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題名 單一類別為基礎的分類：以類別變異效應為例
Single category based categorization : Application for category variability effect作者 黃代侖
Huang, Tai-Lun貢獻者 楊立行
Yang, Lee-Xieng
黃代侖
Huang, Tai-Lun關鍵詞 單一類別分類策略
類別變異效應
TRT程序
模型配適
Single category based categorization
Category variability effect
TRT procedure
Model fitting日期 2022 上傳時間 5-Oct-2022 09:11:11 (UTC+8) 摘要 分類做為人的認知能力之一，過去已有許多研究嘗試為人的分類行為提出解釋，但這些理論中幾乎都假設人在分類時會同時參考兩個類別。本研究提出單一類別分類的理論，認為人可以策略性的使用單一類別的資訊便做出分類的判斷，而分類現象中的類別變異效應（CVE; Category Variability Effect）可以以單一類別分類理論解釋，當人選擇小變異類別做為參考點，並以相異性作為分類依據時，便會出現CVE，SDGCM可以為這個理論提供驗證方法。本研究的主要目的有二：確認人可以使用以再認為基礎的單一類別分類策略，且CVE的產生源於對小變異類別的參考，本研究同時透過行為實驗及模型配適驗證。實驗一中我們使用變異程度相同的刺激材料，並在回饋學習的分類作業中加入再憶作業作為操弄，加溫特定類別，並發現人會傾向參考被加溫的類別。實驗二中改為使用觀察學習單一類別，發現與實驗一的結果有相當一致的表現，進一步說明參考單一類別正如只見過單一類別的表現。實驗三A中我們改使用有變異程度差異的刺激材料，並透過SDGCM驗證，確認單一類別為參考點的策略可以解釋CVE，實驗三B以實驗三A為基礎，使用與實驗一相同的操弄手法，並成功影響CVE的表現。行為實驗及模型配適結果支持研究假設。 參考文獻 Austerweil, J. L., Liew, S. X., Conaway, N., & Kurtz, K. J. (2019). Creating Something Different: Similarity, Contrast, and Representativeness in Categorization. (https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/zsbqc)Cohen, A., Nosofsky, R., & Zaki, S. (2001). Category variability, exemplar similarity, and perceptual classification. Memory & Cognition, 29, 1165-1175.Craig, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2012). Whichever way you Choose to Categorize, Working Memory Helps you Learn. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(3), 439–464.De Schryver, M., Vandist, K., & Rosseel, Y. (2009). How many exemplars are used? Explorations with the Rex Leopold I model. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(2), 337-343.Evans, J. S. B. T. (2007). Hypothetical thinking: Dual processes in reasoning and judgement. Psychology Press.Hayes, B. K., Heit, E. and Rotello, C. M. (2014). Memory, reasoning, and categorization: parallels and common mechanisms, Frontiers in Psychology 5, Article 529 (9 pages).Hayes B.K., Newell B.R. (2009) Induction with uncertain categories: When do people consider the category alternatives? Memory & Cognition. ,37,730–743.Hsu, A. S., & Griffiths, T. E. (2010). Effects of generative and discriminative learning on use of category variability. In 32nd annual conference of the cognitive science society.Japkowicz, N. (2001). Supervised versus unsupervised binary-learning by feedforward neural networks. Machine Learning, 42, 97–122.Jamieson, R. K., Holmes, S., & Mewhort, D. J. K. (2010). Global similarity predicts dissociation of classification and recognition: Evidence questioning the implicit-explicit learning distinction in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 1529-1535.Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayes factors. Journal of American Statistical Association, 90(430), 773-795.Knowlton, B., & Squire, L. (1993). The learning of categories: parallel brain systems for item memory and category knowledge. Science, 262, 1747-1749.Kruschke, J.K. (1992). ALCOVE: an exemplar-based connectionist model of category learning. Psychological review, 99 1, 22-44 .Malt B.C., Ross B.H., Murphy G.L (1995). Predicting features for members of natural categories when categorization is uncertain. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,21,646–661.Murphy G.L., Ross B.H (1994). Predictions from uncertain categorizations. Cognitive Psychology, 27,148–193.Murphy G.L., Ross B.H. (2005). The two faces of typicality in category-based induction. Cognition,95,175–200.Nosofsky, R.M. (1992). Attention and learning processes in the identification and categorization of integral stimuli. Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition, 13 1, 87-108 .Nosofsky, R. M. (1986). Attention, similarity, and the identification-categorization relationship. Journal of experimental psychology: General, 115, 39-57.Nosofsky, R. M., Clark, S. E., & Shin, H. J. (1989). Rules and exemplars in categorization, identification, and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(2), 282–304.Nosofsky, R. M., & Johansen, M. K. (2000). Exemplar-based accounts of "multiple-system" phenomena in perceptual categorization. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7 (3), 375-402.Nosofsky, R. M., Little, D. R., and James, T. W. (2012). Activation in the neural network responsible for categorization and recognition reflects parameter changes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 333–338.Nosofsky, R. M., & Palmeri, T. J. (1997). An exemplar-based random walk model of speeded classification. Psychological review, 104, 266.Nosofsky, R. M., & Zaki, S. R. (1998). Dissociations Between Categorization and Recognition in Amnesic and Normal Individuals: An Exemplar-Based Interpretation. Psychological Science, 9, 247-255.Oberauer, K., & Lin, H. Y. (2017). An interference model of visual working memory. Psychological review, 124(1), 21-59.Palmeri, T. J., & Flanery, M. A. (1999). Learning About Categories in the Absence of Training: Profound Amnesia and the Relationship Between Perceptual Categorization and Recognition Memory. Psychological Science, 10(6), 526–530.Peirce, J. W., Gray, J. R., Simpson, S., MacAskill, M. R., Höchenberger, R., Sogo, H., Kastman, E., Lindeløv, J. (2019). PsychoPy2: experiments in behavior made easy. Behavior Research Methods. 10.3758/s13428-018-01193-yPlummer, M. (2003), “JAGS: a program for analysis of Bayesian graphical models using Gibbs sampling”, available at : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.3406Rehder, B., and Burnett, R. (2005). Feature inference and the causal structure of categories. Cognitive psychology. 50(3), 264–314.Rips, L. J. (1989). Similarity, typicality, and categorization. In S. Vosniadou & A. Ortony (Eds.), (pp. 21-59). New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press.Ross B.H., Murphy G.L. (1996). Category-based predictions: Influence of uncertainty and feature associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition ,22,736–753.Sakamoto, Y.,Love, B. C.,Jones, M.(2006).Tracking variability in learning: Contrasting statistical and similarity-based accounts.28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society,Vancouver, Canada.Santangelo, V. (2015). Forced to remember: When memory is biased by salient information. Behavioural Brain Research, 283, 1–10. https://doi.org/10/f67dgpShafir, E., Simonson, I., & Tversky, A. (1997). Reason-based choice. In W. M. Goldstein & R. M. Hogarth (Eds.), Research on judgment and decision making: Currents, connections, and controversies (pp. 69–94). Cambridge University Press. (Reprinted in modified form from Cognition, 49, 1993, pp. 11–36)Smith, E. E., & Sloman, S. A. (1994). Similarity- versus rule-based categorization. Memory & Cognition, 22 (4), 377-386.Smith, J. D. (2005). Wanted: A new psychology of exemplars. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 59(1), 47–53.Stanovich, K. E. (2009). What intelligence tests miss: The psychology of rational thought. Yale University Press.Stewart, N., & Brown, G. D. A. (2004). Sequence Effects in the Categorization of Tones Varying in Frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(2), 416–430.Stewart, N., & Brown, G. D. A. (2004). Sequence effects in categorizing tones varying in frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 30, 416–430.Stewart, N., & Brown, G. D. A. (2005). Similarity and dissimilarity as evidence in perceptual categorization. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 49(5), 403–409.Stewart, N., Brown, G. D. A., & Chater, N. (2002). Sequence effects in categorization of simple perceptual stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 3–11.Stewart, N., & Chater, N. (2002). The effect of category variability in perceptual categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 893-907.Verde M.F., Murphy G.L., Ross B.H. (2005). Influence of multiple categories in inductive inference. Memory & Cognition. ,33,479–487.Yang, L. X., & Wu, Y. H. (2014). Category variability effect in category learning with auditory stimuli. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 1122.Zaki, S. R., & Nosofsky, R. M. (2001). Exemplar accounts of blending and distinctiveness effects in perceptual old-new recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,and Cognition, 27 (4), 1022-1041.Zaki, S. R., Nosofsky, R. M., Jessup, N. M., & Unverzagt, F. W. (2003). Categorization and recognition performance of a memory-impaired group: Evidence for single-system models. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 394-406. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
107752008資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107752008 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 楊立行 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Yang, Lee-Xieng en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黃代侖 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Huang, Tai-Lun en_US dc.creator (作者) 黃代侖 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Huang, Tai-Lun en_US dc.date (日期) 2022 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-Oct-2022 09:11:11 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-Oct-2022 09:11:11 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Oct-2022 09:11:11 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0107752008 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/142110 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 心理學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 107752008 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 分類做為人的認知能力之一，過去已有許多研究嘗試為人的分類行為提出解釋，但這些理論中幾乎都假設人在分類時會同時參考兩個類別。本研究提出單一類別分類的理論，認為人可以策略性的使用單一類別的資訊便做出分類的判斷，而分類現象中的類別變異效應（CVE; Category Variability Effect）可以以單一類別分類理論解釋，當人選擇小變異類別做為參考點，並以相異性作為分類依據時，便會出現CVE，SDGCM可以為這個理論提供驗證方法。本研究的主要目的有二：確認人可以使用以再認為基礎的單一類別分類策略，且CVE的產生源於對小變異類別的參考，本研究同時透過行為實驗及模型配適驗證。實驗一中我們使用變異程度相同的刺激材料，並在回饋學習的分類作業中加入再憶作業作為操弄，加溫特定類別，並發現人會傾向參考被加溫的類別。實驗二中改為使用觀察學習單一類別，發現與實驗一的結果有相當一致的表現，進一步說明參考單一類別正如只見過單一類別的表現。實驗三A中我們改使用有變異程度差異的刺激材料，並透過SDGCM驗證，確認單一類別為參考點的策略可以解釋CVE，實驗三B以實驗三A為基礎，使用與實驗一相同的操弄手法，並成功影響CVE的表現。行為實驗及模型配適結果支持研究假設。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 iii單一類別為基礎的分類：以類別變異效應為例 1全部或者部分範例？ 2單一類別為基礎的推理 3單一類別為基礎的分類 4相似性和相異性均為分類基礎 6類別變異效應 8本研究目的與假設 9實驗一 10方法 10結果與討論 25實驗二 19方法 19結果與討論 20實驗三 23實驗三A 23方法 24結果與討論 25實驗三B 28方法 29結果與討論 29綜合討論 37參考文獻 41附錄A 46附錄B 50附錄C 53 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2084199 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107752008 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 單一類別分類策略 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 類別變異效應 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) TRT程序 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 模型配適 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Single category based categorization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Category variability effect en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) TRT procedure en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Model fitting en_US dc.title (題名) 單一類別為基礎的分類：以類別變異效應為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Single category based categorization : Application for category variability effect en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Austerweil, J. L., Liew, S. X., Conaway, N., & Kurtz, K. J. (2019). Creating Something Different: Similarity, Contrast, and Representativeness in Categorization. (https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/zsbqc)Cohen, A., Nosofsky, R., & Zaki, S. (2001). Category variability, exemplar similarity, and perceptual classification. Memory & Cognition, 29, 1165-1175.Craig, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2012). Whichever way you Choose to Categorize, Working Memory Helps you Learn. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(3), 439–464.De Schryver, M., Vandist, K., & Rosseel, Y. (2009). How many exemplars are used? Explorations with the Rex Leopold I model. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(2), 337-343.Evans, J. S. B. T. (2007). Hypothetical thinking: Dual processes in reasoning and judgement. Psychology Press.Hayes, B. K., Heit, E. and Rotello, C. M. (2014). Memory, reasoning, and categorization: parallels and common mechanisms, Frontiers in Psychology 5, Article 529 (9 pages).Hayes B.K., Newell B.R. (2009) Induction with uncertain categories: When do people consider the category alternatives? Memory & Cognition. ,37,730–743.Hsu, A. S., & Griffiths, T. E. (2010). Effects of generative and discriminative learning on use of category variability. In 32nd annual conference of the cognitive science society.Japkowicz, N. (2001). Supervised versus unsupervised binary-learning by feedforward neural networks. Machine Learning, 42, 97–122.Jamieson, R. K., Holmes, S., & Mewhort, D. J. K. (2010). Global similarity predicts dissociation of classification and recognition: Evidence questioning the implicit-explicit learning distinction in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 1529-1535.Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayes factors. Journal of American Statistical Association, 90(430), 773-795.Knowlton, B., & Squire, L. (1993). The learning of categories: parallel brain systems for item memory and category knowledge. Science, 262, 1747-1749.Kruschke, J.K. (1992). ALCOVE: an exemplar-based connectionist model of category learning. Psychological review, 99 1, 22-44 .Malt B.C., Ross B.H., Murphy G.L (1995). Predicting features for members of natural categories when categorization is uncertain. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,21,646–661.Murphy G.L., Ross B.H (1994). Predictions from uncertain categorizations. Cognitive Psychology, 27,148–193.Murphy G.L., Ross B.H. (2005). The two faces of typicality in category-based induction. Cognition,95,175–200.Nosofsky, R.M. (1992). Attention and learning processes in the identification and categorization of integral stimuli. Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition, 13 1, 87-108 .Nosofsky, R. M. (1986). Attention, similarity, and the identification-categorization relationship. Journal of experimental psychology: General, 115, 39-57.Nosofsky, R. M., Clark, S. E., & Shin, H. J. (1989). Rules and exemplars in categorization, identification, and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(2), 282–304.Nosofsky, R. M., & Johansen, M. K. (2000). Exemplar-based accounts of "multiple-system" phenomena in perceptual categorization. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7 (3), 375-402.Nosofsky, R. M., Little, D. R., and James, T. W. (2012). Activation in the neural network responsible for categorization and recognition reflects parameter changes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 333–338.Nosofsky, R. M., & Palmeri, T. J. (1997). An exemplar-based random walk model of speeded classification. Psychological review, 104, 266.Nosofsky, R. M., & Zaki, S. R. (1998). Dissociations Between Categorization and Recognition in Amnesic and Normal Individuals: An Exemplar-Based Interpretation. Psychological Science, 9, 247-255.Oberauer, K., & Lin, H. Y. (2017). An interference model of visual working memory. Psychological review, 124(1), 21-59.Palmeri, T. J., & Flanery, M. A. (1999). Learning About Categories in the Absence of Training: Profound Amnesia and the Relationship Between Perceptual Categorization and Recognition Memory. Psychological Science, 10(6), 526–530.Peirce, J. W., Gray, J. R., Simpson, S., MacAskill, M. R., Höchenberger, R., Sogo, H., Kastman, E., Lindeløv, J. (2019). PsychoPy2: experiments in behavior made easy. Behavior Research Methods. 10.3758/s13428-018-01193-yPlummer, M. (2003), “JAGS: a program for analysis of Bayesian graphical models using Gibbs sampling”, available at : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.3406Rehder, B., and Burnett, R. (2005). Feature inference and the causal structure of categories. Cognitive psychology. 50(3), 264–314.Rips, L. J. (1989). Similarity, typicality, and categorization. In S. Vosniadou & A. Ortony (Eds.), (pp. 21-59). New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press.Ross B.H., Murphy G.L. (1996). Category-based predictions: Influence of uncertainty and feature associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition ,22,736–753.Sakamoto, Y.,Love, B. C.,Jones, M.(2006).Tracking variability in learning: Contrasting statistical and similarity-based accounts.28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society,Vancouver, Canada.Santangelo, V. (2015). Forced to remember: When memory is biased by salient information. Behavioural Brain Research, 283, 1–10. https://doi.org/10/f67dgpShafir, E., Simonson, I., & Tversky, A. (1997). Reason-based choice. In W. M. Goldstein & R. M. Hogarth (Eds.), Research on judgment and decision making: Currents, connections, and controversies (pp. 69–94). Cambridge University Press. (Reprinted in modified form from Cognition, 49, 1993, pp. 11–36)Smith, E. E., & Sloman, S. A. (1994). Similarity- versus rule-based categorization. Memory & Cognition, 22 (4), 377-386.Smith, J. D. (2005). Wanted: A new psychology of exemplars. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 59(1), 47–53.Stanovich, K. E. (2009). What intelligence tests miss: The psychology of rational thought. Yale University Press.Stewart, N., & Brown, G. D. A. (2004). Sequence Effects in the Categorization of Tones Varying in Frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(2), 416–430.Stewart, N., & Brown, G. D. A. (2004). Sequence effects in categorizing tones varying in frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 30, 416–430.Stewart, N., & Brown, G. D. A. (2005). Similarity and dissimilarity as evidence in perceptual categorization. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 49(5), 403–409.Stewart, N., Brown, G. D. A., & Chater, N. (2002). Sequence effects in categorization of simple perceptual stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 3–11.Stewart, N., & Chater, N. (2002). The effect of category variability in perceptual categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 893-907.Verde M.F., Murphy G.L., Ross B.H. (2005). Influence of multiple categories in inductive inference. Memory & Cognition. ,33,479–487.Yang, L. X., & Wu, Y. H. (2014). Category variability effect in category learning with auditory stimuli. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 1122.Zaki, S. R., & Nosofsky, R. M. (2001). Exemplar accounts of blending and distinctiveness effects in perceptual old-new recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,and Cognition, 27 (4), 1022-1041.Zaki, S. R., Nosofsky, R. M., Jessup, N. M., & Unverzagt, F. W. (2003). Categorization and recognition performance of a memory-impaired group: Evidence for single-system models. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 394-406. zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202201481 en_US
