學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 聖文森及格瑞那丁聯合國安全理事會非常任理事國席位之取得: 契機與行動
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’s election to the United Nations Security Council as a non-permanent member: Impulse and Action作者 沈亦姍
SHADEISHA, GEORGE-MATTIS貢獻者 陳秉逵
Chen Ping-Kuei
沈亦姍
GEORGE-MATTIS SHADEISHA關鍵詞 聯合國安全理事會
聖⽂森及格瑞那丁
競選活動
策略
選舉
概念
Shadeisha George-Mattis
United Nations Security Council,
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Election
Campaign日期 2022 上傳時間 5-Oct-2022 09:22:19 (UTC+8) 摘要 小國於國際政治中的新興角色,與⻄方國際關係哲學家認定的哲學基礎截然不同。以歷史而言,主流國際關係辯論不適用於後殖⺠國家,且其低估了後殖⺠國家的概念能力(ideational capabilities ),甚而不肯認他們具備參與安理會制定全球決策的機會。然而,聖文森及格瑞那丁卻被選為聯合國安理會的成員,這樣的情況與上述的論述或結構相悖。儘管有大量研究致力於探討聯合國安理會選舉後各國的參與,但很少有研究試圖探究小國在取得安理會席位前所採取的策略。聖文森及格瑞那丁成為聯合國安理會最小的國家成為本文研究的契機。本研究將探討此一小國是如何實現該壯舉的?其獲得席位的策略是什麼?本研究將針對聖文森及格瑞那丁,為當選聯合國安理會成員而使用的策略進行質性分析,且筆者認為聖文森及格瑞那丁能夠通過以下方式實現此目標:在競選活動仍在進行的初期階段獲得區域的支持、與聯合國大會成員簽訂互惠協議、總理職務的對外延伸、遵守聯合國原則,並在其宣布競選之前以各種領導能力發揮作用。本文將以社會建構主義,探討一個物質力量薄弱的小國,如何利用其身份與外交政策立場構思策略,以實現此一壯舉。
The emergent role of the small state in international politics is distinctly antithetical to the philosophical underpinnings of all that Western International Relations philosophers haddestined it to be. Mainstream international relations debates have historically been unaccommodating to post-colonial states, underestimating their ideational capabilities and withholding from them the opportunity to be seated at the inner sanctums of global policy-making. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’s experience in achieving the privilege of beingvoted onto the United Nations Security Council, flies in the face of this narrative/construct. So while a significant amount of research has been dedicated towards countries’ involvement in the United Nations Security Council post-election, very few have sought to interrogate the stepstaken by Small States to achieve such a position. Certainly, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’s admission to the UNSC as the smallest country ever to have been elected, provides basis for research to take place. How did this tiny country manage to accomplish this feat? What were the strategies used to acquire such as a seat? This research provides a qualitative analysis of the strategies used by Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in order to be elected to the UNSC, by arguing that Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was able to accomplish this goal by: securing regional endorsement when the campaign was still in its nascent stages; entering into reciprocal agreements with members of the United Nations General Assembly; having prime ministerial outreach; maintaining a principled UN approach; and by functioning in various leadership capacities prior to its announcement to run. It draws from the theory of social constructivism to explore how a tiny country without material might was able to use its identity and foreign policy stance to formulate ideas to achieve such a feat.參考文獻 Anholt, S. (2016). Places: Identity, Image and Reputation. United Kingdom: PalgraveMacmillan.Barrow, E. (2020, January 21). A Satellites of none- Errol Barrow would be proud. Bridgetown,Barbados: Barbados Today.Beach, D. (2017). Process-Tracing Methods in Social Science. Oxford Research Encyclopedia.Braveboy-Wagner, J. A. (2003). The English-Speaking Caribbean States: A Triad of ForeignPolicies. In J. Hey, Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior(pp. 31-51). United Kingdom: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc.Browning, C. (2006). Small, Smart amd Salient? Rethinking Identity in the Small StatesLiterature. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 669-684.Buzan, B. (2016). Could IR be Different? International Studies Review, 155-157.Byrne, C. (2011). Campaining for a Seat on the United Nations Security Council: A MiddlePower Reflection on the Role of Public Diplomacy. Los Angeles: FIGUEROA PRESS.Cappelloni, J., Juneja, V., & Reynolds, A. (2021). A History of the United Nations and How toFix It. USA: Saurav Kumar.CARICOM. (2022, April 19). Member States and Associate Members. Retrieved fromCARICOM: Caribbean Community: https://caricom.org/Carswell, S. (2018, July 2). `Varadkar: ‘No vanity’ behind Irish bid for UN Security Councilseat’. Retrieved from The Irish Times: https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/varadkar-no-vanity-behind-irish-bid-for-un- security-council-seat-1.3551649Cheng-Chwee, K. (2016). How Do Weaker States Hedge? Unpacking ASEAN states`alingment behaviour towards China. Journal of Contemporary China, 500-514.Chowdury, A. (2017). Do Small States Matter?: A comparative analysis of the discourses by three of the non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council on thecrisis in Libya and Syria between 2011 and 2012. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department ofGovernment.Cross, C. (2022). Australia’s Campaign for a Seat on the United Nations Security Council. Retrieved from Australia`s Institute of International Affairs: https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australias-campaign-for-a-seat-on-the-united-nations-security-council/Cull, N. (2009). Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the past. Los Angeles: Figueroa Press.Domnick, J. (2013). The United nations Security Council, International Authority and Legitimacy. Transnational Legal Theory, 439-445.Dreher, A., & Mathew, G. (2014). The Determinants of elections to the United Nations Security Council. Public Choice, 51-83.Dreher, A., Sturm, J.-E., & Vreeland, j. R. (2009). Development aid and international politics:Does membership on the UN Security Council influence World Bank decisions? Journal of Development Economics, 1-18.Ekengren, A.-M., Hjorthen, F., & Möller, U. (2020). A Nonpermanent Seat in the United Nations Security Council: Why Bother? Global Governance 26, 21-45.Ekengren, A.-M., & Möller, U. (2020). Campaigning for an Elected Seat in the UN Security Council. In N. Schrijver, & N. Blokker, Elected Members of the Security Council: LameDucks or Key Players? (pp. 56-70). Leiden: Brill.Ekengren, A.-M., & Möller, U. (2021). Campaigning for the Prize: The Quests by Sweden and the Kingdom of the Netherlands for Security Council Membership, 2017-2018. TheHague Journal of Diplomacy, 27-52.Elman, M. (1995). The Foreign Policies of Small States: Challenging Realism in its Own Backyard. Cambridge University Press, 171-217.Eun, Y.-S., Amitav, A., & Thalang, C. (2021). Unpacking the dynamics of weak states` agency.The Pacific Review.Farrall, J., Loiselle, M.-E., & Michaelsen, C. (2020). Elelcted member influence in the United Nations Security Council. Leiden Journal of International Law, 101-115.Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. (1999). A Theory of Fairness, Competition and Cooperation. The Quaterly Journal of Economics, 817-868.Fillion, S. (2020, November 2). The Smallest State to Ever Lead the UN Security Council: St.Vincent and the Grenadines. From PassBlue: Independent Coverage of the UN:https://www.passblue.com/2020/11/02/the-smallest-state-to-ever-lead-the-un-security-council-st-vincent-and-the-grenadines/Galal, A. M. (2020). Externational Behaviour of small states in light of theories of international relations. Review of Economics and Political Science, 38-56.Gonsalves, C. (2010, September 29). Caribbean Elections. Retrieved from KnowledgeWalkInstitute:http://www.caribbeanelections.com/eDocs/articles/vc/vc_UN_65th_session_address_2010_en.pdfGonsalves, R. (2012, March 14). From Digital Commons:https://digitalcommons.colum.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=0&article=1005&context=yurumein&type=additionalGonsalves, R. (2014). The Case for Caribbean Reparatory Justice. Kingstown: StrategyForum, Incorporated.Græger, N., & Larsen, H. (2002). Conclusions: Fourfold "Nuisance Power"or FourContributors tot he ESDP? In N. Græger, & H. Larsen, The ESDP and the NordicCountries: Four Variations on a Theme (pp. 218-236). Helsinki: Ulkopoliittineninstituuttu.Guzman, A. T. (2006). Reputation and international law. Georgia Journal of International andComparative Law, 379-391.Haugevik, K., Kuusik, P., Raik, K., & Schia, N. N. (2021). Small States, Different ApproachesEstonia and Norway on the UN Security Council. Estonia: International Centre forDefence and Security Estonian Foreign Policy Institute.Hey, J. (2003). Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behaviour. UnitedStates of America: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Heywood, A. (2011). Global Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Hurd, I. (2002). Legitimacy, Power and the Symbolic Life of the UN Security Council. GlobalGovernance, 35-51.Iaydjiev, I. (2013). Searching for Influence and Persuasion in Network-Oriented PublicDiplomacy: What Role for "Small States"? The Journal of Public Diplomacy.Ingebritsen, C. (2006). Norm entrepreneurs: Scandinavia’s role in international relations. In C.Ingebritsen, & N. I, Small states in international relations. Seattle/Reykjavik:University of Washington Press/University of Iceland Press.Joel, O. (2020, June 30). Kenya at the United Nations Security Council: The Awaiting Role.Retrieved from HORN: International Institute for Strategic Studies:https://horninstitute.org/kenya-at-the-united-nations-security-council/Kaldor, M. (2007). Human Security. USA: Polity Press.Kim, S. Y., & Russett, B. (1996). The New Politics of Voting Alignments in the United NationsGeneral Assmebly. International Organization, 629-652.Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology:Methods and Techniques. New Dehli: New AgeInternational Publishers.Kousoulas, D. (1985). Power and Influence: An Introduction to International Relations.Wadsworth: United States of America.Kumar, R. (2019). Research Methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. New Dehli:SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd.Kuziemko, I., & Werker, E. (2006). How much is a seat on the Security Council worth? Foreignaid and bribery at the United Nations. Journal of Political Economy, 905-930.Labs, E. (1992). Do Weak States Bandwagon? Security Studies, 383-416.Landgren, K. e. (2019). Security Council Elections 2019. New York.Malone, D. (2007). Security Council. In T. Weiss, & S. Daws, The Oxford Handbook on theUnited Nations (pp. 117-135). New York: Oxford Universoty Press.Malone, D. (2000). Eyes on the Prize. Global Governance, 3-23.Martin, I. (2020). Elected Members Today: Overcoming the Handicaps. In N. Schrijver, & N.Blokker, Elected Members of the Security Council: Lame Ducks or Key Players? (pp.42-55). Leiden: Brill.Mathias, S., & Okimoto, K. (2020). Non-Permanent Members of the Security Council: ACharter Perspective. In N. Schrijver, & N. Blokker, Elected Members of the SecurityCouncil: Lame Ducks or Key Players? (pp. 13-41). Leiden: Brill.McGillivray, M. (2008). Small Island States Development Challenges: Introduction. Journalof International Development, 481-485.Mercer, J. (2017). The Illusion of International Prestige. International Security, 133-168.Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade. (2021, October 28). Fromhttp://www.foreign.gov.vc/foreign/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=554:the-government-of-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines-joins-in-united-nations-day-celebrations&catid=24&Itemid=34Mouritzen, H. (1991). Tension between the Strong and the Strategies of the Weak. Journal ofPeace Research, 217-230.Murphy, J. (2020, June 15). The lengths countries go to for a seat at UN top table. Retrievedfrom BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52973244Neacsu, L. (2019, September 21). THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL SEAT BID– WHO GETS A SEAT AT THE TABLE? Retrieved from Security Distillery:https://thesecuritydistillery.org/all-articles/the-united-nations-security-council-seat-bid-who-gets-a-seat-at-the-tableNye, J. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. Unites States: PublicAffairs.Nye, J. (2011). The Future of Power. United States of America: Public Affairs.Nye, J., & Keohane, R. (1997). Power and Interdependence. England: Pearson.Osuntokun, A. (2005). Nigeria and the United Nations Reforms: Service Deserves its Rewards.National Conference on Inter-Group Relations in Nigeria, (p. 9). Nigeria.Pay, V. N., & Postolski, P. (2021). Power and Diplomacy in the United Nations SecurityCouncil: The Influence of Elected Members. The International Spectator: ItalianJournal of International Affairs.Palmer, K., & Fraser, A. (2022, April 16). Stabroek News. Retrieved from Stabroek News:https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/05/10/features/in-the-diaspora/indigenous-displacement-in-st-vincent-and-the-grenadines-a-historical-and-contemporary-overview-in-light-of-la-soufrieres-2020-2021-eruption/Parker, R. (2019). Ireland’s Global Strategy and competing with Norway and Canada for a seaton the UNSC. Global Policy, 10-24.Rothgeb Jr, J. (1993). Defining Power: Influence and Force in the Contemporary InternationalSystem. United States of America: St. Martin`s Press, Inc.Saliu, H., & Omotola, J. S. (2008). Can Nigeria get a UN Security Council Seat? South AfricanJournal of International Affairs, 71-85.Sandler, T., & Harley, K. (1999). The Political Economy of NATO: Past, Present, and into the21st Century. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Saragih, H. (2021). Indonesian Diplomacy to Become a Non-Permanent Member of the UNSecurity Council 2019-2020. International Journal of Arts and Humanities Studies(IJAHS), 123-128.Schwebel, S. (1973). Mini-States and a more Effective United Nations. The American Journalof International Law, 108-116.Simpson, A. (2018). Realism, Small States and Neutrality. E-International Relations.Singer, M. R., & Sensenig, B. (1963). Elections within the United Nations: An ExperimentalStudy Utilizing Statistical Analysis. International Organization, 901-925.Smith, S. (2014). Introduction. In J. Baylis, The Globalization of World Politics (p. 3). UnitedKingdom: Oxford University Press.Steinsson, S., & Thorhallsson, B. (2017). Small State Foreign Policy. Oxford ResearchEncyclopedia of Politics.Súillebháin, A. Ó. (2014). Small States at the United Nations: Diverse Perspectives, SharedOpportunities . New York: International Peace Institute.Thorhallsson, B. (2011). Small States in the UN Security: Means of Influence? The HagueJournal of Diplomacy, 135-160.Thorhallsson, B., Elínardóttir, J. S., & Eggertsdóttir, A. M. (2022). A Small State’s Campaignto Get Elected to the UNSC: Iceland’s Ambitious Failed Attempt . The Hague Journalof Diplomacy, 1-21.Thorhallsson, B. (2011). Small States in the UN Security: Means of Influence? The HagueJournal of Diplomacy, 135-160.Tyler, M., & Pahlow, E. (2014). Australia on the UN Security Council 2013–14: A Voice forSmall and Medium Countries? . The Round Table, 95-108.United Nations. (2022). Codification Division Publication. Retrieved fromhttps://legal.un.org/repertory/art23.shtmlVella, G. (2013). Diplo. In J. Kurbalija, Persuasion: The Essence of Diplomacy (pp. 11-15).Malta: DiploFoundation and MEDAC (. Retrieved from Persuasion: importance oftrust, relevance for small states, and limitations of computers :https://www.diplomacy.edu/resource/persuasion-importance-of-trust-relevance-for-small-states-and-limitations-of-computers/Weigelt, K., & Camerer, C. (1988). Reputation and corporate strategy: A review of recenttheory and applications. Strategic Management Journal, 9(5), 443-454.Weiss, T., & Zach, D. (2013). The United Nations. In P. Williams D., Security Studies: AnIntroduction (pp. 374-392). New York: Routledge.Wilson, G. (2021, October 13). Kenya at the UN Security Council: managing the constraintswhile building consensus. Retrieved from The Conversation:https://theconversation.com/kenya-at-the-un-security-council-managing-the-constraints-while-building-consensus-169405Woolcott, R. (2003). The Hot Seat: Reflections on Diplomacy from Stalin`s Death to the BaliBombings. Sydney: Harper Collins. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
109862026資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109862026 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳秉逵 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chen Ping-Kuei en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 沈亦姍 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) GEORGE-MATTIS SHADEISHA en_US dc.creator (作者) 沈亦姍 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) SHADEISHA, GEORGE-MATTIS en_US dc.date (日期) 2022 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-Oct-2022 09:22:19 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-Oct-2022 09:22:19 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Oct-2022 09:22:19 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109862026 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/142155 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 109862026 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 小國於國際政治中的新興角色,與⻄方國際關係哲學家認定的哲學基礎截然不同。以歷史而言,主流國際關係辯論不適用於後殖⺠國家,且其低估了後殖⺠國家的概念能力(ideational capabilities ),甚而不肯認他們具備參與安理會制定全球決策的機會。然而,聖文森及格瑞那丁卻被選為聯合國安理會的成員,這樣的情況與上述的論述或結構相悖。儘管有大量研究致力於探討聯合國安理會選舉後各國的參與,但很少有研究試圖探究小國在取得安理會席位前所採取的策略。聖文森及格瑞那丁成為聯合國安理會最小的國家成為本文研究的契機。本研究將探討此一小國是如何實現該壯舉的?其獲得席位的策略是什麼?本研究將針對聖文森及格瑞那丁,為當選聯合國安理會成員而使用的策略進行質性分析,且筆者認為聖文森及格瑞那丁能夠通過以下方式實現此目標:在競選活動仍在進行的初期階段獲得區域的支持、與聯合國大會成員簽訂互惠協議、總理職務的對外延伸、遵守聯合國原則,並在其宣布競選之前以各種領導能力發揮作用。本文將以社會建構主義,探討一個物質力量薄弱的小國,如何利用其身份與外交政策立場構思策略,以實現此一壯舉。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The emergent role of the small state in international politics is distinctly antithetical to the philosophical underpinnings of all that Western International Relations philosophers haddestined it to be. Mainstream international relations debates have historically been unaccommodating to post-colonial states, underestimating their ideational capabilities and withholding from them the opportunity to be seated at the inner sanctums of global policy-making. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’s experience in achieving the privilege of beingvoted onto the United Nations Security Council, flies in the face of this narrative/construct. So while a significant amount of research has been dedicated towards countries’ involvement in the United Nations Security Council post-election, very few have sought to interrogate the stepstaken by Small States to achieve such a position. Certainly, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’s admission to the UNSC as the smallest country ever to have been elected, provides basis for research to take place. How did this tiny country manage to accomplish this feat? What were the strategies used to acquire such as a seat? This research provides a qualitative analysis of the strategies used by Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in order to be elected to the UNSC, by arguing that Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was able to accomplish this goal by: securing regional endorsement when the campaign was still in its nascent stages; entering into reciprocal agreements with members of the United Nations General Assembly; having prime ministerial outreach; maintaining a principled UN approach; and by functioning in various leadership capacities prior to its announcement to run. It draws from the theory of social constructivism to explore how a tiny country without material might was able to use its identity and foreign policy stance to formulate ideas to achieve such a feat. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements 2Abstract 4List of Tables 8List of Figures 9List of Acronyms 10Outline of Thesis 11CHAPTER ONE- INTRODUCTION 131.1 Research Motivation 151.2 Research Questions 171.3 Research Objectives 171.4 Purpose of Research 181.5 Research Methodology 191.6 Limitations of the study 22CHAPTER TWO- LITERATURE REVIEW 25Small States and Non-permanent membership on the United Nations Security Council 27Why do states want to be a part of the United Nations Security Council? 29Campaigning for a Seat at the UNSC 342.1 Theoretical Approach 38CHAPTER THREE- SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES: INDEPENDENCE,IDENTITY AND IMPACT 413.1 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and the United Nations: Consolidating Commitment 433.2 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’s Permanent Mission: United Nations Security CouncilAccession 47CHAPTER FOUR- EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 50CHAPTER FIVE- CONCLUSION 655.1 Recommendations: 67Bibliography 69Appendix 2 78Appendix 3 79Appendix 4 86Appendix 5 90 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2365650 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109862026 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聯合國安全理事會 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聖⽂森及格瑞那丁 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 競選活動 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 策略 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 選舉 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 概念 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Shadeisha George-Mattis en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) United Nations Security Council, en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Election en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Campaign en_US dc.title (題名) 聖文森及格瑞那丁聯合國安全理事會非常任理事國席位之取得: 契機與行動 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’s election to the United Nations Security Council as a non-permanent member: Impulse and Action en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anholt, S. (2016). Places: Identity, Image and Reputation. United Kingdom: PalgraveMacmillan.Barrow, E. (2020, January 21). A Satellites of none- Errol Barrow would be proud. Bridgetown,Barbados: Barbados Today.Beach, D. (2017). Process-Tracing Methods in Social Science. Oxford Research Encyclopedia.Braveboy-Wagner, J. A. (2003). The English-Speaking Caribbean States: A Triad of ForeignPolicies. In J. Hey, Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior(pp. 31-51). United Kingdom: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc.Browning, C. (2006). Small, Smart amd Salient? Rethinking Identity in the Small StatesLiterature. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 669-684.Buzan, B. (2016). Could IR be Different? International Studies Review, 155-157.Byrne, C. (2011). Campaining for a Seat on the United Nations Security Council: A MiddlePower Reflection on the Role of Public Diplomacy. Los Angeles: FIGUEROA PRESS.Cappelloni, J., Juneja, V., & Reynolds, A. (2021). A History of the United Nations and How toFix It. USA: Saurav Kumar.CARICOM. (2022, April 19). Member States and Associate Members. Retrieved fromCARICOM: Caribbean Community: https://caricom.org/Carswell, S. (2018, July 2). `Varadkar: ‘No vanity’ behind Irish bid for UN Security Councilseat’. Retrieved from The Irish Times: https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/varadkar-no-vanity-behind-irish-bid-for-un- security-council-seat-1.3551649Cheng-Chwee, K. (2016). How Do Weaker States Hedge? Unpacking ASEAN states`alingment behaviour towards China. Journal of Contemporary China, 500-514.Chowdury, A. (2017). Do Small States Matter?: A comparative analysis of the discourses by three of the non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council on thecrisis in Libya and Syria between 2011 and 2012. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department ofGovernment.Cross, C. (2022). Australia’s Campaign for a Seat on the United Nations Security Council. Retrieved from Australia`s Institute of International Affairs: https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australias-campaign-for-a-seat-on-the-united-nations-security-council/Cull, N. (2009). Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the past. Los Angeles: Figueroa Press.Domnick, J. (2013). The United nations Security Council, International Authority and Legitimacy. Transnational Legal Theory, 439-445.Dreher, A., & Mathew, G. (2014). The Determinants of elections to the United Nations Security Council. Public Choice, 51-83.Dreher, A., Sturm, J.-E., & Vreeland, j. R. (2009). Development aid and international politics:Does membership on the UN Security Council influence World Bank decisions? Journal of Development Economics, 1-18.Ekengren, A.-M., Hjorthen, F., & Möller, U. (2020). A Nonpermanent Seat in the United Nations Security Council: Why Bother? Global Governance 26, 21-45.Ekengren, A.-M., & Möller, U. (2020). Campaigning for an Elected Seat in the UN Security Council. In N. Schrijver, & N. Blokker, Elected Members of the Security Council: LameDucks or Key Players? (pp. 56-70). Leiden: Brill.Ekengren, A.-M., & Möller, U. (2021). Campaigning for the Prize: The Quests by Sweden and the Kingdom of the Netherlands for Security Council Membership, 2017-2018. TheHague Journal of Diplomacy, 27-52.Elman, M. (1995). The Foreign Policies of Small States: Challenging Realism in its Own Backyard. Cambridge University Press, 171-217.Eun, Y.-S., Amitav, A., & Thalang, C. (2021). Unpacking the dynamics of weak states` agency.The Pacific Review.Farrall, J., Loiselle, M.-E., & Michaelsen, C. (2020). Elelcted member influence in the United Nations Security Council. Leiden Journal of International Law, 101-115.Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. (1999). A Theory of Fairness, Competition and Cooperation. The Quaterly Journal of Economics, 817-868.Fillion, S. (2020, November 2). The Smallest State to Ever Lead the UN Security Council: St.Vincent and the Grenadines. From PassBlue: Independent Coverage of the UN:https://www.passblue.com/2020/11/02/the-smallest-state-to-ever-lead-the-un-security-council-st-vincent-and-the-grenadines/Galal, A. M. (2020). Externational Behaviour of small states in light of theories of international relations. Review of Economics and Political Science, 38-56.Gonsalves, C. (2010, September 29). Caribbean Elections. Retrieved from KnowledgeWalkInstitute:http://www.caribbeanelections.com/eDocs/articles/vc/vc_UN_65th_session_address_2010_en.pdfGonsalves, R. (2012, March 14). From Digital Commons:https://digitalcommons.colum.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=0&article=1005&context=yurumein&type=additionalGonsalves, R. (2014). The Case for Caribbean Reparatory Justice. Kingstown: StrategyForum, Incorporated.Græger, N., & Larsen, H. (2002). Conclusions: Fourfold "Nuisance Power"or FourContributors tot he ESDP? In N. Græger, & H. Larsen, The ESDP and the NordicCountries: Four Variations on a Theme (pp. 218-236). Helsinki: Ulkopoliittineninstituuttu.Guzman, A. T. (2006). Reputation and international law. Georgia Journal of International andComparative Law, 379-391.Haugevik, K., Kuusik, P., Raik, K., & Schia, N. N. (2021). Small States, Different ApproachesEstonia and Norway on the UN Security Council. Estonia: International Centre forDefence and Security Estonian Foreign Policy Institute.Hey, J. (2003). Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behaviour. UnitedStates of America: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Heywood, A. (2011). Global Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Hurd, I. (2002). Legitimacy, Power and the Symbolic Life of the UN Security Council. GlobalGovernance, 35-51.Iaydjiev, I. (2013). Searching for Influence and Persuasion in Network-Oriented PublicDiplomacy: What Role for "Small States"? The Journal of Public Diplomacy.Ingebritsen, C. (2006). Norm entrepreneurs: Scandinavia’s role in international relations. In C.Ingebritsen, & N. I, Small states in international relations. Seattle/Reykjavik:University of Washington Press/University of Iceland Press.Joel, O. (2020, June 30). Kenya at the United Nations Security Council: The Awaiting Role.Retrieved from HORN: International Institute for Strategic Studies:https://horninstitute.org/kenya-at-the-united-nations-security-council/Kaldor, M. (2007). Human Security. USA: Polity Press.Kim, S. Y., & Russett, B. (1996). The New Politics of Voting Alignments in the United NationsGeneral Assmebly. International Organization, 629-652.Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology:Methods and Techniques. New Dehli: New AgeInternational Publishers.Kousoulas, D. (1985). Power and Influence: An Introduction to International Relations.Wadsworth: United States of America.Kumar, R. (2019). Research Methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. New Dehli:SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd.Kuziemko, I., & Werker, E. (2006). How much is a seat on the Security Council worth? Foreignaid and bribery at the United Nations. Journal of Political Economy, 905-930.Labs, E. (1992). Do Weak States Bandwagon? Security Studies, 383-416.Landgren, K. e. (2019). Security Council Elections 2019. New York.Malone, D. (2007). Security Council. In T. Weiss, & S. Daws, The Oxford Handbook on theUnited Nations (pp. 117-135). New York: Oxford Universoty Press.Malone, D. (2000). Eyes on the Prize. Global Governance, 3-23.Martin, I. (2020). Elected Members Today: Overcoming the Handicaps. In N. Schrijver, & N.Blokker, Elected Members of the Security Council: Lame Ducks or Key Players? (pp.42-55). Leiden: Brill.Mathias, S., & Okimoto, K. (2020). Non-Permanent Members of the Security Council: ACharter Perspective. In N. Schrijver, & N. Blokker, Elected Members of the SecurityCouncil: Lame Ducks or Key Players? (pp. 13-41). Leiden: Brill.McGillivray, M. (2008). Small Island States Development Challenges: Introduction. Journalof International Development, 481-485.Mercer, J. (2017). The Illusion of International Prestige. International Security, 133-168.Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade. (2021, October 28). Fromhttp://www.foreign.gov.vc/foreign/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=554:the-government-of-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines-joins-in-united-nations-day-celebrations&catid=24&Itemid=34Mouritzen, H. (1991). Tension between the Strong and the Strategies of the Weak. Journal ofPeace Research, 217-230.Murphy, J. (2020, June 15). The lengths countries go to for a seat at UN top table. Retrievedfrom BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52973244Neacsu, L. (2019, September 21). THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL SEAT BID– WHO GETS A SEAT AT THE TABLE? Retrieved from Security Distillery:https://thesecuritydistillery.org/all-articles/the-united-nations-security-council-seat-bid-who-gets-a-seat-at-the-tableNye, J. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. Unites States: PublicAffairs.Nye, J. (2011). The Future of Power. United States of America: Public Affairs.Nye, J., & Keohane, R. (1997). Power and Interdependence. England: Pearson.Osuntokun, A. (2005). Nigeria and the United Nations Reforms: Service Deserves its Rewards.National Conference on Inter-Group Relations in Nigeria, (p. 9). Nigeria.Pay, V. N., & Postolski, P. (2021). Power and Diplomacy in the United Nations SecurityCouncil: The Influence of Elected Members. The International Spectator: ItalianJournal of International Affairs.Palmer, K., & Fraser, A. (2022, April 16). Stabroek News. Retrieved from Stabroek News:https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/05/10/features/in-the-diaspora/indigenous-displacement-in-st-vincent-and-the-grenadines-a-historical-and-contemporary-overview-in-light-of-la-soufrieres-2020-2021-eruption/Parker, R. (2019). Ireland’s Global Strategy and competing with Norway and Canada for a seaton the UNSC. Global Policy, 10-24.Rothgeb Jr, J. (1993). Defining Power: Influence and Force in the Contemporary InternationalSystem. United States of America: St. Martin`s Press, Inc.Saliu, H., & Omotola, J. S. (2008). Can Nigeria get a UN Security Council Seat? South AfricanJournal of International Affairs, 71-85.Sandler, T., & Harley, K. (1999). The Political Economy of NATO: Past, Present, and into the21st Century. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Saragih, H. (2021). Indonesian Diplomacy to Become a Non-Permanent Member of the UNSecurity Council 2019-2020. International Journal of Arts and Humanities Studies(IJAHS), 123-128.Schwebel, S. (1973). Mini-States and a more Effective United Nations. The American Journalof International Law, 108-116.Simpson, A. (2018). Realism, Small States and Neutrality. E-International Relations.Singer, M. R., & Sensenig, B. (1963). Elections within the United Nations: An ExperimentalStudy Utilizing Statistical Analysis. International Organization, 901-925.Smith, S. (2014). Introduction. In J. Baylis, The Globalization of World Politics (p. 3). UnitedKingdom: Oxford University Press.Steinsson, S., & Thorhallsson, B. (2017). Small State Foreign Policy. Oxford ResearchEncyclopedia of Politics.Súillebháin, A. Ó. (2014). Small States at the United Nations: Diverse Perspectives, SharedOpportunities . New York: International Peace Institute.Thorhallsson, B. (2011). Small States in the UN Security: Means of Influence? The HagueJournal of Diplomacy, 135-160.Thorhallsson, B., Elínardóttir, J. S., & Eggertsdóttir, A. M. (2022). A Small State’s Campaignto Get Elected to the UNSC: Iceland’s Ambitious Failed Attempt . The Hague Journalof Diplomacy, 1-21.Thorhallsson, B. (2011). Small States in the UN Security: Means of Influence? The HagueJournal of Diplomacy, 135-160.Tyler, M., & Pahlow, E. (2014). Australia on the UN Security Council 2013–14: A Voice forSmall and Medium Countries? . The Round Table, 95-108.United Nations. (2022). Codification Division Publication. Retrieved fromhttps://legal.un.org/repertory/art23.shtmlVella, G. (2013). Diplo. In J. Kurbalija, Persuasion: The Essence of Diplomacy (pp. 11-15).Malta: DiploFoundation and MEDAC (. Retrieved from Persuasion: importance oftrust, relevance for small states, and limitations of computers :https://www.diplomacy.edu/resource/persuasion-importance-of-trust-relevance-for-small-states-and-limitations-of-computers/Weigelt, K., & Camerer, C. (1988). Reputation and corporate strategy: A review of recenttheory and applications. Strategic Management Journal, 9(5), 443-454.Weiss, T., & Zach, D. (2013). The United Nations. In P. Williams D., Security Studies: AnIntroduction (pp. 374-392). New York: Routledge.Wilson, G. (2021, October 13). Kenya at the UN Security Council: managing the constraintswhile building consensus. Retrieved from The Conversation:https://theconversation.com/kenya-at-the-un-security-council-managing-the-constraints-while-building-consensus-169405Woolcott, R. (2003). The Hot Seat: Reflections on Diplomacy from Stalin`s Death to the BaliBombings. Sydney: Harper Collins. zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202201565 en_US