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題名 供應鏈在疫情下的個案分析-以ZARA, 美國塞港與美國航空為例
Supply Chain Cases during Covid 19–ZARA, US Marine Port and American Airline
作者 周彥宏
Chou, Yen Hung
貢獻者 何富年
Ho, Foo-Nin
周彥宏
Chou, Yen Hung
關鍵詞 供應鏈
新冠肺炎
ZARA
美國塞港
美國航空
Supply Chain
Covid-19
ZARA
US Marine Port
American Airline
日期 2022
上傳時間 1-Jul-2022 16:17:11 (UTC+8)
摘要 Currently, one of the most important challenges in 2022 that humans confront on a daily basis is COVID-19. It affects every aspects of our daily life. Supply chain is one of the most serious issues facing not only manufacturers but also customers. From manufacturers perspectives, all industries including apparel and airline encounter labour, material, and logistics shortage, resulting in supply disruptions and not meeting demand level. From customers perspectives, multination locked down changed consumers’ behaviour - moving from physical channel to online channel. The situation forced retail and apparel giants to do digitalization. This study includes three supply chain cases during COVID-19. The first case looks at what supply chain challenges that ZARA faced during pandemic period and what they should do for their US supply chain and upcoming Gen Zers. The second case describes why US ports especially Los Angeles port faced serious congestion and what initiatives did US government do to reduce the queueing time for vessels. The last case looks what factors affect airline industry during Covid-19 period and what kind of preparation American Airline is doing post Covid-19 time.
參考文獻 Anna, G., Libbi, L., Karl, H. M., Corinne S. (2020). Survey: Consumer sentiment on sustainability in fashion. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/survey-consumer-sentiment-on-sustainability-in-fashion (May 10, 2022)
Lingjuan, W., Jishun, N.. Analysis of supply chain and marketing model——taking ZARA as an example Market Modernization, 2019(19): 19-20.
Fei, Z., Bingyong, T.. Analysis of Supply Chain Optimization of Apparel Enterprises based on "Internet+"[J]. Wool Spinning Technology, 2019, 47(10): 55-59.
Hongyan, D.. Analysis of the Supply Chain Issues of Apparel Enterprises under the "Internet +" Environment [D]. University of International Business and Economics, 2019.
Yu, M.. Decoding ZARA`s innovative supply chain management model [J]. Modern Business, 2018(24): 17-18.
Fenghu, N.. Analysis of Supply Chain Procurement Management Strategy of Manufacturing Enterprises [J]. China Market, 2019(12):174+180.
Zhenjun, Z.. Research on the Optimization of Supply Chain Inventory Control in Apparel Enterprises [D]. Chengdu University of Technology, 2016.
Liying, P.. How to conduct supply chain management in the apparel industry [J]. China Market, 2016(15): 27-28.
Ian, M.S.. "Impact of COVID-19 on port terminal performance in the United States of America" . World Maritime University Dissertations, 2021.

Patrick, B.. “Cargo Congestion on West Coast Is a Consequence of Complex Issues.”(2021) Retrieved from https://www.logisticsmgmt.com/article/cargo_congestion_on_west_coast_is_a_consequence_of_complex_issues (May 10, 2022)
“A Record Year for America`s Ports and a Look to the Year Ahead.” The White House, The United States Government”(2022) Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/nec/briefing-room/2022/01/20/a-record-year-for-americas-ports-and-a-look-to-the-year-ahead/ (May 10, 2022)
Augusta, S., Brendan M.. “Every Step of the Global Supply Chain Is Going Wrong — All at Once.” (2021) Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2021-congestion-at-americas-busiest-port-strains-global-supply-chain/ (May 10, 2022)
Adam, Y.. “Shipping Container Rates Continue to Soar despite Increased Attention.” (2022) Retrieved from https://www.icis.com/explore/resources/news/2021/09/16/10685630/shipping-container-rates-continue-to-soar-despite-increased-attentio/%C2%A0 (May 10, 2022)
“Viewpoint: The Causes of Port Congestion - and Tactics to Improve Efficiency.” (2021) Retrieved from https://www.freightwaves.com/news/viewpoint-the-causes-of-port-congestion-and-tactics-to-improve-efficiency (May 10, 2022)
Mike, B.“AIR FORCE IN CRISIS, PART II: HOW DID WE GET HERE?” (2018) Retrieved from https://warontherocks.com/2018/03/air-force-in-crisis-part-ii-how-did-we-get-here/ (May 10, 2022)
“Airline Pilot Hiring Outlook”(2022) Retrieved from https://atpflightschool.com/become-a-pilot/airline-career/pilot-hiring-outlook.html (May 10, 2022)
“Airlines We Lost” (2020) Retrieved from https://crankyflier.com/2020/12/31/airlines-we-lost-2020/ (May 10, 2022)
“Air Travelers Benefit from Robust Industry Competition”(2021) Retrieved from https://www.airlines.org/air-travelers-benefit-from-robust-industry-competition/ (May 10, 2022)
“American Airline- American Airlines Business Model Navigator”(2021) Retrieved from https://businessmodelnavigator.com/case-firm?id=9 (May 10, 2022)
Kyle, H..“American Airlines cuts several international flights due to aircraft shortage” Retrieved from https://www.traveloffpath.com/american-airlines-cuts-several-international-flights-due-to-aircraft-shortage/ (May 10, 2022)
“American Airlines Fleet Details and History” (2022) Retrieved from https://www.planespotters.net/airline/American-Airlines (May 10, 2022)
Jason, B.. “ATP Certificate Issuance Uptick in 2021” (2022) Retrieved from https://jasonblair.net/?p=3251 (May 10, 2022)
“Domestic market share of leading U.S. airlines from January to December ,2021” Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/250577/domestic-market-share-of-leading-us-airlines/ (May 10, 2022)
“FAA Aerospace Forecast Fiscal year 2021-2041” (2022) Retrieved from https://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/aerospace_forecasts/media/FY2021-41_FAA_Aerospace_Forecast.pdf (May 10, 2022)
Adam, H.. “Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)” (2021) Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hhi.asp (May 10, 2022)
Nathan, R.. “How American Airlines Makes Money” (2022) Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/how-american-airlines-makes-money-5116980 (May 10, 2022)
Sam, S.. “The airline pilot shortage is real and will cost all of us” Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/airline-pilot-shortage-real-cost-us-brace-impact/story?id=84176369 (May 10, 2022)
Thomas, P.. “The pandemic devastated airlines in 2020 and forced many out of business — here`s the most notable that didn`t make it to 2021” (2021) Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/airlines-that-went-out-of-business-in-2020-2021-1 (May 10, 2022)
“Airline Fights- Flow Statistics” (2022) Retrieved from https://www.radarbox.com/statistics/airlines/AAL (May 10, 2022)
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
109933006
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109933006
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 何富年zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Ho, Foo-Ninen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 周彥宏zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chou, Yen Hungen_US
dc.creator (作者) 周彥宏zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chou, Yen Hungen_US
dc.date (日期) 2022en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2022 16:17:11 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Jul-2022 16:17:11 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2022 16:17:11 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109933006en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/140635-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109933006zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Currently, one of the most important challenges in 2022 that humans confront on a daily basis is COVID-19. It affects every aspects of our daily life. Supply chain is one of the most serious issues facing not only manufacturers but also customers. From manufacturers perspectives, all industries including apparel and airline encounter labour, material, and logistics shortage, resulting in supply disruptions and not meeting demand level. From customers perspectives, multination locked down changed consumers’ behaviour - moving from physical channel to online channel. The situation forced retail and apparel giants to do digitalization. This study includes three supply chain cases during COVID-19. The first case looks at what supply chain challenges that ZARA faced during pandemic period and what they should do for their US supply chain and upcoming Gen Zers. The second case describes why US ports especially Los Angeles port faced serious congestion and what initiatives did US government do to reduce the queueing time for vessels. The last case looks what factors affect airline industry during Covid-19 period and what kind of preparation American Airline is doing post Covid-19 time.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Introduction: Supply Chain Under Covid-19 1
CASE 1: Fashionable Supply Chain in COVID-19 – ZARA 2
Chapter 1: introduction 2
1.1 Apparel Industry Introduction 2
1.2 Apparel Global Supply Chain 3
1.3 Industry Opportunities 4
1.3.1 Digitalization 4
1.3.2 Sustanability 5
1.3.3 Consumer engagement 5
Chapter 2: Apparel Industry Challenges Post COVID-19 6
2.1 Supply Chain Disruption 6
2.2 Sustanability 6
2.3 Uneven Covid-19 Recovery 6
Chapter 3: ZARA Company Introduction 7
3.1 Zara Manufacturing Process 7
3.2 Zara v.s H&M 8
3.3 Covid 19 Impacts on Zara 8
3.3.1 Inefficient online platform 9
3.3.2 Shutdown of plants 9
3.3.3 Container shortage 9
Chapter 4: Supply Chain Model of Zara 10
4.1 Zara supply chain model strength 10
4.1.1 High Accuracy Demand Forecasting 10
4.1.2 Proximity Sourcing 10
4.1.3 Centralized Logistics 11
4.1.4 Distribution Set Up 11
4.1.5 Manufacturing in Small Batches 11
Chapter 5: Covid-19 Problem Statement for Zara 12
5.1 Fast fashion sales in North America 12
5.2 Resilient Supply Chain 11
5.3 Logistics Cost 11
5.4 Sustainable Practices 13
Chapter 6: Research and Analysis 14
6.1 USA Retail store Network 14
6.1.1 Opening a large distribution center in USA 15
6.2 High Risk in intense supply chain in Asia and Europe 16
6.3 Zara Logistic Cost Analysis 17
CASE 2: Supply Chain Issue: U.S. Port Congestion 18
Chapter 1: Introduction 18
1.1 Port industry in US 18
1.2 Port operations 19
Chapter 2: US Port Congestion Analysis 22
2.1 Increase in demand 22
2.2 COVID-19 23
2.3 Port infrastructure 23
2.4 Other infrastructure 24
2.5 Truck and Rail disruption 25
2.6 Concentration of volume in major ports 26
2.7 Increase in vessel size 27
Chapter 3: US Port Congestion Impact 28
3.1 Increase in shipping delivery time 28
3.2 Increase in shipping cost 28
3.3 Longer queueing time for ships 29
3.4 Environmental Impact 29
3.5 Stock-out for Retail Industry 30
3.6 Difficult operations in Just in Time and Lean Manufacturing 30
Chapter 4: Current Initiatives Taken 31
4.1 Longer Operation Time 31
4.2 Penalty Regulation 31
4.3 Retail Industry own vessels 31
Chapter 5: Recommendation 32
5.1 Alternate Ports: 32
5.2 Congestion Prediction 32
5.3 Enhanced Visibility using IoT 33
5.4 Structural Improvements: 33
CASE 3: American Airlines’ Capacity Shortage during COVID-19 34
Chapter 1: Introduction 34
1.1 Introduction 34
1.2 Background of the airline industry 34
1.3 Background of the American Airline 35
Chapter 2: The business model and challenges 37
2.1 Business model pattern 37
2.1.1 Cross Selling 37
2.1.2 Customer Loyalty 37
2.1.3 Direct Selling 37
2.1.4 Ultimate Luxury 38
2.2 Challenges 38
2.2.1 Revenue source risk 38
2.2.2 Talent Shortage 39
2.2.3 Competitive market 39
2.2.4 Delayed delivery of Boeing aircraft 39
2.2.5 Capital intensive, debt still needs to be paid even in a tough time 39
Chapter 3: Impact of COVID-19 of American Airlines 40
3.1 Insufficient staff 40
3.2 Insufficient aircraft 40
3.3 Demand increases 40
3.4 Supply decrease 40
Chapter 4: Factors of Capacity shortage in COVID-19 41
4.1 Shortage of pilots 41
4.1.1 The decreasing number of pilots trained 41
4.1.2 The shortage of military pilots 42
4.1.3 The pilot retirement age limit 42
4.1.4 Pilot exhaustion 43
4.2 Shortage of aircraft 44
4.3 Small Aircraft Companies Shut down 44
4.4 Demand increase in post Covid period 45
Chapter 5: Solution for American Airlines 47
5-1. Hire more pilots and staff 47
5-2 Dynamic Pricing 48
Conclusion 49
References 50		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 3390253 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109933006en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 供應鏈zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新冠肺炎zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ZARAzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國塞港zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國航空zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Supply Chainen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Covid-19en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ZARAen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) US Marine Porten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) American Airlineen_US
dc.title (題名) 供應鏈在疫情下的個案分析-以ZARA, 美國塞港與美國航空為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Supply Chain Cases during Covid 19–ZARA, US Marine Port and American Airlineen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anna, G., Libbi, L., Karl, H. M., Corinne S. (2020). Survey: Consumer sentiment on sustainability in fashion. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/survey-consumer-sentiment-on-sustainability-in-fashion (May 10, 2022)
Lingjuan, W., Jishun, N.. Analysis of supply chain and marketing model——taking ZARA as an example Market Modernization, 2019(19): 19-20.
Fei, Z., Bingyong, T.. Analysis of Supply Chain Optimization of Apparel Enterprises based on "Internet+"[J]. Wool Spinning Technology, 2019, 47(10): 55-59.
Hongyan, D.. Analysis of the Supply Chain Issues of Apparel Enterprises under the "Internet +" Environment [D]. University of International Business and Economics, 2019.
Yu, M.. Decoding ZARA`s innovative supply chain management model [J]. Modern Business, 2018(24): 17-18.
Fenghu, N.. Analysis of Supply Chain Procurement Management Strategy of Manufacturing Enterprises [J]. China Market, 2019(12):174+180.
Zhenjun, Z.. Research on the Optimization of Supply Chain Inventory Control in Apparel Enterprises [D]. Chengdu University of Technology, 2016.
Liying, P.. How to conduct supply chain management in the apparel industry [J]. China Market, 2016(15): 27-28.
Ian, M.S.. "Impact of COVID-19 on port terminal performance in the United States of America" . World Maritime University Dissertations, 2021.

Patrick, B.. “Cargo Congestion on West Coast Is a Consequence of Complex Issues.”(2021) Retrieved from https://www.logisticsmgmt.com/article/cargo_congestion_on_west_coast_is_a_consequence_of_complex_issues (May 10, 2022)
“A Record Year for America`s Ports and a Look to the Year Ahead.” The White House, The United States Government”(2022) Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/nec/briefing-room/2022/01/20/a-record-year-for-americas-ports-and-a-look-to-the-year-ahead/ (May 10, 2022)
Augusta, S., Brendan M.. “Every Step of the Global Supply Chain Is Going Wrong — All at Once.” (2021) Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2021-congestion-at-americas-busiest-port-strains-global-supply-chain/ (May 10, 2022)
Adam, Y.. “Shipping Container Rates Continue to Soar despite Increased Attention.” (2022) Retrieved from https://www.icis.com/explore/resources/news/2021/09/16/10685630/shipping-container-rates-continue-to-soar-despite-increased-attentio/%C2%A0 (May 10, 2022)
“Viewpoint: The Causes of Port Congestion - and Tactics to Improve Efficiency.” (2021) Retrieved from https://www.freightwaves.com/news/viewpoint-the-causes-of-port-congestion-and-tactics-to-improve-efficiency (May 10, 2022)
Mike, B.“AIR FORCE IN CRISIS, PART II: HOW DID WE GET HERE?” (2018) Retrieved from https://warontherocks.com/2018/03/air-force-in-crisis-part-ii-how-did-we-get-here/ (May 10, 2022)
“Airline Pilot Hiring Outlook”(2022) Retrieved from https://atpflightschool.com/become-a-pilot/airline-career/pilot-hiring-outlook.html (May 10, 2022)
“Airlines We Lost” (2020) Retrieved from https://crankyflier.com/2020/12/31/airlines-we-lost-2020/ (May 10, 2022)
“Air Travelers Benefit from Robust Industry Competition”(2021) Retrieved from https://www.airlines.org/air-travelers-benefit-from-robust-industry-competition/ (May 10, 2022)
“American Airline- American Airlines Business Model Navigator”(2021) Retrieved from https://businessmodelnavigator.com/case-firm?id=9 (May 10, 2022)
Kyle, H..“American Airlines cuts several international flights due to aircraft shortage” Retrieved from https://www.traveloffpath.com/american-airlines-cuts-several-international-flights-due-to-aircraft-shortage/ (May 10, 2022)
“American Airlines Fleet Details and History” (2022) Retrieved from https://www.planespotters.net/airline/American-Airlines (May 10, 2022)
Jason, B.. “ATP Certificate Issuance Uptick in 2021” (2022) Retrieved from https://jasonblair.net/?p=3251 (May 10, 2022)
“Domestic market share of leading U.S. airlines from January to December ,2021” Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/250577/domestic-market-share-of-leading-us-airlines/ (May 10, 2022)
“FAA Aerospace Forecast Fiscal year 2021-2041” (2022) Retrieved from https://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/aerospace_forecasts/media/FY2021-41_FAA_Aerospace_Forecast.pdf (May 10, 2022)
Adam, H.. “Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)” (2021) Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hhi.asp (May 10, 2022)
Nathan, R.. “How American Airlines Makes Money” (2022) Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/how-american-airlines-makes-money-5116980 (May 10, 2022)
Sam, S.. “The airline pilot shortage is real and will cost all of us” Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/airline-pilot-shortage-real-cost-us-brace-impact/story?id=84176369 (May 10, 2022)
Thomas, P.. “The pandemic devastated airlines in 2020 and forced many out of business — here`s the most notable that didn`t make it to 2021” (2021) Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/airlines-that-went-out-of-business-in-2020-2021-1 (May 10, 2022)
“Airline Fights- Flow Statistics” (2022) Retrieved from https://www.radarbox.com/statistics/airlines/AAL (May 10, 2022)		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202200696en_US