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題名 北極冰融下之美國-加拿大競合關係
US-Canada Cooperation and Competition in the Thawing Arctic
作者 杜敏禎
貢獻者 盧業中
杜敏禎
關鍵詞 北極
美國
加拿大
不對稱同盟
聯合國海洋法公約
Arctic
United States
Canada
Asymmetric Alliance
UNCLOS
日期 2022
上傳時間 9-Mar-2023 18:10:00 (UTC+8)
摘要 隨著科技進步及氣候變遷,北極各航道之通行可能性以及隨之而來的軍事、經濟及能源利益逐漸受到各國重視。其中,美國、加拿大二大環北極國家自第三次聯合國海洋法會議結束後之態度及競合模式十分值得作更進一步之探討。
美國與加拿大往往被視為緊密之同盟,二國政策時常彼此互補合作,然而在北極議題上,二國於軍事安全議題上卻存在潛在衝突:美國作為全球霸權,僅將北極區域視為其全球戰略布局之其中一環,因此希望能於此自由航行,以強化其於其他海域之航行權利;反觀加拿大,「北極」乃其國家認同之一部分,又北方之西北航道乃貫穿其領土之水域,對其國防安全有重要意義,因此加拿大希望能藉由擴大沿海國管轄權,以掌控通行船舶之資訊及出入方式。
本研究以同盟理論為基礎,觀察美國與加拿大於第三次聯合國海洋法會議、整體北極政策,以及兩大軍事合作架構(NATO及NORAD)中,如何在複雜的國際局勢中於緊密同盟關係中維護自身北及利益。本文研究發現美國與加拿大於1982年至1994年、1994年至2007年及2007年至2020年這三個階段中,分別以「缺乏共識的冷戰同盟」、「議程設定的競爭對手」以及「面對威脅的緊密同盟」等三種模式進行互動。
Due to technology enhancement and climate change, states are paying increasing attention to the potential navigability as well as military, economic and energy potential of the Arctic waters. Among all actors, the cooperation-competition relationship between the United States and Canada after the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) has been an interesting one, and is worth a closer examination.
The United States and Canada has often been considered as close allies, with their policies supporting or complementing one another. However, in the Arctic context, there is a possibility of competing military interests. As a global hegemon, the United States only sees the Arctic as a part of its global strategy. Therefore, it would be in its best interest to maximize freedom of navigation within this region in order to justify its navigation rights in other waters. However, if we observe this issue from the Canadian perspective, while the Northwest Passage is militarily significant to Canada since it penetrates its northern territories, being an Arctic state is also part of Canadian identity. Thus, it would be reasonable for Canada to expand the jurisdiction as a costal state to manage the information and the way of access of passing vessels.
This thesis will start off from Alliance Theory literature, and observe how the United States and Canada interact during UNCLOS III, as well as how they secure their interests in the Arctic region through general Arctic policies, especially under two main military cooperation framework (NATO and NORAD). This research reveals that US-Canada relationship has undergone three different phases: 1982-1994 (Indifferent Cold War Allies), 1994-2007 (Agenda-setting Competitors) and 2007-2020 (Close Allies under External Threat).
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二、期刊論文
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三、網際網路
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
109253006
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109253006
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 盧業中zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 杜敏禎zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 杜敏禎zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2022en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-Mar-2023 18:10:00 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-Mar-2023 18:10:00 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-Mar-2023 18:10:00 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109253006en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/143706-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109253006zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隨著科技進步及氣候變遷,北極各航道之通行可能性以及隨之而來的軍事、經濟及能源利益逐漸受到各國重視。其中,美國、加拿大二大環北極國家自第三次聯合國海洋法會議結束後之態度及競合模式十分值得作更進一步之探討。
美國與加拿大往往被視為緊密之同盟,二國政策時常彼此互補合作,然而在北極議題上,二國於軍事安全議題上卻存在潛在衝突:美國作為全球霸權,僅將北極區域視為其全球戰略布局之其中一環,因此希望能於此自由航行,以強化其於其他海域之航行權利;反觀加拿大,「北極」乃其國家認同之一部分,又北方之西北航道乃貫穿其領土之水域,對其國防安全有重要意義,因此加拿大希望能藉由擴大沿海國管轄權,以掌控通行船舶之資訊及出入方式。
本研究以同盟理論為基礎,觀察美國與加拿大於第三次聯合國海洋法會議、整體北極政策,以及兩大軍事合作架構(NATO及NORAD)中,如何在複雜的國際局勢中於緊密同盟關係中維護自身北及利益。本文研究發現美國與加拿大於1982年至1994年、1994年至2007年及2007年至2020年這三個階段中,分別以「缺乏共識的冷戰同盟」、「議程設定的競爭對手」以及「面對威脅的緊密同盟」等三種模式進行互動。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Due to technology enhancement and climate change, states are paying increasing attention to the potential navigability as well as military, economic and energy potential of the Arctic waters. Among all actors, the cooperation-competition relationship between the United States and Canada after the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) has been an interesting one, and is worth a closer examination.
The United States and Canada has often been considered as close allies, with their policies supporting or complementing one another. However, in the Arctic context, there is a possibility of competing military interests. As a global hegemon, the United States only sees the Arctic as a part of its global strategy. Therefore, it would be in its best interest to maximize freedom of navigation within this region in order to justify its navigation rights in other waters. However, if we observe this issue from the Canadian perspective, while the Northwest Passage is militarily significant to Canada since it penetrates its northern territories, being an Arctic state is also part of Canadian identity. Thus, it would be reasonable for Canada to expand the jurisdiction as a costal state to manage the information and the way of access of passing vessels.
This thesis will start off from Alliance Theory literature, and observe how the United States and Canada interact during UNCLOS III, as well as how they secure their interests in the Arctic region through general Arctic policies, especially under two main military cooperation framework (NATO and NORAD). This research reveals that US-Canada relationship has undergone three different phases: 1982-1994 (Indifferent Cold War Allies), 1994-2007 (Agenda-setting Competitors) and 2007-2020 (Close Allies under External Threat).
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
 第一節 研究背景及目的 1
 第二節 文獻回顧 5
 第三節 研究方法 14
 第四節 章節分配 18

第二章 北極與《聯合國海洋法公約》之談判 19
 第一節 聯合國海洋法公約之談判背景 20
 第二節 美國談判立場 25
 第三節 加拿大談判立場 31
 第四節 公約與北極相關之制度:海峽、內水與北極例外 37
 第五節 美國與加拿大之互動 45
 第六節 小結 49

第三章 美加北極政策之回顧 51
 第一節 美加政策基本立場 52
 第二節 缺乏共識的冷戰同盟(1982~1994) 60
 第三節 議程設定的競爭對手(1994~2007) 70
 第四節 面對威脅的緊密同盟(2007~2020) 80
 第五節 小結 94

第四章 美加北極軍事競合:以NATO與NORAD為例 99
 第一節 北極軍事化之脈絡 101
 第二節 NATO與北極 113
 第三節 NORAD與北極 123
 第四節 小結 128

第五章 結論 131
 第一節 研究發現 131
 第二節 未來展望 134

參考文獻 137
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 4484315 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109253006en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 北極zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 加拿大zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 不對稱同盟zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聯合國海洋法公約zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Arcticen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) United Statesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Canadaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Asymmetric Allianceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) UNCLOSen_US
dc.title (題名) 北極冰融下之美國-加拿大競合關係zh_TW
dc.title (題名) US-Canada Cooperation and Competition in the Thawing Arcticen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、中文文獻
一、專書
李任遠,國際法中的歷史性權利研究(北京:法律出版社,2018年)。
姜皇池,國際海洋法(上冊),二版(台北:新學林,2018年)。
姜皇池,國際海洋法(下冊),二版(台北:新學林,2018年)。

二、期刊論文
李珍、胡麥秀,「『北極航道』潛在經濟戰略價值的研究綜述」,海洋經濟,第5卷第3期(2015年6月),頁12–18。
閻亢宗,「地緣政治格局下中國北極政策的機會與挑戰」,問題與研究,第58卷第4期(2019年12月),頁111-158。
閻亢宗,「美國北極戰略的變化及與中國的競合」,遠景基金會季刊,第21卷第1期(2020年1月),頁51-106。
三、網際網路
中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室,2018,《中國的北極政策》,http://www.scio.gov.cn/zfbps/32832/document/1618203/1618203.htm(最後瀏覽日:2022年1月6日)

貳、英文文獻
一、專書
Bouchez, L. J., The Regime of Bays in International Law (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1964).
Byers, Michael, Who Owns the Arctic? Understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North. (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2010).
Churchill, Robin R. & Alan V. Lowe, The Law of the Sea, Third Edition (Huntington: Juris Publishing, 1999).
Coates, Ken S. & Carin Holroyd eds., The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020).
Coates, Ken S. et al., Arctic Front: Defending Canada in the Far North (Toronto: Thomas Allen, 2010).
Dodds, Klaus, Geopolitics: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
Edström, Håkan et al. eds., NATO: The Power of Partnerships (Cham: Palgrave McMillan, 2011).
Griffiths, Franklyn ed., Arctic Alternatives: Civility or Militarism in the Circumpolar North (Toronto: Science for Peace, 1992).
Heininen, Lassi & Heather Exner-Pirot eds., Climate Change and Arctic Security: Searching for a Paradigm Shift (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020).
Von Hlatky, Stéfanie, American Allies in Times of War: The Great Asymmetry. First Edition. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
Holst, Rozemarijn J. Roland, Change in the Law of the Sea, (Leiden: Brill, 2022).
Jakobson, Linda & Neil Melvin eds., The New Arctic Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
Jennings, Robert & Arthur Watts, Oppenheim`s International Law: Volume 1 Peace (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
Jensen, Leif Christian & Geir Hønneland eds., Handbook of the politics of the Arctic (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2015).
Jervis, Robert & Jack L. Snyder eds., Dominoes and Bandwagons: Strategic Beliefs and Great Power Competition in the Eurasian Rimland (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
Johnson, Barbara & Mark W. Zacher eds. Canadian Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1977).
Julie Garey, The US Role in NATO’s Survival After the Cold War (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020)
Klein, Natalie, Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
Lackenbauer, P. Whitney & Heather Nicol eds., Whole of Government through an Arctic Lens (Antigonish: Mulroney Institute of Government, 2017).
Laruelle, Marlene, Russia’s Arctic Strategies and the Future of the Far North (London: M.E.Sharpe, 2013).
Leuprecht, Christian et al. eds., North American Strategic Defense in the 21st Century: Security and Sovereignty in an Uncertain World (Cham: Springer, 2018).
Martin, Ana G. Lopez, International Straits: Concept, Classification and Rules of Passage (Verlag: Springer, 2010).
Molenaar, Erik J., et al. eds., The Law of the Sea and the Polar Regions (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2013).
Morell, James .B., The Law of the Sea: An Historical Analysis of the 1982 Treaty and Its Rejection by the United States (Jefferson: McFarland, 1992).
Murphy, John F., The United States and the Rule of Law in International Affairs, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Nord, Douglas C. ed., Leadership for the North: The Influence and Impact of Arctic Council Chairs (Cham: Springer, 2019).
Office of the Federal Register, Public Papers of the President: Lyndon B. Johnson, Book II (Washington, DC: Government Publishing Office, 1996).
Ohlin, Jens David, The Assault on International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
Organski, A. F. K., World Politics (New York: Knopf, 1958).
Petersson, Magnus, NATO and the Crisis in the International Order (New York: Routledge, 2019)
Platzöder, Renate ed., Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: Documents, Vol. 5 (New York: Oceana, 1987).
Proelss, Alexander ed., United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: A Commentary (München: Verlag, 2017).
Rothwell, Donald et al. eds., The Oxford Handbook on the Law of the Sea (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
Sebenius, James K., Negotiating the Law of the Sea (Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: Harvard University Press, 1984).
Symmons, Clive R., Historic Waters in the Law of the Sea: A Modern Re-Appraisal, (Leiden: Brill, 2008).
The International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2018 (New York: Routledge, 2018).
Weber, Joachim ed., Handbook on Geopolitics and Security in the Arctic: The High North Between Cooperation and Confrontation (Cham: Springer, 2020).
Wood, Bernard, Middle Powers in the International System: A Preliminary Assessment of Potential (New York: United Nations, 1987).
Young, Oran R., Arctic Politics: Conflict and Cooperation in the Circumpolar North (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1992).
二、期刊論文
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