Publications-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 民粹主義成因與政治效應的比較研究
The Origins and Political Effects of Populism: A Comparative Study作者 楊貴
Yang, Gui貢獻者 陳陸輝
Chen, Lu-Huei
楊貴
Yang, Gui關鍵詞 民粹主義
民主政治
政治文化
比較政治
台灣研究
Populism
Democratic politics
Political culture
Comparative politics
Taiwan study日期 2022 上傳時間 1-Jul-2022 16:25:27 (UTC+8) 摘要 民粹主義為何興起和興起後的民粹主義有何影響是上个世纪九十年代以来，民粹主义在全球范围内兴起後，学术界广泛关注的問題。有別於過去的民粹主義研究從政治人物和政黨搜尋答案，筆者將研究對象放在選民，探討選民支持民粹主義的原因和支持民粹主義後的政治後果。 按照傳統政治學對民粹主義民主的理解與當前學術界就民粹主義概念定義達成的共識，筆者將民粹主義定義為一種人民反對菁英及彰顯人民意志的薄意識形態。採用政治心理學的研究途徑，筆者視民粹主義為政治文化的一個重要組成部分，個體選民所持有的一類心理學態度。在此基礎上，筆者使用已有的CSES第五波調查資料和在台灣蒐集的三筆一手或二手調查資料，對個體選民民粹主義態度的成因與政治效應進行系統的的比較分析和深入的案例討論。 在民粹主義態度的成因上，本文發現民主赤字、政治支持、治理績效評估和選舉輸贏，這些對當前民主政治理念及其實踐的認知、評價與經歷顯著地影響了個體選民的民粹主義態度。且認知、評價與經歷愈負向，個體選民所持有的民粹主義態度愈高。台灣脈絡下，影響民粹主義態度的因素只有政治支持和治理績效評估。另外，個體選民所持有的民粹主義態度受到宏觀脈絡性結構因素的影響在不同的國家或地區存在顯著的差異。民主模式在縱向分權上愈趨於共識型和貧富差距愈大的國家或地區，選民的民粹主義態度愈高，但在民粹主義政黨選舉表現愈為強勢的國家或地區，選民的民粹主義態度並未隨之變高。 在民粹主義態度的政治效應上，本文發現個體選民民粹主義態度的形成顯著地改變了他們的一些政治態度和政治行為。首先，個體選民持有的民粹主義態度愈高，愈不認可代議民主，也不認同與投票給主流政黨，相反愈認同與投票給包括民粹主義政黨在內的非主流政黨。台灣脈絡下，還愈不喜歡主流政治人物，愈喜歡民粹主義政治人物。其次，個體選民持有的民粹主義態度愈高，在心理層面和行為層面涉入政治的程度愈低。民粹主義態度的這一負向影響也未因政治涉入是制度化管道內還是非制度化管道內而呈現不同。再次，個體選民持有的民粹主義態度愈高，在左右意識形態的政治光譜上愈向兩端走。台灣脈絡下，民粹主義態度未使個體選民在經濟發展、社會分配和統獨等爭議性政策議題上的立場出現極化。總結而言，民粹主義態度對選民政治態度和政治行為存在退出效應和極化效應，未形成賦權效應。比較分析部分，筆者使用多層模型發現民粹主義政黨對選民政治態度和政治行為也存在退出效應和極化效應，還存在賦權效應。 上述之發現是本文在研究方法方面做出改進以推進民粹主義研究的基礎上獲得的一般性結論和脈絡性知識，較為一致穩健。這些改進包括：同時關注社會大眾層級需求面和政黨層級供給面的民粹主義現象；將研究案例拓展至非歐美的國家或地區；使用標準統一的民粹主義概念定義、問卷題目和操作化方式。 透過這一研究，本文認為民粹主義內生於民主政治在微觀層級也成立，民粹主義在社會大眾層級和政黨層級的興起對民主政治產生的政治影響是多元複雜的，既存在負向的也存在積極的，這與過去學術界所強調的民粹主義是民主政治的陰暗面有所衝突。本文也揭示了大眾層級民粹主義是理解政黨層級民粹主義為何興起的關鍵，而後者對前者的影響並沒有學術界預期的那麼重要。就此而言，筆者呼籲學術界應摒棄對民主政治和民粹主義的固有看法，認真對待和系統檢驗民粹主義與民主政治之間的相互關係，將需求面和供給面的民粹主義現象整合在一起進行研究，針對民粹主義研究面臨的新問題與新挑戰，回歸與回應傳統政治學的經典論述亦是一個突破口。
The global rise of populism since the 1990s has sparked widespread academic interest. Unlike previous populism studies that focused on politicians and parties, the author focuses on voters, exploring the causes and consequences of populism at the individual level. In line with the understandings of populist democracy in traditional political theories and the consensual definition of populism in current scholarship, the author defines populism as a thin ideology “that not only depicts society as divided between ‘the pure people’ versus ‘the corrupt elite,’ but also claims that politics is about respecting popular sovereignty at any cost.” Taking a political psychology approach, the author thinks of populism as an important element of political culture and a psychological attitude held by individual voter. Based on these presuppositions, the author analyzes the causes and political effects of individual voters’ populist attitudes using data from Module 5 of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems surveys and three survey data collected in Taiwan. Through systematic comparative analysis and in-depth case study, the findings obtained in this paper on the causes and political effects of populism are as follows: What causes populist attitudes in the mass publics? This paper finds that perceptions, evaluations, and experiences of current democracy’s ideas and practices including democratic deficit, political support, evaluation of governmental performance, and electoral win or loss fosters the rise of populist ideas among the mass publics. In detail, individual voters may hold higher populist attitude when their perceptions, evaluations, and experiences of current democracy’s ideas and practices are more negative. In Taiwan’s context, only political support and evaluation of governmental performance affect individual voters’ populist attitude. In addition, individual voters’ populist attitude is influenced by macro contextual factors and varies significantly from country to country or region to region. People may hold higher populist attitudes in countries or regions that tend to be more consensual democracy pattern in vertical dimension or have higher income inequality. However, populist attitude don’t become higher in countries or regions where populist parties have become more dominant in elections. As for the political effects of populist attitudes, this paper finds that individual voters’ political attitudes and political behaviors change significantly as individual voters develop their populist attitude. First of all, the higher populist attitude individual voters hold, the less likely to support representative democracy and mainstream party, and the more likely to identify and vote for non-mainstream parties, including populist parties. In the context of Taiwan, the higher populist attitude individual voters hold, the more likely to dislike mainstream political figures, and the more likely to prefer those with populist characteristics. Secondly, the higher populist attitude held by individual voters, the lower the degree of political involvement in both psychological and behavioral dimensions. The negative impact of populist attitude on individual voters’ political involvement also does not differ significantly from conventional political involvement model to unconventional political involvement model. Thirdly, the higher populist attitude held by individual voters, the more likely to move to both ends of the left-right spectrum. In the context of Taiwan, populist attitude don’t influence the polarization of individual voters’ position on controversial policy issues such as economic development, social welfare, and unification-independence. To sum up, populist attitude in the mass publics has a withdraw effect and a polarization effect on their political attitudes and political behaviors, without creating an empowerment effect. In the comparative analysis section, this study uses multilevel model and finds that the populist parties also have a withdraw effect and a polarization effect, but have an unexpected empowerment effect. As this study puts further improvements of previous populism studies in research method dimension, the above findings obtained by this paper are consistent and robust. These advances include: focusing on populism phenomena at both the mass public level and the party level; expanding the research cases to non-Euro-American countries or regions; and using more standardized and unified definition, questionnaire and operationalization of populism. Through this study, this author reveals the questionable relationship between populism and democracy at the individual level, responds to the classical discourses on populist democracy and liberal democracy in traditional political theories, and calls on current scholarship to abandon their preconceived notions of populism and democracy and to systematically examine the interrelationship between populism and democracy. At the same time, it also provides a sample for the academic community to conduct an integrated study on populism on the demand side of the mass society and the supply side of the political party, and to a certain extent, clarifies some debates on the interrelationship between the demand and supply sides of populism.參考文獻 王一芝，2019，〈到底誰是鋼鐵韓粉？〉，天下雜誌網站：https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5095432，檢索日期：2022年2月10日。 王振寰、錢永祥，1995，〈邁向新國家？民粹威權主義的形成與民主問題〉，《台灣社會研究季刊》，20：17-54。 江宜樺，2001，《自由民主的理路》，台北：聯經。 林文正、林宗弘，2020，〈韓流與柯粉：台灣民粹政治的社會起源〉，載於《香港與台灣的社會政治新動向》，萧新煌、杨文山、尹宝珊、郑宏泰主編，香港：香港中文大學香港亞太研究所。 林雨晨、席天揚，2020，〈右翼民粹主義的政治經濟學——來自進口貿易和難民衝擊的影響〉，《經濟學（季刊）》，19（4）：1191-1212。 林紅，2017，〈民粹主義全球性再現的根源：民眾與政黨的雙重維度〉，《當代世界與社會主義》，2：95-103。 林淑芬，2005，〈“人民”做主？民粹主義、民主與人民〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，12（1）：141-182。 郎友興、呂鴻強，2020，〈民粹主義：概念界定方法之比較〉，《理論與改革》，4：36-53。 胡正光、江素慧，2020，〈民粹主義在台灣—韓國瑜及其支持者〉，《台灣國際研究季刊》，16（3）：155-183。 馬華靈，2019，〈何謂「民粹主義」？一個最低限度的定義〉，端傳媒網站：https://theinitium.com/article/20190107-opinion-mahualing-populism-thin-thick/，檢索日期：2021年 10 月 20 日。 崔曉倩、吳重禮，2011，〈年齡與選舉參與：2008年總統選舉的實證分析〉，《調查研究：方法與應用》，26：7-44。 高春芽，2020，〈民粹政黨主流化與主流政黨民粹化的雙向運動——以西歐右翼民粹政黨為例〉，《當代世界與社會主義》，3：128-135。 許國賢，2020，〈失望與民主〉，《行政暨政策學報》，70（2）：1-31。 張佑宗，2009a，〈選舉輸家與民主鞏固—台灣2004年總統選舉落選陣營對民主的態度〉，《台灣民主季刊》，3：41-72。 ------，2009b，〈搜尋台灣民粹式民主的群眾基礎〉，《台灣社會研究季刊》，75（3）：85-113。 張鐵志，2019，〈韓國瑜與柯文哲—台式民粹主義的兩種類型〉，上報（Up Media）網站：https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?Type=2&SerialNo=61397，檢索日期：2021年11月7日。 陳陸輝，2009，〈信任、效能與行動：解析民眾為何支持紅衫軍或挺扁活動〉，載於《公民與政治行動：實證與規範之間的對話》，張福建主編，台北：中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心政治思想研究專題中心。 ------，2021，《新台灣選民》，計畫編號：MOST108-2410-H-004-154-SS2，台北：科技部補助專題研究計畫（成果報告）。 彭梟，2019，〈當代歐洲民粹政黨的興起：基於“供需機制”的解釋〉，《國際觀察》，6：105-134。 黃昱珽、蔡瑞明，2015，〈晚近台灣民粹主義的發展：「人民」與「他者」想像的形成〉，《思與言：人文與社會科學期刊》，53（3）：127-163。 黃信豪，2011，〈民主態度的類型：台灣民眾二次政黨輪替後的分析〉，《選舉研究》，18（1）：1-34。 劉擎，2017，〈2016西方思想年度述評〉，《學海》，2：204-216。 謝復生，1996，〈公民投票：主權在民的體現或民粹主義的濫用〉，《問題與研究》，35（7）：38-46。 蕭怡靖、鄭夙芬，2014，〈台灣民眾對左右意識型態的認知：以統獨議題取代左右意識型態檢測台灣的政黨極化〉，《台灣政治學刊》，18（2）：79-138。 蘇穩中，2018，〈「韓粉」身分大解密？網友神分析大部分是不住高雄、拿智慧手機的中年男子〉，放言網站：https://www.fountmedia.io/article/2017，檢索日期：2022年2月10日。 Abedi, Amir. 2002. ‘‘Challenges to Established Parties: The Effects of Party System Features on the Electoral Fortunes of Antipolitical-establishment Parties.’’ European Journal of Political Research 41: 551-583. Abts, Koen, and Stefan Rummens. 2007. “Populism versus Democracy.” Political Studies 55(2): 405-424. Achen, Christopher H., and Larry M. Bartels. 2016. Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Agerberg, Mattias. 2017. “Failed Expectations: Quality of Government and Support for Populist Parties in Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 56(3): 578-600. Akkerman, Agnes, Andrej Zaslove, and Bram Spruyt. 2017. “‘We the People’ or ‘We the Peoples’? A Comparison of Support for the Populist Radical Right and Populist Radical Left in the Netherlands.” Swiss Political Science Review 23(4): 377-403. Akkerman, Agnes, Cas Mudde, and Andrej Zaslove. 2014. “How Populist Are the People? Measuring Populist Attitudes in Voters.” Comparative Political Studies 47(9): 1324-1353. Akkerman, Tjitske, Sarah De Lange, and Matthijs Rooduijn. 2016. Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream? Abingdon: Routledge. Albertazzi, Daniele, and Duncan McDonnell. 2015. Populist in Power. Oxon: Routledge. Albertazzi, Daniele, and Sean Mueller. 2013. “Populism and Liberal Democracy: Populists in Government in Austria, Italy, Poland and Switzerland.” Government and Opposition 48(3): 343-371. Allcock, John B. 1971. “‘Populism’: A Brief Biography.” Sociology 5(3): 371-387. Anderson, Christopher, and Christian Guillory. 1997. “Political Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy: A Cross National Analysis of Consensus and Majoritarian Systems.” American Political Science Review 91(1): 66-81. Anduiza, Eva, Marc Guinjoan, and Guillem Rico. 2018. “Economic Crisis, Populist Attitudes, and the Birth of Podemos in Spain.” In Citizens and the Crisis, eds. Giugni, Marco, and Maria T. Grasso. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ------. 2019. “Populism, Participation, and Political Equality.” European Political Science Review 11(1): 109-124. Arbatli, Ekim, and Dina Rosenberg. 2021. “United we Stand, Divided we Rule: How Political Polarization Erodes Democracy.” Democratization 28(2): 285-307. Ardag, Murat. M., Bruno Castanho Silva, J. Philipp Thomeczek, Steffen F. Bandlow-Raffalski, and Levente Littvay. 2020. “Populist Attitudes and Political Engagement: Ugly, Bad, and Sometimes Good?.” Representation 56(3): 307-330. Arrow, Kenneth J. 1968. Social Choice and Individual Values. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Arzheimer, Kai. 2009. “Contextual Factors and the Extreme Right Vote in Western Europe, 1980-2002.” American Journal of Political Science 53(2): 259-275. Arzheimer, Kai, and Elisabeth Carter. 2006. “Political Opportunity Structures and Right-wing Extremist Party Success.” European Journal of Political Research 45(3): 419-443. Aslanidis, Paris. 2016. “Populist Social Movements of the Great Recession.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 21(3): 301-321. ------. 2017. “Avoiding Bias in the Study of Populism.” Chinese Political Science Review 2(3): 266-287. Axelrod, Robert. 1967. “The Structure of Public Opinion on Policy Issues.” Public Opinion Quarterly 31(1): 51-60. Aytaç, S. Erdem, Ali Çarkoğlu, and Ezgi Elçi. 2021. “Partisanship, Elite Messages, and Support for Populism in Power.” European Political Science Review 13(1): 23-39. Bale, Tim. 2018. “Who Leads and Who Follows? The Symbiotic Relationship between UKIP and the Conservatives–and Populism and Euroscepticism.” Politics 38(3): 263-277. Barr, Robert R. 2009. “Populists, Outsiders and Anti-Establishment Politics.” Party Politics 15(1): 29-48. Barrio, Astrid, Oscar Barberà, and Juan Rodríguez-Teruel. 2018. “‘Spain Steals from Us!’ The ‘Populist Drift’ of Catalan Regionalism.” Comparative European Politics 16(6): 993-1011. Bennett, Andrew, and Didem Seyis. 2021. “The Online Market’s Invisible Hand: Internet Media and Rising Populism.” Political Studies.Fourthcoming. Berman, Sheri. 2021. “The Causes of Populism in the West.” Annual Review of Political Science 24(1): 71-88. Berman, Sheri, and Hans Kundnani. 2021. “The Cost of Convergence.” Journal of Democracy 32(1): 22-36. Bernhard, Laurent, and Hanspeter Kriesi. 2019. “Populism in Election Times: A Comparative Analysis of 11 Countries in Western Europe.” West European Politics 42(6): 1188-1208. Bernhard, Laurent, and Regula Hänggli. 2018. “Who Holds Populist Attitudes? Evidence from Switzerland.” Swiss Political Science Review 24(4): 510-524. Betz, Hans-George. 1993. “The New Politics of Resentment: Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe.” Comparative Politics 25(4): 413-427. ------. 1994. Radical Right-Wing Populism and Western Europe. New York, Secaucus: Palgrave Macmillan. Bobba, Giuliano, and Antonella Seddone. 2019. “Between the Ideological and Communicative Approaches: Hard and Soft Populism in France and Italy.” Representation 1-18. Bollen, Kenneth, and Richard Lennox. 1991. “Conventional Wisdom on Measurement: A Structural Equation Perspective.” Psychological Bulletin 110(2): 305-314. Bonansinga, Donatella. 2020. “Who Thinks, Feels. The Relationship between Emotions, Politics and Populism.” Partecipazione e Conflitto 13(1): 83-106. Bornschier, Simon. 2010. Cleavage Politics and the Populist Right: The New Cultural Conflict in Western Europe. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Bosch, Agusti, and Iván M. Durán. 2019. “How Does Economic Crisis Impel Emerging Parties on the Road to Elections? The Case of the Spanish Podemos and Ciudadanos.” Party Politics 25(2): 257-267. Braghiroli, Stefano, and Vassilis Petsinis. 2019. “Between Party-systems and Identity-politics: The Populist and Radical Right in Estonia and Latvia.” European Politics and Society 20(4): 431-449. Bratton, Michael, and Robert Mattes. 2001. “Support for Democracy in Africa: Intrinsic or Instrumental?” British Journal of Political Science 31(3): 447-474. Brubaker, Robers. 2017. “Why Populism?” Theory and Society 46(5): 357-385. Bugaric, Bojan. 2019. “The Two Faces of Populism: Between Authoritarian and Democratic Populism.” German Law Journal 20(3): 390-400. Burgoon, Brian, Sam van Noort, Matthijs Rooduijn, and Geoffrey Underhill. 2019. “Positional Deprivation and Support for Radical Right and Radical Left Parties.” Economic Policy 34(97): 49-93. Bustikova, Lenka. 2014. “Revenge of the Radical Right.” Comparative Political Studies 47(12): 1738-1765. Cammack, Paul. 2000. “The Resurgence of Populism in Latin America.” Bulletin of Latin American Research 19(2): 149-161. Canache, Damarys. 2002. “From Bullets to Ballots: The Emergence of Popular Support for Hugo Chávez.” Latin American Politics and Society 44(1): 69-90. Canache, Damarys, Jeffrey Mondak, and Mitchell Seligson. 2002. “Meaning and Measurement in Cross National Research on Satisfaction with Democracy.” Public Opinion Quarterly 65:506-528. Canovan, Margaret. 1981. Populism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ------. 1999. “Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy.” Political Studies 47(1): 2-16. ------. 2005. The People. Cambridge: Polity Press. Caramani, Daniele. 2017. “Will vs. Reason: The Populist and Technocratic Forms of Political Representation and Their Critique to Party Government.” American Political Science Review 111(1): 54-67. Carreira da Silva, Filipe, and Susana Salgado. 2018. “Why No Populism in Portugal?.” In Changing Societies: Legacies and Challenges. Vol. 2. Citizenship in Crisis, eds. Marina Costa, Lobo, Filipa Carreira da Silva, and José Pedro Zúquete. Lisboa: Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa. Carter, Elisabeth L. 2002. “Proportional Representation and the Fortunes of Right-Wing Extremist Parties.” West European Politics 25(3): 125-146. Castanho Silva, Bruno. 2018. “Populist Radical Right Parties and Mass Polarization in the Netherlands.” European Political Science Review 10(2): 219-244. Castanho Silva, Bruno, Ioannis Andreadis, Eva Anduiza, Nebojša Blanuša, Yazmin Morlet Corti, Gisela Delfino, Guillem Rico. 2018. “Public Opinion Surveys: A New Scale.” In The Ideational Approach to Populism: Theory, Method & Analysis, eds. Kirk Hawkins, Ryan Carlin, Levente Littvay, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. London: Routledge. Castanho Silva, Bruno, Mario Fuks, and Eduardo Ryô Tamaki. 2022. “So Thin It’s almost Invisible: Populist Attitudes and Voting Behavior in Brazil.” Electoral Studies.Fourthcoming. Castanho Silva, Bruno, Sebastian Jungkunz, Marc Helbling, and Levente Littvay. 2020. “An Empirical Comparison of Seven Populist Attitudes Scales.” Political Research Quarterly 73(2): 409-424. Castro Cornejo, Rodrigo, Sandra Ley, and Ulises Beltrán. 2020. “Anger, Partisanship, and the Activation of Populist Attitudes in Mexico.” Política y Gobierno 27(2): 2-37. Chou, Winston, et al. 2021. “Competing for Loyalists? How Party Positioning Affects Populist Radical Right Voting.” Comparative Political Studies 54(12): 2226-2260. Clark, William Roberts, Matt Golder, and Sona N. Golder. 2017. “An Exit, Voice and Loyalty Model of Politics.” British Journal of Political Science 47(4): 719-748. Colantone, Italo, and Piero Stanig. 2018a. “Global Competition and Brexit.” American Political Science Review 112(2): 201-218. ------. 2018b. “The Trade Origins of Economic Nationalism: Import Competition and Voting Behavior in Western Europe.” American Journal of Political Science 62(4): 936-953. Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. 2021. CSES MODULE 5 THIRD ADVANCE RELEASE [Dataset and Documentation]. July 20, 2021 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module5.2021-07-20 (accessed August 28, 2021). Cranmer, Mirjam. 2011. “Populist Communication and Publicity: An Empirical Study of Contextual Differences in Switzerland.” Swiss Political Science Review 17(3): 286-307. Crewe, Ivor, and David Sanders, eds. 2020. Authoritarian Populism and Liberal Democracy. Anthony S. King, Trans. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. Dahl, Robert A. 1956. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ------. 1998. On Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Dahlberg, Stefan, Soren Holmberg, Bo Rothstein, Natalia Al-varado Pachon, and Richard Svensson. 2019. “The Quality of Government Basic Dataset, version Jan19.” University of Gothenburg. Gothenburg, Sweden: The Quality of Government Institute. Dahrendorf, Ralf. 2003. “Acht Anmerkungen zum Populismus.” Transit–Europäische Revue 25: 156-163. Daigle, Delton T., Josephine Neulen, and Austin Hofeman. 2019. Populism, Nativism, and Economic Uncertainty: Playing the Blame Game in the 2017 British, French, and German Elections. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Dalton, Russell J. 1999. “Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies.” In Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, ed. Pippa Norris. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ------. 2004. Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford,New York: Oxford University Press. De Sousa, Luis, Daniel Fernandes, and Florian Weiler. 2021. “Is Populism Bad For Business? Assessing The Reputational Effect Of Populist Incumbents.” Swiss Political Science Review 27(1): 1-20. Diani, Mario. 1996. “Linking Mobilization Frames and Political Opportunities: Insights from Regional Populism in Italy.” American Sociological Review 61: 1053-1069. DiTella, S. Torcuato.1967. “Populism and Reform in Latin America,” In Obstacles to Change in Latin America, ed. Claudio Veliz. London: Oxford University Press. Dix, Robert H. 1985. “Populism: Authoritarian and Democratic.” Latin American Research Review 20(2): 29-52. Doležalová, Jitka. 2015. “Economic Crisis and Growth in Vote Share for Extreme Left and Extreme Right Parties.” Review of Economic Perspectives 15(3): 269-290. Doyle, David. 2011. “The Legitimacy of Political Institutions: Explaining Contemporary Populism in Latin America.” Comparative Political Studies 44: 1447-1473. Durkheim, Emile. 1997. The Division of Labor in Society. Halls W. D, Trans. New York: The Free Press. Easton, David. 1965. A System Analysis of Political Life. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ------. 1975. “A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support.” British Journal of Political Science 5(3): 435-457. Elchardus, Mark, and Bram Spruyt. 2016. “Populism, Persistent Republicanism and Declinism: An Empirical Analysis of Populism as a Thin Ideology.” Government and Opposition 51(1): 111-133. Elçi, Ezgi. 2021. “Politics of Nostalgia and Populism: Evidence from Turkey.” British Journal of Political Science. Forthcoming. Elliott, Brian. 2021. “Populism and Popular Sovereignty: Paradoxes of Democracy.” In The Roots of Populism: Neoliberalism and Working-class Lives, ed. Brian Elliott. Manchester University Press. Engesser, Sven, Nayla Fawzi, and Anders O. Larsson. 2017. “Populist Online Communication: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Information, Communication & Society 20(9): 1279-1292. Enyedi, Zsolt. 2016. “Populist Polarization and Party System Institutionalization: The Role of Party Politics in De-democratization.” Problems of Post-communism 63(4): 210-220. Erikson, Robert S., and Kent L. Tedin. 1994. American Public Opinion: Its Origins, Content and Impact. Allyn and Bacon. Ernst, Nicole, Sven Engesser, Florin Büchel, Sina Blassnig, and Frank Esser. 2017. “Extreme Parties and Populism: An Analysis of Facebook and Twitter across Six Countries.” Information, Communication & Society 20(9): 1347-1364. Esaiasson, Peter. 2011. “Electoral Losers Revisited—How Citizens React to Defeat at the Ballot Box.” Electoral Studies 30(1): 102-113. Farrell, James J., and Patrick R. Laughlin. 1976. “A Scale to Measure Populist Attitudes.” The Journal of Psychology 94(1): 33-38. Feldmann, Magnus, and Glenn Morgan. 2021. “Business Elites and Populism: Understanding Business Tesponses.” New Political Economy. Forthcoming. Filsinger, Maximilian, Steffen Wamsler, Julian Erhardt, and Markus Freitag. 2021. “National Identity and Populism: The Relationship between Conceptions of Nationhood and Populist Attitudes.” Nations and Nationalism 27(3): 656-672. Finifter, Ada W. 1970. “Dimensions of Political Alienation.” American Political Science Review 64(2): 389-410. Fiorina, Morris P., and Samuel J. Abrams. 2008. “Political Polarization in the American Public.” Annual Review of Political Science 11: 563-588. Fitzgerald, Jennifer, and Duncan Lawrence. 2011. “Local Cohesion and Radical Right Support: The Case of the Swiss People’s Party.” Electoral Studies 30(4): 834-847. Foa, Roberto Stefan, and Yascha Mounk. 2016. “The Danger of Deconsolidation: The Democratic Disconnect.” Journal of Democracy 27(3): 5-17. Franko, William W., and Christopher Witko. 2017. The New Economic Populism: How States Respond to Economic Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Freeden, Michael. 1996. Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ------. 1998. “Is Nationalism a Distinct Ideology?” Political Studies 46(4): 748-765. ------. 2003. Ideology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fuentes, Juan F. 2020. “Populism: The Timeline of a Concept.” Contributions to the History of Concepts 15(1): 47-68. Fukuyama, Francis. 2018. Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Galais, Carol, and Guillem Rico. 2021. “An Unjustified Bad Reputation? The Dark Triad and Support for Populism.” Electoral Studies 72: 1-6. Galston, William A. 2017. “The 2016 US Election: The Populist Moment.” Journal of Democracy 28(2): 21-33. ------. 2018. “The Populist Challenge to Liberal Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 29(2): 5-19. Gamson, William A. 1968. Power and Disconnect. Homewood: Dorsey. Garrido, Marco. 2017. “Why the Poor Support Populism: The Politics of Sincerity in Metro Manila.” American Journal of Sociology 123(3): 647-685. Gelman, Andrew, and Jennifer Hill. 2007. Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/ Hierarchical Models. New York: Cambridge University Press. Germani, Gino. 1978. Authoritarianism, Fascism, and National Populism. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Gerring, John. 1999. “What Makes a Concept Good? A Criterial Framework for Understanding Concept Formation in the Social Sciences.” Polity 31(3): 357-393. Geurkink, Bram, Andrej Zaslove, Roderick Sluiter, and Kristof Jacobs. 2020. “Populist Attitudes, Political Trust, and External Political Efficacy: Old Wine in New Bottles?” Political Studies 68(1): 247-267. Gherghina, Sergiu, and Jean-Benoit Pilet. 2021. “Populist Attitudes and Direct Democracy: A Questionable Relationship.” Swiss Political Science Review 27(2): 496-505. Gidron, Noam, and Peter A. Hall. 2017. “The Politics of Social Status: Economic and Cultural Roots of the Populist Right.” British Journal of Sociology 68(S1):57-84. ------. 2020. “Populism as a Problem of Social Integration.” Comparative Political Studies 53(7): 1027-1059. Giebler, Heiko, Magdalena Hirsch, Benjamin Schürmann, and Susanne Veit. 2020. “Discontent with What? Linking Self-Centered and Society-Centered Discontent to Populist Party Support.” Political Studies 69(4): 900-920. Giugni, Marco, and Maria T. Grasso. 2018. Citizens and the Crisis: Experiences, Perceptions, and Responses to the Great Recession in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Goertz, Gary. 2006. Social Science Concepts: A User’s Guide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ------. 2020. Social Science Concepts and Measurement: New and Completely Revised Edition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Golder, Matt. 2003a. “Electoral Institutions, Unemployment and Extreme Right Parties: A Correction.” British Journal of Political Science 33(3): 525-534. ------. 2003b. “Explaining Variation in the Success of Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 36(4): 432-466. Groshek, Jacob, and Karolina Koc-Michalska. 2017. “Helping Populism Win? Social Media Use, Filter Bubbles, and Support for Populist Presidential Candidates in the 2016 US Election Campaign.” Information, Communication & Society 20(9): 1389-1407. Guiso, Luigi, Helios Herrera, Massimo Morelli, and Tommaso Sonno. 2020. Economic Insecurity and the Demand of Populism in Europe. http://www.heliosherrera.com/populism.pdf (accessed January 6, 2022). Hakhverdian, Armèn, and Christel Koop. 2007. “Consensus Democracy and Support for Populist Parties in Western Europe.” Acta Politica 42(4): 401-420. Halla, Martin, Alexander F. Wagner, and Josef Zweimüller. 2017. “Immigration and Voting for the Extreme Right.” Journal of the European Economic Association 15(6): 1341-1385. Hameleers, Michael. 2021. “They Are Selling Themselves Out to the Enemy! The Content and Effects of Populist Conspiracy Theories.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 33(1): 38-56. Hameleers, Michael, and Desirée Schmuck. 2017. “It’s Us against Them: A Comparative Experiment on the Effects of Populist Messages Communicated via Social Media.” Information, Communication & Society 20(9): 1425-1444. Han, Kyung Joon, and Eric Graig Castater. 2021. “It’s not just Where You Stand, It’s How You Got There: Social Pacts and Manual Worker Support for Radical Right-wing Parties.” European Politics and Society. Fourthcoming. Hartmann, Jörg, Karin Kurz, and Holger Lengfeld. 2022. “Modernization Losers’ Revenge? Income Mobility and Support for Right-and Left-Wing Populist Parties in Germany. ” European Sociological Review 38(1): 138-152. Hawkins, Kirk A., and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2017a. “What the (Ideational) Study of Populism Can Teach Us, and What It Can’t.” Swiss Political Science Review 23(4): 526-542. ------. 2017b. “The Ideational Approach to Populism.” Latin American Research Review 52(4): 513-528. ------. 2018. “Introduction—Concept, Theory, and Method.” In The Ideational Approach to Populism: Concept, Theory, and Analysis, eds. Kirk A. Hawkins, Ryan Carlin, Levente Littvay, and Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser. London: Routledge. Hawkins, Kirk A., Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, and Ioannis Andreadis. 2018. “The Activation of Populist Attitudes.” Government and Opposition 55(2): 283-307. Hawkins, Kirk, Madeleine Read, and Teun Pauwels. 2017. “Populism and Its Causes.” In The Oxford Handbook of Populism. eds. Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hawkins, Kirk A., and Scott Riding. 2010. “Populist Attitudes and their Correlates among Citizens: Survey Evidence from the Americas.” Presented at the ECPR Workshop “Disassembling Populism (and Putting It Back Together Again): Collaborative Empirical Research on Interactions among Populism’s Attributes.” Muenster. Hawkins, Kirk A., Scott Riding, and Cas Mudde. 2012. “Measuring Populist Attitudes.” Working Paper Series on Political Concepts, ECPR Committee on Concepts and Methods 55: 1-35. Hidalgo-Tenorio, Encarnación, and Miguel-Ángel Benítez-Castro. 2022. “Trump’s Populist Discourse and Affective Politics, or on How to Move ‘the People’ through Emotion.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 20(2): 86-109. Hieda, Takeshi, Masahiro Zenkyo, and Masaru Nishikawa. 2021. “Do Populists Support Populism? An Examination through an Online Survey Following the 2017 Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly Election.” Party Politics 27(2): 317-328. Hirschman, Albert. 1970. Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hobolt, Sara, Eva Anduiza, Ali Carkoglu, Georg Lutz, and Nicolas Sauger. 2016. “Democracy Divided? People, Politicians and the Politics of Populism.” http://www.cses.org/plancom/module5/CSES5_ContentSubcommitteeFinalReport.pdf (accessed June 1, 2021). Hochschild, Arlie R. 2018. Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right. New York, London: The New Press. Homolar, Alexandra, and Georg Löfflmann. 2021. “Populism and the Affective Politics of Humiliation Narratives.” Global Studies Quarterly. Forthcoming. Hooghe, Marc, and Ruth Dassonneville. 2018. “Explaining the Trump Vote: The Effect of Racist Resentment and Anti-Immigrant Sentiments.” Political Science & Politics 51: 528-534. Houle, Christian, and Paul D. Kenny. 2018. “The Political and Economic Consequences of Populist Rule in Latin America.” Government and Opposition 53(2): 256-287. Hsiao, Yi-ching, and Eric Chen-hua Yu. 2020. “Polarization Perception and Support for Democracy: The Case of Taiwan.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 55(8): 1143-1162. Huber, Robert A. 2020. “The Role of Populist Attitudes in Explaining Climate Change Skepticism and Support for Environmental Protection.” Environmental Politics 29(6): 959-982. Huber, Robert A., and Christian H. Schimpf. 2016. “Friend or Foe? Testing the Influence of Populism on Democratic Quality in Latin America.” Political Studies 64(4): 872-889. ------. 2017. “On the Distinct Effects of Left-Wing and Right-Wing Populism on Democratic Quality.” Politics and Governance 5(4): 146-165. Huber, Robert A., Lukas Fesenfeld, and Thomas Bernauer. 2020. “Political Populism, Responsiveness, and Public Support for Climate Mitigation.” Climate Policy 20(3): 373-386. Huber, Robert A., and Saskia P. Ruth. 2017. “Mind the Gap! Populism, Participation and Representation in Europe.” Swiss Political Science Review 23(4): 462-484. Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press. IDEA. 2020. “Populist Government and Democracy: An Impact Assessment Using the Global State of Democracy Indices.” https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/populist-government-and-democracy-impact-assessement-using-gsod-indices.pdf.(accessed August 10, 2021). Ignazi, Piero. 2003. Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Inglehart, Ronald F., and Pippa Norris. 2016. Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-nots and Cultural Backlash. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School. ------. 2017. “Trump and the Populist Authoritarian Parties: The Silent Revolution in Reverse.” Perspectives on Politics 15(2): 443-454. Ionescu, Ghit̜ă, and Ernest Gellner. 1969. Populism: Its Meanings and National Characteristics. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth. 2008. “What Unites Right-Wing Populists? Re-Examining Grievance Mobilization Models in Seven Successful Cases.” Comparative Political Studies 41(1): 3-23. Jacobs, Kristof, Agnes Akkerman, and Andrej Zaslove. 2018. “The Voice of Populist People? Referendum Preferences, Practices and Populist Attitudes.” Acta Politica 53: 517-541. Judis, John B., and Ruy Teixeira. 2002. The Emerging Democratic Majority. New York: Scribner. Jungkunz, Sebastian, Robert A. Fahey, and Airo Hino. 2021. “How Populist Attitudes Scales Fail to Capture Support for Populists in Power.” Plos One. Fourthcoming. Karakaya, Yağmur. 2020. “The Conquest of Hearts: the Central Role of Ottoman Nostalgia within Contemporary Turkish Populism.” American Journal of Cultural Sociology 8(2): 125-157. Katz, Richard S., and Peter Mair. 1995. “Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party.” Party Politics 1(1): 5-28. Kefford, Glenn, Benjamin Moffitt, and Annika Werner. 2021. “Populist Attitudes: Bringing Together Ideational and Communicative Approaches.” Political Studies. Fourthcoming. Kenny, Paul D. 2017. Populism and Patronage: Why Populists Win Elections in India, Asia, and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ------. 2020. ““The Enemy of the People”: Populists and Press Freedom.” Political Research Quarterly 73(2): 261-275. Kitschelt, Herbert. 2002. “Popular Dissatisfaction with Democracy: Populism and Party Systems.” In Democracies and the Populist Challenge, eds. Yves Mény and Yves Surel. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. Kramer, Benjamin. 2014. “Media Populism: A Conceptual Clarification and Some Theses on Its Effects.” Communication Theory 24(1): 42-60. Kriesi, Hanspeter, Edgar Grande, Romain Lachat, Martin Dolezal, Simon Bornschier, and Timotheos Frey. 2006. “Globalization and the Transformation of the National Political Space: Six European Countries Compared.” European Journal of Political Research 45(6): 921-956. ------. 2008. West European Politics in the Age of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kriesi, Hanspeter, and Takis S. Pappas, eds. 2015. European Populism in the Shadow of the Great Recession. Colchester: ECPR. Laclau, Ernesto. 1977. Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, Populism. London, New York: Verso. ------. 2005. On Populist Reason. London, New York: Verso. La Torre, Carlos. Ed. 2015. The Promise and Perils of Populism: Global Perspectives. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. Leininger, Arndt, and Maurits J. Meijers. 2021. “Do Populist Parties Increase Voter Turnout? Evidence from over 40 Years of Electoral History in 31 European Democracies.” Political Studies 69(3): 665-685. Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press. ------. 2012. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Lin, Shu-Fen. 2009. “The ‘Popular Democracy vs. Civil Society’Debate in Taiwan Revisited.” Journal of Political Ideologies 14(3): 227-252. Linde, Jonas, and Joakim Ekman. 2003. ‘‘Satisfaction with Democracy: A Note on a Frequently Used Indicator in Comparative Politics.’’ European Journal of Political Research 42(3): 391-408. Linz, Juan, and Alfred Stepan. 1996. “Towards Consolidated Democracies.” Journal of Democracy 7(2): 14-33. Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1960. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Loew, Nicole, and Thorsten Faas. 2019. “Between Thin- and Host-ideologies: How Populist Attitudes Interact with Policy Preferences in Shaping Voting Behaviour.” Representation 55(4): 493-511. Lummis, Douglas C. 1996. Radical Democracy. Cornell University Press. Madison, James. 1961[1788]. “The Federalist Papers No 51.” In The Federalist Papers, ed. Clinton Rossiter. New York: Penguin Books. Mair, Peter. 2002. “Populist Democracy vs. Party Democracy.” In Democracies and the Populist Challenge, eds. Yves Meny and Yves Surel. London: Palgrave. ------. 2009. Representative versus Responsible Government. MPIfG Working Paper 09/8. Cologne. Mansbridge, Jane, and Stephen Macedo. 2019. “Populism and Democratic Theory.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 15(1): 59-77. Manucci, Luca. 2017. “Populism and the Media.” In The Oxford Handbook of Populism, eds. Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Manucci, Luca, and Edward Weber. 2017. “Why The Big Picture Matters: Political and Media Populism in Western Europe since the 1970s.” Swiss Political Science Review 23(4): 313-334. Marchlewska, Marta, Aleksandra Cichocka, Orestis Panayiotou, Kevin Castellanos, and Jude Batayneh. 2018. “Populism as Identity Politics.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 9(2): 151-162. Marcos-Marne, Hugo. 2020. “A Tale of Populism? The Determinants of Voting for Left-Wing Populist Parties in Spain.” Political Studies 2: 1-19. Marcos-Marne, Hugo, Carolina Plaza-Colodro, and Tina Freyburg. 2020. “Who Votes for New Parties? Economic Voting, Political Ideology and Populist Attitudes.” West European Politics 43(1): 1-21. Marcos-Marne, Hugo, Ivan Llamazares, and Susumu Shikano. 2021. “Left-Right Radicalism and Populist Attitudes in France and Spain.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies. Forthcoming. Margalit, Yotam. 2012. “Lost in Globalization: International Economic Integration and the Sources of Popular Discontent.” International Studies Quarterly 56(3): 484-500. ------. 2019. “Economic Insecurity and the Causes of Populism, Reconsidered.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 33(4): 152-170. Mazzoleni, Oscar, and Gilles Ivaldi. 2020. “Economic Populist Sovereignism and Electoral Support for Radical Right-Wing Populism.” Political Studies 3: 1-23. McGann, Anthony J., and Herbert Kitschelt. 2005. “The Radical Right in the Alps: Evolution of Support for the Swiss SVP and Austrian FPÖ.” Party Politics 11(2): 147-171. Meguid, Bonnie. 2005. “Competition between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy and Niche Party Success.” American Political Science Review 99(3): 347-360. Meijers, Maurits J., and Andrej Zaslove. 2021. “Measuring Populism in Political Parties: Appraisal of a New Approach.” Comparative Political Studies 54(2): 372-407. Meléndez, Carlos, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2019. “Political Identities: The Missing Link in the Study of Populism.” Party Politics 25(4): 520-533. Meny, Yves. 2014. Democracies and the Populist Challenge. Palgrave Macmillan. Mény, Yves, and Yves Surel, eds. 2002. Democracies and the Populist Challenge. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Mishler, William, and Richard Rose. 1996. “Trajectories of Fear and Hope: Support for Democracy in Post-Communist Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 28(1): 553-581. Moffitt, Benjamin, ed. 2016. The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ------. 2018. “The Populism/anti-populism Divide in Western Europe.” Democratic Theory 5(2): 1-16. Moffitt, Benjamin, and Simon Tormey. 2014. “Rethinking Populism: Politics, Mediatisation and Political Style.” Political Studies 62(2): 381-397. Mohrenberg, Steffen, Robert A. Huber, and Tina Freyburg. 2021. “Love at First Sight? Populist Attitudes and Support for Direct Democracy.” Party Politics 27(3): 528-539. Mols, Frank, and Jolanda Jetten. 2016. “Explaining the Appeal of Populist Right-wing Parties in Times of Economic Prosperity.” Political Psychology 37(2): 275-292. Morisi, Davide, and Markus Wagner. 2021. “Bringing People Closer to the Elites: the Effect of Information on Populist Attitudes.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 33(3): 664-677. Mouffe, Chantal. 2018. For a Left Populism. London: Verso Books. Mudde, Cas. 2004. “The Populist Zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition 39(4): 541-563. ------. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ------. 2017. “Populism: An Ideational Approach.” In The Oxford Handbook of Populism. eds. Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina O. Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ------. 2021. “Populism in Europe: An Illiberal Democratic Response to Undemocratic Liberalism.” Government and Opposition 2: 1-21. Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2013. “Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America.” Government and Opposition 48(2): 147-174. ------. 2017. Populism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. ------. 2018. “Studying Populism in Comparative Perspective: Reflections on the Contemporary and Future Research Agenda.” Comparative Political Studies 51(13): 1667-1693. Muis, Jasper, and Tim Immerzeel. 2017. “Causes and Consequences of the Rise of Populist Radical Right Parties and Movements in Europe.” Current Sociology 65(6): 909-930. Müller, Jan-Werner. 2016. What is Populism? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Nadeau, Richard, and Andre Blais. 1993. “Accepting the Election Outcome: The Effect on Participation on Losers’ Consent.” British Journal of Political Science, 23(4): 553-563. Neuner, Fabian G., and Christopher Wratil. 2020. “The Populist Marketplace: Unpacking the Role of ‘Thin’ and ‘Thick’ Ideology.” Political Behavior 2: 1-24. Norris, Pippa, ed. 1999. Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ------. 2005. Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ------. 2011. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ------. 2020. “Measuring Populism Worldwide.” Party Politics 26(6): 697-717. Norris, Pippa, and Inglehart Ronald. 2019. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Oliver, J. Eric, and Wendy M. Rahn. 2016. “Rise of the Trumpenvolk: Populism in the 2016 Election.” ANNALS of the American Academic of Political and Social Science 667(1): 189-206. Ostiguy, Pierre. 2017. “Populism: A Socio-Cultural Approach.” In The Oxford Handbook of Populism. eds. Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina O. Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pappas, Takis S. 2016. “Modern Populism: Research Advances, Conceptual and Methodological Pitfalls, and the Minimal Definition.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, ed. Takis S. Pappas. Oxford University Press. ------. 2019. Populism and Liberal Democracy: A Comparative and Theoretical Analysis. Oxford: Oxford Universtiy Press. Pasquino, Gianfranco. 2008. “Populism and Democracy.” In Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy. eds. Daniele Albertazzi and Duncan McDonnell. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave. Passarelli, Gianluca, and Dario Tuorto. 2018. “The Five Star Movement: Purely a Matter of Protest? The Rise of A New Party between Political Discontent and Reasoned Voting.” Party Politics 24(2): 129-140. Patana, Pauliina. 2020. “Changes in Local Context and Electoral Support for the Populist Radical Right: Evidence from Finland.” Party Politics 26(6): 718-729. Pauwels, Teun. 2011. “Measuring Populism: A Quantitative Text Analysis of Party Literature in Belgium.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 21(1): 97-119. Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Przeworski, Adam. 2019. The Crises of Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press. Przeworski, Adam, Susan C. Stokes, and Bernard Manin. 1999. Democracy, Accountability, and Representation. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Quinlan, Stephen, and Deirdre Tinney. 2019. “A Populist Wave or Metamorphosis of a Chameleon? Populist Attitudes and the Vote in 2016 in the United States and Ireland.” Economic and Social Review 50(2): 281-324. Ramos, Miguel R., Sandy Schumann, and Miles Hewstone. 2021. “The Role of Short-Term and Longer Term Immigration Trends on Voting for Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe.” Social Psychological and Personality Science. Forthcoming. Rico, Guillem, and Eva Anduiza. 2019. “Economic Correlates of Populist Attitudes: An Analysis of Nine European Countries in the Aftermath of the Great Recession.” Acta Politica 54(3): 371-397. Rico, Guillem, Marc Guinjoan, and Eva Anduiza. 2017. “The Emotional Underpinnings of Populism: How Anger and Fear Affect Populist Attitudes.” Swiss Political Science Review 23(4): 444-461. ------. 2020. “Empowered and Enraged: Political Efficacy, Anger and Support for Populism in Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 59(4): 797-816. Riker, William H. 1982. Liberalism against Populism. San Francisco: Freeman. Riker, William H, and Peter C Ordeshook. 1968. “A Theory of the Calculus of Voting. ” American Political Science Review 62: 25-42. Roberts, Kenneth M. 2017. “Populism and Political Parties.” In The Oxford Handbook of Populism, eds. Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina O. Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ------. 2019. “Bipolar Disorders: Varieties of Capitalism and Populist Out-Flanking on the Left and Right.” Polity 51(4): 641-653. Roccato, Michele, Nicoletta Cavazza, Pasquale Colloca, and Silvia Russo. 2020. “Three Roads to Populism? An Italian Field Study on the 2019 European Election.” Social Science Quarterly 101(4): 1222-1235. Rodrik, Dani. 2018. “Populism and the Economics of Globalization.” Journal of International Business Policy 1(1-2): 12-33. Rohac, Dalibor, Sahana Kumar, and Andreas Johansson Heinö. 2017. “The Wisdom of Demagogues: Institutions, Corruption and Support for Authoritarian Populists.” Economic Affairs 37(3): 382-396. Rooduijn, Matthijs. 2014. “The Nucleus of Populism: In Search of the Lowest Common Denominator.” Government and Opposition 49(4): 573-599. ------. 2019. “State of the Field: How to Study Populism and Adjacent Topics? A Plea for Both More and Less Focus.” European Journal of Political Research 58(1): 362-372. Rooduijn, Matthijs and Brian Burgoon. 2017. “The Paradox of Well-being: Do Unfavorable Socioeconomic and Sociocultural Contexts Deepen or Dampen Radical Left and Right Voting Among the Less Well-Off?” Comparative Political Studies 51(13): 1720-1753. Rooduijn, Matthijs, Stijn Van Kessel, Caterina Froio, Andrea Pirro, Sarah De Lange, Daphne Halikiopoulou, Paul Lewis, Cas Mudde, and Paul Taggart. 2019. “The PopuList: An Overview of Populist, Far Right, Far Left and Eurosceptic Parties in Europe.” https: www.popu-list.org (accessed July 21, 2021). Rooduijn, Matthijs, and Teun Pauwels. 2011. “Measuring Populism: Comparing Two Methods of Content Analysis.” West European Politics 34(6): 1272-1283. Rooduijn, Matthijs, and Tjitske Akkerman. 2017. “Flank Attacks: Populism and Left-right Radicalism in Western Europe.” Party Politics 23(3): 193-204. Rooduijn, Matthijs, Wouter van der Brug, and Sarah L. de Lange. 2016. “Expressing or Fuelling Discontent? The Relationship between Populist Voting and Political Discontent.” Electoral Studies 43(3): 32-40. Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal. 2012. “The Ambivalence of Populism: Threat and Corrective for Democracy.” Democratization 19(2): 184-208. ------. 2014. “The Responses of Populism to Dahl’s Democratic Dilemmas.” Political Studies 62(3): 470-487. ------. 2015. “Explaining the Emergence of Populism in Europe and the Americas.” In The Promise and Perils of Populism: Global Perspectives, ed. Carlos de la Torre. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ------. 2019. “How to Define Populism?: Reflections on A Contested Concept and Its (mis)Use in the Social Sciences.” In Populism and the Crisis of Democracy, eds. Gregor Fitzi, Jürgen Mackert, and Bryan S. Turner. London: Routledge. Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal, and Paul Taggart. 2016a. “Dealing with Populists in Government: A Framework for Analysis.” Democratization 23(2): 201-220. ------.2016b. “Dealing with Populists in Government: Some Comparative Conclusions.” Democratization 23(2): 345-365. Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal, and Steven M. van Hauwaert. 2020. “The Populist Citizen: Empirical Evidence from Europe and Latin America.” European Political Science Review 12(1): 1-18. Rovny, Jan. 2013. “Where Do Radical Right Parties Stand: Position Blurring in Multidimensional Competition.” European Political Science Review 5: 1-26. Rovny, Jan, and Jonathan Polk. 2020. “Still Blurry? Economic Salience, Position and Voting for Radical Right Parties in Western Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 59(2): 248-268. Rydgren, Jens. 2005. “Is Extreme Right-wing Populism Contagious? Explaining the Emergence of a New Party Family.” European Journal of Political Research 44(3): 413-437. ------. 2007. “The Sociology of the Radical Right.” Annual Review of Sociology 33(1): 241-262. Santana, Andrés, and José Rama. 2018. “Electoral Support for Left Wing Populist Parties in Europe: Addressing the Globalization Cleavage.” European Politics and Society 19(5): 558-576. Santana, Andrés, Piotr Zagórski and José Rama. 2020. “At Odds With Europe: Explaining Populist Radical Right Voting in Central and Eastern Europe.” East European Politics 36(2): 288-309. Santana-Pereira, José, and João Cancela. 2020. “Demand without Supply? Populist Attitudes and Voting Behaviour in Post-Bailout Portugal.” South European Society and Politics 25(2): 205-228. Sartori, Giovanni. 1970. “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics.” American Political Science Review 64(4): 1033-1053. ------. 1984. “Guidelines for Concept Analysis.” In Social Science Concepts: A Systematic Analysis, ed. Giovanni Sartori. Beverly Hills, California: Sage. Scartascini, Carlos, Cesi Cruz, and Philip Keefer. 2018. “The Database of Political Institutions 2017 (DPI2017).” Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001027. Schattschneider, Elmer Eric. 1960. The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Schulz, Anne, Philipp Müller, Christian Schemer, Dominique S. Wirz, Martin Wettstein, and Werner Wirth. 2018. “Measuring Populist Attitudes on Three Dimensions.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 30(2): 316-326. Schumacher, Gijs, and Matthijs Rooduijn. 2013. “Sympathy for the ‘Devil’? Voting for Populists in the 2006 and 2010 Dutch General Elections.” Electoral Studies 32(1): 124-133. Schumann, Sandy, Fabian Thomas, Franziska Ehrke, Tisa Bertlich, and Julia C. Dupont. 2021. “Maintenance or Change? Examining the Reinforcing Spiral between Social Media News Use and Populist Attitudes.” Information, Communication & Society. Forthcoming. Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1945. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London, UK: Routledge. Shils, Edward. A. 1956. The Torment of Secrecy: The Background and Consequences of American Security Policies. London: Heinemann. Solt, Frederick. 2020. “Measuring Income Inequality across Countries and over Time: The Standardized World Income Inequality Database.” Social Science Quarterly 101(3): 1183-1199. Spierings, Niels, Marcel Lubbers, and Andrej Zaslove. 2017. “‘Sexually Modern Nativist Voters’: Do They Exist and Do They Vote for the Populist Radical Right?.” Gender and Education 29(2): 216-237. Spruyt, Bram, Gil Keppens, and Filip van Droogenbroeck. 2016. “Who Supports Populism and What Attracts People to It?” Political Research Quarterly 69(2): 335-346. Stanley, Ben. 2008. “The Thin Ideology of Populism.” Journal of Political Ideologies 13(1): 95-110. ------. 2011. “Populism, Nationalism, or National Populism? An Analysis of Slovak Voting Behaviour at the 2010 Parliamentary Election.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 44(4): 257-270. Stanojevic, Antonia, Agnes Akkerman, and Katerina Manevska. 2020. “Good Workers and Crooked Bosses: The Effect of Voice Suppression by Supervisors on Employees’ Populist Attitudes and Voting.” Political Psychology 41(2): 363-381. Stavrakakis, Yannis. 2014. “The Return of “the People”: Populism and Anti-populism in the Shadow of the European Crisis.” Constellations 21(4): 505-517. Swank, Duane, and Hans-Georg Betz. 2003. “Globalization, the Welfare State and Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe.” Socio-Economic Review 1(2): 215-245. Taggart, Paul. 1995. “New Populist Parties in Western Europe.” West European Politics 18(1): 34-51. ------. 2000. Populism: Concepts in the Social Sciences. Buckingham, Philadelphia: Open University Press. Taguieff, Pierre-André. 1995. “Political Science Confronts Populism: From a Conceptual Mirage to a Real Problem.” Telos 103: 9-43. The Global State of Democracy. 2020. “Populist Government and Democracy: An Impact Assessment Using the Global State of Democracy Indices.” https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/populist-government-and-democracy-impact-assessment (accessed June 7, 2021). Tsai, Jung-Hsiang. 2019. “Populism and Democratic Crisis in Semi-presidential Countries.” Democratization 26(8): 1458-1474. Tsatsanis, Emmanouil, Ioannis Andreadis, and Eftichia Teperoglou. 2018. “Populism from Below: Socio-economic and Ideological Correlates of Mass Attitudes in Greece.” South European Society and Politics 23(4): 429-450. Tuğal, Cihan. 2021. “Populism Studies: The Case for Theoretical and Comparative Reconstruction.” Annual Review of Sociology 47: 327-347. Urbinati, Nadia. 1998. “Democracy and Populism.” Constellations 5(1): 110-124. ------. 2014. Democracy Disfigured: Truth, Opinion and the People. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ------. 2019a. Me the People: How Populism Transforms Democracy. Harvard University Press. ------. 2019b. “Political Theory of Populism.” Annual Review of Political Science 22(1): 111-127. Van der Brug, Wouter. 2003. “How the LPF Fuelled Discontent: Empirical Tests of Explanations of LPF Support.” Acta Politica 38(1): 89-106. Van Hauwaert, Steven M., Christian H. Schimpf, and Flavio Azevedo. 2020. “The Measurement of Populist Attitudes: Testing Cross National Scales Using Item Response Theory.” Politics 40(1): 3-21. Van Hauwaert, Steven M., Christian H. Schimpf, and Régis Dandoy. 2019. “Populist Demand, Economic Development and Regional Identity across Nine European Countries: Exploring Regional Patterns of Variance.” European Societies 21(2): 303-325. Van Hauwaert, Steven M., and Stijn van Kessel. 2018. “Beyond Protest and Discontent: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effect of Populist Attitudes and Issue Positions on Populist Party Support.” European Journal of Political Research 57(1): 68-92. van Kessel, Stijn. 2013. “A Matter of Supply and Demand: The Electoral Performance of Populist Parties in Three European Countries.” Government and Opposition 48(2): 175-199. ------. 2015. Populist Parties in Europe: Agents of Discontent? Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Van Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2014. “The Populist Challenge.” West European Politics 37(2): 361-378. Vans, Geoffrey, and Stephen Whitefield. 1995. “The Politics and Economics of Democratic Commitment: Support for Democracy in Transition Societies.” British Journal of Political Science 25(4): 485-514. Vasilopoulos, Pavlos, and John T. Jost. 2020. “Psychological Similarities and Dissimilarities between Left-wing and Right-wing Populists: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey in France.” Journal of Research in Personality. Forthcoming. Vehrkamp, Robert, and Christopher Wratil. 2017. A Populist Moment? Populist Attitudes of Voters and Non-Voters before the German Federal Election 2017. Gutersloh: Bertelsmann. Venizelos, Giorgos. 2021. “Populism or Nationalism? The ‘Paradoxical’ Non-Emergence of Populism in Cyprus.” Political Studies 1: 1-22. Vittori, Davide. 2021. “Threat or Corrective? Assessing the Impact of Populist Parties in Government on the Qualities of Democracy: A 19-country Comparison.” Government and Opposition. Fourthcoming. Wettstein, Martin, Anne Schulz, Marco Steenbergen, Christian Schemer, Philipp Müller, Dominique S. Wirz, and Werner Wirth. 2020. “Measuring Populism across Nations: Testing for Measurement Invariance of an Inventory of Populist Attitudes.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 32(2): 284-305. Weyland, Kurt. 1999. “Neoliberal Populism in Latin America and Eastern Europe.” Comparative Politics 31(4): 379-401. ------. 2001. “Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics.” Comparative Politics 34(1): 1-22. ------. 2017. “Populism: A Political-Strategic Approach”. In The Oxford Handbook of Populism, eds. Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina O. Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ------. 2021. “Populism as a Political Strategy: An Approach’s Enduring and Increasing Advantages.” Political Studies 69(2): 185-189. Widmann, Tobias. 2021. “How Emotional Are Populists Really? Factors Explaining Emotional Appeals in the Communication of Political Parties.” Political Psychology 42(1): 163-181. Wolfe, Alan. 1981. “Sociology, Liberalism, and the Radical Right.” New Left Review 128(1): 3-27. Worsley, Peter. 1969. “The Concept of Populism.” In Populism: Its Meanings and National Characteristics, eds. Ionescu, Ghit̜ă, and Ernest Gellner. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Wuttke, Alexander, Christian Schimpf, and Harald Schoen. 2020. “When the Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: On the Conceptualization and Measurement of Populist Attitudes and Other Multidimensional Constructs.” American Political Science Review 114(2): 356-374. Yabanci, Bilge. 2016. “Populism as the Problem Child of Democracy: The AKP’s Enduring Appeal and the Use of Meso-Level Actors.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 16(4): 591-617. Zaslove, Andrej. 2008. “Here to Stay? Populism as a New Party Type.” European Review 16(3): 319-336. Zaslove, Andrej, Bram Geurkink, Kristof Jacobs, and Agnes Akkerman. 2021. “Power to the People? Populism, Democracy, and Political Participation: A Citizen’s Perspective.” West European Politics 44(4): 727-751. Zur, Roi. 2021. “Stuck in the Middle: Ideology, Valence and the Electoral Failures of Centrist Parties.” British Journal of Political Science 51: 706-723. 描述 博士
國立政治大學
政治學系
106252505資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106252505 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳陸輝 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Lu-Huei en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 楊貴 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Yang, Gui en_US dc.creator (作者) 楊貴 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Yang, Gui en_US dc.date (日期) 2022 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2022 16:25:27 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Jul-2022 16:25:27 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2022 16:25:27 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106252505 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/140681 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 政治學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 106252505 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 民粹主義為何興起和興起後的民粹主義有何影響是上个世纪九十年代以来，民粹主义在全球范围内兴起後，学术界广泛关注的問題。有別於過去的民粹主義研究從政治人物和政黨搜尋答案，筆者將研究對象放在選民，探討選民支持民粹主義的原因和支持民粹主義後的政治後果。 按照傳統政治學對民粹主義民主的理解與當前學術界就民粹主義概念定義達成的共識，筆者將民粹主義定義為一種人民反對菁英及彰顯人民意志的薄意識形態。採用政治心理學的研究途徑，筆者視民粹主義為政治文化的一個重要組成部分，個體選民所持有的一類心理學態度。在此基礎上，筆者使用已有的CSES第五波調查資料和在台灣蒐集的三筆一手或二手調查資料，對個體選民民粹主義態度的成因與政治效應進行系統的的比較分析和深入的案例討論。 在民粹主義態度的成因上，本文發現民主赤字、政治支持、治理績效評估和選舉輸贏，這些對當前民主政治理念及其實踐的認知、評價與經歷顯著地影響了個體選民的民粹主義態度。且認知、評價與經歷愈負向，個體選民所持有的民粹主義態度愈高。台灣脈絡下，影響民粹主義態度的因素只有政治支持和治理績效評估。另外，個體選民所持有的民粹主義態度受到宏觀脈絡性結構因素的影響在不同的國家或地區存在顯著的差異。民主模式在縱向分權上愈趨於共識型和貧富差距愈大的國家或地區，選民的民粹主義態度愈高，但在民粹主義政黨選舉表現愈為強勢的國家或地區，選民的民粹主義態度並未隨之變高。 在民粹主義態度的政治效應上，本文發現個體選民民粹主義態度的形成顯著地改變了他們的一些政治態度和政治行為。首先，個體選民持有的民粹主義態度愈高，愈不認可代議民主，也不認同與投票給主流政黨，相反愈認同與投票給包括民粹主義政黨在內的非主流政黨。台灣脈絡下，還愈不喜歡主流政治人物，愈喜歡民粹主義政治人物。其次，個體選民持有的民粹主義態度愈高，在心理層面和行為層面涉入政治的程度愈低。民粹主義態度的這一負向影響也未因政治涉入是制度化管道內還是非制度化管道內而呈現不同。再次，個體選民持有的民粹主義態度愈高，在左右意識形態的政治光譜上愈向兩端走。台灣脈絡下，民粹主義態度未使個體選民在經濟發展、社會分配和統獨等爭議性政策議題上的立場出現極化。總結而言，民粹主義態度對選民政治態度和政治行為存在退出效應和極化效應，未形成賦權效應。比較分析部分，筆者使用多層模型發現民粹主義政黨對選民政治態度和政治行為也存在退出效應和極化效應，還存在賦權效應。 上述之發現是本文在研究方法方面做出改進以推進民粹主義研究的基礎上獲得的一般性結論和脈絡性知識，較為一致穩健。這些改進包括：同時關注社會大眾層級需求面和政黨層級供給面的民粹主義現象；將研究案例拓展至非歐美的國家或地區；使用標準統一的民粹主義概念定義、問卷題目和操作化方式。 透過這一研究，本文認為民粹主義內生於民主政治在微觀層級也成立，民粹主義在社會大眾層級和政黨層級的興起對民主政治產生的政治影響是多元複雜的，既存在負向的也存在積極的，這與過去學術界所強調的民粹主義是民主政治的陰暗面有所衝突。本文也揭示了大眾層級民粹主義是理解政黨層級民粹主義為何興起的關鍵，而後者對前者的影響並沒有學術界預期的那麼重要。就此而言，筆者呼籲學術界應摒棄對民主政治和民粹主義的固有看法，認真對待和系統檢驗民粹主義與民主政治之間的相互關係，將需求面和供給面的民粹主義現象整合在一起進行研究，針對民粹主義研究面臨的新問題與新挑戰，回歸與回應傳統政治學的經典論述亦是一個突破口。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The global rise of populism since the 1990s has sparked widespread academic interest. Unlike previous populism studies that focused on politicians and parties, the author focuses on voters, exploring the causes and consequences of populism at the individual level. In line with the understandings of populist democracy in traditional political theories and the consensual definition of populism in current scholarship, the author defines populism as a thin ideology “that not only depicts society as divided between ‘the pure people’ versus ‘the corrupt elite,’ but also claims that politics is about respecting popular sovereignty at any cost.” Taking a political psychology approach, the author thinks of populism as an important element of political culture and a psychological attitude held by individual voter. Based on these presuppositions, the author analyzes the causes and political effects of individual voters’ populist attitudes using data from Module 5 of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems surveys and three survey data collected in Taiwan. Through systematic comparative analysis and in-depth case study, the findings obtained in this paper on the causes and political effects of populism are as follows: What causes populist attitudes in the mass publics? This paper finds that perceptions, evaluations, and experiences of current democracy’s ideas and practices including democratic deficit, political support, evaluation of governmental performance, and electoral win or loss fosters the rise of populist ideas among the mass publics. In detail, individual voters may hold higher populist attitude when their perceptions, evaluations, and experiences of current democracy’s ideas and practices are more negative. In Taiwan’s context, only political support and evaluation of governmental performance affect individual voters’ populist attitude. In addition, individual voters’ populist attitude is influenced by macro contextual factors and varies significantly from country to country or region to region. People may hold higher populist attitudes in countries or regions that tend to be more consensual democracy pattern in vertical dimension or have higher income inequality. However, populist attitude don’t become higher in countries or regions where populist parties have become more dominant in elections. As for the political effects of populist attitudes, this paper finds that individual voters’ political attitudes and political behaviors change significantly as individual voters develop their populist attitude. First of all, the higher populist attitude individual voters hold, the less likely to support representative democracy and mainstream party, and the more likely to identify and vote for non-mainstream parties, including populist parties. In the context of Taiwan, the higher populist attitude individual voters hold, the more likely to dislike mainstream political figures, and the more likely to prefer those with populist characteristics. Secondly, the higher populist attitude held by individual voters, the lower the degree of political involvement in both psychological and behavioral dimensions. The negative impact of populist attitude on individual voters’ political involvement also does not differ significantly from conventional political involvement model to unconventional political involvement model. Thirdly, the higher populist attitude held by individual voters, the more likely to move to both ends of the left-right spectrum. In the context of Taiwan, populist attitude don’t influence the polarization of individual voters’ position on controversial policy issues such as economic development, social welfare, and unification-independence. To sum up, populist attitude in the mass publics has a withdraw effect and a polarization effect on their political attitudes and political behaviors, without creating an empowerment effect. In the comparative analysis section, this study uses multilevel model and finds that the populist parties also have a withdraw effect and a polarization effect, but have an unexpected empowerment effect. As this study puts further improvements of previous populism studies in research method dimension, the above findings obtained by this paper are consistent and robust. These advances include: focusing on populism phenomena at both the mass public level and the party level; expanding the research cases to non-Euro-American countries or regions; and using more standardized and unified definition, questionnaire and operationalization of populism. Through this study, this author reveals the questionable relationship between populism and democracy at the individual level, responds to the classical discourses on populist democracy and liberal democracy in traditional political theories, and calls on current scholarship to abandon their preconceived notions of populism and democracy and to systematically examine the interrelationship between populism and democracy. At the same time, it also provides a sample for the academic community to conduct an integrated study on populism on the demand side of the mass society and the supply side of the political party, and to a certain extent, clarifies some debates on the interrelationship between the demand and supply sides of populism. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒 論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 問題意識 5 第三節 理論觀點 10 第四節 章節安排 17 第二章 文獻綜述與理論假說 19 第一節 民粹主義的主線研究 19 第二節 需求面的民粹主義研究 34 第三節 理論基礎 58 第四節 研究假設 74 第三章 研究設計與研究方法 75 第一節 研究架構 75 第二節 資料來源 78 第三節 變數選擇與測量 82 第四章 民粹主義態度的成因分析 95 第一節 民粹主義態度成因的比較分析 95 第二節 民粹主義態度成因的個案討論 103 第三節 研究小結 107 第五章 民粹主義態度的政治效應 111 第一節 民粹主義態度政治效應的比較分析 111 第二節 民粹主義態度政治效應的個案討論 116 第三節 研究小結 122 第六章 結論與討論 125 第一節 發現與貢獻 126 第二節 侷限與展望 132 參考文獻 135 附錄 一 現有研究測量民粹主義態度的問卷題目 167 附錄 二 變數測量：問卷題目與編碼方式 169 附錄 三 變數的描述性統計量 175 zh_TW dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106252505 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民粹主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民主政治 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治文化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 比較政治 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣研究 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Populism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Democratic politics en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Political culture en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Comparative politics en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan study en_US dc.title (題名) 民粹主義成因與政治效應的比較研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Origins and Political Effects of Populism: A Comparative Study en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王一芝，2019，〈到底誰是鋼鐵韓粉？〉，天下雜誌網站：https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5095432，檢索日期：2022年2月10日。 王振寰、錢永祥，1995，〈邁向新國家？民粹威權主義的形成與民主問題〉，《台灣社會研究季刊》，20：17-54。 江宜樺，2001，《自由民主的理路》，台北：聯經。 林文正、林宗弘，2020，〈韓流與柯粉：台灣民粹政治的社會起源〉，載於《香港與台灣的社會政治新動向》，萧新煌、杨文山、尹宝珊、郑宏泰主編，香港：香港中文大學香港亞太研究所。 林雨晨、席天揚，2020，〈右翼民粹主義的政治經濟學——來自進口貿易和難民衝擊的影響〉，《經濟學（季刊）》，19（4）：1191-1212。 林紅，2017，〈民粹主義全球性再現的根源：民眾與政黨的雙重維度〉，《當代世界與社會主義》，2：95-103。 林淑芬，2005，〈“人民”做主？民粹主義、民主與人民〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，12（1）：141-182。 郎友興、呂鴻強，2020，〈民粹主義：概念界定方法之比較〉，《理論與改革》，4：36-53。 胡正光、江素慧，2020，〈民粹主義在台灣—韓國瑜及其支持者〉，《台灣國際研究季刊》，16（3）：155-183。 馬華靈，2019，〈何謂「民粹主義」？一個最低限度的定義〉，端傳媒網站：https://theinitium.com/article/20190107-opinion-mahualing-populism-thin-thick/，檢索日期：2021年 10 月 20 日。 崔曉倩、吳重禮，2011，〈年齡與選舉參與：2008年總統選舉的實證分析〉，《調查研究：方法與應用》，26：7-44。 高春芽，2020，〈民粹政黨主流化與主流政黨民粹化的雙向運動——以西歐右翼民粹政黨為例〉，《當代世界與社會主義》，3：128-135。 許國賢，2020，〈失望與民主〉，《行政暨政策學報》，70（2）：1-31。 張佑宗，2009a，〈選舉輸家與民主鞏固—台灣2004年總統選舉落選陣營對民主的態度〉，《台灣民主季刊》，3：41-72。 ------，2009b，〈搜尋台灣民粹式民主的群眾基礎〉，《台灣社會研究季刊》，75（3）：85-113。 張鐵志，2019，〈韓國瑜與柯文哲—台式民粹主義的兩種類型〉，上報（Up Media）網站：https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?Type=2&SerialNo=61397，檢索日期：2021年11月7日。 陳陸輝，2009，〈信任、效能與行動：解析民眾為何支持紅衫軍或挺扁活動〉，載於《公民與政治行動：實證與規範之間的對話》，張福建主編，台北：中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心政治思想研究專題中心。 ------，2021，《新台灣選民》，計畫編號：MOST108-2410-H-004-154-SS2，台北：科技部補助專題研究計畫（成果報告）。 彭梟，2019，〈當代歐洲民粹政黨的興起：基於“供需機制”的解釋〉，《國際觀察》，6：105-134。 黃昱珽、蔡瑞明，2015，〈晚近台灣民粹主義的發展：「人民」與「他者」想像的形成〉，《思與言：人文與社會科學期刊》，53（3）：127-163。 黃信豪，2011，〈民主態度的類型：台灣民眾二次政黨輪替後的分析〉，《選舉研究》，18（1）：1-34。 劉擎，2017，〈2016西方思想年度述評〉，《學海》，2：204-216。 謝復生，1996，〈公民投票：主權在民的體現或民粹主義的濫用〉，《問題與研究》，35（7）：38-46。 蕭怡靖、鄭夙芬，2014，〈台灣民眾對左右意識型態的認知：以統獨議題取代左右意識型態檢測台灣的政黨極化〉，《台灣政治學刊》，18（2）：79-138。 蘇穩中，2018，〈「韓粉」身分大解密？網友神分析大部分是不住高雄、拿智慧手機的中年男子〉，放言網站：https://www.fountmedia.io/article/2017，檢索日期：2022年2月10日。 Abedi, Amir. 2002. ‘‘Challenges to Established Parties: The Effects of Party System Features on the Electoral Fortunes of Antipolitical-establishment Parties.’’ European Journal of Political Research 41: 551-583. Abts, Koen, and Stefan Rummens. 2007. “Populism versus Democracy.” Political Studies 55(2): 405-424. Achen, Christopher H., and Larry M. Bartels. 2016. Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Agerberg, Mattias. 2017. “Failed Expectations: Quality of Government and Support for Populist Parties in Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 56(3): 578-600. Akkerman, Agnes, Andrej Zaslove, and Bram Spruyt. 2017. “‘We the People’ or ‘We the Peoples’? A Comparison of Support for the Populist Radical Right and Populist Radical Left in the Netherlands.” Swiss Political Science Review 23(4): 377-403. Akkerman, Agnes, Cas Mudde, and Andrej Zaslove. 2014. “How Populist Are the People? Measuring Populist Attitudes in Voters.” Comparative Political Studies 47(9): 1324-1353. Akkerman, Tjitske, Sarah De Lange, and Matthijs Rooduijn. 2016. Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream? Abingdon: Routledge. Albertazzi, Daniele, and Duncan McDonnell. 2015. Populist in Power. Oxon: Routledge. Albertazzi, Daniele, and Sean Mueller. 2013. “Populism and Liberal Democracy: Populists in Government in Austria, Italy, Poland and Switzerland.” Government and Opposition 48(3): 343-371. Allcock, John B. 1971. “‘Populism’: A Brief Biography.” Sociology 5(3): 371-387. Anderson, Christopher, and Christian Guillory. 1997. “Political Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy: A Cross National Analysis of Consensus and Majoritarian Systems.” American Political Science Review 91(1): 66-81. Anduiza, Eva, Marc Guinjoan, and Guillem Rico. 2018. “Economic Crisis, Populist Attitudes, and the Birth of Podemos in Spain.” In Citizens and the Crisis, eds. Giugni, Marco, and Maria T. Grasso. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ------. 2019. “Populism, Participation, and Political Equality.” European Political Science Review 11(1): 109-124. Arbatli, Ekim, and Dina Rosenberg. 2021. “United we Stand, Divided we Rule: How Political Polarization Erodes Democracy.” Democratization 28(2): 285-307. Ardag, Murat. M., Bruno Castanho Silva, J. Philipp Thomeczek, Steffen F. Bandlow-Raffalski, and Levente Littvay. 2020. “Populist Attitudes and Political Engagement: Ugly, Bad, and Sometimes Good?.” Representation 56(3): 307-330. Arrow, Kenneth J. 1968. Social Choice and Individual Values. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Arzheimer, Kai. 2009. “Contextual Factors and the Extreme Right Vote in Western Europe, 1980-2002.” American Journal of Political Science 53(2): 259-275. Arzheimer, Kai, and Elisabeth Carter. 2006. “Political Opportunity Structures and Right-wing Extremist Party Success.” European Journal of Political Research 45(3): 419-443. Aslanidis, Paris. 2016. “Populist Social Movements of the Great Recession.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 21(3): 301-321. ------. 2017. “Avoiding Bias in the Study of Populism.” Chinese Political Science Review 2(3): 266-287. Axelrod, Robert. 1967. “The Structure of Public Opinion on Policy Issues.” Public Opinion Quarterly 31(1): 51-60. Aytaç, S. Erdem, Ali Çarkoğlu, and Ezgi Elçi. 2021. “Partisanship, Elite Messages, and Support for Populism in Power.” European Political Science Review 13(1): 23-39. Bale, Tim. 2018. “Who Leads and Who Follows? The Symbiotic Relationship between UKIP and the Conservatives–and Populism and Euroscepticism.” Politics 38(3): 263-277. Barr, Robert R. 2009. “Populists, Outsiders and Anti-Establishment Politics.” Party Politics 15(1): 29-48. Barrio, Astrid, Oscar Barberà, and Juan Rodríguez-Teruel. 2018. “‘Spain Steals from Us!’ The ‘Populist Drift’ of Catalan Regionalism.” Comparative European Politics 16(6): 993-1011. Bennett, Andrew, and Didem Seyis. 2021. “The Online Market’s Invisible Hand: Internet Media and Rising Populism.” Political Studies.Fourthcoming. Berman, Sheri. 2021. “The Causes of Populism in the West.” Annual Review of Political Science 24(1): 71-88. Berman, Sheri, and Hans Kundnani. 2021. “The Cost of Convergence.” Journal of Democracy 32(1): 22-36. Bernhard, Laurent, and Hanspeter Kriesi. 2019. “Populism in Election Times: A Comparative Analysis of 11 Countries in Western Europe.” West European Politics 42(6): 1188-1208. Bernhard, Laurent, and Regula Hänggli. 2018. “Who Holds Populist Attitudes? Evidence from Switzerland.” Swiss Political Science Review 24(4): 510-524. Betz, Hans-George. 1993. “The New Politics of Resentment: Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe.” Comparative Politics 25(4): 413-427. ------. 1994. Radical Right-Wing Populism and Western Europe. New York, Secaucus: Palgrave Macmillan. Bobba, Giuliano, and Antonella Seddone. 2019. “Between the Ideological and Communicative Approaches: Hard and Soft Populism in France and Italy.” Representation 1-18. Bollen, Kenneth, and Richard Lennox. 1991. “Conventional Wisdom on Measurement: A Structural Equation Perspective.” Psychological Bulletin 110(2): 305-314. Bonansinga, Donatella. 2020. “Who Thinks, Feels. The Relationship between Emotions, Politics and Populism.” Partecipazione e Conflitto 13(1): 83-106. Bornschier, Simon. 2010. Cleavage Politics and the Populist Right: The New Cultural Conflict in Western Europe. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Bosch, Agusti, and Iván M. Durán. 2019. “How Does Economic Crisis Impel Emerging Parties on the Road to Elections? The Case of the Spanish Podemos and Ciudadanos.” Party Politics 25(2): 257-267. Braghiroli, Stefano, and Vassilis Petsinis. 2019. “Between Party-systems and Identity-politics: The Populist and Radical Right in Estonia and Latvia.” European Politics and Society 20(4): 431-449. Bratton, Michael, and Robert Mattes. 2001. “Support for Democracy in Africa: Intrinsic or Instrumental?” British Journal of Political Science 31(3): 447-474. Brubaker, Robers. 2017. “Why Populism?” Theory and Society 46(5): 357-385. Bugaric, Bojan. 2019. “The Two Faces of Populism: Between Authoritarian and Democratic Populism.” German Law Journal 20(3): 390-400. Burgoon, Brian, Sam van Noort, Matthijs Rooduijn, and Geoffrey Underhill. 2019. “Positional Deprivation and Support for Radical Right and Radical Left Parties.” Economic Policy 34(97): 49-93. Bustikova, Lenka. 2014. “Revenge of the Radical Right.” Comparative Political Studies 47(12): 1738-1765. Cammack, Paul. 2000. “The Resurgence of Populism in Latin America.” Bulletin of Latin American Research 19(2): 149-161. Canache, Damarys. 2002. “From Bullets to Ballots: The Emergence of Popular Support for Hugo Chávez.” Latin American Politics and Society 44(1): 69-90. Canache, Damarys, Jeffrey Mondak, and Mitchell Seligson. 2002. “Meaning and Measurement in Cross National Research on Satisfaction with Democracy.” Public Opinion Quarterly 65:506-528. Canovan, Margaret. 1981. Populism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ------. 1999. “Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy.” Political Studies 47(1): 2-16. ------. 2005. The People. Cambridge: Polity Press. Caramani, Daniele. 2017. “Will vs. Reason: The Populist and Technocratic Forms of Political Representation and Their Critique to Party Government.” American Political Science Review 111(1): 54-67. Carreira da Silva, Filipe, and Susana Salgado. 2018. “Why No Populism in Portugal?.” In Changing Societies: Legacies and Challenges. Vol. 2. Citizenship in Crisis, eds. Marina Costa, Lobo, Filipa Carreira da Silva, and José Pedro Zúquete. Lisboa: Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa. Carter, Elisabeth L. 2002. “Proportional Representation and the Fortunes of Right-Wing Extremist Parties.” West European Politics 25(3): 125-146. Castanho Silva, Bruno. 2018. “Populist Radical Right Parties and Mass Polarization in the Netherlands.” European Political Science Review 10(2): 219-244. Castanho Silva, Bruno, Ioannis Andreadis, Eva Anduiza, Nebojša Blanuša, Yazmin Morlet Corti, Gisela Delfino, Guillem Rico. 2018. “Public Opinion Surveys: A New Scale.” In The Ideational Approach to Populism: Theory, Method & Analysis, eds. Kirk Hawkins, Ryan Carlin, Levente Littvay, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. London: Routledge. Castanho Silva, Bruno, Mario Fuks, and Eduardo Ryô Tamaki. 2022. “So Thin It’s almost Invisible: Populist Attitudes and Voting Behavior in Brazil.” Electoral Studies.Fourthcoming. Castanho Silva, Bruno, Sebastian Jungkunz, Marc Helbling, and Levente Littvay. 2020. “An Empirical Comparison of Seven Populist Attitudes Scales.” Political Research Quarterly 73(2): 409-424. Castro Cornejo, Rodrigo, Sandra Ley, and Ulises Beltrán. 2020. “Anger, Partisanship, and the Activation of Populist Attitudes in Mexico.” Política y Gobierno 27(2): 2-37. Chou, Winston, et al. 2021. “Competing for Loyalists? How Party Positioning Affects Populist Radical Right Voting.” Comparative Political Studies 54(12): 2226-2260. Clark, William Roberts, Matt Golder, and Sona N. Golder. 2017. “An Exit, Voice and Loyalty Model of Politics.” British Journal of Political Science 47(4): 719-748. Colantone, Italo, and Piero Stanig. 2018a. “Global Competition and Brexit.” American Political Science Review 112(2): 201-218. ------. 2018b. “The Trade Origins of Economic Nationalism: Import Competition and Voting Behavior in Western Europe.” American Journal of Political Science 62(4): 936-953. Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. 2021. CSES MODULE 5 THIRD ADVANCE RELEASE [Dataset and Documentation]. July 20, 2021 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module5.2021-07-20 (accessed August 28, 2021). Cranmer, Mirjam. 2011. “Populist Communication and Publicity: An Empirical Study of Contextual Differences in Switzerland.” Swiss Political Science Review 17(3): 286-307. Crewe, Ivor, and David Sanders, eds. 2020. Authoritarian Populism and Liberal Democracy. Anthony S. King, Trans. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. Dahl, Robert A. 1956. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ------. 1998. On Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Dahlberg, Stefan, Soren Holmberg, Bo Rothstein, Natalia Al-varado Pachon, and Richard Svensson. 2019. “The Quality of Government Basic Dataset, version Jan19.” University of Gothenburg. Gothenburg, Sweden: The Quality of Government Institute. Dahrendorf, Ralf. 2003. “Acht Anmerkungen zum Populismus.” Transit–Europäische Revue 25: 156-163. Daigle, Delton T., Josephine Neulen, and Austin Hofeman. 2019. Populism, Nativism, and Economic Uncertainty: Playing the Blame Game in the 2017 British, French, and German Elections. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Dalton, Russell J. 1999. “Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies.” In Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, ed. Pippa Norris. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ------. 2004. Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford,New York: Oxford University Press. De Sousa, Luis, Daniel Fernandes, and Florian Weiler. 2021. “Is Populism Bad For Business? Assessing The Reputational Effect Of Populist Incumbents.” Swiss Political Science Review 27(1): 1-20. Diani, Mario. 1996. “Linking Mobilization Frames and Political Opportunities: Insights from Regional Populism in Italy.” American Sociological Review 61: 1053-1069. DiTella, S. Torcuato.1967. “Populism and Reform in Latin America,” In Obstacles to Change in Latin America, ed. Claudio Veliz. London: Oxford University Press. Dix, Robert H. 1985. “Populism: Authoritarian and Democratic.” Latin American Research Review 20(2): 29-52. Doležalová, Jitka. 2015. “Economic Crisis and Growth in Vote Share for Extreme Left and Extreme Right Parties.” Review of Economic Perspectives 15(3): 269-290. Doyle, David. 2011. “The Legitimacy of Political Institutions: Explaining Contemporary Populism in Latin America.” Comparative Political Studies 44: 1447-1473. Durkheim, Emile. 1997. The Division of Labor in Society. Halls W. D, Trans. New York: The Free Press. Easton, David. 1965. A System Analysis of Political Life. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ------. 1975. “A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support.” British Journal of Political Science 5(3): 435-457. Elchardus, Mark, and Bram Spruyt. 2016. “Populism, Persistent Republicanism and Declinism: An Empirical Analysis of Populism as a Thin Ideology.” Government and Opposition 51(1): 111-133. Elçi, Ezgi. 2021. “Politics of Nostalgia and Populism: Evidence from Turkey.” British Journal of Political Science. Forthcoming. Elliott, Brian. 2021. “Populism and Popular Sovereignty: Paradoxes of Democracy.” In The Roots of Populism: Neoliberalism and Working-class Lives, ed. Brian Elliott. Manchester University Press. Engesser, Sven, Nayla Fawzi, and Anders O. Larsson. 2017. “Populist Online Communication: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Information, Communication & Society 20(9): 1279-1292. Enyedi, Zsolt. 2016. “Populist Polarization and Party System Institutionalization: The Role of Party Politics in De-democratization.” Problems of Post-communism 63(4): 210-220. Erikson, Robert S., and Kent L. Tedin. 1994. American Public Opinion: Its Origins, Content and Impact. Allyn and Bacon. Ernst, Nicole, Sven Engesser, Florin Büchel, Sina Blassnig, and Frank Esser. 2017. “Extreme Parties and Populism: An Analysis of Facebook and Twitter across Six Countries.” Information, Communication & Society 20(9): 1347-1364. Esaiasson, Peter. 2011. “Electoral Losers Revisited—How Citizens React to Defeat at the Ballot Box.” Electoral Studies 30(1): 102-113. Farrell, James J., and Patrick R. Laughlin. 1976. “A Scale to Measure Populist Attitudes.” The Journal of Psychology 94(1): 33-38. Feldmann, Magnus, and Glenn Morgan. 2021. “Business Elites and Populism: Understanding Business Tesponses.” New Political Economy. Forthcoming. Filsinger, Maximilian, Steffen Wamsler, Julian Erhardt, and Markus Freitag. 2021. “National Identity and Populism: The Relationship between Conceptions of Nationhood and Populist Attitudes.” Nations and Nationalism 27(3): 656-672. Finifter, Ada W. 1970. “Dimensions of Political Alienation.” American Political Science Review 64(2): 389-410. Fiorina, Morris P., and Samuel J. Abrams. 2008. “Political Polarization in the American Public.” Annual Review of Political Science 11: 563-588. Fitzgerald, Jennifer, and Duncan Lawrence. 2011. “Local Cohesion and Radical Right Support: The Case of the Swiss People’s Party.” Electoral Studies 30(4): 834-847. Foa, Roberto Stefan, and Yascha Mounk. 2016. “The Danger of Deconsolidation: The Democratic Disconnect.” Journal of Democracy 27(3): 5-17. Franko, William W., and Christopher Witko. 2017. The New Economic Populism: How States Respond to Economic Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Freeden, Michael. 1996. Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ------. 1998. “Is Nationalism a Distinct Ideology?” Political Studies 46(4): 748-765. ------. 2003. Ideology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fuentes, Juan F. 2020. “Populism: The Timeline of a Concept.” Contributions to the History of Concepts 15(1): 47-68. Fukuyama, Francis. 2018. Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Galais, Carol, and Guillem Rico. 2021. “An Unjustified Bad Reputation? The Dark Triad and Support for Populism.” Electoral Studies 72: 1-6. Galston, William A. 2017. “The 2016 US Election: The Populist Moment.” Journal of Democracy 28(2): 21-33. ------. 2018. “The Populist Challenge to Liberal Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 29(2): 5-19. Gamson, William A. 1968. Power and Disconnect. Homewood: Dorsey. Garrido, Marco. 2017. “Why the Poor Support Populism: The Politics of Sincerity in Metro Manila.” American Journal of Sociology 123(3): 647-685. Gelman, Andrew, and Jennifer Hill. 2007. Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/ Hierarchical Models. New York: Cambridge University Press. Germani, Gino. 1978. Authoritarianism, Fascism, and National Populism. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Gerring, John. 1999. “What Makes a Concept Good? A Criterial Framework for Understanding Concept Formation in the Social Sciences.” Polity 31(3): 357-393. Geurkink, Bram, Andrej Zaslove, Roderick Sluiter, and Kristof Jacobs. 2020. “Populist Attitudes, Political Trust, and External Political Efficacy: Old Wine in New Bottles?” Political Studies 68(1): 247-267. Gherghina, Sergiu, and Jean-Benoit Pilet. 2021. “Populist Attitudes and Direct Democracy: A Questionable Relationship.” Swiss Political Science Review 27(2): 496-505. Gidron, Noam, and Peter A. Hall. 2017. “The Politics of Social Status: Economic and Cultural Roots of the Populist Right.” British Journal of Sociology 68(S1):57-84. ------. 2020. “Populism as a Problem of Social Integration.” Comparative Political Studies 53(7): 1027-1059. Giebler, Heiko, Magdalena Hirsch, Benjamin Schürmann, and Susanne Veit. 2020. “Discontent with What? Linking Self-Centered and Society-Centered Discontent to Populist Party Support.” Political Studies 69(4): 900-920. Giugni, Marco, and Maria T. Grasso. 2018. Citizens and the Crisis: Experiences, Perceptions, and Responses to the Great Recession in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Goertz, Gary. 2006. Social Science Concepts: A User’s Guide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ------. 2020. Social Science Concepts and Measurement: New and Completely Revised Edition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Golder, Matt. 2003a. “Electoral Institutions, Unemployment and Extreme Right Parties: A Correction.” British Journal of Political Science 33(3): 525-534. ------. 2003b. “Explaining Variation in the Success of Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 36(4): 432-466. Groshek, Jacob, and Karolina Koc-Michalska. 2017. “Helping Populism Win? Social Media Use, Filter Bubbles, and Support for Populist Presidential Candidates in the 2016 US Election Campaign.” Information, Communication & Society 20(9): 1389-1407. Guiso, Luigi, Helios Herrera, Massimo Morelli, and Tommaso Sonno. 2020. Economic Insecurity and the Demand of Populism in Europe. http://www.heliosherrera.com/populism.pdf (accessed January 6, 2022). Hakhverdian, Armèn, and Christel Koop. 2007. “Consensus Democracy and Support for Populist Parties in Western Europe.” Acta Politica 42(4): 401-420. Halla, Martin, Alexander F. Wagner, and Josef Zweimüller. 2017. “Immigration and Voting for the Extreme Right.” Journal of the European Economic Association 15(6): 1341-1385. Hameleers, Michael. 2021. “They Are Selling Themselves Out to the Enemy! The Content and Effects of Populist Conspiracy Theories.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 33(1): 38-56. Hameleers, Michael, and Desirée Schmuck. 2017. “It’s Us against Them: A Comparative Experiment on the Effects of Populist Messages Communicated via Social Media.” Information, Communication & Society 20(9): 1425-1444. Han, Kyung Joon, and Eric Graig Castater. 2021. “It’s not just Where You Stand, It’s How You Got There: Social Pacts and Manual Worker Support for Radical Right-wing Parties.” European Politics and Society. Fourthcoming. Hartmann, Jörg, Karin Kurz, and Holger Lengfeld. 2022. “Modernization Losers’ Revenge? Income Mobility and Support for Right-and Left-Wing Populist Parties in Germany. ” European Sociological Review 38(1): 138-152. Hawkins, Kirk A., and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2017a. “What the (Ideational) Study of Populism Can Teach Us, and What It Can’t.” Swiss Political Science Review 23(4): 526-542. ------. 2017b. “The Ideational Approach to Populism.” Latin American Research Review 52(4): 513-528. ------. 2018. “Introduction—Concept, Theory, and Method.” In The Ideational Approach to Populism: Concept, Theory, and Analysis, eds. Kirk A. Hawkins, Ryan Carlin, Levente Littvay, and Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser. London: Routledge. Hawkins, Kirk A., Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, and Ioannis Andreadis. 2018. “The Activation of Populist Attitudes.” Government and Opposition 55(2): 283-307. Hawkins, Kirk, Madeleine Read, and Teun Pauwels. 2017. “Populism and Its Causes.” In The Oxford Handbook of Populism. eds. Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hawkins, Kirk A., and Scott Riding. 2010. “Populist Attitudes and their Correlates among Citizens: Survey Evidence from the Americas.” Presented at the ECPR Workshop “Disassembling Populism (and Putting It Back Together Again): Collaborative Empirical Research on Interactions among Populism’s Attributes.” Muenster. Hawkins, Kirk A., Scott Riding, and Cas Mudde. 2012. “Measuring Populist Attitudes.” Working Paper Series on Political Concepts, ECPR Committee on Concepts and Methods 55: 1-35. Hidalgo-Tenorio, Encarnación, and Miguel-Ángel Benítez-Castro. 2022. “Trump’s Populist Discourse and Affective Politics, or on How to Move ‘the People’ through Emotion.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 20(2): 86-109. Hieda, Takeshi, Masahiro Zenkyo, and Masaru Nishikawa. 2021. “Do Populists Support Populism? An Examination through an Online Survey Following the 2017 Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly Election.” Party Politics 27(2): 317-328. Hirschman, Albert. 1970. Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hobolt, Sara, Eva Anduiza, Ali Carkoglu, Georg Lutz, and Nicolas Sauger. 2016. “Democracy Divided? People, Politicians and the Politics of Populism.” http://www.cses.org/plancom/module5/CSES5_ContentSubcommitteeFinalReport.pdf (accessed June 1, 2021). Hochschild, Arlie R. 2018. Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right. New York, London: The New Press. Homolar, Alexandra, and Georg Löfflmann. 2021. “Populism and the Affective Politics of Humiliation Narratives.” Global Studies Quarterly. Forthcoming. Hooghe, Marc, and Ruth Dassonneville. 2018. “Explaining the Trump Vote: The Effect of Racist Resentment and Anti-Immigrant Sentiments.” Political Science & Politics 51: 528-534. Houle, Christian, and Paul D. Kenny. 2018. “The Political and Economic Consequences of Populist Rule in Latin America.” Government and Opposition 53(2): 256-287. Hsiao, Yi-ching, and Eric Chen-hua Yu. 2020. “Polarization Perception and Support for Democracy: The Case of Taiwan.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 55(8): 1143-1162. Huber, Robert A. 2020. “The Role of Populist Attitudes in Explaining Climate Change Skepticism and Support for Environmental Protection.” Environmental Politics 29(6): 959-982. Huber, Robert A., and Christian H. Schimpf. 2016. “Friend or Foe? Testing the Influence of Populism on Democratic Quality in Latin America.” Political Studies 64(4): 872-889. ------. 2017. “On the Distinct Effects of Left-Wing and Right-Wing Populism on Democratic Quality.” Politics and Governance 5(4): 146-165. Huber, Robert A., Lukas Fesenfeld, and Thomas Bernauer. 2020. “Political Populism, Responsiveness, and Public Support for Climate Mitigation.” Climate Policy 20(3): 373-386. Huber, Robert A., and Saskia P. Ruth. 2017. “Mind the Gap! Populism, Participation and Representation in Europe.” Swiss Political Science Review 23(4): 462-484. Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press. IDEA. 2020. “Populist Government and Democracy: An Impact Assessment Using the Global State of Democracy Indices.” https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/populist-government-and-democracy-impact-assessement-using-gsod-indices.pdf.(accessed August 10, 2021). Ignazi, Piero. 2003. Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Inglehart, Ronald F., and Pippa Norris. 2016. Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-nots and Cultural Backlash. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School. ------. 2017. “Trump and the Populist Authoritarian Parties: The Silent Revolution in Reverse.” Perspectives on Politics 15(2): 443-454. Ionescu, Ghit̜ă, and Ernest Gellner. 1969. Populism: Its Meanings and National Characteristics. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth. 2008. “What Unites Right-Wing Populists? Re-Examining Grievance Mobilization Models in Seven Successful Cases.” Comparative Political Studies 41(1): 3-23. Jacobs, Kristof, Agnes Akkerman, and Andrej Zaslove. 2018. “The Voice of Populist People? Referendum Preferences, Practices and Populist Attitudes.” Acta Politica 53: 517-541. Judis, John B., and Ruy Teixeira. 2002. The Emerging Democratic Majority. New York: Scribner. Jungkunz, Sebastian, Robert A. Fahey, and Airo Hino. 2021. “How Populist Attitudes Scales Fail to Capture Support for Populists in Power.” Plos One. Fourthcoming. Karakaya, Yağmur. 2020. “The Conquest of Hearts: the Central Role of Ottoman Nostalgia within Contemporary Turkish Populism.” American Journal of Cultural Sociology 8(2): 125-157. Katz, Richard S., and Peter Mair. 1995. “Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party.” Party Politics 1(1): 5-28. Kefford, Glenn, Benjamin Moffitt, and Annika Werner. 2021. “Populist Attitudes: Bringing Together Ideational and Communicative Approaches.” Political Studies. Fourthcoming. Kenny, Paul D. 2017. Populism and Patronage: Why Populists Win Elections in India, Asia, and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ------. 2020. ““The Enemy of the People”: Populists and Press Freedom.” Political Research Quarterly 73(2): 261-275. Kitschelt, Herbert. 2002. “Popular Dissatisfaction with Democracy: Populism and Party Systems.” In Democracies and the Populist Challenge, eds. Yves Mény and Yves Surel. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. Kramer, Benjamin. 2014. “Media Populism: A Conceptual Clarification and Some Theses on Its Effects.” Communication Theory 24(1): 42-60. Kriesi, Hanspeter, Edgar Grande, Romain Lachat, Martin Dolezal, Simon Bornschier, and Timotheos Frey. 2006. “Globalization and the Transformation of the National Political Space: Six European Countries Compared.” European Journal of Political Research 45(6): 921-956. ------. 2008. West European Politics in the Age of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kriesi, Hanspeter, and Takis S. Pappas, eds. 2015. European Populism in the Shadow of the Great Recession. Colchester: ECPR. Laclau, Ernesto. 1977. Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, Populism. London, New York: Verso. ------. 2005. On Populist Reason. London, New York: Verso. La Torre, Carlos. Ed. 2015. The Promise and Perils of Populism: Global Perspectives. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. Leininger, Arndt, and Maurits J. Meijers. 2021. “Do Populist Parties Increase Voter Turnout? Evidence from over 40 Years of Electoral History in 31 European Democracies.” Political Studies 69(3): 665-685. Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press. ------. 2012. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Lin, Shu-Fen. 2009. “The ‘Popular Democracy vs. Civil Society’Debate in Taiwan Revisited.” Journal of Political Ideologies 14(3): 227-252. Linde, Jonas, and Joakim Ekman. 2003. ‘‘Satisfaction with Democracy: A Note on a Frequently Used Indicator in Comparative Politics.’’ European Journal of Political Research 42(3): 391-408. Linz, Juan, and Alfred Stepan. 1996. “Towards Consolidated Democracies.” Journal of Democracy 7(2): 14-33. Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1960. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Loew, Nicole, and Thorsten Faas. 2019. “Between Thin- and Host-ideologies: How Populist Attitudes Interact with Policy Preferences in Shaping Voting Behaviour.” Representation 55(4): 493-511. Lummis, Douglas C. 1996. Radical Democracy. Cornell University Press. Madison, James. 1961[1788]. “The Federalist Papers No 51.” In The Federalist Papers, ed. Clinton Rossiter. New York: Penguin Books. Mair, Peter. 2002. “Populist Democracy vs. Party Democracy.” In Democracies and the Populist Challenge, eds. Yves Meny and Yves Surel. London: Palgrave. ------. 2009. Representative versus Responsible Government. MPIfG Working Paper 09/8. Cologne. Mansbridge, Jane, and Stephen Macedo. 2019. “Populism and Democratic Theory.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 15(1): 59-77. Manucci, Luca. 2017. “Populism and the Media.” In The Oxford Handbook of Populism, eds. Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Manucci, Luca, and Edward Weber. 2017. “Why The Big Picture Matters: Political and Media Populism in Western Europe since the 1970s.” Swiss Political Science Review 23(4): 313-334. Marchlewska, Marta, Aleksandra Cichocka, Orestis Panayiotou, Kevin Castellanos, and Jude Batayneh. 2018. “Populism as Identity Politics.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 9(2): 151-162. Marcos-Marne, Hugo. 2020. “A Tale of Populism? The Determinants of Voting for Left-Wing Populist Parties in Spain.” Political Studies 2: 1-19. Marcos-Marne, Hugo, Carolina Plaza-Colodro, and Tina Freyburg. 2020. “Who Votes for New Parties? Economic Voting, Political Ideology and Populist Attitudes.” West European Politics 43(1): 1-21. Marcos-Marne, Hugo, Ivan Llamazares, and Susumu Shikano. 2021. “Left-Right Radicalism and Populist Attitudes in France and Spain.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies. Forthcoming. Margalit, Yotam. 2012. “Lost in Globalization: International Economic Integration and the Sources of Popular Discontent.” International Studies Quarterly 56(3): 484-500. ------. 2019. “Economic Insecurity and the Causes of Populism, Reconsidered.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 33(4): 152-170. Mazzoleni, Oscar, and Gilles Ivaldi. 2020. “Economic Populist Sovereignism and Electoral Support for Radical Right-Wing Populism.” Political Studies 3: 1-23. McGann, Anthony J., and Herbert Kitschelt. 2005. “The Radical Right in the Alps: Evolution of Support for the Swiss SVP and Austrian FPÖ.” Party Politics 11(2): 147-171. Meguid, Bonnie. 2005. “Competition between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy and Niche Party Success.” American Political Science Review 99(3): 347-360. Meijers, Maurits J., and Andrej Zaslove. 2021. “Measuring Populism in Political Parties: Appraisal of a New Approach.” Comparative Political Studies 54(2): 372-407. Meléndez, Carlos, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2019. “Political Identities: The Missing Link in the Study of Populism.” Party Politics 25(4): 520-533. Meny, Yves. 2014. Democracies and the Populist Challenge. Palgrave Macmillan. Mény, Yves, and Yves Surel, eds. 2002. Democracies and the Populist Challenge. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Mishler, William, and Richard Rose. 1996. “Trajectories of Fear and Hope: Support for Democracy in Post-Communist Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 28(1): 553-581. Moffitt, Benjamin, ed. 2016. The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ------. 2018. “The Populism/anti-populism Divide in Western Europe.” Democratic Theory 5(2): 1-16. Moffitt, Benjamin, and Simon Tormey. 2014. “Rethinking Populism: Politics, Mediatisation and Political Style.” Political Studies 62(2): 381-397. Mohrenberg, Steffen, Robert A. Huber, and Tina Freyburg. 2021. “Love at First Sight? Populist Attitudes and Support for Direct Democracy.” Party Politics 27(3): 528-539. Mols, Frank, and Jolanda Jetten. 2016. “Explaining the Appeal of Populist Right-wing Parties in Times of Economic Prosperity.” Political Psychology 37(2): 275-292. Morisi, Davide, and Markus Wagner. 2021. “Bringing People Closer to the Elites: the Effect of Information on Populist Attitudes.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 33(3): 664-677. Mouffe, Chantal. 2018. For a Left Populism. London: Verso Books. Mudde, Cas. 2004. “The Populist Zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition 39(4): 541-563. ------. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ------. 2017. “Populism: An Ideational Approach.” In The Oxford Handbook of Populism. eds. Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina O. Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ------. 2021. “Populism in Europe: An Illiberal Democratic Response to Undemocratic Liberalism.” Government and Opposition 2: 1-21. Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2013. “Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America.” Government and Opposition 48(2): 147-174. ------. 2017. Populism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. ------. 2018. “Studying Populism in Comparative Perspective: Reflections on the Contemporary and Future Research Agenda.” Comparative Political Studies 51(13): 1667-1693. Muis, Jasper, and Tim Immerzeel. 2017. “Causes and Consequences of the Rise of Populist Radical Right Parties and Movements in Europe.” Current Sociology 65(6): 909-930. Müller, Jan-Werner. 2016. What is Populism? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Nadeau, Richard, and Andre Blais. 1993. “Accepting the Election Outcome: The Effect on Participation on Losers’ Consent.” British Journal of Political Science, 23(4): 553-563. Neuner, Fabian G., and Christopher Wratil. 2020. “The Populist Marketplace: Unpacking the Role of ‘Thin’ and ‘Thick’ Ideology.” Political Behavior 2: 1-24. Norris, Pippa, ed. 1999. Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ------. 2005. Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ------. 2011. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ------. 2020. “Measuring Populism Worldwide.” Party Politics 26(6): 697-717. Norris, Pippa, and Inglehart Ronald. 2019. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Oliver, J. Eric, and Wendy M. Rahn. 2016. “Rise of the Trumpenvolk: Populism in the 2016 Election.” ANNALS of the American Academic of Political and Social Science 667(1): 189-206. Ostiguy, Pierre. 2017. “Populism: A Socio-Cultural Approach.” In The Oxford Handbook of Populism. eds. Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina O. Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pappas, Takis S. 2016. “Modern Populism: Research Advances, Conceptual and Methodological Pitfalls, and the Minimal Definition.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, ed. Takis S. Pappas. Oxford University Press. ------. 2019. Populism and Liberal Democracy: A Comparative and Theoretical Analysis. Oxford: Oxford Universtiy Press. Pasquino, Gianfranco. 2008. “Populism and Democracy.” In Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy. eds. Daniele Albertazzi and Duncan McDonnell. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave. Passarelli, Gianluca, and Dario Tuorto. 2018. “The Five Star Movement: Purely a Matter of Protest? The Rise of A New Party between Political Discontent and Reasoned Voting.” Party Politics 24(2): 129-140. Patana, Pauliina. 2020. “Changes in Local Context and Electoral Support for the Populist Radical Right: Evidence from Finland.” Party Politics 26(6): 718-729. Pauwels, Teun. 2011. “Measuring Populism: A Quantitative Text Analysis of Party Literature in Belgium.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 21(1): 97-119. Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Przeworski, Adam. 2019. The Crises of Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press. Przeworski, Adam, Susan C. Stokes, and Bernard Manin. 1999. Democracy, Accountability, and Representation. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Quinlan, Stephen, and Deirdre Tinney. 2019. “A Populist Wave or Metamorphosis of a Chameleon? Populist Attitudes and the Vote in 2016 in the United States and Ireland.” Economic and Social Review 50(2): 281-324. Ramos, Miguel R., Sandy Schumann, and Miles Hewstone. 2021. “The Role of Short-Term and Longer Term Immigration Trends on Voting for Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe.” Social Psychological and Personality Science. Forthcoming. Rico, Guillem, and Eva Anduiza. 2019. “Economic Correlates of Populist Attitudes: An Analysis of Nine European Countries in the Aftermath of the Great Recession.” Acta Politica 54(3): 371-397. Rico, Guillem, Marc Guinjoan, and Eva Anduiza. 2017. “The Emotional Underpinnings of Populism: How Anger and Fear Affect Populist Attitudes.” Swiss Political Science Review 23(4): 444-461. ------. 2020. “Empowered and Enraged: Political Efficacy, Anger and Support for Populism in Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 59(4): 797-816. Riker, William H. 1982. Liberalism against Populism. San Francisco: Freeman. Riker, William H, and Peter C Ordeshook. 1968. “A Theory of the Calculus of Voting. ” American Political Science Review 62: 25-42. Roberts, Kenneth M. 2017. “Populism and Political Parties.” In The Oxford Handbook of Populism, eds. Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina O. Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ------. 2019. “Bipolar Disorders: Varieties of Capitalism and Populist Out-Flanking on the Left and Right.” Polity 51(4): 641-653. Roccato, Michele, Nicoletta Cavazza, Pasquale Colloca, and Silvia Russo. 2020. “Three Roads to Populism? An Italian Field Study on the 2019 European Election.” Social Science Quarterly 101(4): 1222-1235. Rodrik, Dani. 2018. “Populism and the Economics of Globalization.” Journal of International Business Policy 1(1-2): 12-33. Rohac, Dalibor, Sahana Kumar, and Andreas Johansson Heinö. 2017. “The Wisdom of Demagogues: Institutions, Corruption and Support for Authoritarian Populists.” Economic Affairs 37(3): 382-396. Rooduijn, Matthijs. 2014. “The Nucleus of Populism: In Search of the Lowest Common Denominator.” Government and Opposition 49(4): 573-599. ------. 2019. “State of the Field: How to Study Populism and Adjacent Topics? A Plea for Both More and Less Focus.” European Journal of Political Research 58(1): 362-372. Rooduijn, Matthijs and Brian Burgoon. 2017. “The Paradox of Well-being: Do Unfavorable Socioeconomic and Sociocultural Contexts Deepen or Dampen Radical Left and Right Voting Among the Less Well-Off?” Comparative Political Studies 51(13): 1720-1753. Rooduijn, Matthijs, Stijn Van Kessel, Caterina Froio, Andrea Pirro, Sarah De Lange, Daphne Halikiopoulou, Paul Lewis, Cas Mudde, and Paul Taggart. 2019. “The PopuList: An Overview of Populist, Far Right, Far Left and Eurosceptic Parties in Europe.” https: www.popu-list.org (accessed July 21, 2021). Rooduijn, Matthijs, and Teun Pauwels. 2011. “Measuring Populism: Comparing Two Methods of Content Analysis.” West European Politics 34(6): 1272-1283. Rooduijn, Matthijs, and Tjitske Akkerman. 2017. “Flank Attacks: Populism and Left-right Radicalism in Western Europe.” Party Politics 23(3): 193-204. Rooduijn, Matthijs, Wouter van der Brug, and Sarah L. de Lange. 2016. “Expressing or Fuelling Discontent? The Relationship between Populist Voting and Political Discontent.” Electoral Studies 43(3): 32-40. Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal. 2012. “The Ambivalence of Populism: Threat and Corrective for Democracy.” Democratization 19(2): 184-208. ------. 2014. “The Responses of Populism to Dahl’s Democratic Dilemmas.” Political Studies 62(3): 470-487. ------. 2015. “Explaining the Emergence of Populism in Europe and the Americas.” In The Promise and Perils of Populism: Global Perspectives, ed. Carlos de la Torre. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ------. 2019. “How to Define Populism?: Reflections on A Contested Concept and Its (mis)Use in the Social Sciences.” In Populism and the Crisis of Democracy, eds. Gregor Fitzi, Jürgen Mackert, and Bryan S. Turner. London: Routledge. Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal, and Paul Taggart. 2016a. “Dealing with Populists in Government: A Framework for Analysis.” Democratization 23(2): 201-220. ------.2016b. “Dealing with Populists in Government: Some Comparative Conclusions.” Democratization 23(2): 345-365. Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal, and Steven M. van Hauwaert. 2020. “The Populist Citizen: Empirical Evidence from Europe and Latin America.” European Political Science Review 12(1): 1-18. Rovny, Jan. 2013. “Where Do Radical Right Parties Stand: Position Blurring in Multidimensional Competition.” European Political Science Review 5: 1-26. Rovny, Jan, and Jonathan Polk. 2020. “Still Blurry? Economic Salience, Position and Voting for Radical Right Parties in Western Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 59(2): 248-268. Rydgren, Jens. 2005. “Is Extreme Right-wing Populism Contagious? Explaining the Emergence of a New Party Family.” European Journal of Political Research 44(3): 413-437. ------. 2007. “The Sociology of the Radical Right.” Annual Review of Sociology 33(1): 241-262. Santana, Andrés, and José Rama. 2018. “Electoral Support for Left Wing Populist Parties in Europe: Addressing the Globalization Cleavage.” European Politics and Society 19(5): 558-576. Santana, Andrés, Piotr Zagórski and José Rama. 2020. “At Odds With Europe: Explaining Populist Radical Right Voting in Central and Eastern Europe.” East European Politics 36(2): 288-309. Santana-Pereira, José, and João Cancela. 2020. “Demand without Supply? Populist Attitudes and Voting Behaviour in Post-Bailout Portugal.” South European Society and Politics 25(2): 205-228. Sartori, Giovanni. 1970. “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics.” American Political Science Review 64(4): 1033-1053. ------. 1984. “Guidelines for Concept Analysis.” In Social Science Concepts: A Systematic Analysis, ed. Giovanni Sartori. Beverly Hills, California: Sage. Scartascini, Carlos, Cesi Cruz, and Philip Keefer. 2018. “The Database of Political Institutions 2017 (DPI2017).” Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001027. Schattschneider, Elmer Eric. 1960. The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Schulz, Anne, Philipp Müller, Christian Schemer, Dominique S. Wirz, Martin Wettstein, and Werner Wirth. 2018. “Measuring Populist Attitudes on Three Dimensions.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 30(2): 316-326. Schumacher, Gijs, and Matthijs Rooduijn. 2013. “Sympathy for the ‘Devil’? Voting for Populists in the 2006 and 2010 Dutch General Elections.” Electoral Studies 32(1): 124-133. Schumann, Sandy, Fabian Thomas, Franziska Ehrke, Tisa Bertlich, and Julia C. Dupont. 2021. “Maintenance or Change? Examining the Reinforcing Spiral between Social Media News Use and Populist Attitudes.” Information, Communication & Society. Forthcoming. Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1945. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London, UK: Routledge. Shils, Edward. A. 1956. The Torment of Secrecy: The Background and Consequences of American Security Policies. London: Heinemann. Solt, Frederick. 2020. “Measuring Income Inequality across Countries and over Time: The Standardized World Income Inequality Database.” Social Science Quarterly 101(3): 1183-1199. Spierings, Niels, Marcel Lubbers, and Andrej Zaslove. 2017. “‘Sexually Modern Nativist Voters’: Do They Exist and Do They Vote for the Populist Radical Right?.” Gender and Education 29(2): 216-237. Spruyt, Bram, Gil Keppens, and Filip van Droogenbroeck. 2016. “Who Supports Populism and What Attracts People to It?” Political Research Quarterly 69(2): 335-346. Stanley, Ben. 2008. “The Thin Ideology of Populism.” Journal of Political Ideologies 13(1): 95-110. ------. 2011. “Populism, Nationalism, or National Populism? An Analysis of Slovak Voting Behaviour at the 2010 Parliamentary Election.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 44(4): 257-270. Stanojevic, Antonia, Agnes Akkerman, and Katerina Manevska. 2020. “Good Workers and Crooked Bosses: The Effect of Voice Suppression by Supervisors on Employees’ Populist Attitudes and Voting.” Political Psychology 41(2): 363-381. Stavrakakis, Yannis. 2014. “The Return of “the People”: Populism and Anti-populism in the Shadow of the European Crisis.” Constellations 21(4): 505-517. Swank, Duane, and Hans-Georg Betz. 2003. “Globalization, the Welfare State and Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe.” Socio-Economic Review 1(2): 215-245. Taggart, Paul. 1995. “New Populist Parties in Western Europe.” West European Politics 18(1): 34-51. ------. 2000. Populism: Concepts in the Social Sciences. Buckingham, Philadelphia: Open University Press. Taguieff, Pierre-André. 1995. “Political Science Confronts Populism: From a Conceptual Mirage to a Real Problem.” Telos 103: 9-43. The Global State of Democracy. 2020. “Populist Government and Democracy: An Impact Assessment Using the Global State of Democracy Indices.” https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/populist-government-and-democracy-impact-assessment (accessed June 7, 2021). Tsai, Jung-Hsiang. 2019. “Populism and Democratic Crisis in Semi-presidential Countries.” Democratization 26(8): 1458-1474. Tsatsanis, Emmanouil, Ioannis Andreadis, and Eftichia Teperoglou. 2018. “Populism from Below: Socio-economic and Ideological Correlates of Mass Attitudes in Greece.” South European Society and Politics 23(4): 429-450. Tuğal, Cihan. 2021. “Populism Studies: The Case for Theoretical and Comparative Reconstruction.” Annual Review of Sociology 47: 327-347. Urbinati, Nadia. 1998. “Democracy and Populism.” Constellations 5(1): 110-124. ------. 2014. Democracy Disfigured: Truth, Opinion and the People. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ------. 2019a. Me the People: How Populism Transforms Democracy. Harvard University Press. ------. 2019b. “Political Theory of Populism.” Annual Review of Political Science 22(1): 111-127. Van der Brug, Wouter. 2003. “How the LPF Fuelled Discontent: Empirical Tests of Explanations of LPF Support.” Acta Politica 38(1): 89-106. Van Hauwaert, Steven M., Christian H. Schimpf, and Flavio Azevedo. 2020. “The Measurement of Populist Attitudes: Testing Cross National Scales Using Item Response Theory.” Politics 40(1): 3-21. Van Hauwaert, Steven M., Christian H. Schimpf, and Régis Dandoy. 2019. “Populist Demand, Economic Development and Regional Identity across Nine European Countries: Exploring Regional Patterns of Variance.” European Societies 21(2): 303-325. Van Hauwaert, Steven M., and Stijn van Kessel. 2018. “Beyond Protest and Discontent: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effect of Populist Attitudes and Issue Positions on Populist Party Support.” European Journal of Political Research 57(1): 68-92. van Kessel, Stijn. 2013. “A Matter of Supply and Demand: The Electoral Performance of Populist Parties in Three European Countries.” Government and Opposition 48(2): 175-199. ------. 2015. Populist Parties in Europe: Agents of Discontent? Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Van Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2014. “The Populist Challenge.” West European Politics 37(2): 361-378. Vans, Geoffrey, and Stephen Whitefield. 1995. “The Politics and Economics of Democratic Commitment: Support for Democracy in Transition Societies.” British Journal of Political Science 25(4): 485-514. Vasilopoulos, Pavlos, and John T. Jost. 2020. “Psychological Similarities and Dissimilarities between Left-wing and Right-wing Populists: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey in France.” Journal of Research in Personality. Forthcoming. Vehrkamp, Robert, and Christopher Wratil. 2017. A Populist Moment? Populist Attitudes of Voters and Non-Voters before the German Federal Election 2017. Gutersloh: Bertelsmann. Venizelos, Giorgos. 2021. “Populism or Nationalism? The ‘Paradoxical’ Non-Emergence of Populism in Cyprus.” Political Studies 1: 1-22. Vittori, Davide. 2021. “Threat or Corrective? Assessing the Impact of Populist Parties in Government on the Qualities of Democracy: A 19-country Comparison.” Government and Opposition. Fourthcoming. Wettstein, Martin, Anne Schulz, Marco Steenbergen, Christian Schemer, Philipp Müller, Dominique S. Wirz, and Werner Wirth. 2020. “Measuring Populism across Nations: Testing for Measurement Invariance of an Inventory of Populist Attitudes.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 32(2): 284-305. Weyland, Kurt. 1999. “Neoliberal Populism in Latin America and Eastern Europe.” Comparative Politics 31(4): 379-401. ------. 2001. “Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics.” Comparative Politics 34(1): 1-22. ------. 2017. “Populism: A Political-Strategic Approach”. In The Oxford Handbook of Populism, eds. Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina O. Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ------. 2021. “Populism as a Political Strategy: An Approach’s Enduring and Increasing Advantages.” Political Studies 69(2): 185-189. Widmann, Tobias. 2021. “How Emotional Are Populists Really? Factors Explaining Emotional Appeals in the Communication of Political Parties.” Political Psychology 42(1): 163-181. Wolfe, Alan. 1981. “Sociology, Liberalism, and the Radical Right.” New Left Review 128(1): 3-27. Worsley, Peter. 1969. “The Concept of Populism.” In Populism: Its Meanings and National Characteristics, eds. Ionescu, Ghit̜ă, and Ernest Gellner. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Wuttke, Alexander, Christian Schimpf, and Harald Schoen. 2020. “When the Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: On the Conceptualization and Measurement of Populist Attitudes and Other Multidimensional Constructs.” American Political Science Review 114(2): 356-374. Yabanci, Bilge. 2016. “Populism as the Problem Child of Democracy: The AKP’s Enduring Appeal and the Use of Meso-Level Actors.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 16(4): 591-617. Zaslove, Andrej. 2008. “Here to Stay? Populism as a New Party Type.” European Review 16(3): 319-336. Zaslove, Andrej, Bram Geurkink, Kristof Jacobs, and Agnes Akkerman. 2021. “Power to the People? Populism, Democracy, and Political Participation: A Citizen’s Perspective.” West European Politics 44(4): 727-751. Zur, Roi. 2021. “Stuck in the Middle: Ideology, Valence and the Electoral Failures of Centrist Parties.” British Journal of Political Science 51: 706-723. zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202200460 en_US
