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題名 《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》下氣候外交及金融機制之發展
The Development of Climate Diplomacy and Climate Finance Mechanisms under the UNFCCC Context作者 方肇頤
Fang, Chao-yi貢獻者 陳貞如
Chen, Chen-Ju
方肇頤
Fang, Chao-yi關鍵詞 氣候外交
氣候金融機制
《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》
《巴黎協定》第6條
綠色氣候基金
全球環境基金
調適基金
南北衝突
共同但有區別的責任
碳市場機制及非市場機制
UNFCCC
Climate Finance
CBDR
Paris Agreement
Kyoto Protocol
Market Mechanism
GCF
GEF
AP
Global South/North Divide and Conflict日期 2022 上傳時間 5-Oct-2022 09:16:12 (UTC+8) 摘要 1994年所通過的《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》標示著人類社會開始共同努力，減少氣候變遷對環境所致生的負面衝擊。各國利用公約體系所建構的「國際建制」（International Regimes）平台，在接近30年間不斷進行密集協商，進而推動一連串的氣候外交談判，針對各項議題制定相關國際法制架構以為因應。但在談判過程中，開發中的南方國家及已開發的北方國家對於減量責任分擔、氣候資金來源及後續氣候行動的落實，仍是難以形成普遍共識，其中又以牽涉到實質資金投入的財務金融議題更為爭議之所在。 因此，以氣候公約體系為核心的外交談判，為了緩解開發中及已開發兩大國家集團的對立，並合理分配歷史責任，承襲了國際環境法所發展出來的「共同但有區別的責任」原則（Common but Differentiated Responsibilities; CBDR），要求各國在共同推動人類對抗氣候變遷的行動之下，承擔不同程度的責任。據此，全世界不分南北方國家才能逐漸針對氣候行動機制、資金來源及分配的方法緩慢地達成共識，形成國際上新的一套「氣候金融」（climate financing）架構，在氣候公約體系的法律架構下發展出獨特的跨國金融機制。 然而，各國長期遵循「共同但有區別的責任」原則，將開發中及已開發國家所承擔的責任做出差異之區別，即便氣候金融機制已確立由已開發國家出資的原則，但在談判過程中出資承諾及比例的意見相左，卻也同時激化兩大陣營的對立，進而導致氣候公約體系及後續的《京都議定書》機制運作，一直以來成效不彰，凸顯出國際氣候談判本質上的矛盾。所幸經各國努力不懈的外交政治協商，在2015年《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》第21次締約方會議通過劃時代的《巴黎協定》（Paris Agreement），總算建構出更為合理的氣候義務承擔之方式，明確規定各締約方之國際法義務，並廣納南北各國之政治立場，同時針對氣候資金之管理運作方針達成新的共識，建立《巴黎協定》第6條有關市場及非市場機制等相關規定。 綜觀整個氣候外交談判的過程，氣候資金的議題一直以來都是南北國家之間最需要進行政治折衝的核心關鍵，尤其是已開發國家是否主動支持氣候公約體系的運作，並提供適時適當的財務支持，以換取開發中國家願意共同面對減量承諾，更是氣候行動之成敗所在。即便《巴黎協定》及其第6條建立了許多新的財務機制，未來各國似乎可衡量自己的國力做出相應承諾，並取得對應資金，但國際政治的談判是一個相對動態的發展過程，在《巴黎協定》規則書通過之後，新的金融機制是否能夠順利運行，過程中當仍充滿各國國家利益的角力。最後，本文將自外交及國際法的研究角度切入，以《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》及其後續共識做為研究基礎，分析「國際氣候金融」機制在國際談判上及國際法律建制之發展脈絡，進而檢討缺失及指出未來可能的發展。
The establishment of the UNFCCC represented the joint effort of humankind to address climate change issues. This international regime for multilateral cooperation aims to resolve the negative impact caused by climate change. However, despite all the progress in the collective attempts, the long last divide between developing and developed countries has grown even deeper, because how the costs of climate actions should be shared still remains unsettled. In reality, developing countries are impacted more by climate change and less able to cope, even though they are less responsible for causing climate change.Therefore, in response to the conflicts between two groups, the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) has been introduced to UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It calls for financial assistance from developed countries to those developing countries with fewer resources. In other words, the principles set out in the Convention and its following agreements require developed country parties to provide financial resources to assist developing country parties in implementing the objectives of the UNFCCC.For more than 2 decades, The CBDR principle has successfully navigated the negotiation process and further eased the constant tension between developed and developing countries. Due to that principle, it would be possible for the climate negotiation to reach a consensus for future climate action including the financial structure, but it might also further divide these two groups.In 2015, the Paris Agreement reaffirmed the obligation of developed countries under the new interpretation of the CBDR, while for the first time establishing a more reasonable way of defining the sharing responsibility for conducting climate actions. The easing of the rigid separation between these two groups, by applying the new rules of CBDR, helps both parties to initiate a new conversation in the post-Paris Agreement era. The conversation led to relatively successful climate negotiation outcomes in the following years, which gave all the parties a chance to reach a new agreement. The following agreements further clarify the rule of climate finance and explain the means to implement the Paris Agreement, especially for article 6, the market and non-market mechanism.After reviewing the decades-long climate negotiation process, we found that whether the developed country could keep its promise to deliver financial support has always been the key element to achieving collective climate goals. Although the Paris Agreement and article 6 of the market mechanism seem to be forming a new way of achieving the climate goal, there are still a lot of doubts among developing parties.Thus, this thesis will be using the perspectives of both theories of international law and international relations to analyze the possible development of the UNFCCC negotiation process and the outcomes of the climate finance mechanism. 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國立政治大學
外交學系
102253504資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102253504 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳貞如 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Chen-Ju en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 方肇頤 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Fang, Chao-yi en_US dc.creator (作者) 方肇頤 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Fang, Chao-yi en_US dc.date (日期) 2022 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-Oct-2022 09:16:12 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-Oct-2022 09:16:12 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Oct-2022 09:16:12 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0102253504 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/142129 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 外交學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102253504 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 1994年所通過的《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》標示著人類社會開始共同努力，減少氣候變遷對環境所致生的負面衝擊。各國利用公約體系所建構的「國際建制」（International Regimes）平台，在接近30年間不斷進行密集協商，進而推動一連串的氣候外交談判，針對各項議題制定相關國際法制架構以為因應。但在談判過程中，開發中的南方國家及已開發的北方國家對於減量責任分擔、氣候資金來源及後續氣候行動的落實，仍是難以形成普遍共識，其中又以牽涉到實質資金投入的財務金融議題更為爭議之所在。 因此，以氣候公約體系為核心的外交談判，為了緩解開發中及已開發兩大國家集團的對立，並合理分配歷史責任，承襲了國際環境法所發展出來的「共同但有區別的責任」原則（Common but Differentiated Responsibilities; CBDR），要求各國在共同推動人類對抗氣候變遷的行動之下，承擔不同程度的責任。據此，全世界不分南北方國家才能逐漸針對氣候行動機制、資金來源及分配的方法緩慢地達成共識，形成國際上新的一套「氣候金融」（climate financing）架構，在氣候公約體系的法律架構下發展出獨特的跨國金融機制。 然而，各國長期遵循「共同但有區別的責任」原則，將開發中及已開發國家所承擔的責任做出差異之區別，即便氣候金融機制已確立由已開發國家出資的原則，但在談判過程中出資承諾及比例的意見相左，卻也同時激化兩大陣營的對立，進而導致氣候公約體系及後續的《京都議定書》機制運作，一直以來成效不彰，凸顯出國際氣候談判本質上的矛盾。所幸經各國努力不懈的外交政治協商，在2015年《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》第21次締約方會議通過劃時代的《巴黎協定》（Paris Agreement），總算建構出更為合理的氣候義務承擔之方式，明確規定各締約方之國際法義務，並廣納南北各國之政治立場，同時針對氣候資金之管理運作方針達成新的共識，建立《巴黎協定》第6條有關市場及非市場機制等相關規定。 綜觀整個氣候外交談判的過程，氣候資金的議題一直以來都是南北國家之間最需要進行政治折衝的核心關鍵，尤其是已開發國家是否主動支持氣候公約體系的運作，並提供適時適當的財務支持，以換取開發中國家願意共同面對減量承諾，更是氣候行動之成敗所在。即便《巴黎協定》及其第6條建立了許多新的財務機制，未來各國似乎可衡量自己的國力做出相應承諾，並取得對應資金，但國際政治的談判是一個相對動態的發展過程，在《巴黎協定》規則書通過之後，新的金融機制是否能夠順利運行，過程中當仍充滿各國國家利益的角力。最後，本文將自外交及國際法的研究角度切入，以《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》及其後續共識做為研究基礎，分析「國際氣候金融」機制在國際談判上及國際法律建制之發展脈絡，進而檢討缺失及指出未來可能的發展。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The establishment of the UNFCCC represented the joint effort of humankind to address climate change issues. This international regime for multilateral cooperation aims to resolve the negative impact caused by climate change. However, despite all the progress in the collective attempts, the long last divide between developing and developed countries has grown even deeper, because how the costs of climate actions should be shared still remains unsettled. In reality, developing countries are impacted more by climate change and less able to cope, even though they are less responsible for causing climate change.Therefore, in response to the conflicts between two groups, the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) has been introduced to UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It calls for financial assistance from developed countries to those developing countries with fewer resources. In other words, the principles set out in the Convention and its following agreements require developed country parties to provide financial resources to assist developing country parties in implementing the objectives of the UNFCCC.For more than 2 decades, The CBDR principle has successfully navigated the negotiation process and further eased the constant tension between developed and developing countries. Due to that principle, it would be possible for the climate negotiation to reach a consensus for future climate action including the financial structure, but it might also further divide these two groups.In 2015, the Paris Agreement reaffirmed the obligation of developed countries under the new interpretation of the CBDR, while for the first time establishing a more reasonable way of defining the sharing responsibility for conducting climate actions. The easing of the rigid separation between these two groups, by applying the new rules of CBDR, helps both parties to initiate a new conversation in the post-Paris Agreement era. The conversation led to relatively successful climate negotiation outcomes in the following years, which gave all the parties a chance to reach a new agreement. The following agreements further clarify the rule of climate finance and explain the means to implement the Paris Agreement, especially for article 6, the market and non-market mechanism.After reviewing the decades-long climate negotiation process, we found that whether the developed country could keep its promise to deliver financial support has always been the key element to achieving collective climate goals. Although the Paris Agreement and article 6 of the market mechanism seem to be forming a new way of achieving the climate goal, there are still a lot of doubts among developing parties.Thus, this thesis will be using the perspectives of both theories of international law and international relations to analyze the possible development of the UNFCCC negotiation process and the outcomes of the climate finance mechanism. The interaction of these two theories will be elaborated in comprehensive methods and case studies in order to point out the new path to climate negotiation. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄中文/英文摘要 i專有名詞檢表 I第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究背景與問題意識 1第一項 研究背景 1第二項 議題脈絡及研究問題 7第二節 理論發展及文獻回顧 11第一項 文獻回顧 11第二項 理論發展 14第二章 以《氣候公約》為核心的氣候外交發展過程 21第一節 氣候外交及《氣候公約》之建立 21第一項 氣候外交的發展 21第二項 氣候外交的多邊合作機制 24第三項 《氣候公約》及其國際建制之建立 28第二節 「共同但有區別的責任」原則所建立的國際法架構 31第一項 「共同但有區別的責任」原則 31第二項 「共同但有區別的責任」在氣候談判之應用 37第三項 「共同但有區別責任」之具體落實：《京都議定書》 39第三節 《巴黎協定》之生效及其後續談判 47第一項 從NAMAs之氣候行動到NDCs的發展 47第二項 《巴黎協定》以及規則書之談判歷程 50第三項 《巴黎協定》之原則 52第四項 小結 55第三章 《氣候公約》與氣候金融機制 58第一節 氣候外交協商與金融機制之架構 58第一項 建立於CBDR基礎上的氣候金融機制 58第二項 氣候金融體系之目標原則 60第二節 氣候行動與金融機制 63第一項 減量目標及氣候資金之安排 63第二項 減緩行動與氣候金融體系 67第三項 調適行動與財務機制 71第三節 最新氣候外交談判下的金融機制發展 75第一項 《巴黎協定》後發展金融機制之重要性 75第二項 南北方國家之談判立場簡述 76第三項 2021年COP26大會之氣候金融發展 79第四章 《氣候公約》之氣候基金財務機構 81第一節 金融機制下的基金型財務機制 81第一項 根據CBDR所生的財務援助機制 81第二項 各項氣候多邊機構概述 82第二節 早期成立之氣候基金 83第一項 全球環境基金（GEF）：氣候相關財務機制之濫觴 83第二項 調適基金：調適財務機制的轉型與推展 87第三節 《氣候公約》專屬的氣候基金：氣候綠色基金 91第一項 綠色氣候基金之成立背景 91第二項 綠色氣候基金之運作程序 93第三項 綠色氣候基金之未來發展 96第四節 氣候財務機制的私部門參與 98第一項 提升私部門參與 98第二項 氣候相關財務風險的重要性 99第三項 私部門的綠色倡議 101第五節 小結 103第五章 《巴黎協定》之市場及非市場金融機制 104第一節 《巴黎協定》第6條之談判歷程 104第一項 從京都機制到《巴黎協定》第6條 104第二項 《巴黎協定》第6條規則書 106第二節 《巴黎協定》第6條之金融機制架構 107第一項 市場方法及非市場機制之形成 107第二項 《巴黎協定》第6條各項架構概述 108第三節 《巴黎協定》第6條各項機制研析 111第一項 第6條第2項：合作方法與ITMOs 111第二項 第6條第4項：永續發展機制 116第三項 第6條第8項：非市場機制 122第四節 《巴黎協定》第6條挑戰及未來發展 125第一項 氣候外交談判之挑戰 125第二項 未來談判之發展 126第五節 小結 126第六章 個案研究 128第一節 小島嶼國家參與案例與氣候金融體制之檢討 128第一項 SIDS與UNFCCC之關聯 128第二項 氣候財務機制及市場機制對SIDS國家之互動關係 130第三項 CBDR原則在開發中國家的兩難 135第二節 已開發國家對金融機制所採取之措施及貢獻 136第一項 已開發國家對於氣候金融機制的承諾及後續措施 137第二項 已開國家加速私部門資金投入之措施 139第二項 已開發國家以氣候韌性之願景帶動氣候行動 140第三節 小結：展望及未來發展 141第七章 結論及展望 144參考文獻 152附錄 167 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3301767 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102253504 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 氣候外交 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 氣候金融機制 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 《巴黎協定》第6條 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 綠色氣候基金 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 全球環境基金 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 調適基金 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 南北衝突 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 共同但有區別的責任 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 碳市場機制及非市場機制 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) UNFCCC en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Climate Finance en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) CBDR en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Paris Agreement en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Kyoto Protocol en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Market Mechanism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) GCF en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) GEF en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) AP en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Global South/North Divide and Conflict en_US dc.title (題名) 《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》下氣候外交及金融機制之發展 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Development of Climate Diplomacy and Climate Finance Mechanisms under the UNFCCC Context en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文參考文獻丘宏達，《現代國際法》，2 版， 2010年，三民書局。林春元，《氣候變遷全球行政法的演變》，2018年，台大出版中心。姜皇池，《國際公法導論》，2 版， 2008 年，新學林。施文貞，《巴黎協定對排放權交易制度之連結所可能帶來之影響：由下而上或由上而下的管制工具？》，2019年，科技部計畫「排放權交易制度連結之法律議題分析」。施文真，《由交易單位之法律性質重新檢視排放權交易制度與 WTO 之關係》，2016年，WTO、氣候變遷與能源，元照出版社。陳慈陽，《環境法總論》，3版，2011年，元照出版社。葉俊榮，《全球環境議題：台灣觀點》，1994年，巨流出版社。葉俊榮，《氣候變遷治理與法律》，2015年，台大出版中心。葉俊榮主編，《建構氣候轉型立法》，2020年，學林出版社。葉俊榮主編，《國際環境法—條約選輯與解說》，2010年，新學林。英文參考文獻Abbott, K., Modern International Relation Theory: A Prospectus for International Lawyers, Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 14 No.2, 1989, pp.23-45Abbott, K. and Snidal, D., Hard and Soft Law in International Governance, International Organization, Vol. 54, No.3, 2000, pp.12-67Adeoti, T., Saint Lucia: National Infrastructure Financing Strategy, United Nations Office for Project Services, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2021Ameli, N., Climate finance and disclosure for institutional investors: why transparency is not enough, Climate Change policy review 160 (4), 2020., p.19Armstrong, D., Theo Farrell and Helen Lambert, International Law and International Relations, Second Edition, The environment section, Cambridge University Press, 2012Bertilsson, J., Discourses on transformational change and paradigm shift in the Green Climate Fund: the divide over financialization and country Ownership, Environmental Politics 30 (3), 2021, p.45Birnie, P. and Boyle, A., International Law and the Environment, 2nd edition, Oxford Uni Press, 2002Bowman, M., Resilience through interlinkage: the green climate fund and climate finance governance, Climate Policy 19 (3), 2019, pp.134-145Brechin, S., A case for further refinement of the green climate fund’s 50:50 ratio climate change mitigation and adaptation allocation framework: toward a more targeted approach, Climate Change review142 (3–4), 2019, p.34Bodansky, D., The Paris Climate Change Agreement: A New Hope, American Journal of International Law, 110, April 2016, pp.93-102Bracking, S. and Leffel, B., Climate finance governance: fit for purpose, WIREs Climate Change 12 (4), e709, 2021, p.21Brewster, R., Stepping stone or stumbling Block: Instrumentalism in National Climate change Legislation, Yale L. and Pol. 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