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題名 主題性3D觸覺地圖作為視障者輔助教材之研究
Development of a thematic 3D tactile map as Assistive Technology for People with Vision Impairment
作者 陳奕蓉
Chen, Yi-Rong
貢獻者 范噶色
Stephan van Gasselt
陳奕蓉
Chen, Yi-Rong
關鍵詞 視覺障礙
觸覺地圖
3D列印
主題地圖
輔助科技
Vision impairment
Tactile map
3D printing
Thematic map
Assistive technology
日期 2022
上傳時間 2-Sep-2022 15:20:20 (UTC+8)
摘要 近期的醫學研究指出，過去幾十年來由於缺乏治療及全球人口持續增加，盲人總數有緩慢且穩定成長的趨勢。而目前台灣有多於五萬五千的人口患有嚴重的視覺障礙，然而處在一個具有大量視覺刺激及視覺影像輸入的環境中，這些人必須依靠其他感官來取代視覺，惟在涉及空間資訊與地圖展示時，資訊的傳播及溝通往往效果不彰。輔助科技如手杖抑或是一套電腦系統皆能夠幫助身障人士生活更加便利以及發揮各項機能的潛力，然此服務卻經常因為關乎少數人利益而被忽視。
隨著1980年代中後期立體光刻技術的出現，加上近年來3D列印機的價格逐漸下降，以3D列印技術製作觸覺地圖被認為能夠更好地滿足視覺障礙者的需求。然而儘管具備列印技術，過去的觸覺地圖卻因為不重視地圖製作之原理而經常無法達到所需，反而將重點放在地圖幾何（位置）而非地圖語意的再現（內容）。
結合3D列印技術低成本及高品質輸出的特性，產出的觸覺地圖可以擁有更豐富的語義及較佳的實用性，另外觸覺地圖有利於三維資訊的呈現，對於諸如形狀、紋理等變量有更大的製圖自由度。本研究將利用該技術，並結合視障者的反饋，發展出一可行的基本製圖概念雛形，並希望能藉此建立以教育為最終目的並作為輔助科技之主題地圖。
本研究以都市為製圖標的，以開源資料如開放街圖、政府開放資料作為主題地圖之題材，測試該類型主題性觸覺地圖之可行性，然3D列印限制了地圖大小亦限制了地圖尺度與點字註記的空間，發展出具易讀性與豐富性之觸覺內容需要與視障者不斷溝通與確認，此研究所涵蓋之模型概念建立了製圖者與視障者之間的溝通橋梁，並提供了可透過3D列印或其他技術所實現之具高自由度的觸覺地圖模型架構。
Due to the overall increasing world population and lack of treatment, the share of people in this world with severe vision-impairment has remained stably growing over the last decades. In Taiwan, more than 55,000 people live with severe vision-impairment. In a world that is extremely focused on visual input and stimulation, people with severe vision impairment have to substitute vision by other sensory organs which does not work very well in communication particularly when it comes to spatial information and maps as a form of representation. Assistive technology is used to improve the functional capabilities of the disabilities through any realization of aids, such as computer programs, products, and equipment. Unfortunately, this kind of service is still lacking because of minority interests.
With the advent of stereolithography in the mid-1980s, this problem appeared to become solvable, but only with the arrival of affordable 3D printers in recent years better approaches to produce tactile maps and to accommodate needs of the visually impaired community seemed to be within reach. However, the printing outputs are often lacking the required quality, and the underlying cartographic concept was often highly reduced as the focus was put on the reproduction of map geometry (where), rather than map semantics (what).
With the availability of higher-quality and low-cost printing, the potential for producing usable and semantically richer tactile maps has considerably increased. Tactile maps benefit from their three-dimensional representation and an increased level of freedom with respect to variables such as shape and texture. This research focuses on developing such an underlying cartographic concept with feedback from the community, and aims at implementing a prototype that allows to create complex thematic maps focusing on an educational topic as assistive technology.
In this research, open data such as OpenStreetMap and open government data has been extracted as topics of thematic maps focusing on urban areas in order to investigate the feasibility of 3D thematic tactile maps. However, this research is constrained by the printing limitations on map size and map scale. Iterative communications with visually impaired people can help develop a readable map with greatest information. This research acts as the bridge between cartographers and people with vision impairments by providing a conceptual model of thematic tactile maps which is proved feasible to be implemented by 3D printing.
參考文獻 i. Chinese references
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
地政學系
109257027
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109257027
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 范噶色zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Stephan van Gasselten_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳奕蓉zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Yi-Rongen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳奕蓉zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen, Yi-Rongen_US
dc.date (日期) 2022en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2022 15:20:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Sep-2022 15:20:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2022 15:20:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109257027en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/141712-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 地政學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109257027zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 近期的醫學研究指出，過去幾十年來由於缺乏治療及全球人口持續增加，盲人總數有緩慢且穩定成長的趨勢。而目前台灣有多於五萬五千的人口患有嚴重的視覺障礙，然而處在一個具有大量視覺刺激及視覺影像輸入的環境中，這些人必須依靠其他感官來取代視覺，惟在涉及空間資訊與地圖展示時，資訊的傳播及溝通往往效果不彰。輔助科技如手杖抑或是一套電腦系統皆能夠幫助身障人士生活更加便利以及發揮各項機能的潛力，然此服務卻經常因為關乎少數人利益而被忽視。
隨著1980年代中後期立體光刻技術的出現，加上近年來3D列印機的價格逐漸下降，以3D列印技術製作觸覺地圖被認為能夠更好地滿足視覺障礙者的需求。然而儘管具備列印技術，過去的觸覺地圖卻因為不重視地圖製作之原理而經常無法達到所需，反而將重點放在地圖幾何（位置）而非地圖語意的再現（內容）。
結合3D列印技術低成本及高品質輸出的特性，產出的觸覺地圖可以擁有更豐富的語義及較佳的實用性，另外觸覺地圖有利於三維資訊的呈現，對於諸如形狀、紋理等變量有更大的製圖自由度。本研究將利用該技術，並結合視障者的反饋，發展出一可行的基本製圖概念雛形，並希望能藉此建立以教育為最終目的並作為輔助科技之主題地圖。
本研究以都市為製圖標的，以開源資料如開放街圖、政府開放資料作為主題地圖之題材，測試該類型主題性觸覺地圖之可行性，然3D列印限制了地圖大小亦限制了地圖尺度與點字註記的空間，發展出具易讀性與豐富性之觸覺內容需要與視障者不斷溝通與確認，此研究所涵蓋之模型概念建立了製圖者與視障者之間的溝通橋梁，並提供了可透過3D列印或其他技術所實現之具高自由度的觸覺地圖模型架構。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Due to the overall increasing world population and lack of treatment, the share of people in this world with severe vision-impairment has remained stably growing over the last decades. In Taiwan, more than 55,000 people live with severe vision-impairment. In a world that is extremely focused on visual input and stimulation, people with severe vision impairment have to substitute vision by other sensory organs which does not work very well in communication particularly when it comes to spatial information and maps as a form of representation. Assistive technology is used to improve the functional capabilities of the disabilities through any realization of aids, such as computer programs, products, and equipment. Unfortunately, this kind of service is still lacking because of minority interests.
With the advent of stereolithography in the mid-1980s, this problem appeared to become solvable, but only with the arrival of affordable 3D printers in recent years better approaches to produce tactile maps and to accommodate needs of the visually impaired community seemed to be within reach. However, the printing outputs are often lacking the required quality, and the underlying cartographic concept was often highly reduced as the focus was put on the reproduction of map geometry (where), rather than map semantics (what).
With the availability of higher-quality and low-cost printing, the potential for producing usable and semantically richer tactile maps has considerably increased. Tactile maps benefit from their three-dimensional representation and an increased level of freedom with respect to variables such as shape and texture. This research focuses on developing such an underlying cartographic concept with feedback from the community, and aims at implementing a prototype that allows to create complex thematic maps focusing on an educational topic as assistive technology.
In this research, open data such as OpenStreetMap and open government data has been extracted as topics of thematic maps focusing on urban areas in order to investigate the feasibility of 3D thematic tactile maps. However, this research is constrained by the printing limitations on map size and map scale. Iterative communications with visually impaired people can help develop a readable map with greatest information. This research acts as the bridge between cartographers and people with vision impairments by providing a conceptual model of thematic tactile maps which is proved feasible to be implemented by 3D printing.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 謝誌 I
摘要 III
Abstract V
Figures IX
Tables XIII
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 General Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Purpose of Research 6
1.3 Research Structure and Conceptual Framework 7
Chapter 2. Literature Review 9
2.1 Communication System in Vision Impaired People 9
2.1.1 Tactile graphics 9
2.1.2 Development of braille system 14
2.2 Development in Tactile Mapping 18
2.2.1 Cognitive mapping without sight 18
2.2.2 Standards on tactile map design 19
2.2.3 Production technology for tactile maps 23
2.2.4 3D tactile maps 25
Chapter 3. Research Methodology and Theoretical Basis 29
3.1 Research Workflow 29
3.2 Data Resources and Research Devices 31
3.2.1 Research data 31
3.2.2 Research techniques and devices 34
3.3 Research Approach 39
Chapter 4. Result and Discussion 57
4.1 Prototype Demonstration 57
4.2 Map Assessment and Evaluation from the Community 63
4.3 Discussion 68
Chapter 5. Conclusion and Recommendation 71
5.1 Conclusion 71
5.2 Recommendation 72
References 73		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 12023036 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109257027en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 視覺障礙zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 觸覺地圖zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 3D列印zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 主題地圖zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 輔助科技zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Vision impairmenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Tactile mapen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 3D printingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Thematic mapen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Assistive technologyen_US
dc.title (題名) 主題性3D觸覺地圖作為視障者輔助教材之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Development of a thematic 3D tactile map as Assistive Technology for People with Vision Impairmenten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202201414en_US