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題名 國際企業在高風險國家的管理研究_以緬甸市場為例
International Enterprise Management in a High-Risk Country_The Case Study of Myanmar
作者 房嘉麗
Fang, Chia-Li
貢獻者 譚丹琪
Tan, Dan-Chi
房嘉麗
Fang, Chia-Li
關鍵詞 國際貿易的不確定性
風險管理
企業核心能力
Uncertainties in international business
Risk management
Core capability of enterprise
日期 2022
上傳時間 1-Jul-2022 16:01:37 (UTC+8)
摘要 國際貿易是把雙面刃，它會帶來利益及風險，因此企業要在高風險國家獲利是不容易的，擁有在惡劣環境下的生存能力是關鍵。本文基於學者對企業在國際貿易營運上所面臨的不確定性及其管理方法的研究成果上，以緬甸為目標市場，馬哈林特為研究對象進行訪談，分析馬哈林特在外資紛紛撤出的緬甸市場，依然維持獲利的能力及原因。結論為，透過分析加上前人的研究成果得出，馬哈林特在緬甸市場獲利關鍵為其對緬甸市場的了解、自給自足能力及有餘裕資源可調節，且採用控制、模仿、高彈性的公司策略，所以可在逆境中獲利。
International trade brings benefits and risks in the meantime; therefore, it isn’t easy to gain profits in high-risk countries. With that being said, the ability to survive in harsh environments is the key. Based on the research of integrated risk management in international business, this thesis takes Myanmar as the target market and Mahar Lin Htet as the research object and do the interview to analyze Mahar Lin Htet’s success while lots of foreign capital be withdrawn. Through analysis, the finding suggests that the key to Mahar Lin Htet’s profit in Myanmar lies in its understanding of the market, self-sufficiency ability, surplus resources to adjust, and the use of control, imitation, high flexibility company strategies.
參考文獻 ㄧ、英文文獻
1. Aaker, D., & Mascarenhas, B. (1984). The Need for Strategic Flexibility. Journal of Business Strategy, 5(2), 74-82.
2. Allaire, Y., & Firsirotu M. E. (1989). Coping with strategic uncertainty. Sloan Management Review, 30(3),7-16.
3. Boubakri N., Mansi S.A., & Saffar W. (2013). Political institutions, connectedness, and corporate risk-taking. Journal of International Business Studies, 44 (3), 195-215
4. Duncan, R. B. (1972) Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17: 313-27
5. Dunn, J. (1983). Country risk: Social and cultural aspects. In Richard J. Herring, editor, Managing international risk, 139-68. New York: Cambridge University Press
6. Dabić, M. (2007). Uloga multinacionalnih kompanija u promicanju tehnološkog razvoja zemalja u tranziciji. Zbornik Ekonomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu, 5(1), 29-42.
7. Galbraith, J. R. (1977). Organization design. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley
8. Giannakis, M., & Papadopoulos, T. (2016), “Supply chain sustainability: a risk management approach”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 171, 455-470.
9. Gamso, J., & Nelson, R. C. (2019). Does partnering with the World Bank shield investors from political risks in less developed countries? Journal of World Business, 54(5), 1-11.
10. Hajmohammad, S.,& Vachon, S. (2016), “Mitigation, avoidance, or acceptance? Managing supplier sustainability risk”, Journal of Supply Chain Management, 52(2), 8-65.
11. Jensen, M.C., Meckling, W.H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3, 305-360
12. Juettner, U., Windler, K., Podleisek, A., Gander, M., & Meldau, S. (2020), "Implementing supplier management strategies for supply chain sustainability risks in multinational companies", The TQM Journal, 32(5) , 923-938.
13. Jacque, L. L. (1978). Management of foreign exchange risk. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.
14. Jacque, L. L. (1981). Management of foreign exchange risk: A review article. Journal of International Business Studies, 12(1): 81-101.
15. Kobrin, S. (1982). Managing political risk assessment. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
16. Lee, S-H., & Song, S (2012). Host country uncertainty, intra-mnc production shifts, and subsidiary performance. Strategic Management Journal, 33(11), 1331–40.
17. Miles, R. & Snow, C (1978). Organizational strategy, structure, and process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
18. Miller, K. D. (1992). A Framework for Integrated Risk Management in International Business. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2), 311–331.
19. Mascarenhas, B. (1982). Coping with uncertainty in international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 13(2), 87-98.
20. Mansfield, E. (1979) third edition. Microeconomics: Theory and applications. New York: W.W. Norton.
21. Nikoloski, Z., Smith-Govoni, R., Powell, M., & Gregory, T. (2021). Covid-19, coup d`etat and poverty: Compounding negative shocks and their impact on human development in Myanmar. United Nation Development Programme.
22. Oxelheim, L., & Wihlborg, C. (1987). Macroeconomic uncertainty: International risks and opportunities for the corporation. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
23. Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes. The Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145–179.
24. Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row
25. Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press. (Republished with a new introduction, 1998.)
26. Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York: Free Press. (Republished with a new introduction, 1998.)
27. Pennings, J. M. (1981). Strategically interdependent organizations. In Paul C. Nystrom & William H. Starbuck, editors, Handbook of organizational design, Vol. 1, 433-55. New York: Oxford University Press.
28. Root, F.R. (1988). Environmental risks and the bargaining power of multinational corporations. International Trade Journal, 3(1): 111-24.
29. Ring, P. S., Lenway, S. A., & Govekar, M. (1990). Management of the political imperative in international business. Strategic Management Journal, 11(2), 141-151.
30. Simon, J.D. (1982). Political risk assessment: Past trends and future prospects. Columbia Journal of World Business, 17(3), 62-71.
31. Simon, J.D. (1984). A theoretical perspective on political risk. Journal of International Business Studies, 15(3), 123-43.
32. Sun, P., Mellahi, K., & Wright, M. (2012). The contingent value of corporate political ties. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(3): 68-82
33. Ting, W. (1988). Multinational risk assessment and m1anagemlenzt. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press
34. Vernon, R. (1983). Managing international risk: Organizational and institutional responses to international risk.
35. Wernerfelt, B., & Karnani, A. (1987). Competitive Strategy Under Uncertainty. Strategic Management Journal, 8(2), 187–194.
36. Zhu, Y., & Sardana D. (2020). Multinational enterprises’ risk mitigation strategies in emerging markets: A political coalition perspective. Journal of World Business, 55(2), 1-3.

二、中文文獻
1. 林炯垚，財務管理理論與實際，1998，新路書局
2. 胡大江，陳雪梅，謝非. 企業國際貿易外匯風險影響因素研究[J]，現代管理科學，2011（3）：79-83
3. 孫衛敏, 趙金國. 寡頭壟斷與中小企業並存 ―成熟產業的產業組織結構 [A] .中國地質大學學報(社會科學) ，2005 (5) ：64-68
4. 商務部國際經濟貿易研究院，對外投資國別（地區）指南＿緬甸，2020，中華人民共和國商務部，2021/11/03，取自http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/rcep/rceppdf/miandian.pdf?cv=1
5. 經濟部，緬甸投資環境簡介，2020，經濟部，2021/11/03，取自https://investtaiwan.nat.gov.tw
6. 經濟部國際貿易局（2021/10/25）。緬甸零售業持續成長電子商務大有可為。駐緬甸台北經濟文化辦事處。 2022/2/10，取自: https://www.roc-taiwan.org/mm/post/6355.html
7. 劉剛（2013/05/31）。麥肯錫顧問公司預估 20年後緬甸經濟成長4倍_國際。中時新聞網。2022/2/14，取自https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20130531004605-260510?chdtv
8. 鄭景懋（2021/10/26）。東協拒緬甸軍事領袖參與峰會考驗東協不干預。中央廣播電台(2021)。2022/2/14，取自 https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2115030

三、英文網頁文獻
1. Allianz Trade, Economic research of Myanmar, Retrieved March 5, 2022 from https://www.eulerhermes.com/en_global/economic-research/country-reports/Myanmar.html#link_internal_2
2. CEIC data (2018). Global Economic Data, Indicators, Charts & Forecasts | CEIC. Retrieved December 20, 2021 from https://www.ceicdata.com
3. DICA (2016). 緬甸投資法. Retrieved January 31, 2022 from https://www.dica.gov.mm
4. DICA (2021). Yearly Approved Amount of Foreign Investment (by sector). Retrieved January 31, 2022 from https://www.dica.gov.mm
5. DICA (2021). Yearly Approved Amount of Foreign Investment (by country/by region). Retrieved January 31, 2022 from https://www.dica.gov.mm
6. MDI (2018). Myanmar’s Sustainable Development Plan. Retrieved December 20, 2021 from http://www.mdi.org.mm
7. Trend economy (2021). Annual International Trade Statistics by Country (Myanmar). Retrieved December 20, 2021 from https://trendeconomy.com
8. Trend Economy (2021) Myanmar, Imports and Exports, World, All commodities, value (US $) and value growth, YoY (%). Retrieved December 20, 2021 from https://trendeconomy.com/data/h2?commodity=TOTAL&reporter=Myanmar&trade_flow=Export,Import&partner=World&indicator=TV,YoY&time_period=2010,2011,2012,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020
9. The World Bank (2021). GDP (current US$) _Myanmar. Retrieved March 5, 2022 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=MM
10. World population review (2021). Natural gas. Retrieved December 20, 2021 from https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/natural-gas-by-country
11. World population review (2021). Myanmar Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs). Retrieved December 20, 2021 from https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/myanmar-population

四、 中文網頁文獻
1. 國情介紹＿緬甸聯邦共和國(2021)。南亞觀察。2021/11/10，取自：https://southasiawatch.tw/國情簡介-緬甸/
2. 緬甸＿市場環境分析 (2021)。貿協全球資訊網。2021/12/10，取自: https://www.taitraesource.com
3. 新加坡在2020-21財年向緬甸投資4.29億美元 (2021)。台灣經貿網。民2022/2/10，取自: https://info.taiwantrade.com/biznews/新加坡在2020-21財年向緬甸投資4-29億美元-2420745.html
4. 緬甸人口分佈勞動人比例(2021)。世界各國的人口金字塔。2021/12/22，取自: https://population-pyramid.net/zh-tw/pp/緬甸
5. 緬幣兌美元銀行匯率圖(2021)。鉅亨網。2022/1/15，取自: https://invest.cnyes.com/forex/detail/USDMMK/history#fixed
6. 隨著經濟惡化緬甸面臨著貨幣貶值與美元短缺(2021)。半島電視台。2022/3/5，取自: https://chinese.aljazeera.net/economy
7. 關於緬甸最強外匯管制通令的專題報告(2022)。雲南省對外投資合作網。2022/6/26，取自：http://www.ynoiec.org.cn/cgi-bin/detail/419706/swt/news_5/1/news_5/%40TXTNEWSITEM_YNDWTZ/0/0
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易學系
109351036
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109351036
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 譚丹琪zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Tan, Dan-Chien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 房嘉麗zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Fang, Chia-Lien_US
dc.creator (作者) 房嘉麗zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Fang, Chia-Lien_US
dc.date (日期) 2022en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2022 16:01:37 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Jul-2022 16:01:37 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2022 16:01:37 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109351036en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/140562-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營與貿易學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109351036zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國際貿易是把雙面刃，它會帶來利益及風險，因此企業要在高風險國家獲利是不容易的，擁有在惡劣環境下的生存能力是關鍵。本文基於學者對企業在國際貿易營運上所面臨的不確定性及其管理方法的研究成果上，以緬甸為目標市場，馬哈林特為研究對象進行訪談，分析馬哈林特在外資紛紛撤出的緬甸市場，依然維持獲利的能力及原因。結論為，透過分析加上前人的研究成果得出，馬哈林特在緬甸市場獲利關鍵為其對緬甸市場的了解、自給自足能力及有餘裕資源可調節，且採用控制、模仿、高彈性的公司策略，所以可在逆境中獲利。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) International trade brings benefits and risks in the meantime; therefore, it isn’t easy to gain profits in high-risk countries. With that being said, the ability to survive in harsh environments is the key. Based on the research of integrated risk management in international business, this thesis takes Myanmar as the target market and Mahar Lin Htet as the research object and do the interview to analyze Mahar Lin Htet’s success while lots of foreign capital be withdrawn. Through analysis, the finding suggests that the key to Mahar Lin Htet’s profit in Myanmar lies in its understanding of the market, self-sufficiency ability, surplus resources to adjust, and the use of control, imitation, high flexibility company strategies.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 1
Abstract 2
目錄 3
表次 5
圖次 6
第一章 緒論 7
第一節 研究背景與動機 7
第二節 研究目的 8
第二章 文獻探討 9
第一節 國際企業的定義及利弊 9
第二節 高風險國家定義 9
第三節 風險定義及分類 10
ㄧ、環境不確定性(General Environmental Uncertainties) 11
二、行業不確定性(Industry Uncertainties) 13
三、公司不確定性(Firm Uncertainties) 14
第四節 風險管理 16
一、財務風險管理 16
二、策略風險管理 16
第三章 緬甸介紹 21
第一節 緬甸國家概況 21
第二節 緬甸歷史與政治 22
第三節 緬甸經濟 23
第四節 中緬關係 33
第五節 緬甸的市場機會 36
第六節 緬甸市場風險 38
一、政治風險 38
二、政府政策風險 39
三、總體經濟風險＿匯率 40
四、疫情風險 42
第四章 研究方法 43
第一節 個案選取原因 43
第二節 企業訪談 44
第五章 馬哈林特個案介紹 45
第一節 馬哈林特簡介 45
第二節 馬哈林特的營運 48
一、馬哈林特產品 48
二、馬哈林特作業流程 49
第三節 馬哈林特面臨的風險 51
第四節 馬哈林特的風險管理 58
第六章、個案分析 60
第一節 馬哈林特獲利因素 60
一、能力面 60
二、策略面 63
第七章 結論 66
第一節 研究結論 66
第二節 研究限制與未來研究方向 68
第三節 管理意涵 69
參考文獻 70		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 5203108 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109351036en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際貿易的不確定性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 風險管理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 企業核心能力zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Uncertainties in international businessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Risk managementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Core capability of enterpriseen_US
dc.title (題名) 國際企業在高風險國家的管理研究_以緬甸市場為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) International Enterprise Management in a High-Risk Country_The Case Study of Myanmaren_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ㄧ、英文文獻
1. Aaker, D., & Mascarenhas, B. (1984). The Need for Strategic Flexibility. Journal of Business Strategy, 5(2), 74-82.
2. Allaire, Y., & Firsirotu M. E. (1989). Coping with strategic uncertainty. Sloan Management Review, 30(3),7-16.
3. Boubakri N., Mansi S.A., & Saffar W. (2013). Political institutions, connectedness, and corporate risk-taking. Journal of International Business Studies, 44 (3), 195-215
4. Duncan, R. B. (1972) Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17: 313-27
5. Dunn, J. (1983). Country risk: Social and cultural aspects. In Richard J. Herring, editor, Managing international risk, 139-68. New York: Cambridge University Press
6. Dabić, M. (2007). Uloga multinacionalnih kompanija u promicanju tehnološkog razvoja zemalja u tranziciji. Zbornik Ekonomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu, 5(1), 29-42.
7. Galbraith, J. R. (1977). Organization design. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley
8. Giannakis, M., & Papadopoulos, T. (2016), “Supply chain sustainability: a risk management approach”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 171, 455-470.
9. Gamso, J., & Nelson, R. C. (2019). Does partnering with the World Bank shield investors from political risks in less developed countries? Journal of World Business, 54(5), 1-11.
10. Hajmohammad, S.,& Vachon, S. (2016), “Mitigation, avoidance, or acceptance? Managing supplier sustainability risk”, Journal of Supply Chain Management, 52(2), 8-65.
11. Jensen, M.C., Meckling, W.H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3, 305-360
12. Juettner, U., Windler, K., Podleisek, A., Gander, M., & Meldau, S. (2020), "Implementing supplier management strategies for supply chain sustainability risks in multinational companies", The TQM Journal, 32(5) , 923-938.
13. Jacque, L. L. (1978). Management of foreign exchange risk. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.
14. Jacque, L. L. (1981). Management of foreign exchange risk: A review article. Journal of International Business Studies, 12(1): 81-101.
15. Kobrin, S. (1982). Managing political risk assessment. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
16. Lee, S-H., & Song, S (2012). Host country uncertainty, intra-mnc production shifts, and subsidiary performance. Strategic Management Journal, 33(11), 1331–40.
17. Miles, R. & Snow, C (1978). Organizational strategy, structure, and process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
18. Miller, K. D. (1992). A Framework for Integrated Risk Management in International Business. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2), 311–331.
19. Mascarenhas, B. (1982). Coping with uncertainty in international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 13(2), 87-98.
20. Mansfield, E. (1979) third edition. Microeconomics: Theory and applications. New York: W.W. Norton.
21. Nikoloski, Z., Smith-Govoni, R., Powell, M., & Gregory, T. (2021). Covid-19, coup d`etat and poverty: Compounding negative shocks and their impact on human development in Myanmar. United Nation Development Programme.
22. Oxelheim, L., & Wihlborg, C. (1987). Macroeconomic uncertainty: International risks and opportunities for the corporation. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
23. Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes. The Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145–179.
24. Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row
25. Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press. (Republished with a new introduction, 1998.)
26. Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York: Free Press. (Republished with a new introduction, 1998.)
27. Pennings, J. M. (1981). Strategically interdependent organizations. In Paul C. Nystrom & William H. Starbuck, editors, Handbook of organizational design, Vol. 1, 433-55. New York: Oxford University Press.
28. Root, F.R. (1988). Environmental risks and the bargaining power of multinational corporations. International Trade Journal, 3(1): 111-24.
29. Ring, P. S., Lenway, S. A., & Govekar, M. (1990). Management of the political imperative in international business. Strategic Management Journal, 11(2), 141-151.
30. Simon, J.D. (1982). Political risk assessment: Past trends and future prospects. Columbia Journal of World Business, 17(3), 62-71.
31. Simon, J.D. (1984). A theoretical perspective on political risk. Journal of International Business Studies, 15(3), 123-43.
32. Sun, P., Mellahi, K., & Wright, M. (2012). The contingent value of corporate political ties. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(3): 68-82
33. Ting, W. (1988). Multinational risk assessment and m1anagemlenzt. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press
34. Vernon, R. (1983). Managing international risk: Organizational and institutional responses to international risk.
35. Wernerfelt, B., & Karnani, A. (1987). Competitive Strategy Under Uncertainty. Strategic Management Journal, 8(2), 187–194.
36. Zhu, Y., & Sardana D. (2020). Multinational enterprises’ risk mitigation strategies in emerging markets: A political coalition perspective. Journal of World Business, 55(2), 1-3.

二、中文文獻
1. 林炯垚，財務管理理論與實際，1998，新路書局
2. 胡大江，陳雪梅，謝非. 企業國際貿易外匯風險影響因素研究[J]，現代管理科學，2011（3）：79-83
3. 孫衛敏, 趙金國. 寡頭壟斷與中小企業並存 ―成熟產業的產業組織結構 [A] .中國地質大學學報(社會科學) ，2005 (5) ：64-68
4. 商務部國際經濟貿易研究院，對外投資國別（地區）指南＿緬甸，2020，中華人民共和國商務部，2021/11/03，取自http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/rcep/rceppdf/miandian.pdf?cv=1
5. 經濟部，緬甸投資環境簡介，2020，經濟部，2021/11/03，取自https://investtaiwan.nat.gov.tw
6. 經濟部國際貿易局（2021/10/25）。緬甸零售業持續成長電子商務大有可為。駐緬甸台北經濟文化辦事處。 2022/2/10，取自: https://www.roc-taiwan.org/mm/post/6355.html
7. 劉剛（2013/05/31）。麥肯錫顧問公司預估 20年後緬甸經濟成長4倍_國際。中時新聞網。2022/2/14，取自https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20130531004605-260510?chdtv
8. 鄭景懋（2021/10/26）。東協拒緬甸軍事領袖參與峰會考驗東協不干預。中央廣播電台(2021)。2022/2/14，取自 https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2115030

三、英文網頁文獻
1. Allianz Trade, Economic research of Myanmar, Retrieved March 5, 2022 from https://www.eulerhermes.com/en_global/economic-research/country-reports/Myanmar.html#link_internal_2
2. CEIC data (2018). Global Economic Data, Indicators, Charts & Forecasts | CEIC. Retrieved December 20, 2021 from https://www.ceicdata.com
3. DICA (2016). 緬甸投資法. Retrieved January 31, 2022 from https://www.dica.gov.mm
4. DICA (2021). Yearly Approved Amount of Foreign Investment (by sector). Retrieved January 31, 2022 from https://www.dica.gov.mm
5. DICA (2021). Yearly Approved Amount of Foreign Investment (by country/by region). Retrieved January 31, 2022 from https://www.dica.gov.mm
6. MDI (2018). Myanmar’s Sustainable Development Plan. Retrieved December 20, 2021 from http://www.mdi.org.mm
7. Trend economy (2021). Annual International Trade Statistics by Country (Myanmar). Retrieved December 20, 2021 from https://trendeconomy.com
8. Trend Economy (2021) Myanmar, Imports and Exports, World, All commodities, value (US $) and value growth, YoY (%). Retrieved December 20, 2021 from https://trendeconomy.com/data/h2?commodity=TOTAL&reporter=Myanmar&trade_flow=Export,Import&partner=World&indicator=TV,YoY&time_period=2010,2011,2012,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020
9. The World Bank (2021). GDP (current US$) _Myanmar. Retrieved March 5, 2022 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=MM
10. World population review (2021). Natural gas. Retrieved December 20, 2021 from https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/natural-gas-by-country
11. World population review (2021). Myanmar Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs). Retrieved December 20, 2021 from https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/myanmar-population

四、 中文網頁文獻
1. 國情介紹＿緬甸聯邦共和國(2021)。南亞觀察。2021/11/10，取自：https://southasiawatch.tw/國情簡介-緬甸/
2. 緬甸＿市場環境分析 (2021)。貿協全球資訊網。2021/12/10，取自: https://www.taitraesource.com
3. 新加坡在2020-21財年向緬甸投資4.29億美元 (2021)。台灣經貿網。民2022/2/10，取自: https://info.taiwantrade.com/biznews/新加坡在2020-21財年向緬甸投資4-29億美元-2420745.html
4. 緬甸人口分佈勞動人比例(2021)。世界各國的人口金字塔。2021/12/22，取自: https://population-pyramid.net/zh-tw/pp/緬甸
5. 緬幣兌美元銀行匯率圖(2021)。鉅亨網。2022/1/15，取自: https://invest.cnyes.com/forex/detail/USDMMK/history#fixed
6. 隨著經濟惡化緬甸面臨著貨幣貶值與美元短缺(2021)。半島電視台。2022/3/5，取自: https://chinese.aljazeera.net/economy
7. 關於緬甸最強外匯管制通令的專題報告(2022)。雲南省對外投資合作網。2022/6/26，取自：http://www.ynoiec.org.cn/cgi-bin/detail/419706/swt/news_5/1/news_5/%40TXTNEWSITEM_YNDWTZ/0/0		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202200677en_US