學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 奧林匹克大會與城市轉型： 2008年北京與2012年倫敦奧運之比較研究
Evaluating Olympic legacy and urban transformation: a comparative case study of the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008 and London 2012作者 徐坦諾
Schreiber, Daniel貢獻者 冷則剛
Leng, Tse-Kang
徐坦諾
Daniel Schreiber關鍵詞 奧運傳奇
都市發展
都市轉型
永續
Olympic legacy
Urban development
Urban transformation
Sustainability日期 2022 上傳時間 1-七月-2022 16:18:04 (UTC+8) 摘要 Sports mega-events are deeply rooted in modern societies, from FIFA World Cups to Olympic Games. These events are more than the sports competitions they deliver. They create a substantial impact on host cities, countries, and societies by changing people`s urban landscape and behavior. Furthermore, the dimensions of such events are ever-growing, and a rethinking of hosting the Olympics has led to the establishment of legacy planning policies required by the IOC. Throughout a comparative case study of the Olympic Games in Beijing and London, 2008 and 2012, this thesis shows that implementing this new procedure changed the sustainable legacy outcome with a particular focus on urban development and sustainability. Moreover, Beijing 2008 and London 2012 are analyzed with a mixed-method approach, combining and comparing qualitative and quantitative results of content analysis and further analyzing the sustainable impact of the Olympic legacy in the form of a linear regression model. All models are based on the following dimensions analyzed: urban development, environmental enhancement, policy and governance, human development, intellectual property, and social development.The combined results clearly show that both host cities, Beijing and London, created a long-lasting legacy for their cities and people. However, a clear difference is visible when legacy factors are further analyzed, then the legacy of London 2012 is more sustainable than the one of Beijing 2008. The underlying rationale for hosting Olympic Games in Beijing is fundamentally different from the one in London. China wanted to take a new role by hosting the Olympics and creating a new sports and infrastructure construction movement. In contrast, London intended to upgrade its old and not well-developed neighborhoods. 參考文獻 Anthony, E. (2017). The Beijing Olympic Green. https://www.flickr.com/photos/mydailyart/35247216394/in/photostream/Arup. (2022). Designing the National Aquatics Center (Water Cube) for Beijing Olympics 2008. https://www.arup.com/projects/chinese-national-aquatics-centerBarnett, J. (2011). A short guide to 60 of the newest urbanisms. Planning, 77(4).Bartlett, L., & Vavrus, F. (2017). Comparative Case Studies: An Innovative Approach. Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE), 1(1). https://doi.org/10.7577/njcie.1929Beck, U. (2010). Climate for Change, or How to Create a Green Modernity? Theory, Culture & Society, 27(2–3), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409358729BeFreeTour. (2022). Beijing National Center for the Performing Arts Ticket. https://www.befreetour.com/en/detail/5013-national-centre-performing-arts-beijingBradsher, K. (2022). For China, Hosting the Olympics Is Worth Every Billion. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/14/business/economy/olympics-china-economics.htmlBramley, Glen., Munro, Moira., & Pawson, Hal. (2004). Key issues in housing : policies and markets in 21st- century Britain. Palgrave Macmillan.Brannagan, P. M., & Giulianotti, R. (2014). Qatar, global sport and the 2022 FIFA world cup. In Leveraging Legacies from Sports Mega-Events: Concepts and Cases (pp. 154–165). Springer.Brown, S. (2012). De Coubertin’s Olympism and the Laugh of Michel Foucault: Crisis Discourse and the Olympic Games. Quest, 64(3), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2012.693750Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford university press.Burrows, T. (2020). Legacy, what legacy? Five years on the London Olympic park battle still rages. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jul/27/london-olympic-park-success-five-years-dependsCatuogno, C. (2021). Olympia 2036: Der Sport hat in Geschichte nicht aufgepasst. https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/olympia-2036-deutschland-1.5461357Chalip, L. (2004). Beyond impact: A general model for sport event leverage. In B. W. Ritchie & D. Adair (Eds.), Sport tourism: Interrelationships, impacts and issues. Channel View Publications.Chalkley, B., & Essex, S. (1999). Urban development through hosting international events: a history of the Olympic Games. Planning Perspectives, 14(4), 369–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/026654399364184Chan, W., Lu, M., & Zhang, J. (2006). Attaining Cost Efficiency in Constructing Sports Facilities for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games by use of Operations Simulation. Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, 2063–2070. https://doi.org/10.1109/WSC.2006.322994Chappelet, J.-L. (1970). Mega Sporting Event Legacies: A Multifaceted Concept. Papeles de Europa, 0(25). https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_PADE.2012.n25.41096Chappelet, J.-L. (2008). Olympic Environmental Concerns as a Legacy of the Winter Games. International Journal of The History of Sport, 25, 1884–1902. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802438991China Business Review. (2020). The 2008 Olympics’ Impact on China. https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/the-2008-olympics-impact-on-china/Choong-soon, K. (1987). The Olympic Games as a force of cultural exchange and changes. In K. Sh.-P., J. MacAloon, & R. DaMatta (Eds.), The Olympics and cultural exchange. Hanyang University.Clark, J., & Wise, N. (2017). Urban transformations : geographies of renewal and creative change /. Routledge,. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315624457Coubertin Carl-Diem-Institut., P. de. (1967). The Olympic idea. Discourses and essays. Editions internationales Olympic; Olympischer Sport-Verlag.Daothong, J., & Stubbs, D. (2014). London 2012 legacy: creating a more sustainable future for London and beyond. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering, 167(6), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1680/cien.14.00006Deng, C. (2022). China’s Olympics Guest List Highlights Tensions With West. https://www.wsj.com/articles/foreign-leaders-counter-biden-by-heading-to-beijing-for-olympics-11643894449Denyer, D., & Tranfield, D. (2009). Producing a systematic review.Diaconu, C. (2018). East Village Contract Secured by Mace. https://www.bdcmagazine.com/2018/09/mace-secures-east-village-contract/DPA. (2021). Harting: Nicht-Bewerbung für Olympia 2036 “peinlich.” https://www.zeit.de/news/2021-07/23/harting-nicht-bewerbung-fuer-olympia-2036-peinlichEssex, S., & Chalkley, B. (1998). Olympic Games: catalyst of urban change. Leisure Studies, 17(3), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/026143698375123Finlay, J. L. (1997). The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival. History: Reviews of New Books, 26(1), 44–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1997.10525338Forsyth, A. (2007). Innovation in Urban Design: Does Research Help? Journal of Urban Design, 12(3), 461–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800701602569Fraser, D. (2018). Haunting photos of Olympic wasteland. https://www.foxsports.com.au/more-sports/beijings-2008-olympic-venues-lay-unused-and-abandoned-a-decade-on-from-showpiece-event/news-story/a21136093bda8b47e8d2b7ff1b09ae58Frawley, S., & Adair, D. (2013). Managing the Olympics (S. Frawley & D. Adair, Eds.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230389588Gasser, Stol. I. S. (2011). Dreier-Landtag lehnt Olympische Spiele in Euregio ab / Lokal / Politik im Überblick / Artikel / Home - stol.it - Suedtirol Online mit Nachrichten, Bildern und Videos. https://web.archive.org/web/20110504181254/http://www.stol.it/Artikel/Politik-im-Ueberblick/Lokal/Dreier-Landtag-lehnt-Olympische-Spiele-in-Euregio-abGeels, F. (2002). Understanding the Dynamics of Technological Transitions.Girginov, V. (2018). Rethinking Olympic Legacy (1st ed.). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315114965Girginov, V., & Parry, S. J. (S. J. (2005). The Olympic games explained : a student guide to the evolution of the modern Olympic games. 272.Goodrick, D. (2014). Comparative case studies: Methodological briefs-Impact evaluation No. 9.Goodrick, D. (2020). Comparative case studies. SAGE Publications Limited.Gordon, B. F. (1983). Olympic architecture : building for the Summer Games. Wiley. https://books.google.com/books/about/Olympic_Architecture.html?hl=de&id=qvdOAAAAMAAJGratton, C., & Henry, I. (2001). Sport and the City: the Role of Sport in Economic and Social Generation. Routledge.Gratton, C., & Preuss, H. (2008). Maximizing Olympic Impacts by Building Up Legacies. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(14), 1922–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802439023Grix, J. (2018). The foundations of research. Macmillan International Higher Education.Grix, J., & Brannagan, P. M. (2016). Of mechanisms and myths: conceptualising states’“soft power” strategies through sports mega-events. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 27(2), 251–272.Grix, J., Brannagan, P., Wood, H., & Wynne, C. (2017). State strategies for leveraging sports mega-events: unpacking the concept of ‘legacy.’ International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2017.1316761Harris, S., & Dowling, M. (2022). Sport participation and Olympic legacies : : a comparative study. Routledge,.Heathrow Press Center. (2019). Local support for Heathrow expansion remains strong as airport’s largest ever public consultation closes. https://mediacentre.heathrow.com/pressrelease/details/81/Expansion-News-23/11544Hill, C. R. (1996). Olympic politics. Manchester University Press ; Distributed exclusively in the USA and Canada by St. Martin’s Press.Holt, R., & Ruta, D. (2017). Routledge Handbook Of Sport And Legacy: Meeting the challenge of major sports events (J. Panter, R. Holt, & D. Ruta, Eds.; 1st ed.). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203132562Horne, J. (2002). Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup (1. publ..). Routledge. https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC03562534Horne, J., & Whannel, G. (2020). Understanding the Olympics. Routledge.Inam, A. (2013). Designing Urban Transformation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203728284Ingerson, L. (2001). A comparison of the economic contribution of hallmark sporting and performing events. In C. Gratton & I. Henry (Eds.), Sport and the City: the Role of Sport in Economic and Social Generation. Routledge.International Olympic Committee. (2004). IOC Annual Report.International Olympic Committee. (2007). Olympic charter.International Olympic Committee. (2013). Olympic Legacy. International Olympic Committee.International Olympic Committee. (2020). IOC Annual Report.IOC. (2015). Host city selection for the 2022 Olympic Winter Games. https://olympics.com/ioc/2022-host-city-electionIOC. (2021). London 2012 Cultural Olympiad keeping visitors entertained. https://olympics.com/en/news/london-2012-cultural-olympiad-keeping-visitors-entertainedIOC. (2022a). Medal Table Beijing 2022. https://olympics.com/de/olympic-games/beijing-2022/medalsIOC. (2022b). COVID-19 counter measures for Beijing 2022. https://olympics.com/ioc/news/covid-19-countermeasures-for-beijing-2022IOC. (2022c). Sustainability in the spotlight at Beijing 2022. https://olympics.com/ioc/news/sustainability-in-the-spotlight-at-beijing-2022#:~:text=In%20line%20with%20IOC%20requirements,emissions%20and%20reach%20carbon%20neutrality.Kaarbo, J., & Beasley, R. K. (1999). A practical guide to the comparative case study method in political psychology. Political Psychology, 20(2), 369–391.Krieger, A. (2009). Where and How Does Urban Design Happen. In A. Krieger & W. Saunders (Eds.), Urban Design (pp. 115–129). University of Minnesota Press.Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content analysis : an introduction to its methodology (3. ed..). Sage. https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC08977231L.A. 2028. (2022a). How will you ensure a sustainable Games? https://la28.org/en/faqs/how-will-you-ensure-a-sustainable-games-.htmlL.A. 2028. (2022b). What benefit will the Games bring to Los Angeles? https://la28.org/en/faqs/what-benefit-will-the-games-bring-to-los-angeles–.html#articleIntroLane, D. (2018). Sports and foreign policy: President Jimmy Carter and the 1980 Moscow Olympics boycott.Li, S., & Jago, L. (2013). Evaluating economic impacts of major sports events - A meta analysis of the key trends. Current Issues in Tourism, 16, 591–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.736482Liao, H., & Pitts, A. (2006). A brief historical review of Olympic urbanization. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 23(7), 1232–1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360600832502Lindau, L. A., Petzhold, G., Tavares, V. B., & Facchini, D. (2016). Mega events and the transformation of Rio de Janeiro into a mass-transit city. Research in Transportation Economics, 59, 196–203.LOCOG. (2012). London 2012: Pre Games Sustainability Report. LOCOG. https://cleanair.london/app/uploads/CAL-190-CSL-2012-pre-games-sustainability-report-transport.pdfLOCOG. (2018). 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics Logo. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012_Summer_Olympics_logos.svgLongmen, T. N. Y. (2001). Beijing Is Selected as 2008 Host City. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/13/sports/beijing-is-selected-as-2008-host-city.htmlLucas, C. (1904). The Olympic Games 1904.Mackay, D. (2021). Munich citizens vote against bid for 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics. https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1016892/munich-citizens-against-bid-for-2022-winter-olympics-and-paralympicsMacRury, I. (2016). Olympic Legacy. In G. Poynter & V. Viehoff (Eds.), Mega-event cities : urban legacies of global sports events. Routledge.Maennig, W. (2008). The feel-good effect at mega sport events: Recommendations for public and private administration informed by the experience of the FIFA World Cup 2006 (Issue 18). Hamburg contemporary economic discussions.Malfas, M., Theodoraki, E., & Houlihan, B. (2004). Impacts of the Olympic Games as mega-events. Municipal Engineer, 157(3), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1680/muen.157.3.209.49461Mandell, R. D. (1976). The first modern olympics. University of California Press.Maxwell, J. A. (2012). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Sage publications.May, T. (2011). Social research: Issues, methods and research. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).McCormick, K., Anderberg, S., Coenen, L., & Neij, L. (2013). Advancing sustainable urban transformation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.003McKay, M., & Plumb, C. P. (2001). Reaching beyond the gold: the impact of the Olympic Games on real estate markets.Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. Revised and Expanded from" Case Study Research in Education.". ERIC.Minnaert, L. (2012). An Olympic legacy for all? The non-infrastructural outcomes of the Olympic Games for socially excluded groups (Atlanta 1996–Beijing 2008). Tourism Management, 33(2), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.04.005Mohsin Hashmi, S., Fida, B., & Alhayky, A. (2008). Economic impact studies of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. China-USA Business Review, 7, 27–35.Müller, M. (2017). What makes an event a mega-event? Definition and sizes. In S. Frawley (Ed.), Managing Sport Mega-Events. Routledge.Müller, M., & Gaffney, C. (2018). Comparing the Urban Impacts of the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games From 2010 to 2016. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(4), 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518771830Muñoz, F. (2006). Olympic Urbanism and Olympic Villages: Planning Strategies in Olympic Host Cities, London 1908 to London 2012. The Sociological Review, 54(2_suppl), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00660.xMuñoz, F. (2016). Urbanalisation and City Mega-events: From “Copy&Paste” Urbanism to Urban Creativity. In G. Poynter & V. Viehoff (Eds.), Mega-event Cities: Urban Legacies of Global Sports Events. Routledge.Nafziger, J. A. R. (1980). Diplomatic fun and the games: A commentary on the United States boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Willamette L. Rev., 17, 67.National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2022). Annual Data. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/National Post Wire Services. (2014). IOC reportedly made some ridiculous demands to help push Oslo out of 2022 Winter Olympics bidding. https://nationalpost.com/sports/olympics/ioc-reportedly-made-some-ridiculous-demands-to-help-push-oslo-out-of-2022-winter-olympics-biddingNeuendorf, K. A. (2017). The Content Analysis Guidebook. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802878Office for National Statistics. (2022). Regional gross domestic product: city regions - Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductcityregionsOliver, M. (2017). London wins 2012 Olympics. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/06/olympics2012.olympicgames1Osgood, M. (2022). What Everyone Got Wrong About the Last Beijing Olympics’ Opening Ceremony. https://slate.com/culture/2022/02/2008-beijing-olympics-opening-ceremony-zhang-yimou-meaning.htmlPainjet. (2021). Beijing Subway network during the 2008 Summer and 2022 Winter Olympic Games. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beijing_Subway_network_during_the_2008_Summer_and_2022_Winter_Olympic_Games.pngPalinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544.Palmer, M. (2016). The property legacy of London 2012: Four years on, what’s it like to live in the Olympic village? https://www.dailymail.co.uk/property/article-3725436/The-property-legacy-London-2012-Four-years-s-like-live-Olympic-village.htmlParis 2024. (2022a). Paris 2024 - Environmental ambition. https://www.paris2024.org/en/a-pioneering-ambition-for-the-environment/Paris 2024. (2022b). Paris 2024 presents an opening ceremony like no other. https://www.paris2024.org/en/ceremony/Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage publications.Pixabay. (2018a). Beijing National Aquatic Center. https://pixabay.com/images/id-3675426/Pixabay. (2018b). Beijing National Stadium. https://pixabay.com/images/id-3675420/Populous. (2020). London Olympic Stadium Transformation. https://populous.com/project/london-olympic-stadium-transformationPoynter, G., & Viehoff, V. (2016). Mega-event cities : urban legacies of global sports events. In G. Poynter & V. Viehoff (Eds.), Mega-event cities : urban legacies of global sports events. Routledge.Poyntner, G., Viehoff, V., & Li, Y. (2015). The London Olympics and Urban Development (G. Poynter, V. Viehoff, & Y. Li, Eds.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315758862Preuss, H. (2000). Economics of the Olympic Games: hosting the games 1972-2000. Walla Walla Press in conjunction with the Centre for Olympic Studies, University of New South Wales.Preuss, H. (2007). The Conceptualisation and Measurement of Mega Sport Event Legacies. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(3–4), 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736957Preuss, H. (2015). A framework for identifying the legacies of a mega sport event. Leisure Studies, 34(6), 643–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2014.994552Preuss, H. (2019). Event legacy framework and measurement. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 11(1), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2018.1490336Ray, M. (2021). London bombings of 2005 | History, Facts, & Map. https://www.britannica.com/event/London-bombings-of-2005Reuters. (2022). Britain-Ireland, Russia, Turkey interested in hosting Euro 2028 - UEFA. https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/uefa-confirms-russia-turkey-joint-britain-ireland-bids-euro-2028-2022-03-23/Riding, A. (1993). OLYMPICS: 2000 Olympics Go to Sydney In Surprise Setback for China. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/24/sports/olympics-2000-olympics-go-to-sydney-in-surprise-setback-for-china.htmlRitner, J. (2022). The Beijing Olympics’ snow problem is more serious than you think. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/02/08/beijing-olympics-snow-problem-is-more-serious-than-you-think/Roche, M. (1994). Mega-Events and Urban Policy. Journal of Travel Research, 32(3), 78. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759403200369Roche, M. (1998). Mega-events, culture and modernity: Expos and the origins of public culture. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 5(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286639809358087Roche, M. (2002). Mega-events and modernity: Olympics and expos in the growth of global culture.Roche, M. (2003). Mega-events, Time and Modernity: On Time Structures in Global Society. Time & Society - TIME SOC, 12, 99–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X03012001370Scheu, A., Preuß, H., & Könecke, T. (2021). The Legacy of the Olympic Games: A Review. Journal of Global Sport Management, 6(3), 212–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2019.1566757Scott, J. (2014). A matter of record: Documentary sources in social research. John Wiley & Sons.Serico, C. (2016). Queen Elizabeth II at 90: Funny moments, James Bond skydive. https://www.today.com/popculture/time-queen-skydived-james-bond-7-other-silly-moments-t85446Sina. (2008). Beijing 2008 Olympic Games posters. http://2008.sina.com.cn/en/photo/2008-07-19/10404780.htmlSmith, R. (2018). London’s Tube map has just been updated to include the Elizabeth Line — take a look. https://www.businessinsider.com/london-tube-map-now-includes-the-elizabeth-line-take-a-look-2017-12?international=true&r=US&IR=TSola, F. E. (1998). The impact of mega-events. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 241–245.Staff, T. W. (2019). London backed to make bid for the 2036 Olympic Games. https://www.theweek.co.uk/olympics/99891/london-backed-to-make-bid-for-the-2036-olympic-gamesStevenson, A., & Kleyn, B. (2021). Brisbane’s 2032 “climate-positive” Olympics commitment sets high bar on delivering sustainable legacy. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-08/qld-olympic-climate-positive-brisbane-2032-games-commitment/100598202Sukhdev, P. (2009, November). Green economy for an urban age. Paper for the Urban Age Conference. Urban Age Conference.Swann, P. (2020). The Illustrated Guide to the Content Analysis Research Project. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429468308Swedish Olympic Committee. (1912). The official report of the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912 : the Fifth Olympiad. https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/31965/the-official-report-of-the-olympic-games-of-stockholm-1912-the-fifth-olympiad-issued-by-the-swedish-?_lg=en-GBSylvain, G. (2019). A responsible project. https://www.paris2024.org/en/responsible-project/TES. (2018). History / Geography - How East London Has Changed | Teaching Resources. https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/history-geography-how-east-london-has-changed-11434265Thorpe, R., & Holt, R. (2008). The SAGE Dictionary of Qualitative Management Research. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857020109TOCOG. (1964). Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo 1964: the official report.Tomlinson, R. (2012). London 2012: infrastructure legacy or a costly waste? https://theconversation.com/london-2012-infrastructure-legacy-or-a-costly-waste-7542Toohey, K., & Veal, A. J. (2007). The Olympic games: a social science perspective (K. Toohey & A. J. Veal, Eds.). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845933463.0000Tsang, E. W. K. (2014). Generalizing from Research Findings: The Merits of Case Studies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 16(4), 369–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12024UK Trade & Investment. (2014). Turning the Games into gold: economic boost from London 2012 has passed £14 billion. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/turning-the-games-into-gold-economic-boost-from-london-2012-has-passed-14-billionUnited Nations Fund for Population Activities. (2007). State of the World’s Population 2007: Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth. United Nations Population Fund, New York.Veal, A., & Toohey, K. (2007). The Olympic games: a social science perspective (K. Toohey & A. J. Veal, Eds.). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845933463.0000Wang, H., Shen, Q., Tang, B., Lu, C., Peng, Y., & Tang, L. (2014). A framework of decision-making factors and supporting information for facilitating sustainable site planning in urban renewal projects. Cities, 40, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.04.005Weinberger, J. (2012). London’s Temporary Olympic Stadium, Built for Change | The Takeaway. https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/takeaway/segments/226753-embracing-temporary-londons-olympic-stadium-built-changeWhitson, D., & Macintosh, D. (1996). The Global Circus: International Sport, Tourism, and the Marketing of Cities. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 20(3), 278–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372396020003004Wilson, J. (2019). Mayor of London and UK Sport back idea of London bid for 2036 Olympics. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/olympics/2019/02/26/mayor-london-uk-sport-back-idea-oflondon-bid-2036-olympics/Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a Way of Life. American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 1–24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2768119Xinhua. (2008). Art performance showcases Chinese culture at Games opener. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/olympics/2008-08/08/content_6918455_3.htmYin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (Vol. 5). sage.Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications : design and methods (Sixth edition.). SAGE. https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC14516944Young. (2008). International Airport, Beijing. https://arquitecturaviva.com/works/aeropuerto-internacional-de-pekin-3Young, D. C. (2004). A Brief History of the Olympic Games (D. C. Young, Ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470774823Zongwei, K. (2021). 陳致中籲高雄申辦2036奧運 陳其邁：相信有天會辦. https://ynews.page.link/6HTU?soc_src=social-sh&soc_trk=ma 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
110933068資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110933068 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 冷則剛 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Leng, Tse-Kang en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 徐坦諾 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Daniel Schreiber en_US dc.creator (作者) 徐坦諾 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Schreiber, Daniel en_US dc.date (日期) 2022 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-七月-2022 16:18:04 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-七月-2022 16:18:04 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-七月-2022 16:18:04 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0110933068 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/140646 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110933068 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Sports mega-events are deeply rooted in modern societies, from FIFA World Cups to Olympic Games. These events are more than the sports competitions they deliver. They create a substantial impact on host cities, countries, and societies by changing people`s urban landscape and behavior. Furthermore, the dimensions of such events are ever-growing, and a rethinking of hosting the Olympics has led to the establishment of legacy planning policies required by the IOC. Throughout a comparative case study of the Olympic Games in Beijing and London, 2008 and 2012, this thesis shows that implementing this new procedure changed the sustainable legacy outcome with a particular focus on urban development and sustainability. Moreover, Beijing 2008 and London 2012 are analyzed with a mixed-method approach, combining and comparing qualitative and quantitative results of content analysis and further analyzing the sustainable impact of the Olympic legacy in the form of a linear regression model. All models are based on the following dimensions analyzed: urban development, environmental enhancement, policy and governance, human development, intellectual property, and social development.The combined results clearly show that both host cities, Beijing and London, created a long-lasting legacy for their cities and people. However, a clear difference is visible when legacy factors are further analyzed, then the legacy of London 2012 is more sustainable than the one of Beijing 2008. The underlying rationale for hosting Olympic Games in Beijing is fundamentally different from the one in London. China wanted to take a new role by hosting the Olympics and creating a new sports and infrastructure construction movement. In contrast, London intended to upgrade its old and not well-developed neighborhoods. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 1. INTRODUCTION 11.1. BACKGROUND, PURPOSE, AND RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC 11.2. RESEARCH AIMS AND QUESTIONS 31.3. SCOPE OF RESEARCH 41.4. THESIS OUTLINE AND STRUCTURE 52. LITERATURE REVIEW 72.1. URBANISM, URBAN DESIGN, AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION 72.2. SPORTS MEGA-EVENTS AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT 102.3. OLYMPIC GAMES DURING THE MODERN ERA 142.3.1. Historical development of the modern Olympiad 142.3.2. Olympic urbanization 182.4. DEFINING OLYMPIC LEGACY 273. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 303.1. COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY APPROACH 303.2. LITERATURE REVIEW 333.3. CONTENT ANALYSIS 333.4. FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING OLYMPIC LEGACY 353.4.1. Basic dimensions for evaluation of the Olympic legacy 353.4.2. Olympic legacy framework 413.5. SELECTION AND DEFINITION OF CASES 423.6. SYSTEMATIC CASE COMPARISON 434. CASE: BEIJING 2008 – “ONE WORLD, ONE DREAM” 454.1. INTRODUCTION OF BEIJING 2008, PRC 454.2. EVALUATION OF BEIJING 2008 IN TERMS OF LEGACY 464.2.1. Space dimension 474.2.2. Society and people dimension 554.3. BEIJING 2008’S LEGACY: SUMMARY AND RESULTS 634.4. EXCURSUS: BEIJING 2022 AND SUSTAINABILITY 685. CASE: LONDON 2012 – “INSPIRE A GENERATION” 705.1. INTRODUCTION OF LONDON 2012, UK 705.2. EVALUATION OF LONDON 2012 IN TERMS OF LEGACY 715.2.1. Space dimension 735.2.2. Society and people dimension 805.3. LONDON 2012’S LEGACY: SUMMARY AND RESULTS 885.4. EXCURSUS: LONDON 20XX 926. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF SUSTAINABILITY AND LEGACY 936.1. REGRESSION ANALYSIS: SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH OLYMPIC LEGACY FACTORS 936.2. REGRESSION ANALYSIS: SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH OLYMPIC LEGACY SUB-FACTORS 976.3. SUSTAINABILITY COMPARISON FOR BEIJING 2008 AND LONDON 2012 1016.4. ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY FOR BEIJING 2008 AND LONDON 2012 1046.5. DISCUSSION OF ANALYSIS RESULTS 1097. CONCLUSION 1137.1. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 1147.2. IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE OLYMPIC HOST CITIES 115REFERENCES 118APPENDIX 129APPENDIX A: CONTENT ANALYSIS – CODEBOOK 129APPENDIX B: CONTENT ANALYSIS – CASE: BEIJING 2008 143APPENDIX C: CONTENT ANALYSIS – CASE: LONDON 2012 181 zh_TW dc.format.extent 14011198 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110933068 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 奧運傳奇 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 都市發展 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 都市轉型 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 永續 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Olympic legacy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Urban development en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Urban transformation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sustainability en_US dc.title (題名) 奧林匹克大會與城市轉型： 2008年北京與2012年倫敦奧運之比較研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Evaluating Olympic legacy and urban transformation: a comparative case study of the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008 and London 2012 en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anthony, E. (2017). The Beijing Olympic Green. https://www.flickr.com/photos/mydailyart/35247216394/in/photostream/Arup. (2022). Designing the National Aquatics Center (Water Cube) for Beijing Olympics 2008. https://www.arup.com/projects/chinese-national-aquatics-centerBarnett, J. (2011). A short guide to 60 of the newest urbanisms. Planning, 77(4).Bartlett, L., & Vavrus, F. (2017). Comparative Case Studies: An Innovative Approach. Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE), 1(1). https://doi.org/10.7577/njcie.1929Beck, U. (2010). Climate for Change, or How to Create a Green Modernity? Theory, Culture & Society, 27(2–3), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409358729BeFreeTour. (2022). Beijing National Center for the Performing Arts Ticket. https://www.befreetour.com/en/detail/5013-national-centre-performing-arts-beijingBradsher, K. (2022). For China, Hosting the Olympics Is Worth Every Billion. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/14/business/economy/olympics-china-economics.htmlBramley, Glen., Munro, Moira., & Pawson, Hal. (2004). Key issues in housing : policies and markets in 21st- century Britain. Palgrave Macmillan.Brannagan, P. M., & Giulianotti, R. (2014). Qatar, global sport and the 2022 FIFA world cup. In Leveraging Legacies from Sports Mega-Events: Concepts and Cases (pp. 154–165). Springer.Brown, S. (2012). De Coubertin’s Olympism and the Laugh of Michel Foucault: Crisis Discourse and the Olympic Games. Quest, 64(3), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2012.693750Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford university press.Burrows, T. (2020). Legacy, what legacy? Five years on the London Olympic park battle still rages. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jul/27/london-olympic-park-success-five-years-dependsCatuogno, C. (2021). Olympia 2036: Der Sport hat in Geschichte nicht aufgepasst. https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/olympia-2036-deutschland-1.5461357Chalip, L. (2004). Beyond impact: A general model for sport event leverage. In B. W. Ritchie & D. Adair (Eds.), Sport tourism: Interrelationships, impacts and issues. Channel View Publications.Chalkley, B., & Essex, S. (1999). Urban development through hosting international events: a history of the Olympic Games. Planning Perspectives, 14(4), 369–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/026654399364184Chan, W., Lu, M., & Zhang, J. (2006). Attaining Cost Efficiency in Constructing Sports Facilities for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games by use of Operations Simulation. Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, 2063–2070. https://doi.org/10.1109/WSC.2006.322994Chappelet, J.-L. (1970). Mega Sporting Event Legacies: A Multifaceted Concept. Papeles de Europa, 0(25). https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_PADE.2012.n25.41096Chappelet, J.-L. (2008). Olympic Environmental Concerns as a Legacy of the Winter Games. International Journal of The History of Sport, 25, 1884–1902. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802438991China Business Review. (2020). The 2008 Olympics’ Impact on China. https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/the-2008-olympics-impact-on-china/Choong-soon, K. (1987). The Olympic Games as a force of cultural exchange and changes. In K. Sh.-P., J. MacAloon, & R. DaMatta (Eds.), The Olympics and cultural exchange. Hanyang University.Clark, J., & Wise, N. (2017). Urban transformations : geographies of renewal and creative change /. Routledge,. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315624457Coubertin Carl-Diem-Institut., P. de. (1967). The Olympic idea. Discourses and essays. Editions internationales Olympic; Olympischer Sport-Verlag.Daothong, J., & Stubbs, D. (2014). London 2012 legacy: creating a more sustainable future for London and beyond. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering, 167(6), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1680/cien.14.00006Deng, C. (2022). China’s Olympics Guest List Highlights Tensions With West. https://www.wsj.com/articles/foreign-leaders-counter-biden-by-heading-to-beijing-for-olympics-11643894449Denyer, D., & Tranfield, D. (2009). Producing a systematic review.Diaconu, C. (2018). East Village Contract Secured by Mace. https://www.bdcmagazine.com/2018/09/mace-secures-east-village-contract/DPA. (2021). Harting: Nicht-Bewerbung für Olympia 2036 “peinlich.” https://www.zeit.de/news/2021-07/23/harting-nicht-bewerbung-fuer-olympia-2036-peinlichEssex, S., & Chalkley, B. (1998). Olympic Games: catalyst of urban change. Leisure Studies, 17(3), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/026143698375123Finlay, J. L. (1997). The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival. History: Reviews of New Books, 26(1), 44–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1997.10525338Forsyth, A. (2007). Innovation in Urban Design: Does Research Help? Journal of Urban Design, 12(3), 461–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800701602569Fraser, D. (2018). Haunting photos of Olympic wasteland. https://www.foxsports.com.au/more-sports/beijings-2008-olympic-venues-lay-unused-and-abandoned-a-decade-on-from-showpiece-event/news-story/a21136093bda8b47e8d2b7ff1b09ae58Frawley, S., & Adair, D. (2013). Managing the Olympics (S. Frawley & D. Adair, Eds.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230389588Gasser, Stol. I. S. (2011). Dreier-Landtag lehnt Olympische Spiele in Euregio ab / Lokal / Politik im Überblick / Artikel / Home - stol.it - Suedtirol Online mit Nachrichten, Bildern und Videos. https://web.archive.org/web/20110504181254/http://www.stol.it/Artikel/Politik-im-Ueberblick/Lokal/Dreier-Landtag-lehnt-Olympische-Spiele-in-Euregio-abGeels, F. (2002). Understanding the Dynamics of Technological Transitions.Girginov, V. (2018). Rethinking Olympic Legacy (1st ed.). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315114965Girginov, V., & Parry, S. J. (S. J. (2005). The Olympic games explained : a student guide to the evolution of the modern Olympic games. 272.Goodrick, D. (2014). Comparative case studies: Methodological briefs-Impact evaluation No. 9.Goodrick, D. (2020). Comparative case studies. SAGE Publications Limited.Gordon, B. F. (1983). Olympic architecture : building for the Summer Games. Wiley. https://books.google.com/books/about/Olympic_Architecture.html?hl=de&id=qvdOAAAAMAAJGratton, C., & Henry, I. (2001). Sport and the City: the Role of Sport in Economic and Social Generation. Routledge.Gratton, C., & Preuss, H. (2008). Maximizing Olympic Impacts by Building Up Legacies. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(14), 1922–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802439023Grix, J. (2018). The foundations of research. Macmillan International Higher Education.Grix, J., & Brannagan, P. M. (2016). Of mechanisms and myths: conceptualising states’“soft power” strategies through sports mega-events. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 27(2), 251–272.Grix, J., Brannagan, P., Wood, H., & Wynne, C. (2017). State strategies for leveraging sports mega-events: unpacking the concept of ‘legacy.’ International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2017.1316761Harris, S., & Dowling, M. (2022). Sport participation and Olympic legacies : : a comparative study. Routledge,.Heathrow Press Center. (2019). Local support for Heathrow expansion remains strong as airport’s largest ever public consultation closes. https://mediacentre.heathrow.com/pressrelease/details/81/Expansion-News-23/11544Hill, C. R. (1996). Olympic politics. Manchester University Press ; Distributed exclusively in the USA and Canada by St. Martin’s Press.Holt, R., & Ruta, D. (2017). Routledge Handbook Of Sport And Legacy: Meeting the challenge of major sports events (J. Panter, R. Holt, & D. Ruta, Eds.; 1st ed.). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203132562Horne, J. (2002). Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup (1. publ..). Routledge. https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC03562534Horne, J., & Whannel, G. (2020). Understanding the Olympics. Routledge.Inam, A. (2013). Designing Urban Transformation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203728284Ingerson, L. (2001). A comparison of the economic contribution of hallmark sporting and performing events. In C. Gratton & I. Henry (Eds.), Sport and the City: the Role of Sport in Economic and Social Generation. Routledge.International Olympic Committee. (2004). IOC Annual Report.International Olympic Committee. (2007). Olympic charter.International Olympic Committee. (2013). Olympic Legacy. International Olympic Committee.International Olympic Committee. (2020). IOC Annual Report.IOC. (2015). Host city selection for the 2022 Olympic Winter Games. https://olympics.com/ioc/2022-host-city-electionIOC. (2021). London 2012 Cultural Olympiad keeping visitors entertained. https://olympics.com/en/news/london-2012-cultural-olympiad-keeping-visitors-entertainedIOC. (2022a). Medal Table Beijing 2022. https://olympics.com/de/olympic-games/beijing-2022/medalsIOC. (2022b). COVID-19 counter measures for Beijing 2022. https://olympics.com/ioc/news/covid-19-countermeasures-for-beijing-2022IOC. (2022c). Sustainability in the spotlight at Beijing 2022. https://olympics.com/ioc/news/sustainability-in-the-spotlight-at-beijing-2022#:~:text=In%20line%20with%20IOC%20requirements,emissions%20and%20reach%20carbon%20neutrality.Kaarbo, J., & Beasley, R. K. (1999). A practical guide to the comparative case study method in political psychology. Political Psychology, 20(2), 369–391.Krieger, A. (2009). Where and How Does Urban Design Happen. In A. Krieger & W. Saunders (Eds.), Urban Design (pp. 115–129). University of Minnesota Press.Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content analysis : an introduction to its methodology (3. ed..). Sage. https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC08977231L.A. 2028. (2022a). How will you ensure a sustainable Games? https://la28.org/en/faqs/how-will-you-ensure-a-sustainable-games-.htmlL.A. 2028. (2022b). What benefit will the Games bring to Los Angeles? https://la28.org/en/faqs/what-benefit-will-the-games-bring-to-los-angeles–.html#articleIntroLane, D. (2018). Sports and foreign policy: President Jimmy Carter and the 1980 Moscow Olympics boycott.Li, S., & Jago, L. (2013). Evaluating economic impacts of major sports events - A meta analysis of the key trends. Current Issues in Tourism, 16, 591–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.736482Liao, H., & Pitts, A. (2006). A brief historical review of Olympic urbanization. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 23(7), 1232–1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360600832502Lindau, L. A., Petzhold, G., Tavares, V. B., & Facchini, D. (2016). Mega events and the transformation of Rio de Janeiro into a mass-transit city. Research in Transportation Economics, 59, 196–203.LOCOG. (2012). London 2012: Pre Games Sustainability Report. LOCOG. https://cleanair.london/app/uploads/CAL-190-CSL-2012-pre-games-sustainability-report-transport.pdfLOCOG. (2018). 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics Logo. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012_Summer_Olympics_logos.svgLongmen, T. N. Y. (2001). Beijing Is Selected as 2008 Host City. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/13/sports/beijing-is-selected-as-2008-host-city.htmlLucas, C. (1904). The Olympic Games 1904.Mackay, D. (2021). Munich citizens vote against bid for 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics. https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1016892/munich-citizens-against-bid-for-2022-winter-olympics-and-paralympicsMacRury, I. (2016). Olympic Legacy. In G. Poynter & V. Viehoff (Eds.), Mega-event cities : urban legacies of global sports events. Routledge.Maennig, W. (2008). The feel-good effect at mega sport events: Recommendations for public and private administration informed by the experience of the FIFA World Cup 2006 (Issue 18). Hamburg contemporary economic discussions.Malfas, M., Theodoraki, E., & Houlihan, B. (2004). Impacts of the Olympic Games as mega-events. Municipal Engineer, 157(3), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1680/muen.157.3.209.49461Mandell, R. D. (1976). The first modern olympics. University of California Press.Maxwell, J. A. (2012). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Sage publications.May, T. (2011). Social research: Issues, methods and research. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).McCormick, K., Anderberg, S., Coenen, L., & Neij, L. (2013). Advancing sustainable urban transformation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.003McKay, M., & Plumb, C. P. (2001). Reaching beyond the gold: the impact of the Olympic Games on real estate markets.Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. Revised and Expanded from" Case Study Research in Education.". ERIC.Minnaert, L. (2012). An Olympic legacy for all? The non-infrastructural outcomes of the Olympic Games for socially excluded groups (Atlanta 1996–Beijing 2008). Tourism Management, 33(2), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.04.005Mohsin Hashmi, S., Fida, B., & Alhayky, A. (2008). Economic impact studies of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. China-USA Business Review, 7, 27–35.Müller, M. (2017). What makes an event a mega-event? Definition and sizes. In S. Frawley (Ed.), Managing Sport Mega-Events. Routledge.Müller, M., & Gaffney, C. (2018). Comparing the Urban Impacts of the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games From 2010 to 2016. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(4), 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518771830Muñoz, F. (2006). Olympic Urbanism and Olympic Villages: Planning Strategies in Olympic Host Cities, London 1908 to London 2012. The Sociological Review, 54(2_suppl), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00660.xMuñoz, F. (2016). Urbanalisation and City Mega-events: From “Copy&Paste” Urbanism to Urban Creativity. In G. Poynter & V. Viehoff (Eds.), Mega-event Cities: Urban Legacies of Global Sports Events. Routledge.Nafziger, J. A. R. (1980). Diplomatic fun and the games: A commentary on the United States boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Willamette L. Rev., 17, 67.National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2022). Annual Data. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/National Post Wire Services. (2014). IOC reportedly made some ridiculous demands to help push Oslo out of 2022 Winter Olympics bidding. https://nationalpost.com/sports/olympics/ioc-reportedly-made-some-ridiculous-demands-to-help-push-oslo-out-of-2022-winter-olympics-biddingNeuendorf, K. A. (2017). The Content Analysis Guidebook. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802878Office for National Statistics. (2022). Regional gross domestic product: city regions - Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductcityregionsOliver, M. (2017). London wins 2012 Olympics. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/06/olympics2012.olympicgames1Osgood, M. (2022). What Everyone Got Wrong About the Last Beijing Olympics’ Opening Ceremony. https://slate.com/culture/2022/02/2008-beijing-olympics-opening-ceremony-zhang-yimou-meaning.htmlPainjet. (2021). Beijing Subway network during the 2008 Summer and 2022 Winter Olympic Games. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beijing_Subway_network_during_the_2008_Summer_and_2022_Winter_Olympic_Games.pngPalinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544.Palmer, M. (2016). The property legacy of London 2012: Four years on, what’s it like to live in the Olympic village? https://www.dailymail.co.uk/property/article-3725436/The-property-legacy-London-2012-Four-years-s-like-live-Olympic-village.htmlParis 2024. (2022a). Paris 2024 - Environmental ambition. https://www.paris2024.org/en/a-pioneering-ambition-for-the-environment/Paris 2024. (2022b). Paris 2024 presents an opening ceremony like no other. https://www.paris2024.org/en/ceremony/Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage publications.Pixabay. (2018a). Beijing National Aquatic Center. https://pixabay.com/images/id-3675426/Pixabay. (2018b). Beijing National Stadium. https://pixabay.com/images/id-3675420/Populous. (2020). London Olympic Stadium Transformation. https://populous.com/project/london-olympic-stadium-transformationPoynter, G., & Viehoff, V. (2016). Mega-event cities : urban legacies of global sports events. In G. Poynter & V. Viehoff (Eds.), Mega-event cities : urban legacies of global sports events. Routledge.Poyntner, G., Viehoff, V., & Li, Y. (2015). The London Olympics and Urban Development (G. Poynter, V. Viehoff, & Y. Li, Eds.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315758862Preuss, H. (2000). Economics of the Olympic Games: hosting the games 1972-2000. Walla Walla Press in conjunction with the Centre for Olympic Studies, University of New South Wales.Preuss, H. (2007). The Conceptualisation and Measurement of Mega Sport Event Legacies. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(3–4), 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736957Preuss, H. (2015). A framework for identifying the legacies of a mega sport event. Leisure Studies, 34(6), 643–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2014.994552Preuss, H. (2019). Event legacy framework and measurement. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 11(1), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2018.1490336Ray, M. (2021). London bombings of 2005 | History, Facts, & Map. https://www.britannica.com/event/London-bombings-of-2005Reuters. (2022). Britain-Ireland, Russia, Turkey interested in hosting Euro 2028 - UEFA. https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/uefa-confirms-russia-turkey-joint-britain-ireland-bids-euro-2028-2022-03-23/Riding, A. (1993). OLYMPICS: 2000 Olympics Go to Sydney In Surprise Setback for China. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/24/sports/olympics-2000-olympics-go-to-sydney-in-surprise-setback-for-china.htmlRitner, J. (2022). The Beijing Olympics’ snow problem is more serious than you think. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/02/08/beijing-olympics-snow-problem-is-more-serious-than-you-think/Roche, M. (1994). Mega-Events and Urban Policy. Journal of Travel Research, 32(3), 78. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759403200369Roche, M. (1998). Mega-events, culture and modernity: Expos and the origins of public culture. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 5(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286639809358087Roche, M. (2002). Mega-events and modernity: Olympics and expos in the growth of global culture.Roche, M. (2003). Mega-events, Time and Modernity: On Time Structures in Global Society. Time & Society - TIME SOC, 12, 99–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X03012001370Scheu, A., Preuß, H., & Könecke, T. (2021). The Legacy of the Olympic Games: A Review. Journal of Global Sport Management, 6(3), 212–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2019.1566757Scott, J. (2014). A matter of record: Documentary sources in social research. John Wiley & Sons.Serico, C. (2016). Queen Elizabeth II at 90: Funny moments, James Bond skydive. https://www.today.com/popculture/time-queen-skydived-james-bond-7-other-silly-moments-t85446Sina. (2008). Beijing 2008 Olympic Games posters. http://2008.sina.com.cn/en/photo/2008-07-19/10404780.htmlSmith, R. (2018). London’s Tube map has just been updated to include the Elizabeth Line — take a look. https://www.businessinsider.com/london-tube-map-now-includes-the-elizabeth-line-take-a-look-2017-12?international=true&r=US&IR=TSola, F. E. (1998). The impact of mega-events. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 241–245.Staff, T. W. (2019). London backed to make bid for the 2036 Olympic Games. https://www.theweek.co.uk/olympics/99891/london-backed-to-make-bid-for-the-2036-olympic-gamesStevenson, A., & Kleyn, B. (2021). Brisbane’s 2032 “climate-positive” Olympics commitment sets high bar on delivering sustainable legacy. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-08/qld-olympic-climate-positive-brisbane-2032-games-commitment/100598202Sukhdev, P. (2009, November). Green economy for an urban age. Paper for the Urban Age Conference. Urban Age Conference.Swann, P. (2020). The Illustrated Guide to the Content Analysis Research Project. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429468308Swedish Olympic Committee. (1912). The official report of the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912 : the Fifth Olympiad. https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/31965/the-official-report-of-the-olympic-games-of-stockholm-1912-the-fifth-olympiad-issued-by-the-swedish-?_lg=en-GBSylvain, G. (2019). A responsible project. https://www.paris2024.org/en/responsible-project/TES. (2018). History / Geography - How East London Has Changed | Teaching Resources. https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/history-geography-how-east-london-has-changed-11434265Thorpe, R., & Holt, R. (2008). The SAGE Dictionary of Qualitative Management Research. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857020109TOCOG. (1964). Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo 1964: the official report.Tomlinson, R. (2012). London 2012: infrastructure legacy or a costly waste? https://theconversation.com/london-2012-infrastructure-legacy-or-a-costly-waste-7542Toohey, K., & Veal, A. J. (2007). The Olympic games: a social science perspective (K. Toohey & A. J. Veal, Eds.). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845933463.0000Tsang, E. W. K. (2014). Generalizing from Research Findings: The Merits of Case Studies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 16(4), 369–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12024UK Trade & Investment. (2014). Turning the Games into gold: economic boost from London 2012 has passed £14 billion. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/turning-the-games-into-gold-economic-boost-from-london-2012-has-passed-14-billionUnited Nations Fund for Population Activities. (2007). State of the World’s Population 2007: Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth. United Nations Population Fund, New York.Veal, A., & Toohey, K. (2007). The Olympic games: a social science perspective (K. Toohey & A. J. Veal, Eds.). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845933463.0000Wang, H., Shen, Q., Tang, B., Lu, C., Peng, Y., & Tang, L. (2014). A framework of decision-making factors and supporting information for facilitating sustainable site planning in urban renewal projects. Cities, 40, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.04.005Weinberger, J. (2012). London’s Temporary Olympic Stadium, Built for Change | The Takeaway. https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/takeaway/segments/226753-embracing-temporary-londons-olympic-stadium-built-changeWhitson, D., & Macintosh, D. (1996). The Global Circus: International Sport, Tourism, and the Marketing of Cities. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 20(3), 278–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372396020003004Wilson, J. (2019). Mayor of London and UK Sport back idea of London bid for 2036 Olympics. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/olympics/2019/02/26/mayor-london-uk-sport-back-idea-oflondon-bid-2036-olympics/Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a Way of Life. American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 1–24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2768119Xinhua. (2008). Art performance showcases Chinese culture at Games opener. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/olympics/2008-08/08/content_6918455_3.htmYin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (Vol. 5). sage.Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications : design and methods (Sixth edition.). SAGE. https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC14516944Young. (2008). International Airport, Beijing. https://arquitecturaviva.com/works/aeropuerto-internacional-de-pekin-3Young, D. C. (2004). A Brief History of the Olympic Games (D. C. Young, Ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470774823Zongwei, K. (2021). 陳致中籲高雄申辦2036奧運 陳其邁：相信有天會辦. https://ynews.page.link/6HTU?soc_src=social-sh&soc_trk=ma zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202200481 en_US
