比較: 以聖嚴與吞虛法師為例
Comparing the Taiwan and Korean Buddhist Modernization in the Post-War Era:in the cases of Ven. Sheng-yen and Ven. Tan-heo作者 金正煥
Kim, Jung-Hwan貢獻者 李玉珍
Li, Yu-chen
金正煥
Kim, Jung-Hwan關鍵詞 禪教一致
後殖民時期
法鼓山
韓國佛教
僧團教育
Fundamental congruence of the meditative and doctrinal approaches
Post-Colonial period
Dharma Drum Mountain
Korean Buddhism
Sangha education日期 2021 上傳時間 10-Feb-2022 13:05:15 (UTC+8) 摘要 當代韓國唯一的僧團宗派「大韓佛教曹溪宗」,其繼承臨濟宗,以華嚴思想為中心。當今曹溪宗第四教區的本寺為月精寺,共管理六十多間末寺與八間庵廟。月精寺的本山五臺山,即為文殊華嚴信仰的亞洲中心。於高麗時期,知訥禪師 (1158-1210)所推廣的「禪教一致」(公案禪與華嚴禪之融攝)運動,其影響至當代月精寺釋吞虛(1913-1983)的「禪教一致」與「宗派統一運動」。釋吞虛歷經日本殖民強迫韓國佛教「帶妻僧團」、「比丘僧團分裂」的政策,繼而用禪教 一致與宗派統一性的理念,來推動僧團淨化運動,因此釋吞虛的禪教一致以朝鮮 僧團教育現代化為基礎,包含1956年建立五臺山修道院、三本寺修練所等。此外,釋吞虛更以「定慧等持」與三教會通,以及「懸吐譯解」的事業,提昇曹溪宗僧伽大學的課程與品質。如同韓國,戰後臺灣佛教界也和韓國一樣,同時進行「去日本化」和恢復獨身僧團,並於1950年代開始傳戒和提升僧伽教育。當中,建立中華佛研所、法鼓山的釋聖嚴(1931-2009),是以「禪教融攝」推動漢傳佛教禪法的著名典範。釋聖嚴具有日本立正大學博士學位,專研明末蕅益智旭大師(1599-1655)的天台思想,將其教觀的植根建於《法華經》與天台學。從1979年開始,釋聖嚴奔波台美教導禪修,1989年成立法鼓山僧團,2005年立宗「中華禪法鼓宗」。法鼓山的禪宗家風以及國際化,均奠基於禪教融攝,其思想融合天台、華嚴、禪宗及淨土法門,而且承繼臨濟與曹洞兩大禪宗法脈,重整禪法次第。曾經受日本殖民統治的韓國與臺灣,在戰後均分別以「禪教一致」的觀念來進行其僧伽教育改革及現代化,本文將介紹比較月精寺釋吞虛和法鼓山釋聖嚴的禪教融攝理念與方式,以此進一步探討後殖民時期,東亞禪僧以禪教恢復傳統和推廣禪修的動機和形式。
The only Sangha sect in contemporary South Korea is the “Jo-Gye order,” which inherits the Rinzai school and focuses on Huayan thought. The main temple in the fourth parish of the Jo-Gye order is Wol-Jeong temple, which manages more than 60 branches and 8 small branches. The main mountain of Wol-Jeong temple is “Wutai Mountain,” which is the Asian center of Manjushri and Huayan faith. During the Goryeo period, “the fundamental congruence of the meditative and doctrinal approaches(禪教一致)”and “integration of the Koan Zen and Huayan Zen” were promoted by Zen Master Či-Nul(1158-1210). This thought directly influenced the contemporary Korean Zen monk Tan-Heo(1913-1983) in Wol-Jeong temple. He emphasized “the fundamental congruence of the meditative and doctrinal approaches” and “sect unification movement.” Because Master Tan-Heo went through the Japanese colonial policy of forcing Korean Monks to marry and splitting the Bhikkhu lineage, he used the concept of unity between Zen and doctrinal approaches to promote the Sangha purification movement. Tan-Heo’s theory of Hoitong(會通) is based on the modernization of the Korean monks` education, including the establishment of Wutai Mountain Monastery and Sam-bon Monastery in 1956. In addition, Tan-Heo improved the courses and quality of Jo-Gye Sangha University with “equal cultivation on Meditation and Wisdom,” “Interpenetration of the Three Teachings,” and “Hyunto(懸吐) Interpretation.”Similar to South Korea, the Buddhist community in Taiwan carried out their own version of “de-Japaneseization” and restoration of their Bhikkhu lineage after World War II. The community also rebuilt the traditions of precept transmission and promoted Sangha education in the 1950s. Zen Master Sheng-Yen(1931-2009), who established Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies and Dharma Drum Mountain, is a famous example of the promotion of the Zen of Chinese Buddhism by “the integration of Zen and Doctrinal approaches.” Master Sheng-Yen obtained a Ph.D. from Risho University in Japan, specializing in the late Ming Dynasty Tiantai thoughts of Master Ou-Yi Zhi- Xu(1599-1655), and rooted his teaching concepts in the Lotus Sutra and Tiantai Studies. Beginning in 1979, Master Sheng-Yen moved to Taiwan and the United States to teach meditation. In 1989, he established the Dharma Drum Mountain Sangha, and he established the Dharma Drum Lineage of Chan Buddhism in 2005. His Zen Teaching style and internationalization of Chan Buddhism are based on the fundamental congruence of the meditative and doctrinal approaches(禪教一致). His ideas integrate Tiantai, Huayan, Zen and Pure Land thought and inherit the two major Zen traditions of Rinzai and Soto, reorganizing the guiding Instructions for the Study of Chan.After Japanese colonial rule, both South Korea and Taiwan used the concept of unity between Zen and doctrinal approaches to reform and modernize their Sanghas` education. This article will compare the integration theory and the methods used by Wol-Jeong Temple’s Tan-Heo and Dharma Drum Mountain’s Sheng-Yen in order to further explore how East Asian Zen monks used Zen and education to restore traditions and revive doctrinal motivations and forms of meditation in the post-colonial era.參考文獻 參考書目大慧宗杲,《大慧普覺禪師語錄》,CBETA,《大正藏》(T)47 冊,no. 1998A。 弘忍,《最上乘論》,CBETA,《大正藏》(T)48 冊,no. 2011。印順法師,《佛法概論》,CBETA,《印順法師佛學著作集》(Y),no. 0008。圭峰宗密,《禪源諸詮集都序》,CBETA,《大正藏》(T)48 冊,no. 2015。如巹,《緇門警訓》,CBETA,《大正藏》(T)48 冊,no. 2023。佛馱跋陀羅,《大方廣佛華嚴經》,CBETA,《大正藏》(T)09 冊,no. 0278。 李通玄,《新華嚴經論》,CBETA,《大正藏》(T)36 冊,no. 1739。胡道靜,1992,《藏外道書》,第 9 冊,成都:巴蜀書社。祖詠,《大慧普覺禪師年譜》,CBETA,《嘉興大藏經》(J)01 冊,no. 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國立政治大學
宗教研究所
108156010資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108156010 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 李玉珍 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Li, Yu-chen en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 金正煥 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Kim, Jung-Hwan en_US dc.creator (作者) 金正煥 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Kim, Jung-Hwan en_US dc.date (日期) 2021 en_US dc.date.accessioned 10-Feb-2022 13:05:15 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 10-Feb-2022 13:05:15 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 10-Feb-2022 13:05:15 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108156010 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/138935 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 宗教研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 108156010 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 當代韓國唯一的僧團宗派「大韓佛教曹溪宗」,其繼承臨濟宗,以華嚴思想為中心。當今曹溪宗第四教區的本寺為月精寺,共管理六十多間末寺與八間庵廟。月精寺的本山五臺山,即為文殊華嚴信仰的亞洲中心。於高麗時期,知訥禪師 (1158-1210)所推廣的「禪教一致」(公案禪與華嚴禪之融攝)運動,其影響至當代月精寺釋吞虛(1913-1983)的「禪教一致」與「宗派統一運動」。釋吞虛歷經日本殖民強迫韓國佛教「帶妻僧團」、「比丘僧團分裂」的政策,繼而用禪教 一致與宗派統一性的理念,來推動僧團淨化運動,因此釋吞虛的禪教一致以朝鮮 僧團教育現代化為基礎,包含1956年建立五臺山修道院、三本寺修練所等。此外,釋吞虛更以「定慧等持」與三教會通,以及「懸吐譯解」的事業,提昇曹溪宗僧伽大學的課程與品質。如同韓國,戰後臺灣佛教界也和韓國一樣,同時進行「去日本化」和恢復獨身僧團,並於1950年代開始傳戒和提升僧伽教育。當中,建立中華佛研所、法鼓山的釋聖嚴(1931-2009),是以「禪教融攝」推動漢傳佛教禪法的著名典範。釋聖嚴具有日本立正大學博士學位,專研明末蕅益智旭大師(1599-1655)的天台思想,將其教觀的植根建於《法華經》與天台學。從1979年開始,釋聖嚴奔波台美教導禪修,1989年成立法鼓山僧團,2005年立宗「中華禪法鼓宗」。法鼓山的禪宗家風以及國際化,均奠基於禪教融攝,其思想融合天台、華嚴、禪宗及淨土法門,而且承繼臨濟與曹洞兩大禪宗法脈,重整禪法次第。曾經受日本殖民統治的韓國與臺灣,在戰後均分別以「禪教一致」的觀念來進行其僧伽教育改革及現代化,本文將介紹比較月精寺釋吞虛和法鼓山釋聖嚴的禪教融攝理念與方式,以此進一步探討後殖民時期,東亞禪僧以禪教恢復傳統和推廣禪修的動機和形式。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The only Sangha sect in contemporary South Korea is the “Jo-Gye order,” which inherits the Rinzai school and focuses on Huayan thought. The main temple in the fourth parish of the Jo-Gye order is Wol-Jeong temple, which manages more than 60 branches and 8 small branches. The main mountain of Wol-Jeong temple is “Wutai Mountain,” which is the Asian center of Manjushri and Huayan faith. During the Goryeo period, “the fundamental congruence of the meditative and doctrinal approaches(禪教一致)”and “integration of the Koan Zen and Huayan Zen” were promoted by Zen Master Či-Nul(1158-1210). This thought directly influenced the contemporary Korean Zen monk Tan-Heo(1913-1983) in Wol-Jeong temple. He emphasized “the fundamental congruence of the meditative and doctrinal approaches” and “sect unification movement.” Because Master Tan-Heo went through the Japanese colonial policy of forcing Korean Monks to marry and splitting the Bhikkhu lineage, he used the concept of unity between Zen and doctrinal approaches to promote the Sangha purification movement. Tan-Heo’s theory of Hoitong(會通) is based on the modernization of the Korean monks` education, including the establishment of Wutai Mountain Monastery and Sam-bon Monastery in 1956. In addition, Tan-Heo improved the courses and quality of Jo-Gye Sangha University with “equal cultivation on Meditation and Wisdom,” “Interpenetration of the Three Teachings,” and “Hyunto(懸吐) Interpretation.”Similar to South Korea, the Buddhist community in Taiwan carried out their own version of “de-Japaneseization” and restoration of their Bhikkhu lineage after World War II. The community also rebuilt the traditions of precept transmission and promoted Sangha education in the 1950s. Zen Master Sheng-Yen(1931-2009), who established Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies and Dharma Drum Mountain, is a famous example of the promotion of the Zen of Chinese Buddhism by “the integration of Zen and Doctrinal approaches.” Master Sheng-Yen obtained a Ph.D. from Risho University in Japan, specializing in the late Ming Dynasty Tiantai thoughts of Master Ou-Yi Zhi- Xu(1599-1655), and rooted his teaching concepts in the Lotus Sutra and Tiantai Studies. Beginning in 1979, Master Sheng-Yen moved to Taiwan and the United States to teach meditation. In 1989, he established the Dharma Drum Mountain Sangha, and he established the Dharma Drum Lineage of Chan Buddhism in 2005. His Zen Teaching style and internationalization of Chan Buddhism are based on the fundamental congruence of the meditative and doctrinal approaches(禪教一致). His ideas integrate Tiantai, Huayan, Zen and Pure Land thought and inherit the two major Zen traditions of Rinzai and Soto, reorganizing the guiding Instructions for the Study of Chan.After Japanese colonial rule, both South Korea and Taiwan used the concept of unity between Zen and doctrinal approaches to reform and modernize their Sanghas` education. This article will compare the integration theory and the methods used by Wol-Jeong Temple’s Tan-Heo and Dharma Drum Mountain’s Sheng-Yen in order to further explore how East Asian Zen monks used Zen and education to restore traditions and revive doctrinal motivations and forms of meditation in the post-colonial era. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與目的 2第二節 文獻回顧 4第三節 研究架構與範圍 11第二章 曹溪宗月精寺的禪教融攝 14第一節 背景歷史介紹 14第二節 圭峰宗密與曹溪宗的禪教一致 18第三節 五臺山月精寺的華嚴信仰與一致觀 26第四節 曹溪宗的公案禪與月精寺的華嚴禪 32小結 38第三章 韓國釋吞虛的時代背景與思想源流 40第一節 吞虛法師的生平 40第二節 時代背景 42第三節 釋吞虛的禪教一致與僧團教育 54小結 64第四章 臺灣佛教與法鼓宗之禪教一致 66第一節 臺灣佛教的禪教一致觀與教育 66第二節 法鼓山與釋聖嚴的禪教一致 76第三節 法鼓山的話頭禪與默照禪之融攝 83小結 86第五章 法鼓宗與曹溪宗禪教育之現代化 88第一節 時代背景 88第二節 法鼓宗與曹溪宗僧團教育之現代化 92第三節 法鼓宗與曹溪宗的寺院開放 104小結 126第六章 釋聖嚴與釋吞虛的禪教一致觀 128第一節 釋聖嚴與釋吞虛對禪教一致之比較 128第二節 法鼓宗聖嚴法師思想的跨越文字(韓文與西文著作) 135第三節 釋聖嚴、釋呑虛、釋崇山對禪學的世界弘法 139第四節 法鼓宗與曹溪宗之佛教交流 145小結 149第七章 結論 153參考書目 156經典文獻 156近人論著 156學報、期刊、論文 159日文文獻 162英文文獻 163網頁資料 164 zh_TW dc.format.extent 7148534 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108156010 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 禪教一致 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 後殖民時期 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 法鼓山 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 韓國佛教 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 僧團教育 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Fundamental congruence of the meditative and doctrinal approaches en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Post-Colonial period en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Dharma Drum Mountain en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Korean Buddhism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sangha education en_US dc.title (題名) 戰後臺韓佛教之現代化比較: 以聖嚴與吞虛法師為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Comparing the Taiwan and Korean Buddhist Modernization in the Post-War Era:in the cases of Ven. 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