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題名 政府支出與國民幸福感—以空間計量分析
Government Expenditure and National Happiness—Evidence from Spatial Analysis
作者 謝依珊
XIE, YI-SHAN
貢獻者 黃智聰
Huang, Jr-Tsung
謝依珊
XIE, YI-SHAN
關鍵詞 幸福感
政府支出
人均負債
空間杜賓模型
Happiness
Government Expenditure
Debt Per Capita
Spatial Durbin Model
日期 2022
上傳時間 1-Aug-2022 18:32:45 (UTC+8)
摘要 長久以來，世界各國皆以GDP作為衡量國家進步或成功與否的關鍵指標，然而，一個國家的經濟發展狀況並不能完全代表該國人民的生活水準或幸福程度。從不丹的「國民幸福總值」（Gross National Happiness，GNH）、聯合國的世界幸福報告（World Happiness Report）至經濟合作暨發展組織（OECD）的「美好生活指數」（Better Life Index）等，均能發現各國對於人民幸福的日益重視，許多國家的政府已逐漸將其納為發展目標。
本文以2012年至2020年的77個國家追蹤資料為樣本，利用固定效果空間杜賓模型主要探討政府支出對各國人民幸福感的影響，幸福感的衡量指標使用與聯合國發布之世界幸福指數（World Happiness Index）相同的數據來源，即蓋洛普民意調查的人民生活滿意程度。在各國人民幸福感存在正向空間相依性的情況下，實證結果發現，由於政府支出能夠建立各種社會褔利制度、社會安全保障與公共基礎建設等，使人民生活品質提升，因而對國民的幸福感產生正向影響；然而，本文亦發現各國每年人均負債的增加會導致國民的幸福感下降，表示若政府支出多以舉債支應而導致債留子孫，將對國民的幸福產生不利影響。此外，若一國的失業率越高，該國人民的幸福感將越低；若一國的預期壽命越長，則該國人民的幸福感也將越高。
For a long time, all countries in the world have used GDP as a key indicator to measure the progress or success of a country. However, the economic development status of a country can not fully represent people`s living standard or happiness. From the "Gross National Happiness" (GNH) in Bhutan, the World Happiness Report of the United Nations to the "Better Life Index" of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), etc., it can be found that there are more and more countries are paying attention to national happiness, and the governments of many countries have gradually adopted it as a development goal.
Using the fixed-effect spacial Durbin model and panel data including 77 countries from 2012 to 2020, this paper aims to explore the impact of government expenditure on happiness in various countries. The happiness in this paper is measured by the satisfaction with personal life in Gallup poll, the same data source as the World Happiness Report of the United Nations. In the case of positive spatial dependence of the happiness in different countries, the empirical results show that government expenditure has a positive impact on the happiness because it can establish various social welfare systems, social security, and public infrastructure, etc., to improve national quality of life; however, this paper also finds that the increase in debt per capita leads to the decline in the happiness, implying that if government expenditure is almost from borrowing, then the happiness will be affected negatively. In addition, if the unemployment rate is higher, then the happiness will be lower; if the life expectancy is longer, then the happiness will be higher.
參考文獻 Abounoori, E. and D. Asgarizadeh (2013). “Macroeconomic Factors Affecting Happiness.” International Journal of Business and Development Studies, 5(1), 5-22.
Andrews, F. M. and S. B. Withey (1976). Social Indicators of Well-being: America’s Perception of Life Quality. New York: Plenum Press.
Bjørnskov, C., A. Dreher, and J. A.V. Fischer (2007). “The Bigger the Better? Evidence of the Effect of Government Size on Life Satisfaction around the World.” Public Choice, 130(3/4), 267-292.
Bolle, F., Y. Okhrin, and C. Vogel (2009). “A Note on Interdependent Happiness.” Journal of Socio- Economics, 38, 713-721.
Chen, W. C. (2012). “How Education Enhances Happiness: Comparison of Mediating Factors in Four East Asian Countries.” Social Indicators Research, 106, 117-131.
Clark, A. E. and A. J. Oswald (1994). “Unhappiness and Unemployment.” Economic Journal, 104, 648-659.
Cuñado, J. and F. P. de Gracia (2012). “Does Education Affect Happiness? Evidence for Spain.” Social Indicators Research, 108, 185-196.
Dao, T. K. (2017). Government Expenditure and Happiness: Direct and Indirect Effects. International Institute of Social Studies, Hague, Netherlands.
Diener, E. (1984). “Subjective Well-being.” Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Easterlin (1974). Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence. New York, Academic Press.
Easterlin R. A., L. A. McVey, M. Switek, O. Sawangfa, and J. S. Zweig (2010). “The Happiness-Income Paradox Revisited.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 22463-22468.
Elhorst, J. P. (2014). Spatial Econometrics: from Cross-sectional Data to Spatial Panels. Heidelberg: Springer.
Flavin, P., A. C. Pacek, and B. Radcliff (2014). “Assessing the Impact of the Size and Scope of Government on Human Well-being.” Social Forces, 92(4), 1241-1258.
Frey, B. S. and A. Stutzer (2002). “What can Economists Learn from Happiness Research?” Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 402-435.
Gropper, D. M., R. A. Lawson, and J. T. Thorne Jr (2011). “Economic Freedom and Happiness.” Cato Journal, 31, 237.
Hausman, J. A. (1978). “Specification Tests in Econometrics.” Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
Inglehart, R. F. (1990). Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kasmaoui, K. and Bourhaba, O. (2017). “Happiness and Public Expenditure: Evidence from a Panel Analysis.” MPRA Paper, no.79339, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Knoll, B. and H. Pitlik (2016). “Who Benefits from Big Government? A Life Satisfaction Approach.” Empirica, 43(3), 533-557.
Lee, S. Y., R. Kim, J. Rodgers, and S. V. Subramanian (2020). “Associations between Subjective Wellbeing and Macroeconomic Indicators: An Assessment of Heterogeneity Across 60 Countries.” Wellbeing, Space and Society, 1, 100011.
LeSage, J. P. and R. K. Pace (2009). Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. Boca Raton,US: CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group.
Levin, Andrew, Chien-Fu Lin, and Cia-Shang J. Chu. (2002). “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-sample Properties.” Journal of Economics, 108, 1-14.
Lin, C. H. A., S. Lahiri, and C. P. Hsu (2014). “Happiness and Regional Segmentation: Does Space Matter?” Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(1), 57-83.
Maslow, A.H. (1943). “A Theory of Human Motivation.” Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
Ngoo, Y.T., N. P. Tey, and E. C. Tan (2015). “Determinants of Life Satisfaction in Asia.” Social Indicators Research, 124, 141-156.
Okun, M. A., W. A. Stock, M. J. Haring, and R. A. Witter (1984). “Health and Subjective Well-being: A Meta-analysis.” International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 19(2), 111-132.
Ovaska, T. and R. Takashima (2006). “Economic Policy and the Level of Self-perceived Well-being: An International Comparison.” Journal of Socio-Economics, 35, 308-325.
Perovic, Lena Malesevic and Golem, Sivia (2010). “Investigating Macroeconomic Determinants of Happiness in Transition Countries.” Eastern European Economics, 48(4), 59-75.
Ram, R. (2009). “Government Spending and Happiness of the Population: Additional Evidence from Large Cross-country Samples.” Public Choice, 138(3), 483-490.
Salvatore, D. M. and I. Prilleltensky (2020). “Happiness as fairness: The relationship between national life satisfaction and social justice in EU countries.” Journal of Community Psychology, 48(6), 1997-2012.
Şaşmaz, M. Ü. and E. Şakar (2020). “The Effect of Taxes and Public Expenditures on Happiness: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries.” International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 7(8), 130-136.
Stanca, L. (2010). “The Geography of Economics and Happiness: Spatial Patterns in the Effects of Economic Conditions on Well-being.” Social Indicators Research, 99(1), 115-133.
Tella, R. D., R. J. MacCulloch, and A. J. Oswald (2003). “The Macroeconomics of Happiness.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 809-827.
Veenhoven, R. (1996). “Developments in Satisfaction Research.” Social Indicators Research, 37, 1-46.
Veenhoven, R. (1984). Conditions of happiness. Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer Academic.
Yamamura, E. (2012). “The Effects of Information Asymmetry and Government Size on Happiness: A Case Study from Japan.” IUP Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 7(1), 7-20.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
財政學系
109255034
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109255034
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃智聰zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Huang, Jr-Tsungen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 謝依珊zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) XIE, YI-SHANen_US
dc.creator (作者) 謝依珊zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) XIE, YI-SHANen_US
dc.date (日期) 2022en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Aug-2022 18:32:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Aug-2022 18:32:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Aug-2022 18:32:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109255034en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/141270-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 財政學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109255034zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 長久以來，世界各國皆以GDP作為衡量國家進步或成功與否的關鍵指標，然而，一個國家的經濟發展狀況並不能完全代表該國人民的生活水準或幸福程度。從不丹的「國民幸福總值」（Gross National Happiness，GNH）、聯合國的世界幸福報告（World Happiness Report）至經濟合作暨發展組織（OECD）的「美好生活指數」（Better Life Index）等，均能發現各國對於人民幸福的日益重視，許多國家的政府已逐漸將其納為發展目標。
本文以2012年至2020年的77個國家追蹤資料為樣本，利用固定效果空間杜賓模型主要探討政府支出對各國人民幸福感的影響，幸福感的衡量指標使用與聯合國發布之世界幸福指數（World Happiness Index）相同的數據來源，即蓋洛普民意調查的人民生活滿意程度。在各國人民幸福感存在正向空間相依性的情況下，實證結果發現，由於政府支出能夠建立各種社會褔利制度、社會安全保障與公共基礎建設等，使人民生活品質提升，因而對國民的幸福感產生正向影響；然而，本文亦發現各國每年人均負債的增加會導致國民的幸福感下降，表示若政府支出多以舉債支應而導致債留子孫，將對國民的幸福產生不利影響。此外，若一國的失業率越高，該國人民的幸福感將越低；若一國的預期壽命越長，則該國人民的幸福感也將越高。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) For a long time, all countries in the world have used GDP as a key indicator to measure the progress or success of a country. However, the economic development status of a country can not fully represent people`s living standard or happiness. From the "Gross National Happiness" (GNH) in Bhutan, the World Happiness Report of the United Nations to the "Better Life Index" of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), etc., it can be found that there are more and more countries are paying attention to national happiness, and the governments of many countries have gradually adopted it as a development goal.
Using the fixed-effect spacial Durbin model and panel data including 77 countries from 2012 to 2020, this paper aims to explore the impact of government expenditure on happiness in various countries. The happiness in this paper is measured by the satisfaction with personal life in Gallup poll, the same data source as the World Happiness Report of the United Nations. In the case of positive spatial dependence of the happiness in different countries, the empirical results show that government expenditure has a positive impact on the happiness because it can establish various social welfare systems, social security, and public infrastructure, etc., to improve national quality of life; however, this paper also finds that the increase in debt per capita leads to the decline in the happiness, implying that if government expenditure is almost from borrowing, then the happiness will be affected negatively. In addition, if the unemployment rate is higher, then the happiness will be lower; if the life expectancy is longer, then the happiness will be higher.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章、 研究背景與架構 1
第一節、研究背景與目的 1
第二節、研究流程與架構 4
第二章、 文獻回顧 6
第一節、幸福感之定義 6
第二節、政府支出影響國民幸福感相關文獻 8
第三節、其他影響國民幸福感相關文獻 14
第三章、 現況分析 20
第一節、各國人民幸福感概況 20
第二節、各國政府支出概況 28
第四章、 研究方法 32
第一節、空間計量模型設定 32
第二節、實證模型設定 36
第三節、變數說明與資料來源 38
第五章、 實證結果與分析 45
第一節、共線性與單根檢定結果 45
第二節、實證模型估計結果 49
第六章、 結論與政策意涵 57
第一節、結論 57
第二節、政策意涵 60
參考文獻 62		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 3389772 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109255034en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 幸福感zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政府支出zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人均負債zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 空間杜賓模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Happinessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Government Expenditureen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Debt Per Capitaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Spatial Durbin Modelen_US
dc.title (題名) 政府支出與國民幸福感—以空間計量分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Government Expenditure and National Happiness—Evidence from Spatial Analysisen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abounoori, E. and D. Asgarizadeh (2013). “Macroeconomic Factors Affecting Happiness.” International Journal of Business and Development Studies, 5(1), 5-22.
Andrews, F. M. and S. B. Withey (1976). Social Indicators of Well-being: America’s Perception of Life Quality. New York: Plenum Press.
Bjørnskov, C., A. Dreher, and J. A.V. Fischer (2007). “The Bigger the Better? Evidence of the Effect of Government Size on Life Satisfaction around the World.” Public Choice, 130(3/4), 267-292.
Bolle, F., Y. Okhrin, and C. Vogel (2009). “A Note on Interdependent Happiness.” Journal of Socio- Economics, 38, 713-721.
Chen, W. C. (2012). “How Education Enhances Happiness: Comparison of Mediating Factors in Four East Asian Countries.” Social Indicators Research, 106, 117-131.
Clark, A. E. and A. J. Oswald (1994). “Unhappiness and Unemployment.” Economic Journal, 104, 648-659.
Cuñado, J. and F. P. de Gracia (2012). “Does Education Affect Happiness? Evidence for Spain.” Social Indicators Research, 108, 185-196.
Dao, T. K. (2017). Government Expenditure and Happiness: Direct and Indirect Effects. International Institute of Social Studies, Hague, Netherlands.
Diener, E. (1984). “Subjective Well-being.” Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Easterlin (1974). Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence. New York, Academic Press.
Easterlin R. A., L. A. McVey, M. Switek, O. Sawangfa, and J. S. Zweig (2010). “The Happiness-Income Paradox Revisited.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 22463-22468.
Elhorst, J. P. (2014). Spatial Econometrics: from Cross-sectional Data to Spatial Panels. Heidelberg: Springer.
Flavin, P., A. C. Pacek, and B. Radcliff (2014). “Assessing the Impact of the Size and Scope of Government on Human Well-being.” Social Forces, 92(4), 1241-1258.
Frey, B. S. and A. Stutzer (2002). “What can Economists Learn from Happiness Research?” Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 402-435.
Gropper, D. M., R. A. Lawson, and J. T. Thorne Jr (2011). “Economic Freedom and Happiness.” Cato Journal, 31, 237.
Hausman, J. A. (1978). “Specification Tests in Econometrics.” Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
Inglehart, R. F. (1990). Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kasmaoui, K. and Bourhaba, O. (2017). “Happiness and Public Expenditure: Evidence from a Panel Analysis.” MPRA Paper, no.79339, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Knoll, B. and H. Pitlik (2016). “Who Benefits from Big Government? A Life Satisfaction Approach.” Empirica, 43(3), 533-557.
Lee, S. Y., R. Kim, J. Rodgers, and S. V. Subramanian (2020). “Associations between Subjective Wellbeing and Macroeconomic Indicators: An Assessment of Heterogeneity Across 60 Countries.” Wellbeing, Space and Society, 1, 100011.
LeSage, J. P. and R. K. Pace (2009). Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. Boca Raton,US: CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group.
Levin, Andrew, Chien-Fu Lin, and Cia-Shang J. Chu. (2002). “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-sample Properties.” Journal of Economics, 108, 1-14.
Lin, C. H. A., S. Lahiri, and C. P. Hsu (2014). “Happiness and Regional Segmentation: Does Space Matter?” Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(1), 57-83.
Maslow, A.H. (1943). “A Theory of Human Motivation.” Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
Ngoo, Y.T., N. P. Tey, and E. C. Tan (2015). “Determinants of Life Satisfaction in Asia.” Social Indicators Research, 124, 141-156.
Okun, M. A., W. A. Stock, M. J. Haring, and R. A. Witter (1984). “Health and Subjective Well-being: A Meta-analysis.” International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 19(2), 111-132.
Ovaska, T. and R. Takashima (2006). “Economic Policy and the Level of Self-perceived Well-being: An International Comparison.” Journal of Socio-Economics, 35, 308-325.
Perovic, Lena Malesevic and Golem, Sivia (2010). “Investigating Macroeconomic Determinants of Happiness in Transition Countries.” Eastern European Economics, 48(4), 59-75.
Ram, R. (2009). “Government Spending and Happiness of the Population: Additional Evidence from Large Cross-country Samples.” Public Choice, 138(3), 483-490.
Salvatore, D. M. and I. Prilleltensky (2020). “Happiness as fairness: The relationship between national life satisfaction and social justice in EU countries.” Journal of Community Psychology, 48(6), 1997-2012.
Şaşmaz, M. Ü. and E. Şakar (2020). “The Effect of Taxes and Public Expenditures on Happiness: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries.” International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 7(8), 130-136.
Stanca, L. (2010). “The Geography of Economics and Happiness: Spatial Patterns in the Effects of Economic Conditions on Well-being.” Social Indicators Research, 99(1), 115-133.
Tella, R. D., R. J. MacCulloch, and A. J. Oswald (2003). “The Macroeconomics of Happiness.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 809-827.
Veenhoven, R. (1996). “Developments in Satisfaction Research.” Social Indicators Research, 37, 1-46.
Veenhoven, R. (1984). Conditions of happiness. Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer Academic.
Yamamura, E. (2012). “The Effects of Information Asymmetry and Government Size on Happiness: A Case Study from Japan.” IUP Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 7(1), 7-20.		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202201107en_US