學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 儀式型行為的認知體現化效果
The Embodiment Effect of Ritual Behaviors作者 簡宏昱
Chien, Hung-Yu貢獻者 孫蒨如
Sun, Chien-Ru
簡宏昱
Chien, Hung-Yu關鍵詞 儀式型行為
認知體現化
感知控制感
蓄勢待發的心理狀態
Ritual behavior
Perceived control
State of readiness
Embodiment
Sport psychology日期 2022 上傳時間 1-Jul-2022 16:19:49 (UTC+8) 摘要 過去探討儀式型行為（ritual behaviors）對於行為表現的研究大多屬於社會學或運動心理學的範疇，直至近十年社會心理學透過實驗法開始進行量化的研究。儀式型行為能提升作業表現不僅限於運動場域中，近期的心理學研究也發現其有助於調節個體的情緒及測驗表現。雖然儀式型行為能帶來益處已是研究者的共識，但其運作的相關心理機制仍有待釐清，所採用的研究設計也尚未有一致的看法。本研究則認為儀式型行為會造成知體現化效果，使得個體進入一個蓄勢待發（readiness）的心理狀態，進而提升個體在目標作業上的表現。在前測中我們首先檢測過去實驗設計中所使用的不同種類的控制組，亦即隨機行為組與等待組，並挑選合適的組別作為正式研究的控制組。52位參與者被隨機分派至兩組進行操弄並比較兩組在中介變項上的得分，最後選擇隨機行為組做為正式研究之控制組。正式研究則有111位參與者參與研究，隨機分派至儀式型行為組、想像組、感知控制組，或隨機行為組來檢驗從事儀式型行為是否能引發參與者的蓄勢待發狀態，進而提升數學測驗的表現。研究結果大致符合預期，從事儀式型行為的參與者不僅在蓄勢待發感受和感知控制感之得分明顯較其他組別高，同時在數學作業的表現也明顯較其他各組好；最後中介分析的結果則進一步顯示，蓄勢待發狀態確實部分中介了儀式型行為對於個體在數學上的表現，而感知控制感則非一個有效的中介變項。
Most of the early research on the influence of ritual behaviors on behavioral performance has been in the scope of sociology or sports psychology, and until recent years it is investigated experimentally by social psychologists. In addition to improving athletic performance, recent research has shown that enacting ritual behaviors not only helps regulate emotions, but also enhance task performance. However, the underlying psychological mechanism of ritual behaviors remains unclear. In this study, we proposed that enacting ritual behaviors can induce embodiment effect, which makes individuals enter a state of readiness, and therefore improve performances.In the pilot study, we tested the different types of control groups used in previous research, namely the random behavior group and the waiting group, and selected one of them as the control group. 52 participants were randomly assigned to these two groups and the result indicated that the random behavior group is the most appropriate control group. In the main study, 111 participants were randomly assigned to the ritual behavior group, the imaginary group, the perceived control group, or the random behavior group to evaluate whether engaging in ritual behaviors could induce the participants` state of “readiness”, which in turn improved performance on math. The result showed that participant who enacted ritual behaviors not only got higher scores on state of “readiness” and perceived control, but performed better on the math test than those in other groups. The results of the mediation analysis further showed that the state of readiness did partially mediate the influence of the ritual behavior on the math performance, while the perceived control was not an effective mediating variable.參考文獻 Aherne, C., Moran, A. P., & Lonsdale, C. (2011). The effect of mindfulness training on athletes` flow: An initial investigation. The Sport Psychologist, 25(2), 177-189. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.2.177Bargh, J. A., & Shalev, I. (2012). The substitutability of physical and social warmth in daily life. Emotion, 12(1), 154-162. doi:10.1037/a0023527Barsalou, L. W. (2008). Grounded Cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 617-645.doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2003). Overt head movements and persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journey of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(6), 1123-1139. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1123Brooks, A. W. (2014). Get excited: Reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1144-1158. doi:10.1037/a0035325Brooks, A. W., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Gino, F., Galinsky, A. D., Norton, M. I., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2016). Don’t stop believing: Rituals improve performance by decreasing anxiety. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 137, 71-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.004Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298Cohn, P. J. (1990). Preperformance routines in sport: Theoretical support and practical applications. The Sport Psychologist, 4(3), 301-312.Crews, D. J., & Boutcher, S. H. (1986a). Effects of structured preshot behaviors on beginning golf performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62(1), 291-294.doi:10.2466/pms.1986.62.1.291Crews, D. J., & Boutcher, S. H. (1986b). An exploratory observational behavior analysis of professional golfers during competition. Journal of Sport Behavior, 9(2), 51-58.Elliot, A. J., & Covington, M. V. (2001). Approach and avoidance motivation. Educational Psychology Review, 13(2), 73-92.Ericsson, K. A. (2016). Summing up hours of any type of practice versus identifying optimal practice activities: Commentary on Macnamara, Moreau, & Hambrick (2016). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(3), 351-354. doi:10.1177/1745691616635600Farmer, S. M., & Aguinis, H. (2005). Accounting for subordinate perceptions of supervisor power: An identity-dependence model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1069-1083. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1069Finke, R. A. (1979). The functional equivalence of mental images and errors of movement. Cognitive Psychology, 11(2), 235-264. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(79)90011-2Gallivan, J. P., & Culham, J. C. (2015). Neural coding within human brain areas involved in actions. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 33, 141-149. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2015.03.012Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2004). A mindfulness-acceptance-commitment-based approach to athletic performance enhancement: Theoretical considerations. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 707-723. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80016-9Gayton, W. F., Cielinski, K. L., Francis-Keniston, W. J., & Hearns, J. F. (1989). Effects of preshot routine on free-throw shooting. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68(1), 317-318. doi:10.2466/pms.1989.68.1.317Goodwin, S., Gubin, A., Fiske, S., & Yzerbyt, V. (2000). Power can bias impression processes: Stereotyping subordinates by default and by design. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 3, 227-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430200003003001Gould, D., Eklund, R. C., & Jackson, S. A. (1992). 1988 U.S. Olympic wrestling excellence: I. Mental preparation, precompetitive cognition, and affect. The Sport Psychologist, 6(4), 358-382.Gould, D., & Udry, E. (1994). Psychological skills for enhancing performance: Arousal regulation strategies. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 26(4), 478-485. doi:10.1249/00005768-199404000-00013Grimes, R. L. (2014). The craft of ritual studies. New York : Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301427.001.0001Gross, J. J. (1998). The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271Haggard, P., Rossetti, Y., & Kawato, M. (2008). Sensorimotor foundations of higher cognition: Attention and performance. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York, US: Cuilford press.Hobson, N. M., Bonk, D., & Inzlicht, M. (2017). Rituals decrease the neural response to performance failure. PeerJ, 5:e3363. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3363Hobson, N. M., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Xygalatas, D., & Inzlicht, M. (2018). The psychology of rituals: An integrative review and process-based framework. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(3), 260-284. doi:10.1177/1088868317734944Inesi, M. E., Botti, S., Dubois, D., Rucker, D. D., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). Power and choice: their dynamic interplay in quenching the thirst for personal control. Psychological Science, 22(8), 1042-1048. doi:10.1177/0956797611413936Jonanda, G. (2009). The foundation, value and meaning of baptism in the New Testament. Theological Studies, 59. doi:10.4102/hts.v59i2.662Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.Kacewicz, E., Slatcher, R., & Pennebaker, J. (2006).Expressive Writing: An Alternative to Traditional Methods. Low-Cost Approaches to Promote Physical and Mental Health (pp. 271-284). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36899-X_13Körner, A., Topolinski, S., & Strack, F. (2015). Routes to embodiment. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 940-940. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00940Lang, M., Kratky, J., Shaver, J. H., Jerotijevic, D., & Xygalatas, D. (2015). Effects of anxiety on spontaneous ritualized behavior. Current Biology, 25(14), 1892-1897. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.049Lee, S., & Schwarz, N. (2016). Clean-moral effects and clean-slate effects: Physical cleansing as an embodied procedure of psychological separation. Purity and danger now: New perspectives. (pp. 136–161). London: Routledge.Lobar, S. L., Youngblut, J. M., & Brooten, D. (2006). Cross-cultural beliefs, ceremonies, and rituals surrounding death of a loved one. Pediatric Nursing, 32(1), 44-50.Maiese, M. (2011). Embodiment, Emotion, and Cognition. Palgrave Macmillan UK.Malinowski, B. (1948). Magic, Science And Religion And Other Essays. Kessinger Publishing.Mattarella-Micke, A., Mateo, J., Kozak, M. N., Foster, K., & Beilock, S. L. (2011). Choke or thrive? The relation between salivary cortisol and math performance depends on individual differences in working memory and math-anxiety. Emotion, 11(4), 1000-1005. doi:10.1037/a0023224Moon, A., & Chen, S. (2014). The power to control time: Power influences how much time (you think) you have. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 54, 97-101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.04.011Murayama, K., Pekrun, R., Lichtenfeld, S., & vom Hofe, R. (2013). Predicting Long-Term Growth in Students` Mathematics Achievement: The Unique Contributions of Motivation and Cognitive Strategies. Child Development, 84(4), 1475-1490. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12036Neisser, U. (2014). Cognitive Psychology : Classic Edition. Psychology Press.Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108(2), 291-310. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.108.2.291Norton, M. I., & Gino, F. (2014). Rituals alleviate grieving for loved ones, lovers, and lotteries. Journal of experimental psychology. General, 143(1), 266-272. doi:10.1037/a0031772Putwain, D. W., & Aveyard, B. (2018). Is perceived control a critical factor in understanding the negative relationship between cognitive test anxiety and examination performance? School Psychology Quarterly, 33(1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000183Ramirez, G., & Beilock, S. (2011). Writing about testing worries boosts exam performance in the classroom. Science, 331, 211-213. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199427Reuven-Magril, O., Dar, R., & Liberman, N. (2008). Illusion of control and behavioral control attempts in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 334-341. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.334Riskind, J. (1984). They stoop to conquer: Guiding and self-regulatory functions of physical posture after success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 479-493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.3.479Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-image. Princeton University Press.Samulski, D. M., Noce, F., & da Costa, V. T. (2010). Mental Preparation. The Paralympic Athlete: Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science (pp. 198-213). International Olympic Committee.Sax, W., Quack, J., & Weinhold, J. (2010). The Problem of Ritual Efficacy. Oxford University Press.Schubert, T. W. (2004). The power in your hand: Gender differences in bodily feedback from making a fist. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(6), 757-769. doi:10.1177/0146167204263780Schubert, T. W. (2005). Your highness: Vertical positions as perceptual symbols of power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(1), 1-21. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.1.1Tang, H., Lu, X., Su, R., Liang, Z., Mai, X., & Liu, C. (2017). Washing away your sins in the brain: physical cleaning and priming of cleaning recruit different brain networks after moral threat. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(7), 1149-1158. doi:10.1093/scan/nsx036Tian, A. D., Schroeder, J., Haubl, G., Risen, J. L., Norton, M. I., & Gino, F. (2018). Enacting rituals to improve self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(6), 851-876. doi:10.1037/pspa0000113Tully, M. (Writer). (2014). Ping Pong Summer. In J. Allard, B. Bernard, M. Gottwald,L. Krein, B. Peterson, G. Rush, & R. Zacarias (Producer). United States: Gravitas Ventures. Millennium Entertainment.van der Hart, O. (1982). Rituals in Psychotherapy: Transition and Continuit. Irvington Pubishers.Van Dillen, L. F., & Koole, S. L. (2007). Clearing the mind: A working memory model of distraction from negative mood. Emotion, 7(4), 715-723. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.715Vohs, K. D., Wang, Y., Gino, F., & Norton, M. I. (2013). Rituals enhance consumption. Psychological Science, 24(9), 1714-1721. doi:10.1177/0956797613478949Wegner, D. M., & Schneider, D. J. (2003). The White Bear Story. Psychological Inquiry, 14(3-4), 326-329. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2003.9682900Zhang, Y., Risen, J. L., & Hosey, C. (2014). Reversing one`s fortune by pushing away bad luck. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1171-1184. doi:10.1037/a0034023 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
106752017資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106752017 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 孫蒨如 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Sun, Chien-Ru en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 簡宏昱 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chien, Hung-Yu en_US dc.creator (作者) 簡宏昱 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chien, Hung-Yu en_US dc.date (日期) 2022 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2022 16:19:49 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Jul-2022 16:19:49 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2022 16:19:49 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106752017 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/140655 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 心理學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 106752017 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 過去探討儀式型行為（ritual behaviors）對於行為表現的研究大多屬於社會學或運動心理學的範疇，直至近十年社會心理學透過實驗法開始進行量化的研究。儀式型行為能提升作業表現不僅限於運動場域中，近期的心理學研究也發現其有助於調節個體的情緒及測驗表現。雖然儀式型行為能帶來益處已是研究者的共識，但其運作的相關心理機制仍有待釐清，所採用的研究設計也尚未有一致的看法。本研究則認為儀式型行為會造成知體現化效果，使得個體進入一個蓄勢待發（readiness）的心理狀態，進而提升個體在目標作業上的表現。在前測中我們首先檢測過去實驗設計中所使用的不同種類的控制組，亦即隨機行為組與等待組，並挑選合適的組別作為正式研究的控制組。52位參與者被隨機分派至兩組進行操弄並比較兩組在中介變項上的得分，最後選擇隨機行為組做為正式研究之控制組。正式研究則有111位參與者參與研究，隨機分派至儀式型行為組、想像組、感知控制組，或隨機行為組來檢驗從事儀式型行為是否能引發參與者的蓄勢待發狀態，進而提升數學測驗的表現。研究結果大致符合預期，從事儀式型行為的參與者不僅在蓄勢待發感受和感知控制感之得分明顯較其他組別高，同時在數學作業的表現也明顯較其他各組好；最後中介分析的結果則進一步顯示，蓄勢待發狀態確實部分中介了儀式型行為對於個體在數學上的表現，而感知控制感則非一個有效的中介變項。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Most of the early research on the influence of ritual behaviors on behavioral performance has been in the scope of sociology or sports psychology, and until recent years it is investigated experimentally by social psychologists. In addition to improving athletic performance, recent research has shown that enacting ritual behaviors not only helps regulate emotions, but also enhance task performance. However, the underlying psychological mechanism of ritual behaviors remains unclear. In this study, we proposed that enacting ritual behaviors can induce embodiment effect, which makes individuals enter a state of readiness, and therefore improve performances.In the pilot study, we tested the different types of control groups used in previous research, namely the random behavior group and the waiting group, and selected one of them as the control group. 52 participants were randomly assigned to these two groups and the result indicated that the random behavior group is the most appropriate control group. In the main study, 111 participants were randomly assigned to the ritual behavior group, the imaginary group, the perceived control group, or the random behavior group to evaluate whether engaging in ritual behaviors could induce the participants` state of “readiness”, which in turn improved performance on math. The result showed that participant who enacted ritual behaviors not only got higher scores on state of “readiness” and perceived control, but performed better on the math test than those in other groups. The results of the mediation analysis further showed that the state of readiness did partially mediate the influence of the ritual behavior on the math performance, while the perceived control was not an effective mediating variable. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論...................................1第一節 儀式型行為 .............................2第二節 認知體現化 .............................9第三節 有關儀式型行為的研究設計.................14第四節 研究目的與假設 .........................17第二章 前測 ..................................19第一節 研究方法 ..............................19第二節 研究結果 ..............................28第三節 前測小結 ..............................30第三章 正式研究 ..............................31第一節 研究方法 ..............................33第二節 研究結果 ..............................40第三節 研究小結 ..............................54第四章 綜合討論 ..............................55第五章 研究限制與未來研究建議 .................61第六章 結語..................................63參考文獻......................................65附錄.........................................72 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1218504 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106752017 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 儀式型行為 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 認知體現化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 感知控制感 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 蓄勢待發的心理狀態 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ritual behavior en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Perceived control en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) State of readiness en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Embodiment en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sport psychology en_US dc.title (題名) 儀式型行為的認知體現化效果 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Embodiment Effect of Ritual Behaviors en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aherne, C., Moran, A. P., & Lonsdale, C. (2011). The effect of mindfulness training on athletes` flow: An initial investigation. The Sport Psychologist, 25(2), 177-189. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.2.177Bargh, J. A., & Shalev, I. (2012). The substitutability of physical and social warmth in daily life. Emotion, 12(1), 154-162. doi:10.1037/a0023527Barsalou, L. W. (2008). Grounded Cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 617-645.doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2003). Overt head movements and persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journey of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(6), 1123-1139. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1123Brooks, A. W. (2014). Get excited: Reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1144-1158. doi:10.1037/a0035325Brooks, A. W., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Gino, F., Galinsky, A. D., Norton, M. I., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2016). Don’t stop believing: Rituals improve performance by decreasing anxiety. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 137, 71-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.004Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298Cohn, P. J. (1990). Preperformance routines in sport: Theoretical support and practical applications. The Sport Psychologist, 4(3), 301-312.Crews, D. J., & Boutcher, S. H. (1986a). Effects of structured preshot behaviors on beginning golf performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62(1), 291-294.doi:10.2466/pms.1986.62.1.291Crews, D. J., & Boutcher, S. H. (1986b). An exploratory observational behavior analysis of professional golfers during competition. Journal of Sport Behavior, 9(2), 51-58.Elliot, A. J., & Covington, M. V. (2001). Approach and avoidance motivation. Educational Psychology Review, 13(2), 73-92.Ericsson, K. A. (2016). Summing up hours of any type of practice versus identifying optimal practice activities: Commentary on Macnamara, Moreau, & Hambrick (2016). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(3), 351-354. doi:10.1177/1745691616635600Farmer, S. M., & Aguinis, H. (2005). Accounting for subordinate perceptions of supervisor power: An identity-dependence model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1069-1083. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1069Finke, R. A. (1979). The functional equivalence of mental images and errors of movement. Cognitive Psychology, 11(2), 235-264. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(79)90011-2Gallivan, J. P., & Culham, J. C. (2015). Neural coding within human brain areas involved in actions. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 33, 141-149. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2015.03.012Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2004). A mindfulness-acceptance-commitment-based approach to athletic performance enhancement: Theoretical considerations. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 707-723. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80016-9Gayton, W. F., Cielinski, K. L., Francis-Keniston, W. J., & Hearns, J. F. (1989). Effects of preshot routine on free-throw shooting. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68(1), 317-318. doi:10.2466/pms.1989.68.1.317Goodwin, S., Gubin, A., Fiske, S., & Yzerbyt, V. (2000). Power can bias impression processes: Stereotyping subordinates by default and by design. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 3, 227-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430200003003001Gould, D., Eklund, R. C., & Jackson, S. A. (1992). 1988 U.S. Olympic wrestling excellence: I. Mental preparation, precompetitive cognition, and affect. The Sport Psychologist, 6(4), 358-382.Gould, D., & Udry, E. (1994). Psychological skills for enhancing performance: Arousal regulation strategies. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 26(4), 478-485. doi:10.1249/00005768-199404000-00013Grimes, R. L. (2014). The craft of ritual studies. New York : Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301427.001.0001Gross, J. J. (1998). The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271Haggard, P., Rossetti, Y., & Kawato, M. (2008). Sensorimotor foundations of higher cognition: Attention and performance. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York, US: Cuilford press.Hobson, N. M., Bonk, D., & Inzlicht, M. (2017). Rituals decrease the neural response to performance failure. PeerJ, 5:e3363. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3363Hobson, N. M., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Xygalatas, D., & Inzlicht, M. (2018). The psychology of rituals: An integrative review and process-based framework. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(3), 260-284. doi:10.1177/1088868317734944Inesi, M. E., Botti, S., Dubois, D., Rucker, D. D., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). Power and choice: their dynamic interplay in quenching the thirst for personal control. Psychological Science, 22(8), 1042-1048. doi:10.1177/0956797611413936Jonanda, G. (2009). The foundation, value and meaning of baptism in the New Testament. Theological Studies, 59. doi:10.4102/hts.v59i2.662Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.Kacewicz, E., Slatcher, R., & Pennebaker, J. (2006).Expressive Writing: An Alternative to Traditional Methods. Low-Cost Approaches to Promote Physical and Mental Health (pp. 271-284). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36899-X_13Körner, A., Topolinski, S., & Strack, F. (2015). Routes to embodiment. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 940-940. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00940Lang, M., Kratky, J., Shaver, J. H., Jerotijevic, D., & Xygalatas, D. (2015). Effects of anxiety on spontaneous ritualized behavior. Current Biology, 25(14), 1892-1897. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.049Lee, S., & Schwarz, N. (2016). Clean-moral effects and clean-slate effects: Physical cleansing as an embodied procedure of psychological separation. Purity and danger now: New perspectives. (pp. 136–161). London: Routledge.Lobar, S. L., Youngblut, J. M., & Brooten, D. (2006). Cross-cultural beliefs, ceremonies, and rituals surrounding death of a loved one. Pediatric Nursing, 32(1), 44-50.Maiese, M. (2011). Embodiment, Emotion, and Cognition. Palgrave Macmillan UK.Malinowski, B. (1948). Magic, Science And Religion And Other Essays. Kessinger Publishing.Mattarella-Micke, A., Mateo, J., Kozak, M. N., Foster, K., & Beilock, S. L. (2011). Choke or thrive? The relation between salivary cortisol and math performance depends on individual differences in working memory and math-anxiety. Emotion, 11(4), 1000-1005. doi:10.1037/a0023224Moon, A., & Chen, S. (2014). The power to control time: Power influences how much time (you think) you have. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 54, 97-101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.04.011Murayama, K., Pekrun, R., Lichtenfeld, S., & vom Hofe, R. (2013). Predicting Long-Term Growth in Students` Mathematics Achievement: The Unique Contributions of Motivation and Cognitive Strategies. Child Development, 84(4), 1475-1490. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12036Neisser, U. (2014). Cognitive Psychology : Classic Edition. Psychology Press.Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108(2), 291-310. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.108.2.291Norton, M. I., & Gino, F. (2014). Rituals alleviate grieving for loved ones, lovers, and lotteries. Journal of experimental psychology. General, 143(1), 266-272. doi:10.1037/a0031772Putwain, D. W., & Aveyard, B. (2018). Is perceived control a critical factor in understanding the negative relationship between cognitive test anxiety and examination performance? School Psychology Quarterly, 33(1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000183Ramirez, G., & Beilock, S. (2011). Writing about testing worries boosts exam performance in the classroom. Science, 331, 211-213. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199427Reuven-Magril, O., Dar, R., & Liberman, N. (2008). Illusion of control and behavioral control attempts in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 334-341. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.334Riskind, J. (1984). They stoop to conquer: Guiding and self-regulatory functions of physical posture after success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 479-493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.3.479Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-image. Princeton University Press.Samulski, D. M., Noce, F., & da Costa, V. T. (2010). Mental Preparation. The Paralympic Athlete: Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science (pp. 198-213). International Olympic Committee.Sax, W., Quack, J., & Weinhold, J. (2010). The Problem of Ritual Efficacy. Oxford University Press.Schubert, T. W. (2004). The power in your hand: Gender differences in bodily feedback from making a fist. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(6), 757-769. doi:10.1177/0146167204263780Schubert, T. W. (2005). Your highness: Vertical positions as perceptual symbols of power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(1), 1-21. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.1.1Tang, H., Lu, X., Su, R., Liang, Z., Mai, X., & Liu, C. (2017). Washing away your sins in the brain: physical cleaning and priming of cleaning recruit different brain networks after moral threat. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(7), 1149-1158. doi:10.1093/scan/nsx036Tian, A. D., Schroeder, J., Haubl, G., Risen, J. L., Norton, M. I., & Gino, F. (2018). Enacting rituals to improve self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(6), 851-876. doi:10.1037/pspa0000113Tully, M. (Writer). (2014). Ping Pong Summer. In J. Allard, B. Bernard, M. Gottwald,L. Krein, B. Peterson, G. Rush, & R. Zacarias (Producer). United States: Gravitas Ventures. Millennium Entertainment.van der Hart, O. (1982). Rituals in Psychotherapy: Transition and Continuit. Irvington Pubishers.Van Dillen, L. F., & Koole, S. L. (2007). Clearing the mind: A working memory model of distraction from negative mood. Emotion, 7(4), 715-723. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.715Vohs, K. D., Wang, Y., Gino, F., & Norton, M. I. (2013). Rituals enhance consumption. Psychological Science, 24(9), 1714-1721. doi:10.1177/0956797613478949Wegner, D. M., & Schneider, D. J. (2003). The White Bear Story. Psychological Inquiry, 14(3-4), 326-329. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2003.9682900Zhang, Y., Risen, J. L., & Hosey, C. (2014). Reversing one`s fortune by pushing away bad luck. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1171-1184. doi:10.1037/a0034023 zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202200641 en_US
