學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 工作分享對我國女性就業影響之探討
A Study on the Impact of Job Sharing on Women’s Employment in Taiwan作者 吳佳玲
Wu, Chia-Ling貢獻者 成之約
吳佳玲
Wu, Chia-Ling關鍵詞 工作分享
女性就業
彈性工作
工作與生活平衡
Job sharing
Female employment
Flexible work arrangement
Work-life balance日期 2022 上傳時間 5-Jan-2023 15:21:05 (UTC+8) 摘要 工作分享為彈性工作的一環，惟與部分工時等彈性工作型態相比，工作分享之職務源自於一全職工作，使工作者享有較穩定的就業安全與保障。而透過文獻參考歐洲與澳洲等國工作分享之實際情形，其不僅替工作者帶來工作與生活平衡，有利個人生涯規劃，更得提升企業的工作負荷量，確保職務得持續運作。此外，工作分享之工作者以女性為大宗，且其多被應用於女性背負家庭照顧責任、妊娠，和結束產假等時期。有鑑於此，基於家庭責任為影響我國女性就業之主因，工作分享能否作為促進我國女性就業之對策，為值得深入探討之議題。目前我國無論是學界或業界對於工作分享之討論仍有限，而政府亦無釋出工作分享之法令與就業政策，因此本研究藉由文獻回顧之方式，借鏡歐洲各國與澳洲工作分享之實際做法，並透過深度訪談，了解目前我國勞動市場已存有的工作分享案例，以作為未來發展之參考，並進一步予以分析與建議。綜合文獻與訪談結果，本研究發現：（1）我國勞雇雙方普遍缺乏對工作分享之認識；（2）目前我國已存有的工作分享案例，實則普遍以傳統部分工時之方式運行，使勞雇雙方未能完全享有工作分享之效益；（3）澳洲與歐洲各國已有針對工作分享訂定法令、制定就業政策與施行指引之作法；（4）工作分享得做為未來促進我國女性就業之對策。綜上，本研究建議政府相關單位：（1）重視彈性工作可能替勞工帶來之負面影響；（2）開放勞工於育嬰留職停薪期間，得以部分工時、工作分享等彈性工作型態就業；（3）訂定工作分享之施行指引，以明確其內容與做法；（4）協助規劃工作分享的人力平台，促進勞雇間的雙向交流；（5）減輕事業單位規劃工作分享之成本，提供獎助津貼與個別指導。另外，基於工作分享於我國之發展，主要仍受限於勞雇雙方之意願，因此本文建議勞方應改變既有對部分工時之觀念，就個人狀態與需求，針對部分工時或工作分享所能帶來之影響予以評估後，將其視為全職工作以外的另一種就業選擇；而對企業之建議則包含：（1）提升管理階層對工作分享之認知；（2）就組織內部進行檢視，區分工作分享與部分工時之安排；（3）落實工作分享之內涵，強化工作分享者間之合作關係，視其為全職工作者，並予以就業安全與保障。上述作法將有助於工作分享之落實，促使勞雇雙方進一步享有工作分享之效益。
Being a part of flexible work arrangements, job sharing can lead better employment security to employees compared to part-time. Through literature review, job sharing not only brings employees work-life balance, benefits personal career development, but also makes position full coverage by job shares to increase company’s workloads. Furthermore, job sharing is generally used when employees are responsible for family caring, pregnancy, and the end of maternity leave. The above situation causes that the majority of job shares are women.Female labor force participation rate in Taiwan is lower than most of advanced countries, this’s the reason why the government of Taiwan dedicates to building fair and flexible workplaces, encouraging women to enter the labor market. Refer to the situation of job sharing between European countries and Australia, it allows women to spend time with their family and retain the level of their full-time work in the same time. Therefore, this study is trying to find out if job sharing can promote female employment in Taiwan., and also gather the existing job sharing cases from companies by interviews.In summary, this study has found that there is a lack of awareness of job sharing between employers and employees in Taiwan；secondly, although there are some job sharing cases in Taiwan, companies generally operate it in traditional part-time mode, so that both employers and employees cannot fully have whole benefits of job sharing; thirdly, Australia and European countries have enacted law, formulated policies and guideline about job sharing；finally, job sharing should be regarded as a measure to promote the employment of women in Taiwan.Hence, this study suggests that government should pay attention to the possible negative impacts of flexible work arrangements on employees；secondly, allow employees to continue to work in flexible work patterns such as part time and job sharing arrangement during the period of parental leave；thirdly, formulate the guideline to clarify the definition of job sharing；fourth, provide the incentive scheme about job sharing to companies；finally, build the job matching platforms to enhance open communication of labor market. On the other hand, this study also recommends employers and employees to reinforce the concepts of job sharing；secondly, try to distinguish the difference between traditional part-time and job sharing arrangement. Once companies definitely implement job sharing, it will bring out the most maximum benefits to both employers and employees.參考文獻 第一節 中文文獻壹、期刊與專書丁玉珍（2009），中高齡者失業問題分析與因應策略，臺灣勞工季刋，20，頁30-41。王素灣（2019），各國女性勞動力開發之國際經驗借鏡，台灣勞工季刊，57，頁4-15。吳美連、賈文靜、呂純純（1997），育有學齡期兒童已婚婦女之勞動再參與研究，中原學報， 25（2），頁1-9。吳惠林、杜英儀（2014），改善我國中高齡與高齡者勞動參與之因應對策，勞動部計畫，PG10401 0347。周兆昱（2011），部分工時勞工保護立法芻議，臺北大學法學論叢，78，頁181-215。林少疆（2009），引進國外解決就業難問題的工作分享方式，經濟導刊，10，頁29-30。林佳和（2010），勞動彈性化的社會衝擊-以非典型勞動為例，台灣勞工季刊，23，頁41-50。林炫秋（2011），瑞士部分工時勞動契約法治及其對我國的啟示，政大法學評論，122，頁297-383林淑惠（2013），我國非典型勞工退休經濟安全研究，北市教大社教學報，12，頁259-290。林淑慧（2017），鐵板一塊-中高齡婦女勞動參與的自我和環境防禦現象，勞資關係論叢，19，2，頁69-87。林淑慧、馬財專（2015），提升中高齡婦女勞動參與政策之可行性研究，行政院性別平等處委託計畫，PG10410-0037。林逸凡、陳雅雯（2017），提升我國女性勞動參與之研究分析，國家發展委員會人力規劃及發展研究報告，17，頁169-201。林曉嬋、樓玉梅（2018），我國勞動力參與率之預測及分析，國家發展委員會人力規劃及發展研究報告，18，頁121-160。胡愈寧、張菁芬（2003），促進婦女就業之研究，育達研究叢刊，5&6，頁15-26。凌澤生（2018），各國非典型勞動者保障制度之研究與啟示，國家發展委員會人力發展處報告，取自：https：//ws.ndc.gov.tw/001/administrator/10/relfile/0/13692/10bbc7e2-50fa-4115-926c-fe1a20a50110.pdf，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。袁方、林萬億（2002），社會研究方法，五南出版。馬財專（2010），臺灣中高齡勞工失業問題之檢視及政策思考，臺灣社會福利學刊，9（1），頁45-95。馬財專、藍科正、吳啟新、林淑慧、林晉勗、黃春長、鄭淑芳、劉又升、陳威穎（2019），中高齡及高齡者重返職場之探索，勞動及職業安全衛生研究季刊，27（2），頁133- 148。張芳華（2012），全球化下台灣部分工時工作決定因素與趨勢之探討，台灣勞動評論，4（1），頁43-88。張烽益（2013），台灣部分工時者的困境，新社會政策，27，頁2-4。郭振昌（2017），跨世代間工作分享的可能模式與展望，新社會政策，50，頁26-31。游美惠、王百合（2007），已婚女性代課教師不連續就業之歷程探究，教育與社會研究，14，頁119-152。黃舜卿（2014），人口結構老化下之我國高齡者就業政策探討，台灣經濟論衡，12（7），頁109-125。黃煥榮（2019），以電傳勞動促進工作生活平衡-兼論芬蘭的經驗與啟示，台灣勞工季刊，57，頁86-96。楊玉如、王雅雲（2019），我國女性勞動情勢及友善職場概況，台灣勞工季刊，57，頁16-31。楊通軒（1999），我國部分時間勞動法律問題之探討-兼論德國之部分時間勞動法制，中正大學法學集刊，2，頁287-310。萬文隆（2004），深度訪談在質性研究中的應用，生活科技教育月刊，37（4），頁17-23。廖芳綿、魏惠娟（2018），探索中高齡女性再就業之需求，國立屏東大學學報，2，頁75-109。廖振宇（2009），工作分享-緩解經濟危機下大學生的就業壓力，現代商業，6C，頁280-281。劉侑學、王舒芸（2019），建立我國調和工作與家庭衝突之友善勞動環境，國土及公共治理季刊，7（1），頁32-44。劉梅君（2008），性別與就業：前瞻與省思-兼檢討部分時問工作、育兒照顧政策及玻璃天花板現象，研考雙月刊，32（4），頁54-66。劉梅君（2010），部分工时：工作家庭平衡？或性别陷阱？，中華女子學院學報，22（6），頁29-34。蔡依恬（2016），女性婚育後未再就業之分析，經濟前瞻，167，頁87-91。鄭津津（2007），我國婦女就業權益保護與就業障礙排除之探討，台灣勞工雙月刊，8，頁33-41。龍萍（2009），運用工作分享制理念實現企業績效管理新轉變，華東交通大學學報，26（3），頁132-135。魏俊民（2003），台灣與德國工作時間制度之比較，中原大學財經法律學系碩士論文，頁134。譚文玲（2019），兩性勞動收入差距在職涯中逐漸擴大的原因，台灣勞工季刊，57，頁68-85。貳、政府官方資訊行政院主計總處（2020a），109年人力資源調查性別專題分析，取自：https：//www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=41112&ctNode=516&mp=4，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。行政院主計總處（2020b），婦女婚育與就業調查報告，取自：https：//www.stat.gov.tw/np.asp?ctNode=1841，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。行政院主計總處（2021a），臺灣地區勞動力按年齡與教育程度，取自：https：//www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=37135&ctNode=517&mp=4，最後瀏覽日即：2022年10月28日。行政院主計總處（2022a），110年人力運用調查統計結果，取自：https：//www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=48402&ctNode=5624，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。行政院主計總處（2022b），110年人力資源調查性別專題分析（含國際比較），取自：https：//www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=33341&ctNode=6135&mp=4，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。行政院性別平等委員會（2008），婦女政策白皮書，取自：https：//gec.ey.gov.tw/Page/1A363D2F7C4A4365?page=1&K=%e5%a9%a6%e5%a5%b3%e5%8b%9e%e5%8b%95&M=S，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。行政院性別平等會（2020），首次生產婦女之平均年齡、初婚者之年齡平均數，取自：https：//www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/Stat_Statistics_DetailData.aspx?sn=lT4902z3YmLGBZadLKLSzQ%40%40，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。國家發展委員會（2018），從婚姻關係來看我國女性就業與生育變化及其政策意涵，取自：https：//www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/Stat_AnalysisReport_Content.aspx?s=t5hq5KH05C6vYq9IzAuByA%3D%3D，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。國家發展委員會（2021），2020年主要國家女性勞動力參與率，取自：https：//www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=29841AE05DB47DEF，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部（2019），勞動部統計通報，取自：https：//www.mol.gov.tw/1607/2458/2476/lpsimplelist，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部（2021a），109年部分工時勞工就業實況調查報告，取自：https：//statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/svy09/0921all.pdf，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部（2021b），中高齡及高齡統計報告，取自：https：//www.mol.gov.tw/1607/2458/2494/43308/nodelist，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。。勞動部（2022a），勞動力狀況，取自：https：//www.mol.gov.tw/statistics/2452/2465/#，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部（2022b），國際勞動統計，取自：https：//www.mol.gov.tw/1607/2458/2464/2470/statisticalReportList，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部（2022c），僱用部分時間工作勞工應行注意事項，取自：https：//www.mol.gov.tw/1607/28162/28166/28240/，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部(無日期)，婦出江湖-職能精進徵選，取自：https：//www.mol.gov.tw/1607/1632/1633/45243/，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部工作與生活平衡網(無日期)，取自：https：//wlb.mol.gov.tw/Page/index.aspx，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動統計查詢網(無日期)，育嬰留職停薪津貼核付情形，取自: https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/statis/jspProxy.aspx?sys=210&kind=21&type=1&funid=q06052&rdm=0k9trneq，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。第二節 外文文獻壹、期刊與專書Arora, S.& Kumari, N.（2021）, The future of work：Career reentry programs for women in the workforce, Organization Development Journal, 39（4）, 21-33Ashoush, M. A., Abdelrahman, A.& Younis, R.（2015）, Flexible work arrangements：Related topics and directions, Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 7（1）, 36-46Aufenanger, S. J.（2008）, Effect of household structure on family-friendly benefit utilization Implications for organizational attraction and workplace withdrawal behaviors of federal government employ（Order No. 3311928）, Available from Accounting, Tax & Banking Collection.Branine, M.（2004）, Job sharing and equal opportunities under the new public management in local authorities. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17（2）, 136-152Brocklebank, J.& Whitehouse, H.（2003）, Job sharing in academic libraries at the senior management level：experiences of job sharing at deputy and director level. Library management.Bryan, M. L.& Sevilla, A.（2017）, Flexible working in the UK and its impact on couples time coordination. Review of Economics of the Household, 15（4）, 1415-1437Cermak. J., Howard. R., Jeeves, J.& Ubaldi, N.（2017）, Women in leadership Lessons from Australian companies leading the way, retrieved from：https：//www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/gender-equality/women-in-leadership-lessons-from-australian-companies-leading-the-way, last visited：October. 28, 2022Chalmers, J., Campbell, I.& Charlesworth, S.（2005）, Part-time work and caring responsibilities in Australia：Towards an assessment of job quality, Labour & Industry：a journal of the social and economic relations of work, 15（3）, 41-66.Chung, H.（2018）, Future Of Work and Flexible Working In Estonia-The case of employee friendly flexibility, WAF Project, retrieved from：https：//wafproject.org/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Crampton, S.& Mishra, J.（2005）, Job Sharing：A Viable Work Alternative for the New Millennium. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 10（2）, 13–34Daniels, L.（2011）, The job share project- job sharing at senior level：making it work, Capability Jane research report, retrieved from：https：//thejo bshareproject.com/3434hjkv97fgb378fbv/jobsharefullreport.pdf l, last visited：October,28, 2022Daniels, L.（2016）, The Person’s Relating to Others at Work Questionnaire（PROWQ）：A Modified Version of the PROQ Applied to Job Sharing at Senior Levels in the Workplace, In Relating Theory–Clinical and Forensic Applications, 123-135Del, B. D., Noemi, O., Paola, P.& Rossi, M.（2020）, Women’s and men’s work, housework and childcare, before and during COVID-19, Review of Economics of the Household, 18（4）, 1001-1017.Dilmaghani, M.（2021）, There is a time and a place for work：Comparative evaluation of flexible work arrangements in canada. International Journal of Manpower,42（1）, 167-192.Dixon, R., Zhang, J.& Vassel, R.（2020）, Reimagining Job Sharing, University of New South Wales, retrieved from：https：//apo.org.au/node/277446, last visited：October. 28, 2022Dizaho, E. K., Salleh, R.& Abdullah, A,（2017）, Achieveing Work Life Balance Through Flexible Work Schedules and Arrangements. Global Business & Management Research, 9（1）,455-465.Douglas, H.& Shaw, P.（2018）, Job-sharing：A Model for the Future Workplace?, Praesta Insights Publications, retrieved from：https：//static1.squarespace.com/static/58e7c3ff1b631b931204a16d/t/5bb6171071c10ba3be0244bc/1538660116139/job_sharing_2018_web.pdf, last visited：October. 28, 2022Edwin, I. M.（2020）, Job Sharing and Organizational Performance of Telecommunication Companies in Rivers State, Nigeria, International Journal of Innovative Social Sciences & Humanities Research, 8（1）, 92-100.Gholipour, A., Bod, M., Zehtabi, M., Pirannejad, A.& Kozekanan, S. F.（2010）, The feasibility of job sharing as a mechanism to balance work and life of female entrepreneurs, International Business Research, 3（3）, 133-140Gulyás, L.（2015）, A possible tool of enhancing employment rate：job sharing, theory and" best practicies" of Hungary. Taylor, 7（1-2）, 211-218.Hupkau, C.& Ruiz-Valenzuela, J.（2022）, Work and children in spain：Challenges and opportunities for equality between men and women. SERIEs, 13（1-2）, 243-268Hyatt, E.& Coslor, E.（2018）, Compressed lives：How "flexible" are employer-imposed compressed work schedules? Personnel Review, 47（2）, 278-293Jacobsen, D. I.（2000）, Managing increased part-time：Does part-time work imply part-time commitment? Managing Service Quality, 10（3）, 187-200.József, H.（2017）, A munkakör megosztásról：tandem-munkavégzés, Miskolci Jogi Szemle,12（2）, 154-170Kalson, A.（2017）, Special Job-Sharing Regulation A Promoter of Flexible Working,Juridica International, 26, 85-93.Krone-Germann,I, Chambrier,A., Humber,M. & Zhou,R.（2020）, Job And Top Sharing Two Professionals For The Price Of One, PTO Association publication.Kyzlinkov R., Pojer, P. and Veverkov S.（2018）, New forms of employment in the Czech Republic, Research Institute for Labour and Social AffairsMalabi, N. J.（2015）, A phenomenology of communication and decision-making among head nurses and staff nurses in a managerial job-sharing unit. Health Science Journal, 1（10）, 224-235.Mandleco, B.（2010）, Women in academia What can be done to help women achieve tenure Forum on Public Policy Online, 2010（5）, 1-13.Marica, M. E.（2020a）, Aspecte legate de job sharing – o noua forma de prestare a muncii. Revista Romana De Dreptul Muncii,（2）, 36-42.Marica, M. E.（2020b）, Employee sharing：a new type of employment, opportune in a globalized context,In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 14（1）,1187-1195McDaid, C.（1998）, Job sharing：the career experiences of women primary teachers, Thesis form the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute of Education University of StirlingMerlin, M. S.& Agarwal, B.（2019）, Support perceptions, flexible work options and career outcomes：A study of working women at the threshold of motherhood in india. Gender in Management,34（4）, 254-286.Olmsted, B.（1979）, Job sharing：an emerging work-style. Int`l Lab. Rev., 118, 283-297Olson, M. H.（1983）, Remote office work：changing work patterns in space and time. Communications of the ACM, 26（3）, 182-187.Pickering, C.（2022）, Australian Job Sharing Surged During Pandemic Lockdowns, retrieved from：https://www.hiringlab.org/au/blog/2022/03/08/job-sharing-surged-during-lockdowns/,last visited：October. 28, 2022Rogers, K. C.& Finks, S. W.（2009）, Job sharing for women pharmacists in academia. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 73（7）, Article 135.Russell, H., O`Connell, P. J.& McGinnity, F.（2009）, The impact of flexible working arrangements on work–life conflict and work pressure in Ireland. Gender, Work & Organization, 16（1）, 73-97.Sachs, S.（1994）, Balancing work and family through flexible work options. monograph. volume 9, number 1., 1-10Scandura, T. A.& Lankau, M. J.（1997）, Relationships of gender, family responsibility and flexible work hours to organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior：The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 18（4）, 377-391.Švec, M.（2021）, Sdílené pracovní místo jako forma flexibilního zaměstnání, Západočeská univerzita v Plzni diplomová práceThakur, M., Bansal, A.& Maini, R.（2018）, Job sharing as a tool for flexible work systems：Creating opportunities for housewives in the Indian labor market, Gender in Management, 33（5）, 350-366Tomlinson, J.& Durbin, S.（2010）, Female part-time managers：Work-life balance, aspirations and career mobility. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion：An International Journal, 29（3）, 255-270.Vodičková, M. & Šudoma, O.（2021）, Sdílené pracovní místo, retrieved from：https：//www.praceamzda.cz/clanky/sdilene-pracovni-misto, last visited：October. 28, 2022Watton, E., Stables, S.& Kempster, S.（2019）, How job sharing can lead to more women achieving senior leadership roles in higher education：A UK study. Social Sciences, 8（7）, 209-220Whittock, M., Edwards, C., McLaren, S.& Robinson, O.（2002）, The tender trap：gender, part‐time nursing and the effects of family‐friendly policies on career advancement, Sociology of health & illness, 24（3）, 305-326.Workplace Flexibility 2010（2006）, Flexible Work Arrangements：A Definition and Examples, Georgetown University Law Center memos and Fact Sheets, 10,1-4.Yerkes, M.（2009）, Part-time work in the dutch welfare state：The ideal combination of work and care? Policy and Politics, 37（4）, 535-552.貳、各國政府與國際組織資訊Acas（2015）, guide to flexible working and work-life balance, retrieved from：https：//www.acas.org.uk/flexible-working-and-work-life-balance, last visited：October. 28, 2022Australian Government Fair Work Ombudsman（n.d.）, Requests for flexible working arrangements, retrieved from：https：//www.fairwork.gov.au/tools-and-resources/fact-sheets/minimum-workplace-entitlements/requests-for-flexible-working-arrangements, last visited October. 28, 2022Austrialian Bureau Of Statistic（2020）, Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation, retrieved from：https：//www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/barriers-and-incentives-labour-force-participation-australia/2018-19, last visited October. 28, 2022Austrialian Bureau of Statistic（2022）, Labour Force, retrieved from：https：//www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release, last visited October. 28, 2022BBC（2018）, Jonathan Bartley and Sian Berry elected Green Party co-leaders, retrieved from：https：//www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-45409060, last visited：October. 28, 2022CIPD（2019）, Flexible working in the UK, retrieved from：https：//www.cipd.co.uk/knowledge/work/trends/flexible-working#gref, last visited October. 28, 2022Clark, M.（2017）, Job sharing IS possible at ANY level, retrieved from：https：//hmrcdigital.blog.gov.uk/2017/10/05/job-sharing-is-possible-at-any-level/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Eurofound（2013）, Hungary：Young people and temporary employment in Europe, retrieved from：https：//www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/comparative-information/national-contributions/hungary/hungary-young-people-and-temporary-employment-in-europe, last visited：October. 28, 2022Eurofound（2016）, New forms of employment Employee sharing, Hungary. Case study 15：Policy analysis, retrieved from：https：//www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/page/field_ef_documents/15_hungary.pdf, last visited：October. 28, 2022Eurofound（2020a）, Czechia：Latest developments in working life Q4 2019, retrieved from：https：//www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/article/2020/czechia-latest-developments-in-working-life-q4-2019, last visited：October. 28, 2022Eurofound（2020b）, New forms of employment：2020 update, Publications Office of the European Union, retrieved from：https：//www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2020/new-forms-of-employment-2020-update, last visited October. 28, 2022Eurofound（2021）, Industrial relations and social dialogue-Czechia：Working life in the COVID-19 pandemic 2020, retrieved from：https：//www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/wpef21011.pdf, last visited：October.28, 2022Eurofound（2022）, Job sharing, retrieved from https：//www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/industrial-relations-dictionary/job-sharing-0, last visited October. 28, 2022European Public Employment Services（2019）, 43 million people across the EU are in part-time employment, retrieved from：https：//www.pesnetwork.eu/2019/11/05/lmb5-part-time-employment/, last visited October. 28, 2022Eurostat statistics explained（2022a）, Employment - quarterly statistics, retrieved from：https：//ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Employment_-_quarterly_statistics&oldid=569512#Part-time_employment：_a_female_specificity, last visited October. 28, 2022Eurostat statistics explained（2022b）, People outside the labour force, retrieved from：https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=People_outside_the_labour_force, last visited October. 28, 2022Federation University Australia（2014）, Job Split, Job Share, Job Support Toolkit and Case Studies, retrieved from：https：//federation.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/5485/Job-split-share-toolkit.pdf, last visited：October,28, 2022Forrester, S.（2017）, Caroline Lucas：Let MPs Job-Share and Work Part-Time, retrieved from：https：//www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/caroline-lucas-let-mps-job-share-and-work-part-time_uk_59ae91cfe4b0dfaafcf26f0b, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gemini3（2019）, In partnership with Gemini3-the NSW has launched a job share platform pilot to enable more employees to work flexibly, retrieved from：https：//gemini3.com.au/in-partnership-with-gemini3-the-nsw-government-has-launched-a-job-share-platform-pilot-to-enable-more-employees-to-work-flexibly/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.ie（2022）, Job Sharing Scheme for teachers and special needs assistants（SNAs）, retrieved from：https：//www.gov.ie/en/service/aa5d83-job-sharing/, last visited October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（2016）, Sharing and showcasing – what the Job Share and Alternative Working Network have been up to, retrieved from：https：//civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2016/10/06/sharing-and-showcasing-what-the-civil-service-job-share-network-has-been-up-to/#, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（2017）, What are the benefits of Job Sharing compared to working Part Time or Full Time?, retrieved from：https：//www.civilservicejobshare.service.gov.uk/resources/what-are-benefits-job-sharing-compared-working-part-time-or-full-time , last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（2019）, Job sharing："Two heads are better than one", retrieved from：https：//civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2019/05/23/job-sharing-two-heads-are-better-than-one/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（2020a）, Celebrating Civil Service flexible working staff networks – past and present, retrieved from：https：//civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2020/05/13/celebrating-civil-service-flexible-working-staff-networks-past-and-present/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（2020b）, Civil Service Employee Policy：guide to job sharing, retrieved from：https：//www.gov.uk/government/publications/civil-service-employee-policy-guide-to-job-sharing, last visited：October.28, 2022Gov.UK（2021）, Making flexible working the default, retrieved from：https：//www.gov.uk/government/consultations/making-flexible-working-the-default, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（n.d.-a）, Flexible working, retrieved from：https：//www.gov.uk/flexible-working/applying-for-flexible-working, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（n.d.-b）, Types of flexible working, retrieved from：https：//www.GOV.UK/flexible-working/types-of-flexible-working, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（n.d.-c）, What are the benefits of Job Sharing compared to working part time or full time?, retrieved from：https：//www.civilservicejobshare.service.gov.uk/resources/what-are-benefits-job-sharing-compared-working-part-time-or-full-time , last visited：October. 28, 2022Green party（2017）, Caroline Lucas：Job sharing could invigorate an archaic Westminster, retrieved from：https：//www.greenparty.org.uk/news/2017/09/11/caroline-lucas-job-sharing-could-invigorate-an-archaic-westminster/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Hammermann,A., Schmidt, J.& Stettes, O.（2019）, Unternehmensmonitor Familienfreundlichkeit 2019, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln, retrieved from：https：//www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/service/publikationen/unternehmensmonitor-familienfreundlichkeit-2019-138444?view=, last visited October. 28, 2022ILO（1994）, Part-Time Work Convention（No. 175）, retrieved from：https：//www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB：12100：0：：NO：：P12100_ILO_CODE：C175, last visited：October. 28, 2022ILO（2004a）, Work-sharing and job-sharing, Information Sheet No. WT-17, Conditions of Work and Employment Programme（Geneva）, retrieved from：https：//www.ilo.org/travail/info/fs/WCMS_169673/lang--en/index.htm, last visited：October. 28, 2022ILO（2004b）, Making work arrangements more family-friendly, retrieved from：https：//www.ilo.org/travail/info/fs/WCMS_170712/lang--en/index.htm, last visited：October. 28, 2022ILO（2004c）, Facts on part-time work, retrieved from：https：//www.ilo.org/travail/info/fs/WCMS_170717/lang--en/index.htm, last visited：October. 28, 2022ILO（2010）, Policy Brief 18, retrieved from：https：//www.ilo.org/jobspact/policy/policy-briefs/WCMS_146815/lang--en/index.htm, last visited：October. 5, 2021ILO（2019）, Policies- initiatives and tools to promote women’s economic empowerment in the world of work in Canada, retrieved from：https：//www.ilo.org/global/docs/WCMS_770336/lang--en/index.htm, last visited：October. 28, 2022ILOSTA（2022）, labour supply, retrieved from：https：//ilostat.ilo.org/, last visited October. 28, 2022Lloyds banking group（n.d.）, Job sharing at Lloyds, retrieved from：https：//www.timewisejobs.co.uk/minisites/lloyds-banking-group/job-sharing-at-lloyds-/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Marks & Spencer（2021）, Karen and Vicky are proud to be working mums who job share a senior role in HR, retrieved from：https：//jobs.marksandspencer.com/job-share-has-not-held-us-back, last visited：October. 28, 2022Middleton, C.& Harriford, R.（2022）, To share or not to share, that is the question, retrieved from：https：//civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2022/03/10/to-share-or-not-to-share-that-is-the-question/, last visited October. 28, 2022Monash University（2019）, Dare to（job）share, retrieved from：https：//www.monash.edu/news/internal/internal-articles/dare-to-job-share, last visited：October. 28, 2022Monash University（2021）, Flexible work guidelines, retrieved from：https：//www.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1437331/FWA-Guidelines.pdf, last visited：October. 28, 2022NHF Fife（2018）, Job Share Policy, retrieved from：https：//www.nhsfife.org/about-us/policies-and-procedures/hr-policies-and-procedures/hr-policies/job-share-policy/, last visited October. 28, 2022NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde（2007）, Board Job Share Policy., retrieved from：https：//www.nhsggc.scot/staff-recruitment/hrconnect/policies-and-staff-governance/polices/rostering-job-share-and-uniform-policy/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Nidirect government service（n.d.）, Part-time work, retrieved from：https：//www.nidirect.GOV.UK/articles/part-time-work, last visited：October. 28, 2022NSW（2020）, Job Share Guide HR & Recruiters, retrieved from：https：//www.psc.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-10/Job-Share-Guide-for-HR-and-Recruiters.pdf, last visited：October. 28, 2022NSW（n.d.-a）, Job share for employees, retrieved from：https：//www.psc.nsw.gov.au/culture-and-inclusion/flexible-working/working-flexibly-resources-for-employees/job-share-for-employees#job-share-planning-tool, last visited：October. 28, 2022NSW（n.d.-b）, job share guide for managers, retrieved from：https：//www.psc.nsw.gov.au/culture-and-inclusion/flexible-working/flexible-teams-resources-for-managers/job-share-for-managers, last visited：October. 28, 2022NSW（2021）, People Matter Employee Survey2022, retrieved from：https：//www.psc.nsw.gov.au/reports-and-data/people-matter-employee-survey, Indeed Hiring lab, last visited：October. 28, 2022Marchant, L.（n.d.）, Job share gives Audi Australia the best of Elle Ritson and Beth Holden, retrieved from：https：//fulltimewoman.com.au/job-share-gives-audi-australia-the-best-of-elle-ritson-and-beth-holden/, last visited：October. 28, 2022OECD（2020）, Part-time employment rate, retrieved from：https：//data.oecd.org/emp/part-time-employment-rate.htm, last visited：October. 28, 2022Office for National statistics（2022）, People in employment on zero hours contracts, retrieved from：https：//www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/emp17peopleinemploymentonzerohourscontracts, last visited：October. 28, 2022OPM（n.d.）, Sharing a Job, retrieved from：https：//www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/hiring-information/part-time-and-job-sharing/#url=Sharing-a-Job, last visited：October. 28, 2022PwC（2022）, Women in Work index 2022,PwC publication, retrieved from：https：//www.pwc.co.uk/services/economics/insights/women-in-work-index.html, last visited：October. 28, 2022Queensland government（n.d.）, Managing flexible working arrangements, retrieved from：https：//www.business.qld.gov.au/running-business/employing/employee-rights/flexible/job-sharing, last visited：October.28, 2022Robert Half International（2014）, Jobsharing：Deutschland in Europa Schlusslicht, retrieved from https：//www.roberthalf.de/presse/jobsharing-deutschland-europa-schlusslicht, last visited October. 28, 2022Scottish government（2015）, Supporting the work-life balance pin policy, retrieved from：https：//www.gov.scot/publications/supporting-worklife-balance-partnership-information-network-policies/documents/, last visited October. 28, 2022Scottish government（2018）, Scottish Executive`s policy for job sharing：FOI release retrieved from：https：//www.gov.scot/publications/foi-18-01931/, last visited October. 28, 2022ShareYourJob.com.（2017）, I’m doing the best job in the world, thanks to job sharing, retrieved from：https：//shareyourjob.com/blog/im-doing-the-best-job-in-the-world-thanks-to-job-sharing, last visited：October. 28, 2022The Government of the Republic of Lithuania Ministry of Social Security and Labour（n,d）, Comparison of the previous and the Labour Code that came into force on 1 July 2017, retrieved from：https：//socmin.lrv.lt/en/activities/labour-and-employment/labour-law/comparison-of-the-previous-and-the-labour-code-that-came-into-force-on-1-july-2017, last visited：October. 28, 2022U.S. Department of Labor（n.d.）, Job Sharing, retrieved from：https：//www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/jobsharing, last visited：October. 28, 2022UNICEF（2020）, Guidance for Employers on Flexible Work Arrangements and Other Good Workplace Practices in the Context of COVID-19, retrieved from：https：//www.unicef.org/mongolia/reports/guidance-employers-flexible-work-arrangements-and-other-good-workplace-practices-covid-19, last visited：October. 28, 2022University of Exeter（n.d.）, Job sharing, retrieved from：https：//www.exeter.ac.uk/staff/employment/leave/flexibleworking/staff/job_sharing/#a1, last visited：October. 28, 2022University of Southampton（2013）, Job share policy, retrieved from：https：//www.southampton.ac.uk/hr/services/job-sharing/index.page, last visited：October. 28, 2022University of York（n.d.）, Job share, retrieved from：https：//www.york.ac.uk/admin/hr/policies/appointments-contracts-leavers/job-share/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Walker, T., Caszo,D.& Stanislas,B.（2020）, Our 10 Year Job Share Story’ by Tina & Deanna , retrieved from：https：//civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2020/10/02/our-10-year-job-share-story-by-tina-deanna/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Working Families & Bright Horizons Family Solutions（2019）, Modern Families Index 2019, retrieved from：https：//www.workingfamilies.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/BH_MFI_Report_2019_Full-Report_Final.pdf, last visited：October. 28, 2022Workplace Gender Equality Agency（2021）, Flexible work post-COVID, retrieved from：https：//www.wgea.gov.au/publications/flexible-work-post-covid, last visited：October. 28, 2022Workplace Gender Equality Agency（n.d.）, Flexible work, retrieved from：https：//www.wgea.gov.au/flexible-work, last visited：October. 28 2022World Bank Group（2022a）, Labor force female（% of total labor force）- European Union, retrieved from：https：//data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.FE.ZS?end=2021&locations=EU&name_desc=false&start=2015&view=chart, last visited：October. 28,2022World Bank Group（2022b）, Labor force participation female（% of female population ages 15+）- European Union, retrieved from：https：//data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS?locations=EU&most_recent_value_desc=true,lasr visited：October. 28,2022World Bank Group（2022c）, Part time employment, female（% of total female employment）- European Union, retrieved from：https：//data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.PART.FE.ZS?locations=EU&most_recent_value_desc=true, last visited：October. 28,2022World Bank Group（2022d）, Part time employment, male（% of total male employment）- European Union, retrieved from：https：//data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.PART.MA.ZS?end=2021&locations=EU&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=2016, last visited：October. 28,2022厚生勞動省（2001），ワークシェアリングに関する調査研究報告書，retrieved from：https：//www.mhlw.go.jp/houdou/0104/h0426-4.html，last visited：October. 28,2022 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
勞工研究所
109262001資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109262001 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 成之約 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳佳玲 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu, Chia-Ling en_US dc.creator (作者) 吳佳玲 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Wu, Chia-Ling en_US dc.date (日期) 2022 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-Jan-2023 15:21:05 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-Jan-2023 15:21:05 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Jan-2023 15:21:05 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109262001 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/142901 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 勞工研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 109262001 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 工作分享為彈性工作的一環，惟與部分工時等彈性工作型態相比，工作分享之職務源自於一全職工作，使工作者享有較穩定的就業安全與保障。而透過文獻參考歐洲與澳洲等國工作分享之實際情形，其不僅替工作者帶來工作與生活平衡，有利個人生涯規劃，更得提升企業的工作負荷量，確保職務得持續運作。此外，工作分享之工作者以女性為大宗，且其多被應用於女性背負家庭照顧責任、妊娠，和結束產假等時期。有鑑於此，基於家庭責任為影響我國女性就業之主因，工作分享能否作為促進我國女性就業之對策，為值得深入探討之議題。目前我國無論是學界或業界對於工作分享之討論仍有限，而政府亦無釋出工作分享之法令與就業政策，因此本研究藉由文獻回顧之方式，借鏡歐洲各國與澳洲工作分享之實際做法，並透過深度訪談，了解目前我國勞動市場已存有的工作分享案例，以作為未來發展之參考，並進一步予以分析與建議。綜合文獻與訪談結果，本研究發現：（1）我國勞雇雙方普遍缺乏對工作分享之認識；（2）目前我國已存有的工作分享案例，實則普遍以傳統部分工時之方式運行，使勞雇雙方未能完全享有工作分享之效益；（3）澳洲與歐洲各國已有針對工作分享訂定法令、制定就業政策與施行指引之作法；（4）工作分享得做為未來促進我國女性就業之對策。綜上，本研究建議政府相關單位：（1）重視彈性工作可能替勞工帶來之負面影響；（2）開放勞工於育嬰留職停薪期間，得以部分工時、工作分享等彈性工作型態就業；（3）訂定工作分享之施行指引，以明確其內容與做法；（4）協助規劃工作分享的人力平台，促進勞雇間的雙向交流；（5）減輕事業單位規劃工作分享之成本，提供獎助津貼與個別指導。另外，基於工作分享於我國之發展，主要仍受限於勞雇雙方之意願，因此本文建議勞方應改變既有對部分工時之觀念，就個人狀態與需求，針對部分工時或工作分享所能帶來之影響予以評估後，將其視為全職工作以外的另一種就業選擇；而對企業之建議則包含：（1）提升管理階層對工作分享之認知；（2）就組織內部進行檢視，區分工作分享與部分工時之安排；（3）落實工作分享之內涵，強化工作分享者間之合作關係，視其為全職工作者，並予以就業安全與保障。上述作法將有助於工作分享之落實，促使勞雇雙方進一步享有工作分享之效益。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Being a part of flexible work arrangements, job sharing can lead better employment security to employees compared to part-time. Through literature review, job sharing not only brings employees work-life balance, benefits personal career development, but also makes position full coverage by job shares to increase company’s workloads. Furthermore, job sharing is generally used when employees are responsible for family caring, pregnancy, and the end of maternity leave. The above situation causes that the majority of job shares are women.Female labor force participation rate in Taiwan is lower than most of advanced countries, this’s the reason why the government of Taiwan dedicates to building fair and flexible workplaces, encouraging women to enter the labor market. Refer to the situation of job sharing between European countries and Australia, it allows women to spend time with their family and retain the level of their full-time work in the same time. Therefore, this study is trying to find out if job sharing can promote female employment in Taiwan., and also gather the existing job sharing cases from companies by interviews.In summary, this study has found that there is a lack of awareness of job sharing between employers and employees in Taiwan；secondly, although there are some job sharing cases in Taiwan, companies generally operate it in traditional part-time mode, so that both employers and employees cannot fully have whole benefits of job sharing; thirdly, Australia and European countries have enacted law, formulated policies and guideline about job sharing；finally, job sharing should be regarded as a measure to promote the employment of women in Taiwan.Hence, this study suggests that government should pay attention to the possible negative impacts of flexible work arrangements on employees；secondly, allow employees to continue to work in flexible work patterns such as part time and job sharing arrangement during the period of parental leave；thirdly, formulate the guideline to clarify the definition of job sharing；fourth, provide the incentive scheme about job sharing to companies；finally, build the job matching platforms to enhance open communication of labor market. On the other hand, this study also recommends employers and employees to reinforce the concepts of job sharing；secondly, try to distinguish the difference between traditional part-time and job sharing arrangement. Once companies definitely implement job sharing, it will bring out the most maximum benefits to both employers and employees. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 IIAbstract III目次 IV圖次 VI表次 VI第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與目的 1第二節 研究方法 3第三節 研究範圍與限制 4第四節 研究流程與章節安排 5第二章 工作分享之概念與影響 8第一節 工作分享之定義與型態 8第二節 彈性就業與工作分享 15第三節 工作分享之規劃與影響 20第四節 小結 29第三章 各國工作分享之實務應用與規範 30第一節 歐洲工作分享之施行概況 30第二節 澳洲工作分享之施行概況 54第三節 我國工作分享之施行概況 60第四節 小結 73第四章 研究發現與分析 74第一節 訪談設計與對象 74第二節 訪談發現 78第三節 訪談分析 148第四節 小結 166第五章 結論與建議 170第一節 結論 170第二節 建議 171參考文獻 177第一節 中文文獻 177第二節 外文文獻 180附錄一 訪談同意書 190附錄二 勞方受訪者訪談大綱 191附錄三 資方受訪者訪談大綱 192附錄四 民間單位訪談大綱 194附錄五 勞動學者訪談大綱 195 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3902225 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109262001 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 工作分享 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 女性就業 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 彈性工作 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 工作與生活平衡 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Job sharing en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Female employment en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Flexible work arrangement en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Work-life balance en_US dc.title (題名) 工作分享對我國女性就業影響之探討 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A Study on the Impact of Job Sharing on Women’s Employment in Taiwan en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 第一節 中文文獻壹、期刊與專書丁玉珍（2009），中高齡者失業問題分析與因應策略，臺灣勞工季刋，20，頁30-41。王素灣（2019），各國女性勞動力開發之國際經驗借鏡，台灣勞工季刊，57，頁4-15。吳美連、賈文靜、呂純純（1997），育有學齡期兒童已婚婦女之勞動再參與研究，中原學報， 25（2），頁1-9。吳惠林、杜英儀（2014），改善我國中高齡與高齡者勞動參與之因應對策，勞動部計畫，PG10401 0347。周兆昱（2011），部分工時勞工保護立法芻議，臺北大學法學論叢，78，頁181-215。林少疆（2009），引進國外解決就業難問題的工作分享方式，經濟導刊，10，頁29-30。林佳和（2010），勞動彈性化的社會衝擊-以非典型勞動為例，台灣勞工季刊，23，頁41-50。林炫秋（2011），瑞士部分工時勞動契約法治及其對我國的啟示，政大法學評論，122，頁297-383林淑惠（2013），我國非典型勞工退休經濟安全研究，北市教大社教學報，12，頁259-290。林淑慧（2017），鐵板一塊-中高齡婦女勞動參與的自我和環境防禦現象，勞資關係論叢，19，2，頁69-87。林淑慧、馬財專（2015），提升中高齡婦女勞動參與政策之可行性研究，行政院性別平等處委託計畫，PG10410-0037。林逸凡、陳雅雯（2017），提升我國女性勞動參與之研究分析，國家發展委員會人力規劃及發展研究報告，17，頁169-201。林曉嬋、樓玉梅（2018），我國勞動力參與率之預測及分析，國家發展委員會人力規劃及發展研究報告，18，頁121-160。胡愈寧、張菁芬（2003），促進婦女就業之研究，育達研究叢刊，5&6，頁15-26。凌澤生（2018），各國非典型勞動者保障制度之研究與啟示，國家發展委員會人力發展處報告，取自：https：//ws.ndc.gov.tw/001/administrator/10/relfile/0/13692/10bbc7e2-50fa-4115-926c-fe1a20a50110.pdf，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。袁方、林萬億（2002），社會研究方法，五南出版。馬財專（2010），臺灣中高齡勞工失業問題之檢視及政策思考，臺灣社會福利學刊，9（1），頁45-95。馬財專、藍科正、吳啟新、林淑慧、林晉勗、黃春長、鄭淑芳、劉又升、陳威穎（2019），中高齡及高齡者重返職場之探索，勞動及職業安全衛生研究季刊，27（2），頁133- 148。張芳華（2012），全球化下台灣部分工時工作決定因素與趨勢之探討，台灣勞動評論，4（1），頁43-88。張烽益（2013），台灣部分工時者的困境，新社會政策，27，頁2-4。郭振昌（2017），跨世代間工作分享的可能模式與展望，新社會政策，50，頁26-31。游美惠、王百合（2007），已婚女性代課教師不連續就業之歷程探究，教育與社會研究，14，頁119-152。黃舜卿（2014），人口結構老化下之我國高齡者就業政策探討，台灣經濟論衡，12（7），頁109-125。黃煥榮（2019），以電傳勞動促進工作生活平衡-兼論芬蘭的經驗與啟示，台灣勞工季刊，57，頁86-96。楊玉如、王雅雲（2019），我國女性勞動情勢及友善職場概況，台灣勞工季刊，57，頁16-31。楊通軒（1999），我國部分時間勞動法律問題之探討-兼論德國之部分時間勞動法制，中正大學法學集刊，2，頁287-310。萬文隆（2004），深度訪談在質性研究中的應用，生活科技教育月刊，37（4），頁17-23。廖芳綿、魏惠娟（2018），探索中高齡女性再就業之需求，國立屏東大學學報，2，頁75-109。廖振宇（2009），工作分享-緩解經濟危機下大學生的就業壓力，現代商業，6C，頁280-281。劉侑學、王舒芸（2019），建立我國調和工作與家庭衝突之友善勞動環境，國土及公共治理季刊，7（1），頁32-44。劉梅君（2008），性別與就業：前瞻與省思-兼檢討部分時問工作、育兒照顧政策及玻璃天花板現象，研考雙月刊，32（4），頁54-66。劉梅君（2010），部分工时：工作家庭平衡？或性别陷阱？，中華女子學院學報，22（6），頁29-34。蔡依恬（2016），女性婚育後未再就業之分析，經濟前瞻，167，頁87-91。鄭津津（2007），我國婦女就業權益保護與就業障礙排除之探討，台灣勞工雙月刊，8，頁33-41。龍萍（2009），運用工作分享制理念實現企業績效管理新轉變，華東交通大學學報，26（3），頁132-135。魏俊民（2003），台灣與德國工作時間制度之比較，中原大學財經法律學系碩士論文，頁134。譚文玲（2019），兩性勞動收入差距在職涯中逐漸擴大的原因，台灣勞工季刊，57，頁68-85。貳、政府官方資訊行政院主計總處（2020a），109年人力資源調查性別專題分析，取自：https：//www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=41112&ctNode=516&mp=4，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。行政院主計總處（2020b），婦女婚育與就業調查報告，取自：https：//www.stat.gov.tw/np.asp?ctNode=1841，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。行政院主計總處（2021a），臺灣地區勞動力按年齡與教育程度，取自：https：//www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=37135&ctNode=517&mp=4，最後瀏覽日即：2022年10月28日。行政院主計總處（2022a），110年人力運用調查統計結果，取自：https：//www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=48402&ctNode=5624，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。行政院主計總處（2022b），110年人力資源調查性別專題分析（含國際比較），取自：https：//www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=33341&ctNode=6135&mp=4，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。行政院性別平等委員會（2008），婦女政策白皮書，取自：https：//gec.ey.gov.tw/Page/1A363D2F7C4A4365?page=1&K=%e5%a9%a6%e5%a5%b3%e5%8b%9e%e5%8b%95&M=S，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。行政院性別平等會（2020），首次生產婦女之平均年齡、初婚者之年齡平均數，取自：https：//www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/Stat_Statistics_DetailData.aspx?sn=lT4902z3YmLGBZadLKLSzQ%40%40，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。國家發展委員會（2018），從婚姻關係來看我國女性就業與生育變化及其政策意涵，取自：https：//www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/Stat_AnalysisReport_Content.aspx?s=t5hq5KH05C6vYq9IzAuByA%3D%3D，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。國家發展委員會（2021），2020年主要國家女性勞動力參與率，取自：https：//www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=29841AE05DB47DEF，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部（2019），勞動部統計通報，取自：https：//www.mol.gov.tw/1607/2458/2476/lpsimplelist，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部（2021a），109年部分工時勞工就業實況調查報告，取自：https：//statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/svy09/0921all.pdf，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部（2021b），中高齡及高齡統計報告，取自：https：//www.mol.gov.tw/1607/2458/2494/43308/nodelist，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。。勞動部（2022a），勞動力狀況，取自：https：//www.mol.gov.tw/statistics/2452/2465/#，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部（2022b），國際勞動統計，取自：https：//www.mol.gov.tw/1607/2458/2464/2470/statisticalReportList，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部（2022c），僱用部分時間工作勞工應行注意事項，取自：https：//www.mol.gov.tw/1607/28162/28166/28240/，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部(無日期)，婦出江湖-職能精進徵選，取自：https：//www.mol.gov.tw/1607/1632/1633/45243/，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動部工作與生活平衡網(無日期)，取自：https：//wlb.mol.gov.tw/Page/index.aspx，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。勞動統計查詢網(無日期)，育嬰留職停薪津貼核付情形，取自: https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/statis/jspProxy.aspx?sys=210&kind=21&type=1&funid=q06052&rdm=0k9trneq，最後瀏覽日期：2022年10月28日。第二節 外文文獻壹、期刊與專書Arora, S.& Kumari, N.（2021）, The future of work：Career reentry programs for women in the workforce, Organization Development Journal, 39（4）, 21-33Ashoush, M. A., Abdelrahman, A.& Younis, R.（2015）, Flexible work arrangements：Related topics and directions, Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 7（1）, 36-46Aufenanger, S. J.（2008）, Effect of household structure on family-friendly benefit utilization Implications for organizational attraction and workplace withdrawal behaviors of federal government employ（Order No. 3311928）, Available from Accounting, Tax & Banking Collection.Branine, M.（2004）, Job sharing and equal opportunities under the new public management in local authorities. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17（2）, 136-152Brocklebank, J.& Whitehouse, H.（2003）, Job sharing in academic libraries at the senior management level：experiences of job sharing at deputy and director level. Library management.Bryan, M. L.& Sevilla, A.（2017）, Flexible working in the UK and its impact on couples time coordination. Review of Economics of the Household, 15（4）, 1415-1437Cermak. J., Howard. R., Jeeves, J.& Ubaldi, N.（2017）, Women in leadership Lessons from Australian companies leading the way, retrieved from：https：//www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/gender-equality/women-in-leadership-lessons-from-australian-companies-leading-the-way, last visited：October. 28, 2022Chalmers, J., Campbell, I.& Charlesworth, S.（2005）, Part-time work and caring responsibilities in Australia：Towards an assessment of job quality, Labour & Industry：a journal of the social and economic relations of work, 15（3）, 41-66.Chung, H.（2018）, Future Of Work and Flexible Working In Estonia-The case of employee friendly flexibility, WAF Project, retrieved from：https：//wafproject.org/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Crampton, S.& Mishra, J.（2005）, Job Sharing：A Viable Work Alternative for the New Millennium. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 10（2）, 13–34Daniels, L.（2011）, The job share project- job sharing at senior level：making it work, Capability Jane research report, retrieved from：https：//thejo bshareproject.com/3434hjkv97fgb378fbv/jobsharefullreport.pdf l, last visited：October,28, 2022Daniels, L.（2016）, The Person’s Relating to Others at Work Questionnaire（PROWQ）：A Modified Version of the PROQ Applied to Job Sharing at Senior Levels in the Workplace, In Relating Theory–Clinical and Forensic Applications, 123-135Del, B. D., Noemi, O., Paola, P.& Rossi, M.（2020）, Women’s and men’s work, housework and childcare, before and during COVID-19, Review of Economics of the Household, 18（4）, 1001-1017.Dilmaghani, M.（2021）, There is a time and a place for work：Comparative evaluation of flexible work arrangements in canada. International Journal of Manpower,42（1）, 167-192.Dixon, R., Zhang, J.& Vassel, R.（2020）, Reimagining Job Sharing, University of New South Wales, retrieved from：https：//apo.org.au/node/277446, last visited：October. 28, 2022Dizaho, E. K., Salleh, R.& Abdullah, A,（2017）, Achieveing Work Life Balance Through Flexible Work Schedules and Arrangements. Global Business & Management Research, 9（1）,455-465.Douglas, H.& Shaw, P.（2018）, Job-sharing：A Model for the Future Workplace?, Praesta Insights Publications, retrieved from：https：//static1.squarespace.com/static/58e7c3ff1b631b931204a16d/t/5bb6171071c10ba3be0244bc/1538660116139/job_sharing_2018_web.pdf, last visited：October. 28, 2022Edwin, I. M.（2020）, Job Sharing and Organizational Performance of Telecommunication Companies in Rivers State, Nigeria, International Journal of Innovative Social Sciences & Humanities Research, 8（1）, 92-100.Gholipour, A., Bod, M., Zehtabi, M., Pirannejad, A.& Kozekanan, S. F.（2010）, The feasibility of job sharing as a mechanism to balance work and life of female entrepreneurs, International Business Research, 3（3）, 133-140Gulyás, L.（2015）, A possible tool of enhancing employment rate：job sharing, theory and" best practicies" of Hungary. Taylor, 7（1-2）, 211-218.Hupkau, C.& Ruiz-Valenzuela, J.（2022）, Work and children in spain：Challenges and opportunities for equality between men and women. SERIEs, 13（1-2）, 243-268Hyatt, E.& Coslor, E.（2018）, Compressed lives：How "flexible" are employer-imposed compressed work schedules? Personnel Review, 47（2）, 278-293Jacobsen, D. I.（2000）, Managing increased part-time：Does part-time work imply part-time commitment? Managing Service Quality, 10（3）, 187-200.József, H.（2017）, A munkakör megosztásról：tandem-munkavégzés, Miskolci Jogi Szemle,12（2）, 154-170Kalson, A.（2017）, Special Job-Sharing Regulation A Promoter of Flexible Working,Juridica International, 26, 85-93.Krone-Germann,I, Chambrier,A., Humber,M. & Zhou,R.（2020）, Job And Top Sharing Two Professionals For The Price Of One, PTO Association publication.Kyzlinkov R., Pojer, P. and Veverkov S.（2018）, New forms of employment in the Czech Republic, Research Institute for Labour and Social AffairsMalabi, N. J.（2015）, A phenomenology of communication and decision-making among head nurses and staff nurses in a managerial job-sharing unit. Health Science Journal, 1（10）, 224-235.Mandleco, B.（2010）, Women in academia What can be done to help women achieve tenure Forum on Public Policy Online, 2010（5）, 1-13.Marica, M. E.（2020a）, Aspecte legate de job sharing – o noua forma de prestare a muncii. Revista Romana De Dreptul Muncii,（2）, 36-42.Marica, M. E.（2020b）, Employee sharing：a new type of employment, opportune in a globalized context,In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 14（1）,1187-1195McDaid, C.（1998）, Job sharing：the career experiences of women primary teachers, Thesis form the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute of Education University of StirlingMerlin, M. S.& Agarwal, B.（2019）, Support perceptions, flexible work options and career outcomes：A study of working women at the threshold of motherhood in india. Gender in Management,34（4）, 254-286.Olmsted, B.（1979）, Job sharing：an emerging work-style. Int`l Lab. Rev., 118, 283-297Olson, M. H.（1983）, Remote office work：changing work patterns in space and time. Communications of the ACM, 26（3）, 182-187.Pickering, C.（2022）, Australian Job Sharing Surged During Pandemic Lockdowns, retrieved from：https://www.hiringlab.org/au/blog/2022/03/08/job-sharing-surged-during-lockdowns/,last visited：October. 28, 2022Rogers, K. C.& Finks, S. W.（2009）, Job sharing for women pharmacists in academia. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 73（7）, Article 135.Russell, H., O`Connell, P. J.& McGinnity, F.（2009）, The impact of flexible working arrangements on work–life conflict and work pressure in Ireland. Gender, Work & Organization, 16（1）, 73-97.Sachs, S.（1994）, Balancing work and family through flexible work options. monograph. volume 9, number 1., 1-10Scandura, T. A.& Lankau, M. J.（1997）, Relationships of gender, family responsibility and flexible work hours to organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior：The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 18（4）, 377-391.Švec, M.（2021）, Sdílené pracovní místo jako forma flexibilního zaměstnání, Západočeská univerzita v Plzni diplomová práceThakur, M., Bansal, A.& Maini, R.（2018）, Job sharing as a tool for flexible work systems：Creating opportunities for housewives in the Indian labor market, Gender in Management, 33（5）, 350-366Tomlinson, J.& Durbin, S.（2010）, Female part-time managers：Work-life balance, aspirations and career mobility. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion：An International Journal, 29（3）, 255-270.Vodičková, M. & Šudoma, O.（2021）, Sdílené pracovní místo, retrieved from：https：//www.praceamzda.cz/clanky/sdilene-pracovni-misto, last visited：October. 28, 2022Watton, E., Stables, S.& Kempster, S.（2019）, How job sharing can lead to more women achieving senior leadership roles in higher education：A UK study. Social Sciences, 8（7）, 209-220Whittock, M., Edwards, C., McLaren, S.& Robinson, O.（2002）, The tender trap：gender, part‐time nursing and the effects of family‐friendly policies on career advancement, Sociology of health & illness, 24（3）, 305-326.Workplace Flexibility 2010（2006）, Flexible Work Arrangements：A Definition and Examples, Georgetown University Law Center memos and Fact Sheets, 10,1-4.Yerkes, M.（2009）, Part-time work in the dutch welfare state：The ideal combination of work and care? Policy and Politics, 37（4）, 535-552.貳、各國政府與國際組織資訊Acas（2015）, guide to flexible working and work-life balance, retrieved from：https：//www.acas.org.uk/flexible-working-and-work-life-balance, last visited：October. 28, 2022Australian Government Fair Work Ombudsman（n.d.）, Requests for flexible working arrangements, retrieved from：https：//www.fairwork.gov.au/tools-and-resources/fact-sheets/minimum-workplace-entitlements/requests-for-flexible-working-arrangements, last visited October. 28, 2022Austrialian Bureau Of Statistic（2020）, Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation, retrieved from：https：//www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/barriers-and-incentives-labour-force-participation-australia/2018-19, last visited October. 28, 2022Austrialian Bureau of Statistic（2022）, Labour Force, retrieved from：https：//www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release, last visited October. 28, 2022BBC（2018）, Jonathan Bartley and Sian Berry elected Green Party co-leaders, retrieved from：https：//www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-45409060, last visited：October. 28, 2022CIPD（2019）, Flexible working in the UK, retrieved from：https：//www.cipd.co.uk/knowledge/work/trends/flexible-working#gref, last visited October. 28, 2022Clark, M.（2017）, Job sharing IS possible at ANY level, retrieved from：https：//hmrcdigital.blog.gov.uk/2017/10/05/job-sharing-is-possible-at-any-level/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Eurofound（2013）, Hungary：Young people and temporary employment in Europe, retrieved from：https：//www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/comparative-information/national-contributions/hungary/hungary-young-people-and-temporary-employment-in-europe, last visited：October. 28, 2022Eurofound（2016）, New forms of employment Employee sharing, Hungary. Case study 15：Policy analysis, retrieved from：https：//www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/page/field_ef_documents/15_hungary.pdf, last visited：October. 28, 2022Eurofound（2020a）, Czechia：Latest developments in working life Q4 2019, retrieved from：https：//www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/article/2020/czechia-latest-developments-in-working-life-q4-2019, last visited：October. 28, 2022Eurofound（2020b）, New forms of employment：2020 update, Publications Office of the European Union, retrieved from：https：//www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2020/new-forms-of-employment-2020-update, last visited October. 28, 2022Eurofound（2021）, Industrial relations and social dialogue-Czechia：Working life in the COVID-19 pandemic 2020, retrieved from：https：//www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/wpef21011.pdf, last visited：October.28, 2022Eurofound（2022）, Job sharing, retrieved from https：//www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/industrial-relations-dictionary/job-sharing-0, last visited October. 28, 2022European Public Employment Services（2019）, 43 million people across the EU are in part-time employment, retrieved from：https：//www.pesnetwork.eu/2019/11/05/lmb5-part-time-employment/, last visited October. 28, 2022Eurostat statistics explained（2022a）, Employment - quarterly statistics, retrieved from：https：//ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Employment_-_quarterly_statistics&oldid=569512#Part-time_employment：_a_female_specificity, last visited October. 28, 2022Eurostat statistics explained（2022b）, People outside the labour force, retrieved from：https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=People_outside_the_labour_force, last visited October. 28, 2022Federation University Australia（2014）, Job Split, Job Share, Job Support Toolkit and Case Studies, retrieved from：https：//federation.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/5485/Job-split-share-toolkit.pdf, last visited：October,28, 2022Forrester, S.（2017）, Caroline Lucas：Let MPs Job-Share and Work Part-Time, retrieved from：https：//www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/caroline-lucas-let-mps-job-share-and-work-part-time_uk_59ae91cfe4b0dfaafcf26f0b, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gemini3（2019）, In partnership with Gemini3-the NSW has launched a job share platform pilot to enable more employees to work flexibly, retrieved from：https：//gemini3.com.au/in-partnership-with-gemini3-the-nsw-government-has-launched-a-job-share-platform-pilot-to-enable-more-employees-to-work-flexibly/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.ie（2022）, Job Sharing Scheme for teachers and special needs assistants（SNAs）, retrieved from：https：//www.gov.ie/en/service/aa5d83-job-sharing/, last visited October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（2016）, Sharing and showcasing – what the Job Share and Alternative Working Network have been up to, retrieved from：https：//civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2016/10/06/sharing-and-showcasing-what-the-civil-service-job-share-network-has-been-up-to/#, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（2017）, What are the benefits of Job Sharing compared to working Part Time or Full Time?, retrieved from：https：//www.civilservicejobshare.service.gov.uk/resources/what-are-benefits-job-sharing-compared-working-part-time-or-full-time , last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（2019）, Job sharing："Two heads are better than one", retrieved from：https：//civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2019/05/23/job-sharing-two-heads-are-better-than-one/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（2020a）, Celebrating Civil Service flexible working staff networks – past and present, retrieved from：https：//civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2020/05/13/celebrating-civil-service-flexible-working-staff-networks-past-and-present/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（2020b）, Civil Service Employee Policy：guide to job sharing, retrieved from：https：//www.gov.uk/government/publications/civil-service-employee-policy-guide-to-job-sharing, last visited：October.28, 2022Gov.UK（2021）, Making flexible working the default, retrieved from：https：//www.gov.uk/government/consultations/making-flexible-working-the-default, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（n.d.-a）, Flexible working, retrieved from：https：//www.gov.uk/flexible-working/applying-for-flexible-working, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（n.d.-b）, Types of flexible working, retrieved from：https：//www.GOV.UK/flexible-working/types-of-flexible-working, last visited：October. 28, 2022Gov.UK（n.d.-c）, What are the benefits of Job Sharing compared to working part time or full time?, retrieved from：https：//www.civilservicejobshare.service.gov.uk/resources/what-are-benefits-job-sharing-compared-working-part-time-or-full-time , last visited：October. 28, 2022Green party（2017）, Caroline Lucas：Job sharing could invigorate an archaic Westminster, retrieved from：https：//www.greenparty.org.uk/news/2017/09/11/caroline-lucas-job-sharing-could-invigorate-an-archaic-westminster/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Hammermann,A., Schmidt, J.& Stettes, O.（2019）, Unternehmensmonitor Familienfreundlichkeit 2019, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln, retrieved from：https：//www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/service/publikationen/unternehmensmonitor-familienfreundlichkeit-2019-138444?view=, last visited October. 28, 2022ILO（1994）, Part-Time Work Convention（No. 175）, retrieved from：https：//www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB：12100：0：：NO：：P12100_ILO_CODE：C175, last visited：October. 28, 2022ILO（2004a）, Work-sharing and job-sharing, Information Sheet No. WT-17, Conditions of Work and Employment Programme（Geneva）, retrieved from：https：//www.ilo.org/travail/info/fs/WCMS_169673/lang--en/index.htm, last visited：October. 28, 2022ILO（2004b）, Making work arrangements more family-friendly, retrieved from：https：//www.ilo.org/travail/info/fs/WCMS_170712/lang--en/index.htm, last visited：October. 28, 2022ILO（2004c）, Facts on part-time work, retrieved from：https：//www.ilo.org/travail/info/fs/WCMS_170717/lang--en/index.htm, last visited：October. 28, 2022ILO（2010）, Policy Brief 18, retrieved from：https：//www.ilo.org/jobspact/policy/policy-briefs/WCMS_146815/lang--en/index.htm, last visited：October. 5, 2021ILO（2019）, Policies- initiatives and tools to promote women’s economic empowerment in the world of work in Canada, retrieved from：https：//www.ilo.org/global/docs/WCMS_770336/lang--en/index.htm, last visited：October. 28, 2022ILOSTA（2022）, labour supply, retrieved from：https：//ilostat.ilo.org/, last visited October. 28, 2022Lloyds banking group（n.d.）, Job sharing at Lloyds, retrieved from：https：//www.timewisejobs.co.uk/minisites/lloyds-banking-group/job-sharing-at-lloyds-/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Marks & Spencer（2021）, Karen and Vicky are proud to be working mums who job share a senior role in HR, retrieved from：https：//jobs.marksandspencer.com/job-share-has-not-held-us-back, last visited：October. 28, 2022Middleton, C.& Harriford, R.（2022）, To share or not to share, that is the question, retrieved from：https：//civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2022/03/10/to-share-or-not-to-share-that-is-the-question/, last visited October. 28, 2022Monash University（2019）, Dare to（job）share, retrieved from：https：//www.monash.edu/news/internal/internal-articles/dare-to-job-share, last visited：October. 28, 2022Monash University（2021）, Flexible work guidelines, retrieved from：https：//www.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1437331/FWA-Guidelines.pdf, last visited：October. 28, 2022NHF Fife（2018）, Job Share Policy, retrieved from：https：//www.nhsfife.org/about-us/policies-and-procedures/hr-policies-and-procedures/hr-policies/job-share-policy/, last visited October. 28, 2022NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde（2007）, Board Job Share Policy., retrieved from：https：//www.nhsggc.scot/staff-recruitment/hrconnect/policies-and-staff-governance/polices/rostering-job-share-and-uniform-policy/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Nidirect government service（n.d.）, Part-time work, retrieved from：https：//www.nidirect.GOV.UK/articles/part-time-work, last visited：October. 28, 2022NSW（2020）, Job Share Guide HR & Recruiters, retrieved from：https：//www.psc.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-10/Job-Share-Guide-for-HR-and-Recruiters.pdf, last visited：October. 28, 2022NSW（n.d.-a）, Job share for employees, retrieved from：https：//www.psc.nsw.gov.au/culture-and-inclusion/flexible-working/working-flexibly-resources-for-employees/job-share-for-employees#job-share-planning-tool, last visited：October. 28, 2022NSW（n.d.-b）, job share guide for managers, retrieved from：https：//www.psc.nsw.gov.au/culture-and-inclusion/flexible-working/flexible-teams-resources-for-managers/job-share-for-managers, last visited：October. 28, 2022NSW（2021）, People Matter Employee Survey2022, retrieved from：https：//www.psc.nsw.gov.au/reports-and-data/people-matter-employee-survey, Indeed Hiring lab, last visited：October. 28, 2022Marchant, L.（n.d.）, Job share gives Audi Australia the best of Elle Ritson and Beth Holden, retrieved from：https：//fulltimewoman.com.au/job-share-gives-audi-australia-the-best-of-elle-ritson-and-beth-holden/, last visited：October. 28, 2022OECD（2020）, Part-time employment rate, retrieved from：https：//data.oecd.org/emp/part-time-employment-rate.htm, last visited：October. 28, 2022Office for National statistics（2022）, People in employment on zero hours contracts, retrieved from：https：//www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/emp17peopleinemploymentonzerohourscontracts, last visited：October. 28, 2022OPM（n.d.）, Sharing a Job, retrieved from：https：//www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/hiring-information/part-time-and-job-sharing/#url=Sharing-a-Job, last visited：October. 28, 2022PwC（2022）, Women in Work index 2022,PwC publication, retrieved from：https：//www.pwc.co.uk/services/economics/insights/women-in-work-index.html, last visited：October. 28, 2022Queensland government（n.d.）, Managing flexible working arrangements, retrieved from：https：//www.business.qld.gov.au/running-business/employing/employee-rights/flexible/job-sharing, last visited：October.28, 2022Robert Half International（2014）, Jobsharing：Deutschland in Europa Schlusslicht, retrieved from https：//www.roberthalf.de/presse/jobsharing-deutschland-europa-schlusslicht, last visited October. 28, 2022Scottish government（2015）, Supporting the work-life balance pin policy, retrieved from：https：//www.gov.scot/publications/supporting-worklife-balance-partnership-information-network-policies/documents/, last visited October. 28, 2022Scottish government（2018）, Scottish Executive`s policy for job sharing：FOI release retrieved from：https：//www.gov.scot/publications/foi-18-01931/, last visited October. 28, 2022ShareYourJob.com.（2017）, I’m doing the best job in the world, thanks to job sharing, retrieved from：https：//shareyourjob.com/blog/im-doing-the-best-job-in-the-world-thanks-to-job-sharing, last visited：October. 28, 2022The Government of the Republic of Lithuania Ministry of Social Security and Labour（n,d）, Comparison of the previous and the Labour Code that came into force on 1 July 2017, retrieved from：https：//socmin.lrv.lt/en/activities/labour-and-employment/labour-law/comparison-of-the-previous-and-the-labour-code-that-came-into-force-on-1-july-2017, last visited：October. 28, 2022U.S. Department of Labor（n.d.）, Job Sharing, retrieved from：https：//www.dol.gov/general/topic/workhours/jobsharing, last visited：October. 28, 2022UNICEF（2020）, Guidance for Employers on Flexible Work Arrangements and Other Good Workplace Practices in the Context of COVID-19, retrieved from：https：//www.unicef.org/mongolia/reports/guidance-employers-flexible-work-arrangements-and-other-good-workplace-practices-covid-19, last visited：October. 28, 2022University of Exeter（n.d.）, Job sharing, retrieved from：https：//www.exeter.ac.uk/staff/employment/leave/flexibleworking/staff/job_sharing/#a1, last visited：October. 28, 2022University of Southampton（2013）, Job share policy, retrieved from：https：//www.southampton.ac.uk/hr/services/job-sharing/index.page, last visited：October. 28, 2022University of York（n.d.）, Job share, retrieved from：https：//www.york.ac.uk/admin/hr/policies/appointments-contracts-leavers/job-share/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Walker, T., Caszo,D.& Stanislas,B.（2020）, Our 10 Year Job Share Story’ by Tina & Deanna , retrieved from：https：//civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2020/10/02/our-10-year-job-share-story-by-tina-deanna/, last visited：October. 28, 2022Working Families & Bright Horizons Family Solutions（2019）, Modern Families Index 2019, retrieved from：https：//www.workingfamilies.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/BH_MFI_Report_2019_Full-Report_Final.pdf, last visited：October. 28, 2022Workplace Gender Equality Agency（2021）, Flexible work post-COVID, retrieved from：https：//www.wgea.gov.au/publications/flexible-work-post-covid, last visited：October. 28, 2022Workplace Gender Equality Agency（n.d.）, Flexible work, retrieved from：https：//www.wgea.gov.au/flexible-work, last visited：October. 28 2022World Bank Group（2022a）, Labor force female（% of total labor force）- European Union, retrieved from：https：//data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.FE.ZS?end=2021&locations=EU&name_desc=false&start=2015&view=chart, last visited：October. 28,2022World Bank Group（2022b）, Labor force participation female（% of female population ages 15+）- European Union, retrieved from：https：//data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS?locations=EU&most_recent_value_desc=true,lasr visited：October. 28,2022World Bank Group（2022c）, Part time employment, female（% of total female employment）- European Union, retrieved from：https：//data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.PART.FE.ZS?locations=EU&most_recent_value_desc=true, last visited：October. 28,2022World Bank Group（2022d）, Part time employment, male（% of total male employment）- European Union, retrieved from：https：//data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.PART.MA.ZS?end=2021&locations=EU&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=2016, last visited：October. 28,2022厚生勞動省（2001），ワークシェアリングに関する調査研究報告書，retrieved from：https：//www.mhlw.go.jp/houdou/0104/h0426-4.html，last visited：October. 28,2022 zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202201743 en_US
