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題名 論歐盟對扭曲內部市場外國補貼問題之法制因應
A Study on the EU`s Regulatory Response to the Problems of Foreign Subsidies Distorting the Internal Market作者 魏世和
Wei, Shih-Ho貢獻者 楊培侃
Yang, Pei-Kan
魏世和
Wei, Shih-Ho關鍵詞 補貼
中國國營企業
市場扭曲效果
SCM協定
美日歐三方聲明
CPTPP協定
非商業考量援助條款
歐盟外國補貼規則
Subsidy
Chinese State-Owned Enterprises
Market Distortion
SCM Agreement
US-Japan-EU Joint Statement
CPTPP
Non-Commercial Assistance
EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation日期 2022 上傳時間 2-Sep-2022 14:41:05 (UTC+8) 摘要 近年來中國為發展其產業政策，例如中國製造2025，不僅透過多方管道補貼中國國營企業，亦藉由其國營企業以低於市場價格方式提供產品或服務給其他中國海內、外之下游企業。隨著中企於全球規模的日益茁壯，此些中國非市場經濟性質之補貼措施也更加引起各國貿易扭曲及市場扭曲的擔憂。現今雖有《補貼暨平衡稅措施協定》（Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures，SCM協定）作為控管政府補貼的角色，然似已無法完全解決中國補貼所生之扭曲問題。於國際場域，《跨太平洋夥伴全面進步協定》（Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, CPTPP）透過制訂國營企業補貼規範，以強化政府補貼之控管；另外，歐盟也聯合美國、日本提出改革補貼規則之三方聯合聲明，惟上述兩國際做法皆未能解決上述中國國營企業補貼所帶來的扭曲問題； 實際上歐盟也曾意圖跟中國簽署《中歐全面投資貿易協定（EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment, CAI）》，然而該方法也未能解決中國補貼問題；在歐盟內部之相關機制與制度下也因存有管制漏洞，導致該等機制與制度無法解決所有的中國補貼問題。歐盟即於上述國內、外之背景下提出了「扭曲內部市場運作之外國補貼規則草案」（Proposal for a Regulation on Foreign Subsidies Distorting the Internal Market，以下簡稱FSR）欲透過擴張現有救濟工具方式因應中國補貼扭曲問題。究竟當今國際相關規範及歐盟內部相關既有機制為何無法完全解決中國國營企業補貼問題，FSR又係如何擴張補貼規範，從而補足現行補貼相關制度與規範的缺漏，此外，該做法同時會帶來何等影響，本文將一一探討之。經本文分析後發現，面對中國國營企業補貼所生之扭曲效果，不論是在SCM協定、CPTPP協定、美日歐三方聲明倡議等國際場域下之有關補貼的救濟方法、或透過簽署CAI之雙邊協定方式、甚或歐盟內部之既有相關機制與制度確實皆未能完全解決中國國營企業補貼引發之扭曲效果，故歐盟提出FSR有其合理性，且此項新救濟工具有望協助歐盟解決中國國營企業補貼問題，惟目前FSR對參與歐盟內部市場之外國企業會帶來過於沈重之負擔，將嚴重影響內部市場經濟發展，故歐盟應再思考如何降低FSR所帶來之負面影響，進而取得「有效管制外國補貼」及「對內部市場與外國企業之最小衝擊」兩者之平衡。
In recent years, in order to develop its industrial policies, such as Made in China 2025, China not only subsidizes Chinese state-owned enterprises through various channels, but also through its state-owned enterprises to provide products or services at lower than market prices to other downstream Chinses enterprises in China and abroad. With the growing scale of Chinese enterprises globally, the non-market economic type of Chinese subsidy measures raised concerns about trade distortions or market distortions. Although the SCM Agreement is in place to control government subsidies, it seems not be able to completely solve the distortion caused by Chinese subsidies. In this regard, in the international arena, the EU has joined the United States and Japan to propose a joint statement on reforming industrial subsidies rules; In addition, CPTPP also has formulated new norms for state-owned enterprise subsidies to strengthen the control of government subsidies, but these international practices still have failed to solve the above-mentioned problems arising from the Chinese state-owned enterprises subsidies. The EU also intended to sign the EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) with China, but this approach also failed to address the issue of subsidies for Chinese state-owned enterprises. On the other hand, the relevant EU’s mechanisms and systems are unable to effectively solve all the problems of Chinese subsidies due to possible regulatory loopholes. Therefore, the EU proposed the "Regulation on Foreign Subsidies Distorting the Internal Market" (FSR) under the above-mentioned background to expand its existing remedy measures. Why the current international norms and the relevant existing EU internal mechanisms and systems cannot solve the problem of Chinese state-owned enterprise subsidies? And how does the FSR expand the subsidy norms so as to make up for the gaps in the existing subsidy-related systems and norms? In addition, what impact of the FSR will have at the same time will be discussed in this article.After analysis, it was found that in the face of the distortion effects of Chinese state-owned enterprise subsidies, whether are the remedies in international fields such as the SCM Agreement, US-Japan-EU Joint Statement and CPTPP Agreement, or through the signing of bilateral agreements on CAI, or even the EU`s internal existing relevant mechanisms and systems are unable to completely solve the distortion effects caused by Chinese state-owned enterprise subsidies. Therefore, it is reasonable for the EU to propose FSR, and this new trade tool is expected to help the EU solve the subsidy problem of Chinese state-owned enterprises. However, the current FSR will bring an excessive burden on foreign companies participating in the EU internal market which will seriously affect the development of the internal market economy. 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The Comprehensive Agreement on Investmentand EU–China trade relations, THE ROYAL INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL (June 3, 2021), https://www.egmontinstitute.be/content/uploads/2021/06/EU-China_trade_DP.pdf?type=pdf.European Commission News, EU–China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CIA): List of Sections (Jan. 22, 2021), https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/china/eu-china-agreement/eu-china-agreement-principle_en. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易學系
108351047資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108351047 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 楊培侃 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Yang, Pei-Kan en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 魏世和 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wei, Shih-Ho en_US dc.creator (作者) 魏世和 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Wei, Shih-Ho en_US dc.date (日期) 2022 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2022 14:41:05 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Sep-2022 14:41:05 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2022 14:41:05 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108351047 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/141526 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際經營與貿易學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 108351047 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 近年來中國為發展其產業政策，例如中國製造2025，不僅透過多方管道補貼中國國營企業，亦藉由其國營企業以低於市場價格方式提供產品或服務給其他中國海內、外之下游企業。隨著中企於全球規模的日益茁壯，此些中國非市場經濟性質之補貼措施也更加引起各國貿易扭曲及市場扭曲的擔憂。現今雖有《補貼暨平衡稅措施協定》（Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures，SCM協定）作為控管政府補貼的角色，然似已無法完全解決中國補貼所生之扭曲問題。於國際場域，《跨太平洋夥伴全面進步協定》（Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, CPTPP）透過制訂國營企業補貼規範，以強化政府補貼之控管；另外，歐盟也聯合美國、日本提出改革補貼規則之三方聯合聲明，惟上述兩國際做法皆未能解決上述中國國營企業補貼所帶來的扭曲問題； 實際上歐盟也曾意圖跟中國簽署《中歐全面投資貿易協定（EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment, CAI）》，然而該方法也未能解決中國補貼問題；在歐盟內部之相關機制與制度下也因存有管制漏洞，導致該等機制與制度無法解決所有的中國補貼問題。歐盟即於上述國內、外之背景下提出了「扭曲內部市場運作之外國補貼規則草案」（Proposal for a Regulation on Foreign Subsidies Distorting the Internal Market，以下簡稱FSR）欲透過擴張現有救濟工具方式因應中國補貼扭曲問題。究竟當今國際相關規範及歐盟內部相關既有機制為何無法完全解決中國國營企業補貼問題，FSR又係如何擴張補貼規範，從而補足現行補貼相關制度與規範的缺漏，此外，該做法同時會帶來何等影響，本文將一一探討之。經本文分析後發現，面對中國國營企業補貼所生之扭曲效果，不論是在SCM協定、CPTPP協定、美日歐三方聲明倡議等國際場域下之有關補貼的救濟方法、或透過簽署CAI之雙邊協定方式、甚或歐盟內部之既有相關機制與制度確實皆未能完全解決中國國營企業補貼引發之扭曲效果，故歐盟提出FSR有其合理性，且此項新救濟工具有望協助歐盟解決中國國營企業補貼問題，惟目前FSR對參與歐盟內部市場之外國企業會帶來過於沈重之負擔，將嚴重影響內部市場經濟發展，故歐盟應再思考如何降低FSR所帶來之負面影響，進而取得「有效管制外國補貼」及「對內部市場與外國企業之最小衝擊」兩者之平衡。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) In recent years, in order to develop its industrial policies, such as Made in China 2025, China not only subsidizes Chinese state-owned enterprises through various channels, but also through its state-owned enterprises to provide products or services at lower than market prices to other downstream Chinses enterprises in China and abroad. With the growing scale of Chinese enterprises globally, the non-market economic type of Chinese subsidy measures raised concerns about trade distortions or market distortions. Although the SCM Agreement is in place to control government subsidies, it seems not be able to completely solve the distortion caused by Chinese subsidies. In this regard, in the international arena, the EU has joined the United States and Japan to propose a joint statement on reforming industrial subsidies rules; In addition, CPTPP also has formulated new norms for state-owned enterprise subsidies to strengthen the control of government subsidies, but these international practices still have failed to solve the above-mentioned problems arising from the Chinese state-owned enterprises subsidies. The EU also intended to sign the EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) with China, but this approach also failed to address the issue of subsidies for Chinese state-owned enterprises. On the other hand, the relevant EU’s mechanisms and systems are unable to effectively solve all the problems of Chinese subsidies due to possible regulatory loopholes. Therefore, the EU proposed the "Regulation on Foreign Subsidies Distorting the Internal Market" (FSR) under the above-mentioned background to expand its existing remedy measures. Why the current international norms and the relevant existing EU internal mechanisms and systems cannot solve the problem of Chinese state-owned enterprise subsidies? And how does the FSR expand the subsidy norms so as to make up for the gaps in the existing subsidy-related systems and norms? In addition, what impact of the FSR will have at the same time will be discussed in this article.After analysis, it was found that in the face of the distortion effects of Chinese state-owned enterprise subsidies, whether are the remedies in international fields such as the SCM Agreement, US-Japan-EU Joint Statement and CPTPP Agreement, or through the signing of bilateral agreements on CAI, or even the EU`s internal existing relevant mechanisms and systems are unable to completely solve the distortion effects caused by Chinese state-owned enterprise subsidies. Therefore, it is reasonable for the EU to propose FSR, and this new trade tool is expected to help the EU solve the subsidy problem of Chinese state-owned enterprises. However, the current FSR will bring an excessive burden on foreign companies participating in the EU internal market which will seriously affect the development of the internal market economy. Therefore, EU should reconsider how to reduce the negative impact of FSR, so as to achieve a balance between "effective control of foreign government subsidies" and "minimum impact on the internal market and foreign enterprises". en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 目次第一章 緒論12第二章 中國國營企業補貼問題與國際因應 16第一節 中國國營企業補貼與貿易問題 16第二節 WTO/SCM協定所面臨之補貼問題 20第三節 區域貿易協定架構下之因應做法：以CPTPP為例 28第四節 美日歐對WTO補貼規範之改革倡議 45第五節 小結 58第三章 歐盟處理補貼之既有機制與制度缺陷 60第一節 歐盟雙邊貿易架構下之因應 60第二節 歐盟相關之內部規範 66第四章 歐盟就扭曲內部市場之外國補貼規則 75第一節 制訂緣起與宗旨 76第二節 適用對象與範圍（含定義、門檻）79第三節 調查程序與救濟途徑（含違反義務的效果）82第四節 過度集中造成之市場扭曲（特殊規範）91第五節 政府採購造成之市場扭曲（特殊規範）95第五章 歐盟外國補貼規則評析 103第一節 歐盟外國補貼規則之特色 103第二節 歐盟外國補貼規則存留的問題 105第三節 歐盟外國補貼規則對我國企業的影響及因應 111第六章 結論 113參考文獻 115 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2511712 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108351047 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 補貼 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國國營企業 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 市場扭曲效果 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) SCM協定 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美日歐三方聲明 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) CPTPP協定 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非商業考量援助條款 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歐盟外國補貼規則 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Subsidy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese State-Owned Enterprises en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Market Distortion en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) SCM Agreement en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) US-Japan-EU Joint Statement en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) CPTPP en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Non-Commercial Assistance en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation en_US dc.title (題名) 論歐盟對扭曲內部市場外國補貼問題之法制因應 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A Study on the EU`s Regulatory Response to the Problems of Foreign Subsidies Distorting the Internal Market en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文文獻書籍林彩瑜，WTO制度與實務：世界貿易組織法律研究（三），2版（2013年）。張南薰，TPP協定對國營事業商業活動之規範，收於：楊光華編，第16屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集，（2016年）。楊培侃，國營事業跨國商業活動之競爭議題與新貿易，收於：楊光華編，第十八屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集（2018年）。顏慧欣，WTO 補貼規則改革方向之探討:以工業及政府控制企業補貼為例，收於：楊光華編，第二十一屆國際經貿法學發展研討會論文集（2021年）。期刊論文李貴英，歐洲聯盟強化外資控管之新架構：外國補貼併購交易之審查新制，問題與研究，61卷1期，頁1（2022）。陳麗娟，歐盟外國投資篩選機制之研究，國會季刊，第48卷第3期，頁5（2020）。陳亨安，中國大陸國有企業扮演角色之研究，經濟研究，國家發展委員會經濟發展處，第13期，頁555（2013）。許耀明，介評中歐全面投資協定談判完成文本，月旦民商法雜誌，第73期，頁84（2021年）。網際網路劉心國，論《美國－墨西哥－加拿大協定》國營企業專章若干重要規範——以其與CPTPP之差異為中心，政治大學國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心經貿法訊，第232期，網址：http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/epaper/no242/3.pdf。黃意晴，從美中平衡稅案探討國有企業於SCM協定下之「公共機構」認定標準，政治大學國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心經貿法訊，257期，網址：http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/epaper/no257/2.pdf。易婕，《歐中全面投資協定》：不合時宜的協定，政治大學國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心經貿法訊，第282期，網址：http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/epaper/no282/1.pdf。魏世和，歐盟對「跨境型補貼」課徵平衡稅？以涉及中埃蘇伊士經貿合作區之出口案件為例，政治大學國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心經貿法訊，281期，網址：http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/epaper/no281/3.pdf。2021年《財富》世界500強排行榜，財富中文網，2021年8月2日，網址：https://www.fortunechina.com/fortune500/c/2021-08/02/content_394571.htm。鍾富國，大陸國有企業發展「混和所有制」的意涵，財團法人海峽交流基金會，2020年8月18日，https://www.sef.org.tw/article-1-129-5235。中國申請加入CPTPP 北京為何要「偏向虎山行」，BBC NEWS 中文，2021年9月17日，網址：https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/business-58596046。劉芷宜，歐盟執委會發布新產業策略指導方針，協助企業面對氣候中和及數位領導轉型之挑戰，資訊工業策進會科技法律研究所，2020年5月，網址：https://stli.iii.org.tw/article-detail.aspx?no=67&tp=1&d=8447。財政部關於印發《國有企業境外投資財務管理辦法》的通知，中華人民共和國中央人民政府，2017年6月12日，網址：http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2017/content_5241932.htm。英文文獻期刊論文Leonardo Borlini & Peggy Clarke, International Contestability of Markets and the Visible Hand. 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