1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Communication
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

題名 台灣男同志 That Bitch 迷因文化之批評論述分析
The Meming of “That Bitch” Failure: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Queer Identity Performance on Taiwanese Instagram Memes
作者 灝明杰
Morgan, Sebastian Michael
貢獻者 王淑美
Wang, Su-Mei
灝明杰
Morgan, Sebastian Michael
關鍵詞 台灣男同志
Instagram迷因文化
批判論述分析
Taiwanese gay men
Instagram memes
critical discourse analysis
日期 2022
上傳時間 1-Aug-2022 18:17:44 (UTC+8)
摘要 近年來台灣因對同志族群高度包容與自由，在國際上享有盛名，在2019 年同性婚姻合法化後之後尤其如此。然而，這種觀點忽略了當今生活在台灣的同性戀族群所面臨之微觀政治。本研究探討台灣男同性戀者建構其身分之理論化觀點，並如何在主流霸權價值觀中，找到自己在同性戀社群和異性戀主導社會的定位。
本研究追蹤Instagram上的男同志帳戶：@bitch_inthecabin、@hipster_of_all_trades 與 @garbagestoryboy，並應用多模態批判論述分析方法、以及霍伯斯坦（Halberstam ）的「失敗」框架 (failure framework, 2011)，解讀這些帳戶所分享之迷因。本研究主要問題有三：（1）迷因如何建構同性戀認同?（2）活躍的IG台灣男同志帳戶如何透過迷因展現其「失敗」?（3）迷因的論述如何能支持、協調及推翻主流文化?
透過批判性論述分析解讀迷因，本研究探討Instagram 用戶如何在異性戀霸權中展現自己的主體性、性相與邊緣位置。他們經常將自己描繪成異性戀女性，並應用酷兒化的女性氣質來概念化男同志的性相、男性特質，並陳述被家人排擠的共同經驗。然而。迷因也重製了異性戀霸權下的男性氣質概念，且帶著種族框架，賦予白人與東亞男性更高優勢地位。研究建議，未來台灣同志研究應進一步探討種族政治議題，尤其是與有色人種相關的論述。
This study explores how Taiwanese gay men theorize gay identity and position themselves relative to hegemonic values in the gay community and heteronormative society. It does this by looking at the discourses present in Internet memes, a viral part of digital culture that appropriates, recontextualizes, and — in this case — queers texts from popular culture.
Guided by Halberstam’s failure framework (2011), multimodal critical discourse analysis methods were applied to memes gathered from three gay Taiwanese meme Instagram accounts: @bitch_inthecabin, @hipster_of_all_trades, and @garbagestoryboy. Three research questions were asked: (1) how do the memes construct gay identity; (2) in what ways do the memes posted by Taiwanese gay Instagrammers present failure; and (3) how do the discourses support, negotiate, and subvert dominant values.
Critical reading of the textual, visual, and contextual elements of the memes revealed patterns in how the Instagrammers talked about their subjectivities, sexualities, and marginal positions in heteronormative society. Often portraying themselves as heterosexual women, they deployed queer femininity to theorize gay male sexuality and queer masculinities, as well as illustrate experiences of gay marginalization in Taiwanese family households. Conversely, the memes reproduced dominant ideas about the appeal of heteronormative masculinity, while also portraying gay male desire through a racial framework that privileged white and East Asian bodies. This study invites further study into local Taiwanese queer politics, including its engagement with blackness and brownness.
參考文獻 Abad-Santos, A. (2017, June 25). How the Babadook Became the LGBTQ Icon We Didn’t Know We Needed. Vox. Retrieved from www.vox.com
Alozie, N. O., Thomas, K., & Akpan-Obong, P. (2017). Global liberalization on homosexuality: Explaining the African gap. The Social Science Journal, 54(2), 120-131.
Alvarez, E. (2010). Muscle boys: Gay gym culture. Routledge.
Ask, K., & Abidin, C. (2018). My life is a mess: Self-deprecating relatability and collective identities in the memification of student issues. Information, Communication & Society, 21(6), 834-850.
Ayoub, P. M., & Garretson, J. (2017). Getting the message out: Media context and global changes in attitudes toward homosexuality. Comparative political studies, 50(8), 1055-1085.
Bandura, A. (2009). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In Media effects (pp. 110-140). Routledge.
Baudinette, T. (2021). Regimes of Desire. Michigan University Press.
Bayerl, P. S., & Stoynov, L. (2014). Revenge by photoshop: Memefying police acts in the public dialogue about injustice. New Media & Society, 18(6), 1006-1026.
Beh, L. (2019, July, 24). Boys can wear skirts under Taiwan school`s gender-neutral uniform plan. Reuters. Retrieved from www.reuters.com
Berghe, W. V., Dewaele, A., Cox, N., & Vincke, J. (2010). Minority‐specific determinants of mental well‐being among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(1), 153-166.
Berlant, L. (2008). The Female Complaint. Duke University Press.
Berzonsky, M. D. (2005). Ego identity: A personal standpoint in a postmodern world. Identity, 5(2), 125-136.
Billig, M. (2005). Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour. Sage.
BlackPast. (2012, August 12). (1982) Audre Lorde, “Learning from the 60s”. BlackPast. https://www.blackpast.org/
Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., West, B. T., & McCabe, S. E. (2014). Discrimination and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(1), 35.
Brainer, A. 2018. “New Identities or New Intimacies? Rethinking ‘Coming Out’ in Taiwan through Cross-Generational Ethnography.” Sexualities 21 (5–6): 914–931.
Browne, K. (2005). Snowball sampling: using social networks to research non-heterosexual women. International journal of social research methodology, 8(1), 47-60.
Brubaker, J. R., Ananny, M., & Crawford, K. (2016). Departing glances: A sociotechnical account of ‘leaving’Grindr. New Media & Society, 18(3), 373-390.
Cai, S. (2016). Television Drama in Contemporary China: Political, social and cultural phenomena. Routledge.
Cavalcante, A. (2016). “I Did It All Online:” Transgender identity and the management of everyday life. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 33(1), 109-122.
Cavalcante, A. (2019). Tumbling into queer utopias and vortexes: Experiences of LGBTQ social media users on Tumblr. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(12), 1715-1735.
Chen, C. (2012). The creation and meaning of Internet memes in 4chan: Popular Internet culture in the age of online digital reproduction. Habitus, 3(1), 6-19.
Chen, S. X., & Kanai, A. (2021). Authenticity, uniqueness and talent: Gay male beauty influencers in post-queer, postfeminist Instagram beauty culture. European Journal of Cultural Studies. 25(1), 97-116.
Cheng, C., & Yang, K. (2011). Internet, computer-mediated communications and gay rights movements in Taiwan. Human Rights and Media Studies in Communications. 6, 161–179.
Connell, C. (2012). Fashionable resistance: Queer" fa (t) shion" blogging as counterdiscourse. Women`s Studies Quarterly, 41(1/2), 209-224.
Conner, C. T. (2019). The gay gayze: Expressions of inequality on Grindr. The Sociological Quarterly, 60(3), 397-419.
Costa Rica Supreme Court rules gay marriage ban unconstitutional. (2018, October 8). DW. Retrieved from www.dw.com
Craig, S. L., & McInroy, L. (2014). You can form a part of yourself online: The influence of new media on identity development and coming out for LGBTQ youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 18(1), 95-109.
Dawkins, R., & Davis, N. (2017). The selfish gene. Macat Library.
DeCook, J. R. (2018). Memes and symbolic violence:# proudboys and the use of memes for propaganda and the construction of collective identity. Learning, Media and Technology, 43(4), 485-504.
DeLaure, M., & Fink, M. (2017). Culture Jamming. New York: New York University Press.
Drakett, J., Rickett, B., Day, K., & Milnes, K. (2018). Old jokes, new media–Online sexism and constructions of gender in Internet memes. Feminism & Psychology, 28(1), 109-127.
Duggan, L. (2002). The New Homonormativity: The Sexual Politics of Neoliberalism. In Catronovo, R. & Nelson, D. (Eds.). Materializing Democracy: Toward a Revitalized Cultural Politics. Duke University Press.
Duguay, Stefanie. (2016). “ ‘He Has a Way Gayer Facebook than I Do:’ Investigating Sexual Identity Disclosure and Context Collapse on a Social Networking Site.” New Media Society 18(6):891–907.
Duguay, S. C., Burgess, J., & Light, B. (2017). Mobile dating and hookup app culture. In Messaris, P. & Humphreys, L. (Eds.) Digital media: Transformations in human communication (2nd edition) (pp. 213-221). Peter Lang Publishing.
Ehrenreich, B. (2009). Bright-sided: How Positive Thinking is Undermined America. Metropolitan Books.
D’Emilio, J. (1983). Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Everington, K. (June 18, 2019). Taiwan sees first same-sex divorce less than 1 month since legalization. Taiwan News. Retrieved from www.taiwannews.com.tw
Eynon, R., Fry, J. & Schroder, R. (2017). The ethics of online research. In N. G. Fielding, R. M. Lee & G. Blank (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of online research methods (pp. 19-37). Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality: An introduction. David M. Halperin, Saint Foucault: Towards a Gay Hagiography.
Fox, J., & Ralston, R. (2016). Queer identity online: Informal learning and teaching experiences of LGBTQ individuals on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 635-642.
Gage, S. (2002). Queer: The Ultimate User`s Guide. Unanimous.
Gal, N., Shifman, L., & Kampf, Z. (2016). “It gets better”: Internet memes and the construction of collective identity. New Media & Society, 18(8), 1698-1714.
Garber, E. (1989). A spectacle in color: The lesbian and gay subculture of jazz age Harlem. Hidden from history: Reclaiming the gay and lesbian past, 318-31.
Geiger, A., & Graf, N. (2019). About one-in-five U.S. adults know someone who goes by a gender-neutral pronoun. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: www.pewresearch.org
Ghaziani, A. (2011). Post-gay collective identity construction. Social Problems, 58(1), 99-125.
Ghaziani, A. (2014). There goes the gayborhood? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Giano, Z. (2021). The influence of online experiences: the shaping of gay male identities. Journal of Homosexuality, 68(5), 872-886.
Gibson, L. (October 22, 2021). Taiwan graduates face tough start to working lives. Taiwan News. Retrieved from https://www.taiwannews.com.tw
Gill, R. (2008). Empowerment/sexism: Figuring female sexual agency in contemporary advertising. Feminism & psychology, 18(1), 35-60.
Gilson, E. (2011). Vulnerability, ignorance, and oppression. Hypatia, 26(2), 308-332.
GLAAD Media Institute. (2022). Where we are on TV 2021–2022. https://www.glaad.org/sites/default/files/GLAAD%20202122%20WWATV.pdf
Gramsci, A. (2011). Prison Notebooks, Volumes 1-3.
Gras-Velázquez, A., & Maestre-Brotons, A. (2021). Spanish gay male subjectivity, body, intimacy, and affect on Instagram. Sexualities, 13634607211031418.
De Greef, K. (2019, July 2). The unfulfilled promise of LGBTQ rights in South Africa. The Atlantic. Retrieved from: www.theatlantic.com
Gross, L. (2003). The gay global village in cyberspace. In Contesting media power: Alternative media in a networked world, 259-272.
Guilbert, G. C. (2018). Gay Icons: The (Mostly) Female Entertainers Gay Men Love. McFarland.
Halberstam, J. (2011). The queer art of failure. Duke University Press.
Hall, S. (2004). Encoding/decoding. In Hall, S., Hobson, D., Lowe, A., & Willis P. (Ed.). Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79. Routledge.
Hall, S. (1990). Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. In Morley D. & Chen, K. (Ed.). Critical Dialogies in Cultural Studies. Routledge.
Harlow, S., Rowlett, J. T., & Huse, L. K. (2020). ‘Kim Davis be like…’: a feminist critique of gender humor in online political memes. Information, Communication & Society, 23(7), 1057-1073.
Heylighen, F. (2000, November, 29). What makes a meme successful? Selection criteria for cultural evolution. Congress on Cybernetics, Brussels.
hooks, B. (1991). Theory as liberatory practice. Yale JL & Feminism, 4, 1.
hooks, B. (2004). The will to change: Men, masculinity, and love. Atria.
Hootsuite (2022). Digital 2022: Global Overview Report.
hootsuite.widen.net/s/gqprmtzq6g/digital-2022-global-overview-report
Hou, C. N., & Lu, H. Y. (2013). Online networks as a venue for social support: A qualitative study of married bisexual men in Taiwan. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1280-1296.
Hristova, S. (2013). Occupy wall street meets occupy Iraq: On remembering and forgetting in a digital age. Radical History Review, 2013(117), 83-97.
Huang, H. T. M. (2011). Queer politics and sexual modernity in Taiwan (Vol. 1). Hong Kong University Press.
Influencer Tiers for the Influencer Marketing Industry. (n.d.) Retrieved from mediakix.com
Jagose, A. (1996). Queer theory: An introduction. NYU Press.
Jhuo, C. (2020). I Take Selfies, Therefore I Am: Gay Men’s Gym Selfies as Body Presentation on Social Media. [Masters thesis, National Chengchi University]. NCCU Institutional Respository. http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw
Johnson, P. (2013). Homosexuality and the European court of human rights. Routledge.
Jones, A. (2013). A Critical Inquiry into Queer Utopias. Springer.
Kam, L. Y. L. (2013). Shanghai Lalas: Female Tongzhi Communities and Politics in Urban China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Kam, L. Y. L. (2019). “Coming Out and Going Abroad: The Chuguo Mobility of Queer Women in China.” Journal of Lesbian Studies, 1–14.
Kao, Y. C., & Bih, H. D. (2014). Masculinity in ambiguity: Constructing Taiwanese masculine identities between great powers. In Masculinities in a Global Era (pp. 175-191). Springer, New York, NY.
Kearney, M. C. 2006. Girls Make Media. New York, NY: Routledge.
Koltrowitz, S., & Hughes, B. (2021, September 22). Divided Swiss to vote on same-sex marriage. Reuters. Retrieved from www.reuters.com
Kong, T. S. (2010). Chinese male homosexualities: Memba, tongzhi and golden boy. Routledge.
Krammer, S. (2020) Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: www.pewresearch.org
Kuipers, G. (2015). Good Humor, Bad Taste. De Gruyter Mouton.
Lai, Y. (2021). No Loss of Masculinity? The Analysis of the Male Sneak-Snapped Victims’ Accounts. [Masters thesis, National Chengchi University]. NCCU Institutional Respository. http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw
Laing, B. (2013). An Exploratory Study of Identity Construction amongst Married Gay Men in Same-Sex Marriage: A Discourse Analysis. [Masters thesis, University of Johannesburg]. University of Johannesburg Institutional Repository. https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/
Lawrence, E., & Ringrose, J. (2018) @Notofeminism, #Feministsareugly, and Misandry Memes: How Social Media Feminist Humor is Calling out Antifeminism. In Keller, J. & Ryan, ME. (Eds.) Emergent Feminisms: Complicating a Postfeminist Media Culture. (pp. 211-232). Routledge.
Leaver, T., Highfield, T., & Abidin, C. (2020). Instagram: Visual Social Media Cultures. John Wiley & Sons.
Lin, D. C. (2006). Sissies online: Taiwanese male queers performing sissinesses in cyberspaces. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 7(2), 270-288.
Lin, C. (2022, February 28). Singapore`s top court dismisses attempt to overturn gay sex ban. Reuters. Retrieved from www.reuters.com
Liu, J, & Ding, N. (2005). Reticent politics, queer politics. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 6(1), 30–55.
Livingstone, J. (Director). (1990). Paris is Burning [Film]. Off-White Productions.
Louie, K. (2002). Theorising Chinese Masculinity: Society and Gender in China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Love, H. (2007). Feeling backward: Loss and the politics of queer history. Harvard University Press.
Lowder, B. (2017, June 6). Why the “Gay Babadook” Meme Is So Bewitching. Slate. Retrieved from slate.com
Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12(4), 857-885.
Machin, D., & Mayer, A. (2012). How to Do Critical Discourse Analysis: A Multimodal Introduction. Sage.
Martin, F. (2003). Situating Sexualities: Queer Representation in Taiwanese Fiction, Film, and Public Culture. Hong Kong University Press.
Mazariegos, M. (2022, March 4). LGBTQ refugees fleeing Ukraine face discrimination in countries with anti-gay laws. NPR. Retrieved from www.npr.org
McLean, N. (2018, June 24). The trouble with making LGBTIAQ people live on heterosexuals’ terms. The Conversation. Retrieved from: www.theconversation.com
McLuhan, M., & Powers, B. R. (1989). The global village: Transformations in world life and media in the 21st century. Communication and society.
McNair, B. (2013). Porno? Chic!: How pornography changed the world and made it a better place. Routledge.
McRobbie, A., & Garber, J. (1981). “Girls and Subcultures.” In Bennet, T., Martin, G., Mercer, C., & Woollacott J. (Ed.). Culture, Ideology and Social Progress: A Reader. The Open University Press.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.a). Femme. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved April 15, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/femme
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.b). Queer. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved April 15, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/queer
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697.
Middlemost, R. (2019). Babashook: The Babadook, gay iconography and Internet cultures. Australasian Journal of Popular Culture, 8(1), 7-26.
Miltner, K. M. (2014). “There’s no place for lulz on LOLCats”: The role of genre, gender, and group identity in the interpretation and enjoyment of an Internet meme. First Monday. 19(8).
Mirzoeff, N. (2011). The Right to Look. Duke University Press.
Mongelli, F., Perrone, D., BaLDUcci, J., Sacchetti, A., Ferrari, S., Mattei, G., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2019). Minority stress and mental health among LGBT populations: An update on the evidence. Minerva Psichiatrica. 60(1), 27–50.
Moradi, B., Tebbe, E. A., Brewster, M. E., Budge, S. L., Lenzen, A., Ege, E., ... & Flores, M. J. (2016). A content analysis of literature on trans people and issues: 2002–2012. The Counseling Psychologist, 44(7), 960-995.
Miller, V. (2008). New media, networking and phatic culture. Convergence, 14(4), 387–400.
Milner, R. A. (2013). Hacking the Social: Internet Memes, Identity Antagonism, and the Logic of Lulz. The Fibreculture Journal, 22.
Moritz, E. (1990): Memetic Science: I - General Introduction. Journal of Ideas, 1 (1):3-23.
Muñoz, J. E. (1999). Disidentifications: Queers of color and the performance of politics (Vol. 2). U of Minnesota Press.
Muñoz, J. E. (2006). Feeling brown, feeling down: Latina affect, the performativity of race, and the depressive position. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 31(3), 675-688.
Muñoz, J. E. (2019). Cruising Utopia. New York University Press.
Navarre, B, & Trimble, M. (2021). Same-sex marriage legalization by country. U.S. News. Retrived from www.usnews.com
Newport, F. (2020, June 26). Understanding the increase in moral acceptability of polygamy. Gallup. Retrieved from news.gallup.com
Nissenbaum, A., & Shifman, L. (2017). Internet memes as contested cultural capital: The case of 4chan’s/b/board. New Media & Society, 19(4), 483-501.
Nguyen, H. T. (2014). A view from the bottom: Asian American masculinity and sexual representation. University of California, Berkeley.
Nyong’o, T. (2005). Punk`d theory. Social Text, 23(3-4), 19-34.
Pachankis, J. E., Clark, K. A., Burton, C. L., Hughto, J. M. W., Bränström, R., & Keene, D. E. (2020). Sex, status, competition, and exclusion: Intraminority stress from within the gay community and gay and bisexual men’s mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(3), 713.
Parker, I. (2014). Discourse Dynamics: Critical analysis for social and individual psychology. Routledge.
Peng, H. Y. (2019). Dealing with heteronormativity in everyday practice: Nuanced resistance of Taiwanese Nutongzhis. China Journal of Social Work, 12(2), 155-173.
Pew Research Center. (2015). “Section 1: Changing Views of Same-Sex Marriage.” Retrieved from http://www.people-press.org/
Petherbridge, D. (2016). What`s critical about vulnerability? Rethinking interdependence, recognition, and power. Hypatia, 31(3), 589-604.
Plummer, K. (2010). Foreword. In Kong, T. Chinese Male Homosexualities: Memba, Tongzhi and Golden Boy. (pp. xiii-xix). Routledge.
Poushter, J., & Kent, N. (2020). The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists. Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org
Ramirez, J. (2021, July 7). How @versfirst Gets to the Bottom of Top-Shaming. Into. Retrieved from www.intomore.com
Rendueles, C. (2017). Sociophobia: Political change in the digital utopia. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Rentschler, C. A., & Thrift, S. C. (2015). Doing feminism in the network: Networked laughter and the ‘Binders Full of Women’meme. Feminist Theory, 16(3), 329-359.
Revill, J. (2021, November 21). Swiss to allow same-sex weddings from July 2022. Reuters. Retrieved from: www.reuters.com
Ringrose, J., & Lawrence, E. (2018). Remixing misandry, manspreading, and dick pics: Networked feminist humour on Tumblr. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 686-704.
Roberts, L. (2019). Changing worldwide attitudes toward homosexuality: The influence of global and region-specific cultures, 1981–2012. Social science research, 80, 114-131.
Robinson, B. A. (2016). The Quantifiable-Body Discourse: “Height-Weight Proportionality” and Gay Men’s Bodies in Cyberspace. Social Currents, 3(2), 172-185.
Rodriguez, S. (2021, December 14). Instagram surpasses 2 billion monthly users while powering through a year of turmoil. CNBC. cnbc.com
Rogers, B. (2020). #Biguys and #Biboys: The Discursive Production of Bisexual Men through Instagram’s Homonormative Visual Culture. Journal of Bisexuality, 20(4), 361-382.
Schwartz, A. J. (2020a). Low Femme, Low Theory: An Ethno-Archive of Femme Internet Culture. [Doctoral Dissertation, York University]. YorkSpace. yorkspace.library.yorku.ca
Schwartz, A. (2020b). Low Femme, low theory: memes and the new bedroom culture. Feminist Media Studies, 1-16.
Schwartz, J., & Andsager, J. (2011). Four decades of images in gay male-targeted magazines. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 88(1): 76–98.
Scott, J. C. (2008). Weapons of the Weak. Yale University Press.
Shiau, H. (2022). Networked Collective Symbolic Capital Revisited: Selfies Sharing and Identity Negotiation Among Taiwanese Gay Men. In Research Anthology on Inclusivity and Equity for the LGBTQ+ Community (pp. 426-440). IGI Global.
Shifman, L. (2014). Memes in digital culture. MIT press.
Shifman, L., & Lemish, D. (2010). Between Feminism and Fun(ny)mism. Information, Communication & Society. 13:6, 870-891.
Sloan, L. (2019). "From Backstage to Digital Front Stage: Online Queer Community, Identity, and Emotion Management." in Bodinger-DeUriarte, C. (Ed.). Interfacing Ourselves: Living in the Digital Age. Routledge.
Song, G., & Hird, D. (2013). Men and masculinities in contemporary China. Brill.
Sontag, S. (1964). Notes on Camp. In Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the performing subject: A Reader, edited by F. Cleto. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 53-65.
Statista. (2022). Distribution of Instagram users worldwide as of January 2022, by age group.
www.statista.com/statistics/325587/instagram-global-age-group/
Suganuma, K. (2012). Contact Moments. Hong Kong University Press.
Traue, B., Blanc, M., & Cambre, C. (2019). Visibilities and visual discourses: Rethinking the social with the image. Qualitative Inquiry, 25(4), 327-337.
Useem, R. H., & Downie, R. D. (1976). Third-Culture Kids. Today`s Education, 65(3), 103-5.
Visser, G. (2015). Thinking beyond exclusionary gay male spatial frames in the developing world. In P. L. Doan (Ed.), Planning and LGBTQ communities: The need for inclusive queer spaces (pp. 81–93). Routledge.
Wang, A. & Lee, Y. (2018, November, 2018). Taiwan`s same-sex marriage vote divides families. Reuters. www.reuters.com
Wang, F. T. Y., Bih, H. D., & Brennan, D. J. (2009). Have they really come out: gay men and their parents in Taiwan. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 11(3), 285-296.
Wang, J. (2014). To explore the physical workout experiences in the gym of the gays in Kaohsiung with reference on the viewpoint of Environment Behavior. [Master’s thesis, Shu-Te University]. Shù dé kējì dàxué bó shuòshì lùnwén xìtǒng. ndltd.ncl.edu.tw
Warner, M. (2002). Publics and counterpublics. Public Culture, 14(1), 49–90.
Wen, H. (2021). Gentle yet manly: Xiao xian rou, male cosmetic surgery and neoliberal consumer culture in China. Asian Studies Review, 45(2), 253-271.
Weston, K. (1995a). Get thee to a big city: Sexual imaginary and the great gay migration. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 2(3), 253-277.
Weston, K. (1995b). Theory, Theory, whos got the Theory? Or, why I`m Tired of that Tired Debate. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 2(4), 347-349.
Willingham, AJ. (2021, June 5). Whether It`s Rainbow Capitalism or Bad Design, LGBTQ People Are Calling Out Disingenuous Pride Merchandise. CNN. Retrieved from edition.cnn.com
Wiseman, M., & Davidson, S. (2012). Problems with binary gender discourse: Using context to promote flexibility and connection in gender identity. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17(4), 528-537.
Wittman, C. (1970). Refugees from Amerika: A gay manifesto (pp. 157-71). Council on Religion and the Homosexual.
Yan Qi, Y., Ye Haobin, B., Fan, F., & Wen, S. (2020). Why is contemporary China still courting concubines? Exploring the reasons for Chinese audiences’ fascination with concubines’ infighting in television dramas. Leisure Studies, 39(3), 444-453.
Yang, H. C. (2014). Flower boys on campus: Performing and practicing masculinity. Journal of Gender Studies, 23(4), 391-408.
Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Palmer, N. A., & Reisner, S. L. (2015). Online social support as a buffer against online and offline peer and sexual victimization among US LGBT and non-LGBT youth. Child abuse & neglect, 39, 123-136.
Yu, T. F. (2021). Queer migration across the Sinophone world: queer Chinese Malaysian students’ educational mobility to Taiwan. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(15), 3549-3563.
Zemke, K., & Mackley-Crump, J. (2018). “I’ma school that bitch”: Gay rappers defying binaries and expressing fierceness. In Rethinking Difference in Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Music (pp. 131-149). Routledge.
Zidani, S. (2021). Messy on the inside: internet memes as mapping tools of everyday life. Information, Communication & Society, 24(16), 2378-2402.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
109461019
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109461019
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 王淑美zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wang, Su-Meien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 灝明杰zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Morgan, Sebastian Michaelen_US
dc.creator (作者) 灝明杰zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Morgan, Sebastian Michaelen_US
dc.date (日期) 2022en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Aug-2022 18:17:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Aug-2022 18:17:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Aug-2022 18:17:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109461019en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/141204-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109461019zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 近年來台灣因對同志族群高度包容與自由，在國際上享有盛名，在2019 年同性婚姻合法化後之後尤其如此。然而，這種觀點忽略了當今生活在台灣的同性戀族群所面臨之微觀政治。本研究探討台灣男同性戀者建構其身分之理論化觀點，並如何在主流霸權價值觀中，找到自己在同性戀社群和異性戀主導社會的定位。
本研究追蹤Instagram上的男同志帳戶：@bitch_inthecabin、@hipster_of_all_trades 與 @garbagestoryboy，並應用多模態批判論述分析方法、以及霍伯斯坦（Halberstam ）的「失敗」框架 (failure framework, 2011)，解讀這些帳戶所分享之迷因。本研究主要問題有三：（1）迷因如何建構同性戀認同?（2）活躍的IG台灣男同志帳戶如何透過迷因展現其「失敗」?（3）迷因的論述如何能支持、協調及推翻主流文化?
透過批判性論述分析解讀迷因，本研究探討Instagram 用戶如何在異性戀霸權中展現自己的主體性、性相與邊緣位置。他們經常將自己描繪成異性戀女性，並應用酷兒化的女性氣質來概念化男同志的性相、男性特質，並陳述被家人排擠的共同經驗。然而。迷因也重製了異性戀霸權下的男性氣質概念，且帶著種族框架，賦予白人與東亞男性更高優勢地位。研究建議，未來台灣同志研究應進一步探討種族政治議題，尤其是與有色人種相關的論述。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study explores how Taiwanese gay men theorize gay identity and position themselves relative to hegemonic values in the gay community and heteronormative society. It does this by looking at the discourses present in Internet memes, a viral part of digital culture that appropriates, recontextualizes, and — in this case — queers texts from popular culture.
Guided by Halberstam’s failure framework (2011), multimodal critical discourse analysis methods were applied to memes gathered from three gay Taiwanese meme Instagram accounts: @bitch_inthecabin, @hipster_of_all_trades, and @garbagestoryboy. Three research questions were asked: (1) how do the memes construct gay identity; (2) in what ways do the memes posted by Taiwanese gay Instagrammers present failure; and (3) how do the discourses support, negotiate, and subvert dominant values.
Critical reading of the textual, visual, and contextual elements of the memes revealed patterns in how the Instagrammers talked about their subjectivities, sexualities, and marginal positions in heteronormative society. Often portraying themselves as heterosexual women, they deployed queer femininity to theorize gay male sexuality and queer masculinities, as well as illustrate experiences of gay marginalization in Taiwanese family households. Conversely, the memes reproduced dominant ideas about the appeal of heteronormative masculinity, while also portraying gay male desire through a racial framework that privileged white and East Asian bodies. This study invites further study into local Taiwanese queer politics, including its engagement with blackness and brownness.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents i. List of Figures and Tables xi
Figures xi
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Research Background 1
1.2. Research Motivations 3
1.3. Research Aims and Objectives 7
1.4. Thesis Structure 8
2. Literature Review 10
2.1. Online Queer Community 10
2.1.1. (Off-to-On)line Community 10
2.1.2. Online Community Structure 12
2.1.3. Learning through the Community 14
2.1.4. Community Flaws 16
2.2. Memes as Popular Culture 17
2.2.1. Conceptualizing Memes 17
2.2.2. Memes as Group Discourse 18
2.2.3. Memes of Subversion 19
2.2.4. Memes and Bigotry 23
2.2.5. The Limits of Meme Activism 24
2.3. Features of Queer Memes 26
2.3.1. Emotional Lows 27
2.3.2. Resilience 28
2.3.3. Humor 29
2.3.4. Imagery and Icons 31
2.3.5. Shout Outs and Call Outs 32
2.4. Theoretical Standpoint 35
2.4.1. Cultural Hegemony and Counterhegemony 35
2.4.2. Queer Failure 36
2.4.3. Low Theory 38
2.4.4. Encoding/Decoding 39
2.4.5. Reviewing the Theory 43
2.5. Cultural Differences (Taiwan Context) 45
2.5.1. Contextualizing Taiwanese Gender and Sexuality 45
2.5.2. Family Values and Expectations 46
2.5.3. Situating Gender 47
2.5.4. The Developmental Model of Taiwanese Masculinities 48
2.5.5. Conceptualizing Taiwanese Queerness 48
2.5.6. Queer Resistance in the Chinese Cultural Frame 51
2.6. This Study 52
3. Methodology 54
3.1. Research Questions 54
3.2. Personal Reflexivity 55
3.3. Data Collection 57
3.4. Account Selection 58
3.5. Accounts 60
3.6. Data Analysis 61
Phase One: Realizing the Texts 62
Phase Two: Analysis 63
4. Realizing the Texts 64
4.1. Introduction 64
4.2. Accounts 64
4.2.1. @bitch_inthecabin 65
4.2.2. @garbagestoryboy 66
4.2.3. @hipster_of_all_trades 67
4.3. Objects 68
4.3.1. Sex 69
4.3.2. Pop Culture Divas 69
4.3.3. Desirable Men 70
4.4. Subjects 70
4.4.1. The Feminized Gay Subject 71
4.4.2. The Intrusive Relative 71
4.4.3. The Gay Sister 72
5. Analysis 73
5.1. Queering Femininity through Femme Identification 73
5.1.1. K-Pop Stars 74
5.1.2. Bad Bitches 77
5.1.3. Concubines 79
5.1.4. Femme Identification is Failed Identification 82
5.2. Outlining Desirable Bodies 84
5.2.1. Muscularity 84
5.2.2. Race and Ethnicity 86
5.2.3. Positioning, Dominance, and Submission 89
5.3. Vulnerable Resistance 92
5.3.1. Anger 93
5.3.2. Crying 96
6. Discussion 98
6.1. Failed Femboys and the “That Bitch” Ideology 98
6.2. The Politics of Wanting 102
6.3. Resisting Biopower 104
7. Conclusion 107
7.1. Limitations and Recommendations 112
7.2. Final Reflections 114
References 115		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 19281746 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109461019en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣男同志zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Instagram迷因文化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 批判論述分析zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwanese gay menen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Instagram memesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) critical discourse analysisen_US
dc.title (題名) 台灣男同志 That Bitch 迷因文化之批評論述分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Meming of “That Bitch” Failure: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Queer Identity Performance on Taiwanese Instagram Memesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abad-Santos, A. (2017, June 25). How the Babadook Became the LGBTQ Icon We Didn’t Know We Needed. Vox. Retrieved from www.vox.com
Alozie, N. O., Thomas, K., & Akpan-Obong, P. (2017). Global liberalization on homosexuality: Explaining the African gap. The Social Science Journal, 54(2), 120-131.
Alvarez, E. (2010). Muscle boys: Gay gym culture. Routledge.
Ask, K., & Abidin, C. (2018). My life is a mess: Self-deprecating relatability and collective identities in the memification of student issues. Information, Communication & Society, 21(6), 834-850.
Ayoub, P. M., & Garretson, J. (2017). Getting the message out: Media context and global changes in attitudes toward homosexuality. Comparative political studies, 50(8), 1055-1085.
Bandura, A. (2009). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In Media effects (pp. 110-140). Routledge.
Baudinette, T. (2021). Regimes of Desire. Michigan University Press.
Bayerl, P. S., & Stoynov, L. (2014). Revenge by photoshop: Memefying police acts in the public dialogue about injustice. New Media & Society, 18(6), 1006-1026.
Beh, L. (2019, July, 24). Boys can wear skirts under Taiwan school`s gender-neutral uniform plan. Reuters. Retrieved from www.reuters.com
Berghe, W. V., Dewaele, A., Cox, N., & Vincke, J. (2010). Minority‐specific determinants of mental well‐being among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(1), 153-166.
Berlant, L. (2008). The Female Complaint. Duke University Press.
Berzonsky, M. D. (2005). Ego identity: A personal standpoint in a postmodern world. Identity, 5(2), 125-136.
Billig, M. (2005). Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour. Sage.
BlackPast. (2012, August 12). (1982) Audre Lorde, “Learning from the 60s”. BlackPast. https://www.blackpast.org/
Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., West, B. T., & McCabe, S. E. (2014). Discrimination and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(1), 35.
Brainer, A. 2018. “New Identities or New Intimacies? Rethinking ‘Coming Out’ in Taiwan through Cross-Generational Ethnography.” Sexualities 21 (5–6): 914–931.
Browne, K. (2005). Snowball sampling: using social networks to research non-heterosexual women. International journal of social research methodology, 8(1), 47-60.
Brubaker, J. R., Ananny, M., & Crawford, K. (2016). Departing glances: A sociotechnical account of ‘leaving’Grindr. New Media & Society, 18(3), 373-390.
Cai, S. (2016). Television Drama in Contemporary China: Political, social and cultural phenomena. Routledge.
Cavalcante, A. (2016). “I Did It All Online:” Transgender identity and the management of everyday life. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 33(1), 109-122.
Cavalcante, A. (2019). Tumbling into queer utopias and vortexes: Experiences of LGBTQ social media users on Tumblr. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(12), 1715-1735.
Chen, C. (2012). The creation and meaning of Internet memes in 4chan: Popular Internet culture in the age of online digital reproduction. Habitus, 3(1), 6-19.
Chen, S. X., & Kanai, A. (2021). Authenticity, uniqueness and talent: Gay male beauty influencers in post-queer, postfeminist Instagram beauty culture. European Journal of Cultural Studies. 25(1), 97-116.
Cheng, C., & Yang, K. (2011). Internet, computer-mediated communications and gay rights movements in Taiwan. Human Rights and Media Studies in Communications. 6, 161–179.
Connell, C. (2012). Fashionable resistance: Queer" fa (t) shion" blogging as counterdiscourse. Women`s Studies Quarterly, 41(1/2), 209-224.
Conner, C. T. (2019). The gay gayze: Expressions of inequality on Grindr. The Sociological Quarterly, 60(3), 397-419.
Costa Rica Supreme Court rules gay marriage ban unconstitutional. (2018, October 8). DW. Retrieved from www.dw.com
Craig, S. L., & McInroy, L. (2014). You can form a part of yourself online: The influence of new media on identity development and coming out for LGBTQ youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 18(1), 95-109.
Dawkins, R., & Davis, N. (2017). The selfish gene. Macat Library.
DeCook, J. R. (2018). Memes and symbolic violence:# proudboys and the use of memes for propaganda and the construction of collective identity. Learning, Media and Technology, 43(4), 485-504.
DeLaure, M., & Fink, M. (2017). Culture Jamming. New York: New York University Press.
Drakett, J., Rickett, B., Day, K., & Milnes, K. (2018). Old jokes, new media–Online sexism and constructions of gender in Internet memes. Feminism & Psychology, 28(1), 109-127.
Duggan, L. (2002). The New Homonormativity: The Sexual Politics of Neoliberalism. In Catronovo, R. & Nelson, D. (Eds.). Materializing Democracy: Toward a Revitalized Cultural Politics. Duke University Press.
Duguay, Stefanie. (2016). “ ‘He Has a Way Gayer Facebook than I Do:’ Investigating Sexual Identity Disclosure and Context Collapse on a Social Networking Site.” New Media Society 18(6):891–907.
Duguay, S. C., Burgess, J., & Light, B. (2017). Mobile dating and hookup app culture. In Messaris, P. & Humphreys, L. (Eds.) Digital media: Transformations in human communication (2nd edition) (pp. 213-221). Peter Lang Publishing.
Ehrenreich, B. (2009). Bright-sided: How Positive Thinking is Undermined America. Metropolitan Books.
D’Emilio, J. (1983). Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Everington, K. (June 18, 2019). Taiwan sees first same-sex divorce less than 1 month since legalization. Taiwan News. Retrieved from www.taiwannews.com.tw
Eynon, R., Fry, J. & Schroder, R. (2017). The ethics of online research. In N. G. Fielding, R. M. Lee & G. Blank (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of online research methods (pp. 19-37). Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality: An introduction. David M. Halperin, Saint Foucault: Towards a Gay Hagiography.
Fox, J., & Ralston, R. (2016). Queer identity online: Informal learning and teaching experiences of LGBTQ individuals on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 635-642.
Gage, S. (2002). Queer: The Ultimate User`s Guide. Unanimous.
Gal, N., Shifman, L., & Kampf, Z. (2016). “It gets better”: Internet memes and the construction of collective identity. New Media & Society, 18(8), 1698-1714.
Garber, E. (1989). A spectacle in color: The lesbian and gay subculture of jazz age Harlem. Hidden from history: Reclaiming the gay and lesbian past, 318-31.
Geiger, A., & Graf, N. (2019). About one-in-five U.S. adults know someone who goes by a gender-neutral pronoun. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: www.pewresearch.org
Ghaziani, A. (2011). Post-gay collective identity construction. Social Problems, 58(1), 99-125.
Ghaziani, A. (2014). There goes the gayborhood? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Giano, Z. (2021). The influence of online experiences: the shaping of gay male identities. Journal of Homosexuality, 68(5), 872-886.
Gibson, L. (October 22, 2021). Taiwan graduates face tough start to working lives. Taiwan News. Retrieved from https://www.taiwannews.com.tw
Gill, R. (2008). Empowerment/sexism: Figuring female sexual agency in contemporary advertising. Feminism & psychology, 18(1), 35-60.
Gilson, E. (2011). Vulnerability, ignorance, and oppression. Hypatia, 26(2), 308-332.
GLAAD Media Institute. (2022). Where we are on TV 2021–2022. https://www.glaad.org/sites/default/files/GLAAD%20202122%20WWATV.pdf
Gramsci, A. (2011). Prison Notebooks, Volumes 1-3.
Gras-Velázquez, A., & Maestre-Brotons, A. (2021). Spanish gay male subjectivity, body, intimacy, and affect on Instagram. Sexualities, 13634607211031418.
De Greef, K. (2019, July 2). The unfulfilled promise of LGBTQ rights in South Africa. The Atlantic. Retrieved from: www.theatlantic.com
Gross, L. (2003). The gay global village in cyberspace. In Contesting media power: Alternative media in a networked world, 259-272.
Guilbert, G. C. (2018). Gay Icons: The (Mostly) Female Entertainers Gay Men Love. McFarland.
Halberstam, J. (2011). The queer art of failure. Duke University Press.
Hall, S. (2004). Encoding/decoding. In Hall, S., Hobson, D., Lowe, A., & Willis P. (Ed.). Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79. Routledge.
Hall, S. (1990). Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. In Morley D. & Chen, K. (Ed.). Critical Dialogies in Cultural Studies. Routledge.
Harlow, S., Rowlett, J. T., & Huse, L. K. (2020). ‘Kim Davis be like…’: a feminist critique of gender humor in online political memes. Information, Communication & Society, 23(7), 1057-1073.
Heylighen, F. (2000, November, 29). What makes a meme successful? Selection criteria for cultural evolution. Congress on Cybernetics, Brussels.
hooks, B. (1991). Theory as liberatory practice. Yale JL & Feminism, 4, 1.
hooks, B. (2004). The will to change: Men, masculinity, and love. Atria.
Hootsuite (2022). Digital 2022: Global Overview Report.
hootsuite.widen.net/s/gqprmtzq6g/digital-2022-global-overview-report
Hou, C. N., & Lu, H. Y. (2013). Online networks as a venue for social support: A qualitative study of married bisexual men in Taiwan. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1280-1296.
Hristova, S. (2013). Occupy wall street meets occupy Iraq: On remembering and forgetting in a digital age. Radical History Review, 2013(117), 83-97.
Huang, H. T. M. (2011). Queer politics and sexual modernity in Taiwan (Vol. 1). Hong Kong University Press.
Influencer Tiers for the Influencer Marketing Industry. (n.d.) Retrieved from mediakix.com
Jagose, A. (1996). Queer theory: An introduction. NYU Press.
Jhuo, C. (2020). I Take Selfies, Therefore I Am: Gay Men’s Gym Selfies as Body Presentation on Social Media. [Masters thesis, National Chengchi University]. NCCU Institutional Respository. http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw
Johnson, P. (2013). Homosexuality and the European court of human rights. Routledge.
Jones, A. (2013). A Critical Inquiry into Queer Utopias. Springer.
Kam, L. Y. L. (2013). Shanghai Lalas: Female Tongzhi Communities and Politics in Urban China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Kam, L. Y. L. (2019). “Coming Out and Going Abroad: The Chuguo Mobility of Queer Women in China.” Journal of Lesbian Studies, 1–14.
Kao, Y. C., & Bih, H. D. (2014). Masculinity in ambiguity: Constructing Taiwanese masculine identities between great powers. In Masculinities in a Global Era (pp. 175-191). Springer, New York, NY.
Kearney, M. C. 2006. Girls Make Media. New York, NY: Routledge.
Koltrowitz, S., & Hughes, B. (2021, September 22). Divided Swiss to vote on same-sex marriage. Reuters. Retrieved from www.reuters.com
Kong, T. S. (2010). Chinese male homosexualities: Memba, tongzhi and golden boy. Routledge.
Krammer, S. (2020) Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: www.pewresearch.org
Kuipers, G. (2015). Good Humor, Bad Taste. De Gruyter Mouton.
Lai, Y. (2021). No Loss of Masculinity? The Analysis of the Male Sneak-Snapped Victims’ Accounts. [Masters thesis, National Chengchi University]. NCCU Institutional Respository. http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw
Laing, B. (2013). An Exploratory Study of Identity Construction amongst Married Gay Men in Same-Sex Marriage: A Discourse Analysis. [Masters thesis, University of Johannesburg]. University of Johannesburg Institutional Repository. https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/
Lawrence, E., & Ringrose, J. (2018) @Notofeminism, #Feministsareugly, and Misandry Memes: How Social Media Feminist Humor is Calling out Antifeminism. In Keller, J. & Ryan, ME. (Eds.) Emergent Feminisms: Complicating a Postfeminist Media Culture. (pp. 211-232). Routledge.
Leaver, T., Highfield, T., & Abidin, C. (2020). Instagram: Visual Social Media Cultures. John Wiley & Sons.
Lin, D. C. (2006). Sissies online: Taiwanese male queers performing sissinesses in cyberspaces. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 7(2), 270-288.
Lin, C. (2022, February 28). Singapore`s top court dismisses attempt to overturn gay sex ban. Reuters. Retrieved from www.reuters.com
Liu, J, & Ding, N. (2005). Reticent politics, queer politics. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 6(1), 30–55.
Livingstone, J. (Director). (1990). Paris is Burning [Film]. Off-White Productions.
Louie, K. (2002). Theorising Chinese Masculinity: Society and Gender in China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Love, H. (2007). Feeling backward: Loss and the politics of queer history. Harvard University Press.
Lowder, B. (2017, June 6). Why the “Gay Babadook” Meme Is So Bewitching. Slate. Retrieved from slate.com
Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12(4), 857-885.
Machin, D., & Mayer, A. (2012). How to Do Critical Discourse Analysis: A Multimodal Introduction. Sage.
Martin, F. (2003). Situating Sexualities: Queer Representation in Taiwanese Fiction, Film, and Public Culture. Hong Kong University Press.
Mazariegos, M. (2022, March 4). LGBTQ refugees fleeing Ukraine face discrimination in countries with anti-gay laws. NPR. Retrieved from www.npr.org
McLean, N. (2018, June 24). The trouble with making LGBTIAQ people live on heterosexuals’ terms. The Conversation. Retrieved from: www.theconversation.com
McLuhan, M., & Powers, B. R. (1989). The global village: Transformations in world life and media in the 21st century. Communication and society.
McNair, B. (2013). Porno? Chic!: How pornography changed the world and made it a better place. Routledge.
McRobbie, A., & Garber, J. (1981). “Girls and Subcultures.” In Bennet, T., Martin, G., Mercer, C., & Woollacott J. (Ed.). Culture, Ideology and Social Progress: A Reader. The Open University Press.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.a). Femme. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved April 15, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/femme
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.b). Queer. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved April 15, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/queer
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697.
Middlemost, R. (2019). Babashook: The Babadook, gay iconography and Internet cultures. Australasian Journal of Popular Culture, 8(1), 7-26.
Miltner, K. M. (2014). “There’s no place for lulz on LOLCats”: The role of genre, gender, and group identity in the interpretation and enjoyment of an Internet meme. First Monday. 19(8).
Mirzoeff, N. (2011). The Right to Look. Duke University Press.
Mongelli, F., Perrone, D., BaLDUcci, J., Sacchetti, A., Ferrari, S., Mattei, G., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2019). Minority stress and mental health among LGBT populations: An update on the evidence. Minerva Psichiatrica. 60(1), 27–50.
Moradi, B., Tebbe, E. A., Brewster, M. E., Budge, S. L., Lenzen, A., Ege, E., ... & Flores, M. J. (2016). A content analysis of literature on trans people and issues: 2002–2012. The Counseling Psychologist, 44(7), 960-995.
Miller, V. (2008). New media, networking and phatic culture. Convergence, 14(4), 387–400.
Milner, R. A. (2013). Hacking the Social: Internet Memes, Identity Antagonism, and the Logic of Lulz. The Fibreculture Journal, 22.
Moritz, E. (1990): Memetic Science: I - General Introduction. Journal of Ideas, 1 (1):3-23.
Muñoz, J. E. (1999). Disidentifications: Queers of color and the performance of politics (Vol. 2). U of Minnesota Press.
Muñoz, J. E. (2006). Feeling brown, feeling down: Latina affect, the performativity of race, and the depressive position. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 31(3), 675-688.
Muñoz, J. E. (2019). Cruising Utopia. New York University Press.
Navarre, B, & Trimble, M. (2021). Same-sex marriage legalization by country. U.S. News. Retrived from www.usnews.com
Newport, F. (2020, June 26). Understanding the increase in moral acceptability of polygamy. Gallup. Retrieved from news.gallup.com
Nissenbaum, A., & Shifman, L. (2017). Internet memes as contested cultural capital: The case of 4chan’s/b/board. New Media & Society, 19(4), 483-501.
Nguyen, H. T. (2014). A view from the bottom: Asian American masculinity and sexual representation. University of California, Berkeley.
Nyong’o, T. (2005). Punk`d theory. Social Text, 23(3-4), 19-34.
Pachankis, J. E., Clark, K. A., Burton, C. L., Hughto, J. M. W., Bränström, R., & Keene, D. E. (2020). Sex, status, competition, and exclusion: Intraminority stress from within the gay community and gay and bisexual men’s mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(3), 713.
Parker, I. (2014). Discourse Dynamics: Critical analysis for social and individual psychology. Routledge.
Peng, H. Y. (2019). Dealing with heteronormativity in everyday practice: Nuanced resistance of Taiwanese Nutongzhis. China Journal of Social Work, 12(2), 155-173.
Pew Research Center. (2015). “Section 1: Changing Views of Same-Sex Marriage.” Retrieved from http://www.people-press.org/
Petherbridge, D. (2016). What`s critical about vulnerability? Rethinking interdependence, recognition, and power. Hypatia, 31(3), 589-604.
Plummer, K. (2010). Foreword. In Kong, T. Chinese Male Homosexualities: Memba, Tongzhi and Golden Boy. (pp. xiii-xix). Routledge.
Poushter, J., & Kent, N. (2020). The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists. Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org
Ramirez, J. (2021, July 7). How @versfirst Gets to the Bottom of Top-Shaming. Into. Retrieved from www.intomore.com
Rendueles, C. (2017). Sociophobia: Political change in the digital utopia. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Rentschler, C. A., & Thrift, S. C. (2015). Doing feminism in the network: Networked laughter and the ‘Binders Full of Women’meme. Feminist Theory, 16(3), 329-359.
Revill, J. (2021, November 21). Swiss to allow same-sex weddings from July 2022. Reuters. Retrieved from: www.reuters.com
Ringrose, J., & Lawrence, E. (2018). Remixing misandry, manspreading, and dick pics: Networked feminist humour on Tumblr. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 686-704.
Roberts, L. (2019). Changing worldwide attitudes toward homosexuality: The influence of global and region-specific cultures, 1981–2012. Social science research, 80, 114-131.
Robinson, B. A. (2016). The Quantifiable-Body Discourse: “Height-Weight Proportionality” and Gay Men’s Bodies in Cyberspace. Social Currents, 3(2), 172-185.
Rodriguez, S. (2021, December 14). Instagram surpasses 2 billion monthly users while powering through a year of turmoil. CNBC. cnbc.com
Rogers, B. (2020). #Biguys and #Biboys: The Discursive Production of Bisexual Men through Instagram’s Homonormative Visual Culture. Journal of Bisexuality, 20(4), 361-382.
Schwartz, A. J. (2020a). Low Femme, Low Theory: An Ethno-Archive of Femme Internet Culture. [Doctoral Dissertation, York University]. YorkSpace. yorkspace.library.yorku.ca
Schwartz, A. (2020b). Low Femme, low theory: memes and the new bedroom culture. Feminist Media Studies, 1-16.
Schwartz, J., & Andsager, J. (2011). Four decades of images in gay male-targeted magazines. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 88(1): 76–98.
Scott, J. C. (2008). Weapons of the Weak. Yale University Press.
Shiau, H. (2022). Networked Collective Symbolic Capital Revisited: Selfies Sharing and Identity Negotiation Among Taiwanese Gay Men. In Research Anthology on Inclusivity and Equity for the LGBTQ+ Community (pp. 426-440). IGI Global.
Shifman, L. (2014). Memes in digital culture. MIT press.
Shifman, L., & Lemish, D. (2010). Between Feminism and Fun(ny)mism. Information, Communication & Society. 13:6, 870-891.
Sloan, L. (2019). "From Backstage to Digital Front Stage: Online Queer Community, Identity, and Emotion Management." in Bodinger-DeUriarte, C. (Ed.). Interfacing Ourselves: Living in the Digital Age. Routledge.
Song, G., & Hird, D. (2013). Men and masculinities in contemporary China. Brill.
Sontag, S. (1964). Notes on Camp. In Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the performing subject: A Reader, edited by F. Cleto. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 53-65.
Statista. (2022). Distribution of Instagram users worldwide as of January 2022, by age group.
www.statista.com/statistics/325587/instagram-global-age-group/
Suganuma, K. (2012). Contact Moments. Hong Kong University Press.
Traue, B., Blanc, M., & Cambre, C. (2019). Visibilities and visual discourses: Rethinking the social with the image. Qualitative Inquiry, 25(4), 327-337.
Useem, R. H., & Downie, R. D. (1976). Third-Culture Kids. Today`s Education, 65(3), 103-5.
Visser, G. (2015). Thinking beyond exclusionary gay male spatial frames in the developing world. In P. L. Doan (Ed.), Planning and LGBTQ communities: The need for inclusive queer spaces (pp. 81–93). Routledge.
Wang, A. & Lee, Y. (2018, November, 2018). Taiwan`s same-sex marriage vote divides families. Reuters. www.reuters.com
Wang, F. T. Y., Bih, H. D., & Brennan, D. J. (2009). Have they really come out: gay men and their parents in Taiwan. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 11(3), 285-296.
Wang, J. (2014). To explore the physical workout experiences in the gym of the gays in Kaohsiung with reference on the viewpoint of Environment Behavior. [Master’s thesis, Shu-Te University]. Shù dé kējì dàxué bó shuòshì lùnwén xìtǒng. ndltd.ncl.edu.tw
Warner, M. (2002). Publics and counterpublics. Public Culture, 14(1), 49–90.
Wen, H. (2021). Gentle yet manly: Xiao xian rou, male cosmetic surgery and neoliberal consumer culture in China. Asian Studies Review, 45(2), 253-271.
Weston, K. (1995a). Get thee to a big city: Sexual imaginary and the great gay migration. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 2(3), 253-277.
Weston, K. (1995b). Theory, Theory, whos got the Theory? Or, why I`m Tired of that Tired Debate. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 2(4), 347-349.
Willingham, AJ. (2021, June 5). Whether It`s Rainbow Capitalism or Bad Design, LGBTQ People Are Calling Out Disingenuous Pride Merchandise. CNN. Retrieved from edition.cnn.com
Wiseman, M., & Davidson, S. (2012). Problems with binary gender discourse: Using context to promote flexibility and connection in gender identity. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17(4), 528-537.
Wittman, C. (1970). Refugees from Amerika: A gay manifesto (pp. 157-71). Council on Religion and the Homosexual.
Yan Qi, Y., Ye Haobin, B., Fan, F., & Wen, S. (2020). Why is contemporary China still courting concubines? Exploring the reasons for Chinese audiences’ fascination with concubines’ infighting in television dramas. Leisure Studies, 39(3), 444-453.
Yang, H. C. (2014). Flower boys on campus: Performing and practicing masculinity. Journal of Gender Studies, 23(4), 391-408.
Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Palmer, N. A., & Reisner, S. L. (2015). Online social support as a buffer against online and offline peer and sexual victimization among US LGBT and non-LGBT youth. Child abuse & neglect, 39, 123-136.
Yu, T. F. (2021). Queer migration across the Sinophone world: queer Chinese Malaysian students’ educational mobility to Taiwan. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(15), 3549-3563.
Zemke, K., & Mackley-Crump, J. (2018). “I’ma school that bitch”: Gay rappers defying binaries and expressing fierceness. In Rethinking Difference in Gender, Sexuality, and Popular Music (pp. 131-149). Routledge.
Zidani, S. (2021). Messy on the inside: internet memes as mapping tools of everyday life. Information, Communication & Society, 24(16), 2378-2402.		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202200940en_US