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題名 華人的人情債：「報大於施」與「非償還即結束」的特性及關係對其的影響
Renqing Debt in Chinese culture: Explorations of its Characteristics of “More Returning Than Giving” and “Reciprocation is Not the End” and the Effects of Relationship on Renqing Debt作者 黎少聰
Li, Shao-Cong貢獻者 孫蒨如
Sun, Chien-Ru
黎少聰
Li, Shao-Cong關鍵詞 人情債
報大於施
非償還即結束
關係
回報
感恩
負債感
renqing debt
more returning than giving
reciprocation is not the end
relationship
returning
gratitude
indebtedness日期 2022 上傳時間 1-Mar-2022 17:16:27 (UTC+8) 摘要 在華人社會中當我們接受幫助後，我們常說自己欠下了「人情債」，這與西方的心理學界以社會交換理論為基礎所指涉的個體受助後的感受及回應，似乎有著本質上的不同。華人的「人情債」多出現在具有不同程度情感成分的混合性關係中，而彼此關係的不同也可能會使得個體在欠人情債時的感受與反應有所差異。然而目前有關「人情債」的研究卻極其缺乏，因此本研究針對華人人情債中是否具有「報大於施」與「非償還即結束」的特性，以及不同關係對人情債感受及後續行為所可能造成的影響進行探討。研究一為質性訪談，目的是初步了解人情債在大眾心目中的定義，欠人情債的具體感受，關係不同是否會對人情債感受有所影響，及人情債是否具有報大於施與非償還即結束的特性。研究二和三則使用2（關係：好朋友/普通朋友）× 2（回報方式：等量回報/加多回報）的參與者間設計，分別探究在物質及非物質受助情境中，不同的關係與回報方式如何影響受助者的感恩及負債感，以及在已回報後當對方提出幫助請求時，受助者感受的變化及反應。結果大致發現，華人的人情債的確有「報大於施」與「非償還即結束」的特性。而相較於好朋友，接受普通朋友幫助後負債感較高，但在已回報後之後再提供幫助意願較低。結果也顯示當受助情境性質不同（物質或非物質），後續感受和行為也會有所差異。
Chinese often feel that they owe a renqing debt after receiving help from others. Previous research often based on social exchange theories to study the possible emotional and behavioral responses of recipients; however, this might not be applicable to the Chinese. Renqing debts mostly exist in mixed relationships (mixed ties) with different amount of affective component, and therefore, Chinese recipients may have different emotional and behavioral responses after receiving help. However, there was few empirical studies on renqing debts, and therefore the present research tried to explore whether Chinese renqing debt is characterised by “more returning than giving” and “reciprocation is not the end”, and the possible effects of different relationships on recipients’ feelings and subsequent behaviors. Study 1 was a qualitative interview with the aim of understanding the definition of renqing debt, the characteristics of renqing debts, and possible feelings of owing renqing debts to helpers from different relationships. Study 2 and 3 both were a 2 (relationship: good friend/acquaintance) × 2 (return type: equal return/more return) complete between-participants design, with scenarios of material (money) and non-material (favor) helping respectively. Dependent measures were recipient`s gratitude, indebtedness feeling, and how would they react when helpers asking for help after they already returned the giving. Results showed that renqing debt does have the characteristics of “more returning than giving” and “reciprocation is not the end”. Receiving help from an acquaintance increased the feeling of indebtedness, however, after returning the giving, individuals were less motivated to help an acquaintance than a good friend. Besides, results also indicated that different types of helping (material or non-material) would lead to different subsequent feelings and reactions from the recipients. Other implications were also discussed.參考文獻 王亞如、张麗（2020）。負債感的最新研究進展。心理技術與應用，8(3), 172-184。文崇一（1988）。報恩與復仇: 交換行為的分析。中國人的心理。台北: 桂冠圖書公司。何友暉（1999）。人際情感與人情。本土心理學研究， (12)，181-187。利翠珊、蕭英玲（2016）。夫妻內隱情感經驗: 感恩, 忍與婚姻滿意度。本土心理學研究，(45)，93-128。金耀基（1988）。人際關係中人情之分析。中國人的心理。 台北: 桂冠圖書公司。韋政通（1987）。報的概念古今談。中國人的世間遊戲—人情與世故。台北: 張老師出版社。黃光國（1988）。人情與面子：中國人的權力遊戲。中國人的權力遊戲。台北: 巨流圖書公司。曾家文、姜定宇（2012）。員工動機與政治技能行為：報之調節效果。應用心理研究，(53)，153-213。楊聯陞（1987）。中國文化中報、保、包之意義。香港：香港中文大學出版社。翟學偉（1993）。中國人際關係的特質-本土的概念及其模式。社會學研究 (北京)，(4)，239-257。劉兆明（1992）。「報」的概念及其在組織研究上的意義。中國人的心理與行為︰理念及方法篇（1992）。台北︰桂冠圖書公司。Aikawa, A. (1990). Determinants of the magnitude of indebtedness in Japan: A comparison of relative weight of the recipient`s benefits and the donor`s costs. The Journal of psychology, 124(5), 523-533.Bartlett, M. Y., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior: Helping when it costs you. Psychological science, 17(4), 319-325.Bar-Tal, D., Bar-Zohar, Y., Greenberg, M. S., & Hermon, M. (1977). Reciprocity behavior in the relationship between donor and recipient and between harm-doer and victim. Sociometry, 293-298.Blau, P. M. (1964). Social exchange theory. Retrieved September, 3(2007), 62.Chang, H. C., & Holt, G. R. (1994). Debt-repaying mechanism in Chinese relationships: An exploration of the folk concepts of pao and human emotional debt. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 27(4), 351-387.De Cooke, P. A. (1992). Children`s understanding of indebtedness as a feature of reciprocal help exchanges between peers. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 948.Emmons, R. A., & Crumpler, C. A. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 19(1), 56-69.Emmons, R. A., & Mccullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.Emmons, R. A., & Shelton, C. M. (2002). Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. Handbook of positive psychology, 18, 459-471.Emmons, R. A. (2008). Gratitude, subjective well-being, and the brain. The science of subjective well-being, 469-489.Fisher, J. D., Nadler, A., & Whitcher-Alagna, S. (1982). Recipient reactions to aid. Psychological Bulletin, 91(1), 27.Foa, U. G., & Foa, E. B. (1974). Societal structures of the mind. Charles C Thomas.Greenberg, M. S. (1980). A theory of indebtedness. In Social exchange (pp. 3-26). Springer, Boston, MA.Greenberg, M. S., Bar-Tal, D., Mowrey, J., & Steinberg, R. (1982). Cross-cultural comparisons in the perception of indebtedness. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pittsburgh.Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American sociological review, 161-178.Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American journal of sociology, 63(6), 597-606.Hu, H. C. (1949). Emotion, real and assumed, in Chinese society.Kelly, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. JW (1978). Interpersonal Relationships: A Theory of Interdependence.Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2007). Developing a new measure of independent and interdependent views of the self. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 249-257.McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(1), 112.McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Isgratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249–266.McCullough, M. E., Kimeldorf, M. B., & Cohen, A. D. (2008). An adaptation for altruism: The social causes, social effects, and social evolution of gratitude. Current directions in psychological science, 17(4), 281-285.Moss, M. K., & Page, R. A. (1972). Reinforcement and Helping Behavior 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2(4), 360-371.Naito, T., Wangwan, J., & Tani, M. (2005). Gratitude in university students in Japan and Thailand. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(2), 247-263.Okamoto, S., & Robinson, W. P. (1997). Determinants of gratitude expressions in England. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16(4), 411-433.Peng, C., Nelissen, R. M., & Zeelenberg, M. (2018). Reconsidering the roles of gratitude and indebtedness in social exchange. Cognition and Emotion, 32(4), 760-772.Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of clinical psychology, 38(1), 119-125.Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Measures package, 61(52), 18.Schaumberg, R., & Flynn, F. J. (2009). Differentiating between grateful and indebted reactions to receiving help. In Altruism and prosocial behavior in groups. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.Shapiro, E. G. (1980). Is seeking help from a friend like seeking help from a stranger?. Social Psychology Quarterly, 259-263.Shen, H., Wan, F., & Wyer Jr, R. S. (2011). Cross-cultural differences in the refusal to accept a small gift: The differential influence of reciprocity norms on Asians and North Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(2), 271.Simmel, G. (1950). The sociology of georg simmel (Vol. 92892). Simon and Schuster.Simão, C., & Seibt, B. (2014). Gratitude depends on the relational model of communal sharing. PloS one, 9(1), e86158.Tesser, A., Gatewood, R., & Driver, M. (1968). Some determinants of gratitude. Journal of personality and social psychology, 9(3), 233.Tsang, J. A. (2006). BRIEF REPORT Gratitude and prosocial behaviour: An experimental test of gratitude. Cognition & Emotion, 20(1), 138-148.Tsang, J. A. (2006). The effects of helper intention on gratitude and indebtedness. Motivation and Emotion, 30(3), 198-204.Thibaut, J. W., & Kelly, H. (1959). The social Psychology of Groups. New York, NY: Wiley.Watkins, P., Scheer, J., Ovnicek, M., & Kolts, R. (2006). The debt of gratitude: Dissociating gratitude and indebtedness. Cognition & Emotion, 20(2), 217-241.Weinstein, E. A., DeVaughan, W. L., & Wiley, M. G. (1969). Obligation and the flow of deference in exchange. Sociometry, 1-12.Weinstein, N., DeHaan, C. R., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). Attributing autonomous versus introjected motivation to helpers and the recipient experience: Effects on gratitude, attitudes, and well-being. Motivation and Emotion, 34(4), 418-431. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
107752023資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107752023 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 孫蒨如 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Sun, Chien-Ru en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黎少聰 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Li, Shao-Cong en_US dc.creator (作者) 黎少聰 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Li, Shao-Cong en_US dc.date (日期) 2022 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Mar-2022 17:16:27 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Mar-2022 17:16:27 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Mar-2022 17:16:27 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0107752023 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/139213 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 心理學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 107752023 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在華人社會中當我們接受幫助後，我們常說自己欠下了「人情債」，這與西方的心理學界以社會交換理論為基礎所指涉的個體受助後的感受及回應，似乎有著本質上的不同。華人的「人情債」多出現在具有不同程度情感成分的混合性關係中，而彼此關係的不同也可能會使得個體在欠人情債時的感受與反應有所差異。然而目前有關「人情債」的研究卻極其缺乏，因此本研究針對華人人情債中是否具有「報大於施」與「非償還即結束」的特性，以及不同關係對人情債感受及後續行為所可能造成的影響進行探討。研究一為質性訪談，目的是初步了解人情債在大眾心目中的定義，欠人情債的具體感受，關係不同是否會對人情債感受有所影響，及人情債是否具有報大於施與非償還即結束的特性。研究二和三則使用2（關係：好朋友/普通朋友）× 2（回報方式：等量回報/加多回報）的參與者間設計，分別探究在物質及非物質受助情境中，不同的關係與回報方式如何影響受助者的感恩及負債感，以及在已回報後當對方提出幫助請求時，受助者感受的變化及反應。結果大致發現，華人的人情債的確有「報大於施」與「非償還即結束」的特性。而相較於好朋友，接受普通朋友幫助後負債感較高，但在已回報後之後再提供幫助意願較低。結果也顯示當受助情境性質不同（物質或非物質），後續感受和行為也會有所差異。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Chinese often feel that they owe a renqing debt after receiving help from others. Previous research often based on social exchange theories to study the possible emotional and behavioral responses of recipients; however, this might not be applicable to the Chinese. Renqing debts mostly exist in mixed relationships (mixed ties) with different amount of affective component, and therefore, Chinese recipients may have different emotional and behavioral responses after receiving help. However, there was few empirical studies on renqing debts, and therefore the present research tried to explore whether Chinese renqing debt is characterised by “more returning than giving” and “reciprocation is not the end”, and the possible effects of different relationships on recipients’ feelings and subsequent behaviors. Study 1 was a qualitative interview with the aim of understanding the definition of renqing debt, the characteristics of renqing debts, and possible feelings of owing renqing debts to helpers from different relationships. Study 2 and 3 both were a 2 (relationship: good friend/acquaintance) × 2 (return type: equal return/more return) complete between-participants design, with scenarios of material (money) and non-material (favor) helping respectively. Dependent measures were recipient`s gratitude, indebtedness feeling, and how would they react when helpers asking for help after they already returned the giving. Results showed that renqing debt does have the characteristics of “more returning than giving” and “reciprocation is not the end”. Receiving help from an acquaintance increased the feeling of indebtedness, however, after returning the giving, individuals were less motivated to help an acquaintance than a good friend. Besides, results also indicated that different types of helping (material or non-material) would lead to different subsequent feelings and reactions from the recipients. Other implications were also discussed. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 研究動機與目的 1第二章 文獻探討 4第一節 人情與關係 4第二節 社會交換理論及其相關研究 5第三節 華人的「人情債」 10第四節 關係對人情債可能的影響 15第五節 本研究想法 17第三章 研究一 人情債的定義與特性，以及關係對其的影響 19第一節 訪談一 19第二節 訪談二 29第四章 研究二 物質（金錢）受助情境中，人情債的「報大於施」與「非償還即結束」及關係的影響 34第一節 研究目的 34第二節 研究方法 34第三節 結果與討論 40第五章 研究三 非物質（恩惠）受助情境中，人情債的「報大於施」與「非償還即結束」及關係的影響 59第一節 研究目的 59第二節 研究方法 59第三節 結果與討論 63第四節 研究二與研究三結果彙整 82第六章 綜合討論 85第一節 主要發現與討論 85第二節 研究限制與未來研究展望 89參考文獻 93附錄 98附錄1 研究二問卷 98附錄2 社會讚許量表 102附錄3 自尊量表 102附錄4 獨立我與互依我量表 103 zh_TW dc.format.extent 4980857 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107752023 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人情債 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 報大於施 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非償還即結束 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 關係 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 回報 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 感恩 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 負債感 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) renqing debt en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) more returning than giving en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) reciprocation is not the end en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) relationship en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) returning en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) gratitude en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) indebtedness en_US dc.title (題名) 華人的人情債：「報大於施」與「非償還即結束」的特性及關係對其的影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Renqing Debt in Chinese culture: Explorations of its Characteristics of “More Returning Than Giving” and “Reciprocation is Not the End” and the Effects of Relationship on Renqing Debt en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王亞如、张麗（2020）。負債感的最新研究進展。心理技術與應用，8(3), 172-184。文崇一（1988）。報恩與復仇: 交換行為的分析。中國人的心理。台北: 桂冠圖書公司。何友暉（1999）。人際情感與人情。本土心理學研究， (12)，181-187。利翠珊、蕭英玲（2016）。夫妻內隱情感經驗: 感恩, 忍與婚姻滿意度。本土心理學研究，(45)，93-128。金耀基（1988）。人際關係中人情之分析。中國人的心理。 台北: 桂冠圖書公司。韋政通（1987）。報的概念古今談。中國人的世間遊戲—人情與世故。台北: 張老師出版社。黃光國（1988）。人情與面子：中國人的權力遊戲。中國人的權力遊戲。台北: 巨流圖書公司。曾家文、姜定宇（2012）。員工動機與政治技能行為：報之調節效果。應用心理研究，(53)，153-213。楊聯陞（1987）。中國文化中報、保、包之意義。香港：香港中文大學出版社。翟學偉（1993）。中國人際關係的特質-本土的概念及其模式。社會學研究 (北京)，(4)，239-257。劉兆明（1992）。「報」的概念及其在組織研究上的意義。中國人的心理與行為︰理念及方法篇（1992）。台北︰桂冠圖書公司。Aikawa, A. (1990). Determinants of the magnitude of indebtedness in Japan: A comparison of relative weight of the recipient`s benefits and the donor`s costs. The Journal of psychology, 124(5), 523-533.Bartlett, M. Y., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior: Helping when it costs you. Psychological science, 17(4), 319-325.Bar-Tal, D., Bar-Zohar, Y., Greenberg, M. S., & Hermon, M. (1977). Reciprocity behavior in the relationship between donor and recipient and between harm-doer and victim. Sociometry, 293-298.Blau, P. M. (1964). Social exchange theory. Retrieved September, 3(2007), 62.Chang, H. C., & Holt, G. R. (1994). Debt-repaying mechanism in Chinese relationships: An exploration of the folk concepts of pao and human emotional debt. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 27(4), 351-387.De Cooke, P. A. (1992). Children`s understanding of indebtedness as a feature of reciprocal help exchanges between peers. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 948.Emmons, R. A., & Crumpler, C. 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