學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

題名 從「待機兒童」現象看日本社會福利發展困境
The Welfare State Dilemma of Japan: From "Taiki Jidou" Phenomenon
作者 蔡育荏
Tsai, Yu-Ren
貢獻者 李世暉
Li, Shih-Hui
蔡育荏
Tsai, Yu-Ren
關鍵詞 待機兒童
日本托育政策
福利國家困境
後工業化壓力
Taiki Jidou
Japanese childcare policy
Welfare state dilemma
Post-industrial pressure
日期 2022
上傳時間 2-Dec-2022 15:28:11 (UTC+8)
摘要 日本政府及社會因為1989年的生育率1.57衝擊,開始正視生育率低下的少子化問題,加上泡沫經濟造成的不景氣,使過去在家庭內的女性紛紛投入職場,以往由男性工作者加上無業女性組成的家庭結構,比例同樣隨著生育率趨勢逐年下降,取而代之是雙薪家庭的組成比例逐年上升,日本政府於此時推出的少子化對策第一步便是為了解決「待機兒童」問題。
「待機兒童」指申請後等待進入公共托育機構的學齡前兒童,日本政府認為只要透過公共托育服務,承擔起過去多由女性所肩負的幼兒照護責任,便能刺激生育,總言之,「待機兒童」對策最初的目的是為了鼓勵生育。而後的少子化對策,其政策涵蓋了更廣泛、又更細緻的面向,但學齡前兒童的托育擴張一直存在於具體政策項目當中,並且一直是少子化對策的主軸,透過分析不同時期少子化對策的托育擴張,本研究發現了不同時期的特徵:早期的托育擴張以設置新的硬體設施為主,之後面臨了托育擴張成本提高、財政狀況惡化,以及對於托育服務的需求伴隨雙薪家庭、單親家庭等多元型態家庭比例上升而增加,日本政府開始透過法規鬆綁以1. 降低新機構設施設置的成本 2. 提升既有人力配置的托育供給 3. 推動幼托整合提升既有資源的使用效率,最後則是提升消費稅以確保托育服務的維持及擴張,過程體現了日本福利國家面對後工業化壓力時所遭遇的社會福利發展困境。
另外分析近期「待機兒童」下降因素,發現了待機兒童數量 — 托育量能擴張 — 申請意願三者之間相互影響的互動關係,並認為確保托育人員數量能夠跟上托育擴張速度,將會是日本「待機兒童」對策未來的一大課題。
The Japanese government and society began to face up to the problem of low birthrates due to the impact of the birth rate of “1.57 shock” in 1989. Coupled with the recession caused by the bubble economy, women in the family in the past have entered the workplace one after another. In the past, the proportion of the family structure composed of male workers and unemployed women also decreased year by year with the trend of fertility rate. Instead, the proportion of dual-income families increased year by year. The first step of the Japanese government`s measures to the low birthrates was to solve the problem of “Taiki Jidou”.
“Taiki Jidou” means a preschool child who is waiting to be admitted to a public day care institution after application. The Japanese government believes that as long as the public childcare service takes on the responsibility of child care that was often shouldered by women in the past, it can stimulate fertility. In short, the original purpose of the “Taiki Jidou” policy was to encourage childbirth. Subsequent countermeasures against low birthrates have policies covering broader and more detailed aspects, but the expansion of childcare for preschool children has always existed in specific policy items, and has always been the main axis of countermeasures against low birthrates. By analyzing the childcare expansion of low birthrate countermeasures in different periods, this study found the characteristics of different periods: The early childcare expansion was mainly based on setting up new hardware facilities. Later, the cost of childcare expansion increased, the financial situation deteriorated, and the demand for childcare services increased with the increase in the proportion of multi-type families such as dual-income families and single-parent families. The Japanese government has begun to loosen regulations to 1. Reduce the cost of new institutional facilities 2. Improve the supply of childcare with existing manpower allocation 3. Promote the integration of childcare and preschool to improve the efficiency of the use of existing resources. The last is to increase the consumption tax to ensure the maintenance and expansion of childcare services. The process reflects the social welfare development dilemma encountered by the Japanese welfare state in the face of the pressure of post-industrialization.
In addition, by analyzing the factors of the recent decline in the number of “Taiki Jidou”, it is found that the interactive relationship among the number of “Taiki Jidou” - the expansion of the amount of childcare - and willingness to apply. This study therefore concludes that ensuring that the number of childcare personnel can keep up with the expansion of childcare will be a major issue in the future of Japan`s “Taiki Jidou” countermeasures.
參考文獻 Bonoli, Giuliano. 2013. The Origins of Active Social Policy: Labour Market and Childcare Policies in a Comparative Perspective. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Esping-Anderson, Gosta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Holloway, Susan D., and Ayumi Nagase. 2013. “Child Rearing in Japan” In: Parenting Across Cultures: Childrearing, Motherhood and Fatherhood in Non-Western Cultures, ed. Helaine Selin. New York, NY: Springer.
Kwon, Huck-Ju. 1998. “Democracy and the Politics of Social Welfare: A Comparative Analysis of Welfare Systems in East Asia.” In The East Asian Welfare Model: Welfare Orientalism and the State, eds. Roger Goodman, Gordon White, and Huck-ju Kwon. New York, NY: Routledge. Pp: 27–74.
Lee, Grace H. Y., and Sing-ping Lee. 2014. “Childcare Availability, Fertility and Female Labor Force Participation in Japan” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 32: 71-85.
Peng, Ito. 2002. “Social Care in Crisis: Gender, Demography, and Welfare State Restructuring in Japan.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 9(3): 411-443.
Peng, Ito. 2004. “Postindustrial Pressures, Political Regime Shifts, and Social Policy Reform in Japan and South Korea.” Journal of East Asian Studies 4(3): 389-425.
Pierson, Paul. 2000. “Post-Industrial Pressures on Mature Welfare States.” In The New Politics of the Welfare State, ed. Paul Pierson. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Suzuki, Emi and Haruna Kashiwase. 2019. “The Curse of the Fire-Horse: How Superstition Impacted Fertility Rates in Japan.” https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/curse-fire-horse-how-superstition-impacted-fertility-rates-japan. (Accessed on March 1, 2022).
日本內閣府,2001,〈仕事と子育ての両立支援策の方針について〉,https://www.gender.go.jp/kaigi/danjo_kaigi/kosodate/130706.html,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本內閣府,2005,《平成17年版 少子化社会白書》,https://www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shoushika/whitepaper/measures/w-2005/17pdfhonpen/pdf/h2040100.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本內閣府,2009,《平成21年版 少子化社会白書》,https://www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shoushika/whitepaper/measures/w-2009/21pdfhonpen/pdf/b1_2_01.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本內閣府,2015,〈認定こども園4類型の比較〉,https://www.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/_res/projects/default_project/_page_/001/005/425/05_handbook4.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本內閣府,2016,〈共働き等世帯数の推移〉,https://www.gender.go.jp/about_danjo/whitepaper/h28/zentai/html/zuhyo/zuhyo01-03-01.html,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本内閣府,2010,〈「 子ども・子育てビジョン」 別添2 施策に関する数値目標〉, https://www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shoushika/family/vision/pdf/b2.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本内閣府,2018,〈第3次少子化社会対策大綱進捗状況〉, https://www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shoushika/meeting/taikou_4th/k_1/pdf/ref3.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本外務省,2001,〈第151回国会における小泉総理大臣所信表明演説〉,https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/bluebook/2002/gaikou/html/siryou/sr_01_03.html,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本民主黨,2009,〈民主党の政権政策〉,http://archive.dpj.or.jp/special/manifesto2009/pdf/manifesto_2009.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生省,1985,〈第45回人口問題審議会総会配付資料〉,https://www.ipss.go.jp/history/shingikai/data/J000008922.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生省,2000,〈緊急保育対策等5か年事業の実績〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/www1/topics/hoiku/tp0807-1_18.html,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2008,〈「新待機児童ゼロ作戦」について〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/shingi/2008/08/dl/s0827-5b_0002.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。

日本厚生勞動省,2011,〈平成22年度 総合評価書「子ども・子育て応援プラン」について〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/wp/seisaku/jigyou/10sougou/dl/b.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2016,〈待機児童の定義の変遷〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11901000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-Soumuka/0000137591.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2017,〈保育所等利用待機児童数調査に関する検討のとりまとめ〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/shingi2/0000159935.html,查閱時間:2022/03/01。
日本厚生勞動省,2020,〈令和2年 地域児童福祉事業等調査結果の概況〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11920000/000843669.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2021,《社会福祉施設等調査:結果の概要》,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/list/23-22c.html,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2022a,〈令和4年4月の待機児童数調査のポイント〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11922000/000979629.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2022b,〈保育所等関連状況取りまとめ(令和4年4月1日)〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_27446.html,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2022c,〈保育士の有効求人倍率の推移(全国)〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/R2.11..pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本國稅廳,2021,〈歳出~社会保障関係費~〉,https://www.nta.go.jp/taxes/kids/hatten/page04.htm,查閱時間:2021/04/19。
王舒芸,2014,〈門裡門外誰照顧、平價普及路迢迢?臺灣嬰兒照顧政策之體制內涵分析〉,《台灣社會研究季刊》,96:49-93。
王舒芸,2021,〈109年度托育公共及準公共化政策效益評估期末報告〉,衛生福利部社會及家庭署委託研究計畫,計畫編號:A109029,台北:衛生福利部社會及家庭署。
李佩芳,2017,〈日本公共年金制度之所得保障問題與觀察〉,《臺灣社會福利學刊》,13(2):79-116。
李易駿、古允文,2003,〈另一個福利世界?東亞發展型福利體制初探〉,《臺灣社會學刊》,31:189-241。
沈龍安,2016,〈從日本學前幼兒教育論述台灣幼托整合政策之實施〉,《學校行政》,106:83-102。
辛炳隆、林昭禎,2018,〈銀色風暴下的高齡就業對策:借鏡日本「延後退休」施行經驗〉,《政大勞動學報》,30:99-133。
林淑馨 2020,〈社會福利民營化與市場化:以日本介護保險制度為例〉,《公共行政學報》,58:89-126。
翁麗芳,2013,〈少子化日本的幼兒教育改革-幼托的分合爭議與優質人材培育〉,《教育資料與研究》,111:55-98。
翁麗芳、塘利枝子,2011,〈少子化日本的育兒:從「待機兒童」問題探討當代日本的托教政策與實際〉,《臺灣社會福利學刊》,9(2):135-183。
産経新聞,2022,〈安倍首相、待機児童問題「万全を期す」 ひたすら低姿勢に転換〉,https://www.sankei.com/article/20160314-DJSPYGA2JFM6ZJEDU4VRWIF2FQ/3/,查閱時間:2022/03/01。
湯京平,2012,〈個案研究〉,《社會及行為科學研究法二:質性研究法》,瞿海源、畢恆達、劉長萱與楊國樞主編,241-270,台北:東華。
楊鈞池,2006,《從「派閥均衡」到「官邸主導」-1990 年代日本政治體制改革之分析》,台北:翰蘆。
葉崇揚,2018,〈年金自由化?-日本企業年金體系的制度變遷〉,《人文及社會科學集刊》,30(3):349-393。
福士輝美,2017,〈待機児童対策の 20 年と現在の課題〉,《レファレンス》,794:1-28。
鄭力軒,2022,〈政策論述與日本少子化對策的演化〉,《人文及社會科學集刊》,34(2):271-313。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
日本研究學位學程
109861008
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109861008
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李世暉zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Li, Shih-Huien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蔡育荏zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tsai, Yu-Renen_US
dc.creator (作者) 蔡育荏zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tsai, Yu-Renen_US
dc.date (日期) 2022en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Dec-2022 15:28:11 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Dec-2022 15:28:11 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Dec-2022 15:28:11 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109861008en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/142688-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 日本研究學位學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109861008zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 日本政府及社會因為1989年的生育率1.57衝擊,開始正視生育率低下的少子化問題,加上泡沫經濟造成的不景氣,使過去在家庭內的女性紛紛投入職場,以往由男性工作者加上無業女性組成的家庭結構,比例同樣隨著生育率趨勢逐年下降,取而代之是雙薪家庭的組成比例逐年上升,日本政府於此時推出的少子化對策第一步便是為了解決「待機兒童」問題。
「待機兒童」指申請後等待進入公共托育機構的學齡前兒童,日本政府認為只要透過公共托育服務,承擔起過去多由女性所肩負的幼兒照護責任,便能刺激生育,總言之,「待機兒童」對策最初的目的是為了鼓勵生育。而後的少子化對策,其政策涵蓋了更廣泛、又更細緻的面向,但學齡前兒童的托育擴張一直存在於具體政策項目當中,並且一直是少子化對策的主軸,透過分析不同時期少子化對策的托育擴張,本研究發現了不同時期的特徵:早期的托育擴張以設置新的硬體設施為主,之後面臨了托育擴張成本提高、財政狀況惡化,以及對於托育服務的需求伴隨雙薪家庭、單親家庭等多元型態家庭比例上升而增加,日本政府開始透過法規鬆綁以1. 降低新機構設施設置的成本 2. 提升既有人力配置的托育供給 3. 推動幼托整合提升既有資源的使用效率,最後則是提升消費稅以確保托育服務的維持及擴張,過程體現了日本福利國家面對後工業化壓力時所遭遇的社會福利發展困境。
另外分析近期「待機兒童」下降因素,發現了待機兒童數量 — 托育量能擴張 — 申請意願三者之間相互影響的互動關係,並認為確保托育人員數量能夠跟上托育擴張速度,將會是日本「待機兒童」對策未來的一大課題。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The Japanese government and society began to face up to the problem of low birthrates due to the impact of the birth rate of “1.57 shock” in 1989. Coupled with the recession caused by the bubble economy, women in the family in the past have entered the workplace one after another. In the past, the proportion of the family structure composed of male workers and unemployed women also decreased year by year with the trend of fertility rate. Instead, the proportion of dual-income families increased year by year. The first step of the Japanese government`s measures to the low birthrates was to solve the problem of “Taiki Jidou”.
“Taiki Jidou” means a preschool child who is waiting to be admitted to a public day care institution after application. The Japanese government believes that as long as the public childcare service takes on the responsibility of child care that was often shouldered by women in the past, it can stimulate fertility. In short, the original purpose of the “Taiki Jidou” policy was to encourage childbirth. Subsequent countermeasures against low birthrates have policies covering broader and more detailed aspects, but the expansion of childcare for preschool children has always existed in specific policy items, and has always been the main axis of countermeasures against low birthrates. By analyzing the childcare expansion of low birthrate countermeasures in different periods, this study found the characteristics of different periods: The early childcare expansion was mainly based on setting up new hardware facilities. Later, the cost of childcare expansion increased, the financial situation deteriorated, and the demand for childcare services increased with the increase in the proportion of multi-type families such as dual-income families and single-parent families. The Japanese government has begun to loosen regulations to 1. Reduce the cost of new institutional facilities 2. Improve the supply of childcare with existing manpower allocation 3. Promote the integration of childcare and preschool to improve the efficiency of the use of existing resources. The last is to increase the consumption tax to ensure the maintenance and expansion of childcare services. The process reflects the social welfare development dilemma encountered by the Japanese welfare state in the face of the pressure of post-industrialization.
In addition, by analyzing the factors of the recent decline in the number of “Taiki Jidou”, it is found that the interactive relationship among the number of “Taiki Jidou” - the expansion of the amount of childcare - and willingness to apply. This study therefore concludes that ensuring that the number of childcare personnel can keep up with the expansion of childcare will be a major issue in the future of Japan`s “Taiki Jidou” countermeasures.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第三節 研究問題 3
第四節 研究方法 4
第二章 文獻探討 6
第一節 福利國家理論回顧 6
第二節 日本福利政策相關文獻 7
第三節 日本托育政策相關文獻 8
第四節 小結 9
第三章 「待機兒童」現象及對策發展 10
第一節 「待機兒童」問題介紹 10
第二節 待機兒童對策沿革 17
第三節 小結 41
第四章 近期日本托育政策 42
第一節 日本近期托育政策 42
第二節 近期待機兒童下降的原因分析 47
第三節 小結 64
第五章 結論 66
第一節 研究發現 66
第二節 研究貢獻 67
第三節 研究限制及未來的研究建議 67
參考文獻 69
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2842052 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109861008en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 待機兒童zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 日本托育政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 福利國家困境zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 後工業化壓力zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiki Jidouen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Japanese childcare policyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Welfare state dilemmaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Post-industrial pressureen_US
dc.title (題名) 從「待機兒童」現象看日本社會福利發展困境zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Welfare State Dilemma of Japan: From "Taiki Jidou" Phenomenonen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bonoli, Giuliano. 2013. The Origins of Active Social Policy: Labour Market and Childcare Policies in a Comparative Perspective. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Esping-Anderson, Gosta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Holloway, Susan D., and Ayumi Nagase. 2013. “Child Rearing in Japan” In: Parenting Across Cultures: Childrearing, Motherhood and Fatherhood in Non-Western Cultures, ed. Helaine Selin. New York, NY: Springer.
Kwon, Huck-Ju. 1998. “Democracy and the Politics of Social Welfare: A Comparative Analysis of Welfare Systems in East Asia.” In The East Asian Welfare Model: Welfare Orientalism and the State, eds. Roger Goodman, Gordon White, and Huck-ju Kwon. New York, NY: Routledge. Pp: 27–74.
Lee, Grace H. Y., and Sing-ping Lee. 2014. “Childcare Availability, Fertility and Female Labor Force Participation in Japan” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 32: 71-85.
Peng, Ito. 2002. “Social Care in Crisis: Gender, Demography, and Welfare State Restructuring in Japan.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 9(3): 411-443.
Peng, Ito. 2004. “Postindustrial Pressures, Political Regime Shifts, and Social Policy Reform in Japan and South Korea.” Journal of East Asian Studies 4(3): 389-425.
Pierson, Paul. 2000. “Post-Industrial Pressures on Mature Welfare States.” In The New Politics of the Welfare State, ed. Paul Pierson. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Suzuki, Emi and Haruna Kashiwase. 2019. “The Curse of the Fire-Horse: How Superstition Impacted Fertility Rates in Japan.” https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/curse-fire-horse-how-superstition-impacted-fertility-rates-japan. (Accessed on March 1, 2022).
日本內閣府,2001,〈仕事と子育ての両立支援策の方針について〉,https://www.gender.go.jp/kaigi/danjo_kaigi/kosodate/130706.html,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本內閣府,2005,《平成17年版 少子化社会白書》,https://www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shoushika/whitepaper/measures/w-2005/17pdfhonpen/pdf/h2040100.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本內閣府,2009,《平成21年版 少子化社会白書》,https://www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shoushika/whitepaper/measures/w-2009/21pdfhonpen/pdf/b1_2_01.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本內閣府,2015,〈認定こども園4類型の比較〉,https://www.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/_res/projects/default_project/_page_/001/005/425/05_handbook4.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本內閣府,2016,〈共働き等世帯数の推移〉,https://www.gender.go.jp/about_danjo/whitepaper/h28/zentai/html/zuhyo/zuhyo01-03-01.html,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本内閣府,2010,〈「 子ども・子育てビジョン」 別添2 施策に関する数値目標〉, https://www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shoushika/family/vision/pdf/b2.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本内閣府,2018,〈第3次少子化社会対策大綱進捗状況〉, https://www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shoushika/meeting/taikou_4th/k_1/pdf/ref3.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本外務省,2001,〈第151回国会における小泉総理大臣所信表明演説〉,https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/bluebook/2002/gaikou/html/siryou/sr_01_03.html,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本民主黨,2009,〈民主党の政権政策〉,http://archive.dpj.or.jp/special/manifesto2009/pdf/manifesto_2009.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生省,1985,〈第45回人口問題審議会総会配付資料〉,https://www.ipss.go.jp/history/shingikai/data/J000008922.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生省,2000,〈緊急保育対策等5か年事業の実績〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/www1/topics/hoiku/tp0807-1_18.html,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2008,〈「新待機児童ゼロ作戦」について〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/shingi/2008/08/dl/s0827-5b_0002.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。

日本厚生勞動省,2011,〈平成22年度 総合評価書「子ども・子育て応援プラン」について〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/wp/seisaku/jigyou/10sougou/dl/b.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2016,〈待機児童の定義の変遷〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11901000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-Soumuka/0000137591.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2017,〈保育所等利用待機児童数調査に関する検討のとりまとめ〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/shingi2/0000159935.html,查閱時間:2022/03/01。
日本厚生勞動省,2020,〈令和2年 地域児童福祉事業等調査結果の概況〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11920000/000843669.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2021,《社会福祉施設等調査:結果の概要》,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/list/23-22c.html,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2022a,〈令和4年4月の待機児童数調査のポイント〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11922000/000979629.pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2022b,〈保育所等関連状況取りまとめ(令和4年4月1日)〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_27446.html,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本厚生勞動省,2022c,〈保育士の有効求人倍率の推移(全国)〉,https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/R2.11..pdf,查閱時間:2022/08/26。
日本國稅廳,2021,〈歳出~社会保障関係費~〉,https://www.nta.go.jp/taxes/kids/hatten/page04.htm,查閱時間:2021/04/19。
王舒芸,2014,〈門裡門外誰照顧、平價普及路迢迢?臺灣嬰兒照顧政策之體制內涵分析〉,《台灣社會研究季刊》,96:49-93。
王舒芸,2021,〈109年度托育公共及準公共化政策效益評估期末報告〉,衛生福利部社會及家庭署委託研究計畫,計畫編號:A109029,台北:衛生福利部社會及家庭署。
李佩芳,2017,〈日本公共年金制度之所得保障問題與觀察〉,《臺灣社會福利學刊》,13(2):79-116。
李易駿、古允文,2003,〈另一個福利世界?東亞發展型福利體制初探〉,《臺灣社會學刊》,31:189-241。
沈龍安,2016,〈從日本學前幼兒教育論述台灣幼托整合政策之實施〉,《學校行政》,106:83-102。
辛炳隆、林昭禎,2018,〈銀色風暴下的高齡就業對策:借鏡日本「延後退休」施行經驗〉,《政大勞動學報》,30:99-133。
林淑馨 2020,〈社會福利民營化與市場化:以日本介護保險制度為例〉,《公共行政學報》,58:89-126。
翁麗芳,2013,〈少子化日本的幼兒教育改革-幼托的分合爭議與優質人材培育〉,《教育資料與研究》,111:55-98。
翁麗芳、塘利枝子,2011,〈少子化日本的育兒:從「待機兒童」問題探討當代日本的托教政策與實際〉,《臺灣社會福利學刊》,9(2):135-183。
産経新聞,2022,〈安倍首相、待機児童問題「万全を期す」 ひたすら低姿勢に転換〉,https://www.sankei.com/article/20160314-DJSPYGA2JFM6ZJEDU4VRWIF2FQ/3/,查閱時間:2022/03/01。
湯京平,2012,〈個案研究〉,《社會及行為科學研究法二:質性研究法》,瞿海源、畢恆達、劉長萱與楊國樞主編,241-270,台北:東華。
楊鈞池,2006,《從「派閥均衡」到「官邸主導」-1990 年代日本政治體制改革之分析》,台北:翰蘆。
葉崇揚,2018,〈年金自由化?-日本企業年金體系的制度變遷〉,《人文及社會科學集刊》,30(3):349-393。
福士輝美,2017,〈待機児童対策の 20 年と現在の課題〉,《レファレンス》,794:1-28。
鄭力軒,2022,〈政策論述與日本少子化對策的演化〉,《人文及社會科學集刊》,34(2):271-313。
zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202201721en_US