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題名 國際氣候法及國際人權法在氣候訴訟中之適用－以荷法德比案例為核心
The Application of International Climate Law and International Human Rights Law on Climate Litigation: Focusing on Dutch, French, German and Belgian Cases
作者 李宜靜
LI, Yi-Ching
貢獻者 許耀明
Hsu, Yao-Ming
李宜靜
LI, Yi-Ching
關鍵詞 氣候變遷訴訟
氣候訴訟
氣候變遷
溫室氣體減排
國際法在內國法院之適用
司法救濟有效性
氣候變遷與人權
國際氣候法
國際人權法
Climate Change Litigation
Climate Litigation
Climate Change
Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Application of International Law in Domestic Courts,
Effectiveness of Judicial Remedies,
Climate Change and Human Rights
International Climate Law
International Human Rights Law
日期 2023
上傳時間 6-Apr-2023 18:05:42 (UTC+8)
摘要 氣候變遷下權利保障所須仰賴之司法救濟，近年來因為指標個案決定之作成而受到關注。各界以氣候訴訟一詞泛指此概念，然而其定義和指涉範圍則因為學門、研究方法、觀點等因素而產生差異。本論文核心問題在於，當人民意識到其權利可能或已經因為氣候變遷而受到不利影響，且立法部門和行政部門怠於採取積極行動應對時，能否透過司法部門之救濟，釐清人民權利之內涵與國家義務之範疇，並強制使國家或政府落實其法定義務，如採取具體措施以應對氣候變遷帶來之不利影響，且使人民於損害發生時獲得賠償。

當氣候變遷作為新興問題，但各國法律對於氣候變遷與人民權利之關係與內涵規範尚不完足，此時國際社會共同之法規範，即國際法，是否對國家和政府具有法律拘束力，以及其規範內容是否能夠解決內國法律中人民權利規範不足之問題，自然成為國際社會各界關注之重點。本論文將針對與氣候變遷相關之國際氣候法與國際人權法，在氣候訴訟中之適用及救濟有效性進行探討，以嘗試回應氣候訴訟當前面臨之法律爭議－即可司法性、權力分立與當事人適格問題。

本論文嘗試透過現有案例研析，觀察各國法院對於氣候訴訟之態度，以及其中關於國際法適用、救濟有效性及法律爭點認定之論述，以回應本論文欲探討之核心問題。由於本論文不僅限於人民權利之探討，亦包含國家義務之界定，故在案例選擇上，本論文僅選擇人民對於國家或政府提起訴訟，且爭訟主要議題為氣候變遷之案例，並將地理範圍限縮在近年具有突破性發展，以及在國際社會中積極適用國際法之歐盟，最終選擇荷蘭、法國、德國、比利時之個案進行分析。經過規範檢視與案例分析，本論文認為國際氣候法與國際人權法之適用，在氣候訴訟中確實扮演重要角色，影響氣候變遷下人民權利司法救濟之有效性。
The judicial remedy for the protection of rights under climate change has received much attention in recent years due to the developments of the landmark cases. The term "climate litigation" has been used to refer to this concept in general, but its definition and scope vary depending on the discipline, the research method, and the perspective. In addition, the core issue of this paper is whether the people`s rights can be ensured through relief by the judiciary when they are aware that their rights may be or have been adversely affected by climate change and the legislature and the executive branch are not taking positive actions to cope with it.

As climate change is an emerging issue, the relationship between climate change and people`s rights is not yet fully regulated by the laws of various countries. In this situation, whether the common legal regulation of the international community, as known as international law, is legally binding on countries and governments, and whether the content of its regulation can solve the problem of the insufficiency of people`s rights regulation in domestic laws, naturally becomes the focus of attention of the international community. This paper will explore the application and effectiveness of international climate law and international human rights law in climate litigation, in an attempt to respond to the legal controversies facing climate litigation, i.e., justiciability, separation of powers, and standing.

This paper intends to examine the attitude of domestic courts toward climate litigation, and their discussions on the application of international law, the effectiveness of relief, and the recognition of legal disputes through the analysis of existing case practice, in order to respond to the core issues that this paper sets out to explore. Since this paper is not only limited to the study in people`s rights, but also includes the clarification of state obligations, this paper only selects cases in which people have filed lawsuits against the state or government and the main issue of the lawsuit is climate change, and limits the geographical scope of the case selection to European Union, which has made a breakthrough in recent years and has actively applied international law in the international community. In the End, the cases in the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Belgium were selected for analysis.

After the regulatory review and the case analysis, this paper concludes that the application of international climate law and international human rights law does play an important role in climate litigation and affects the effectiveness of judicial remedies for people`s rights under climate change.
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（六）內國法院判決

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Connecticut v. Am. Elec. Power, 582 F.3d 309 (2d Cir. 2009).

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Organization of African Unity (OAU), African Charter on Human and Peoples` Rights ("Banjul Charter"), 27 June 1981, CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3630.html [accessed 1 February 2023]

Organization of African Unity (OAU), Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People`s Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and People`s Rights, 10 June 1998, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f4b19c14.html [accessed 1 February 2023]

Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec. 12, 2015, T.I.A.S. No. 16-1104.

The Convention on the Rights of Children, Nov. 10, 1989, 1557 U.N.T.S. 3.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, May 9, 1992, S. Treaty Doc. No. 102-38.

（八）國際組織決議或文書

1. 國際環境法決議與文書

Stockholm Declaration, in environmental law guidelines and principles, See U.N. General Assembly Resolutions 2994/XXVII, 2995/UVII and 2996/XXII (1972).

Rio Declaration, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26 (vol. I), 31 ILM 874 (1992).

2. 國際氣候法決議與文書

COP15, Decision 2/CP.15, Copenhagen Accord, FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1 (2009).

COP16, Decision 1/CP.16, The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention, FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1 (2010).

COP17, Decision 1/CP.17, Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add (2011).

COP18, Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, available at: https://unfccc.int/process/the-kyoto-protocol/the-doha-amendment (last visited: Jan. 7th, 2003)

COP19, Decision 2/CP.19, Warsaw international mechanism for loss and damage associated with climate change impacts, FCCC/CP/2013/10/Add.1 (2013).

COP20, Decision 1/CP.20, Lima Call for Climate Action, FCCC/CP/2014/10/Add.1 (2014).

COP26, Decision 1/CP.26, Glasgow Climate Pact, Nov. 13, 2021.

COP 27, Draft decision -/CP.27 -/CMA.4, FCCC/CP/2022/L.18–FCCC/PA/CMA/2022/L.20, Funding arrangements for responding to loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including a focus on addressing loss and damage, available at: https://unfccc.int/event/cop-27?item=8%20f (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022).

COP 27, Draft decision -/CP.27, FCCC/CP/2022/L.5/Rev.1, Santiago network for averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage under the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts, available at: https://unfccc.int/event/cop-27?item=7 (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022)

Guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, available at: https://unfccc.int/documents/310510 (last visited: Nov. 5th, 2022).

3. 國際人權法決議與文書

(1) 區域人權法體系文書

Petition to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Seeking Relief from Violations Resulting from Global Warming Caused by Acts and Omissions of the United States, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/petition-to-the-inter-american-commission-on-human-rights-seeking-relief-from-violations-resulting-from-global-warming-caused-by-acts-and-omissions-of-the-united-states/ (last visited: Nov. 6th, 2022)

(2) 聯合國大會決議與文書

UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III), available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html [accessed 7 January 2023].

UN General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly, 2 October 2007, A/RES/61/295, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/471355a82.html (last visited: Jan. 7th, 2023)

(3) 聯合國核心人權公約一般性意見及其他文書

UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment No. 6: Article 6 (Right to Life), 30 April 1982, UN Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I).

UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 23: Rights of Minorities (Article 27 of the Covenant), 8 April 1994, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.5.

UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 25: Participation in Public Affairs and the Right to Vote (Article 25 of the Covenant), 12 July 1996, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.7.

UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), General comment no. 36, Article 6 (Right to Life), 3 September 2019, CCPR/C/GC/36.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 4: The Right to Adequate Housing (Article 11 (1) of the Covenant), 13 December 1991, E/1992/23.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 7: The right to adequate housing (Article11.1): forced evictions, 20 May 1997, E/1998/22.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 12: The Right to Adequate Food (Article 11 of the Covenant), E/C.12/1999/5.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Article 12 of the Covenant), 11 August 2000, E/C.12/2000/4.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant), 20 January 2003, E/C.12/2002/11.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 18: The Right to Work (Article 6 of the Covenant), 6 February 2006, E/C.12/GC/18.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 21: Right of everyone to take part in cultural life (Article 15, para.1(a) of the Covenant), 21 December 2009, E/C.12/GC/21.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), Substantive Issues Arising in The Implementation of The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. E/C.12/2002/11.

UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 5: General Measures of Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Arts. 4, 42 and 42, para. 6), UN Doc. CRC/GC/2003/5.

(4) 聯合國人權高級專員辦公室文書

UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, OHCHR`s response to the UNFCCC Secretariat request for submissions on the Nairobi Work Programme on the questions of impact, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change: health impacts, including occupational health, safety and social protection, August 29, 2016, FCCC/SBSTA/2016/2.

(5) 聯合國人權理事會決議

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 10/4, A/HRC/RES/10/4, Mar. 25th , 2009.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 18/22, A/HRC/RES/18/22, Oct. 17th, 2011.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 29/15, A/HRC/RES/29/15, Jul. 3rd, 2015.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 32/33, A/HRC/RES/32/33, Jul. 1st, 2016.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 35/20, A/HRC/RES/35/20, Jun. 22th, 2017.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 38/4, A/HRC/RES/38/4, Jul. 5th, 2018.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 41/21, A/HRC/RES/41/21, 23 July 2019.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 43/14, A/HRC/RES/43/14, 6 Jul. 2020.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 44/7, A/HRC/RES/44/7, Jul. 16th, 2020.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 47/24, A/HRC/RES/47/24, Jul. 14th, 2021.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 50/9, A/HRC/RES/50/9, Jul. 14th , 2022.

（九）網路資料

Brief Juridique sur la Requete Deposee au Tribunal Administratif De Paris Le 14 Mars 2019, L’Affaire du Siècle, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2019/20190314_NA_complaint.pdf (last visited: Dec. 16th, 2022).

Case Summary, Neubauer et al. v. Germany, Climate Change Litigation Database, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/neubauer-et-al-v-germany/ (last visited: Dec. 20th, 2022).

Case Summary, Notre Affaire à Tous and Others v. France, Climate Change Litigation Database, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/notre-affaire-a-tous-and-others-v-france/ (last visited: Dec. 16th, 2022).

Case Summary, VZW Klimaatzaak v. Kingdom of Belgium & Others, Climate Change Litigation Database, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/vzw-klimaatzaak-v-kingdom-of-belgium-et-al/ (last visited: Dec. 21th, 2022).

COP19, Official Website, Warsaw Climate Change Conference－November 2013, available at: https://unfccc.int/conference/warsaw-climate-change-conference-november-2013 (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022)

COP27, Official Website, Government Ministers at COP27 Call for More Ambitious Climate Action, available at: https://unfccc.int/news/government-ministers-at-cop27-call-for-more-ambitious-climate-action (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022)

Ehsan Masood et al., COP27 climate talks: what succeeded, what failed and what’s next, Nature, available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03807-0 (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022)

General Overview, Constitutional Council, available at: https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/general-overview (last visited: Dec. 16th, 2022).

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Official Website, About the IPCC, available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/about/ (last visited: Nov. 5th, 2022)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Official Website, AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2022, available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/ (last visited: Nov. 5th, 2022)

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Press 328, 16 December 2022. The Tribunal Invites States Parties to the Convention, The Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law and Other Intergovernmental Organizations to Present Written Statements by 16 May 2023, available at: https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/press_releases_english/PR_328_EN.pdf (last visited: Feb. 6th, 2023)

The Case of the Century: The French state is found guilty of failing to meet its commitments to combat global warming, English Press Release available at: http://paris.tribunal-administratif.fr/content/download/179704/1761585/version/2/file/CP%20 affaire%20du%20si%C3%A8cle_EN.pdf (last visited: Dec. 16th, 2022).

UN Climate, Press Release, COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh to Focus on Delivering on the Promises of Paris, available at: https://unfccc.int/news/cop27-in-sharm-el-sheikh-to-focus-on-delivering-on-the-promises-of-paris (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022)

UN Environment Programme, Official Website, About UN Environment Programme, available at: https://www.unep.org/about-un-environment (last visited: Nov. 5th, 2022).

UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Official Website, The Core International Human Rights Instruments and their monitoring bodies, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/core-international-human-rights-instruments-and-their-monitoring-bodies (last visited: Feb. 2rd, 2023)

UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Official Website, Climate change and the right to housing, Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-housing/climate-change-and-right-housing (last visites: Feb. 6th, 2023)

UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Official Website, The impact of climate change on the enjoyment of the right to health, OHCHR and climate change, How does climate change affect health? , available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/climate-change/impact-climate-change-enjoyment-right-health (last visited: Feb. 6th, 2023)

United Nations, Official Website, From Stockholm to Kyoto: A Brief History of Climate Change, available at: https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/stockholm-kyoto-brief-history-climate-change (last visited: Nov. 5th, 20 22).

United Nations Climate Change, Official Website, What is the Kyoto Protocol?, available at: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol (last visited: Nov. 5th, 2022).

World Health Organization, Quantitative Risk Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change on Selected Causes of Death, 2030s and 2050s’, available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241507691 (last visited 10th August 2022)
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學系
108651045
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108651045
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 許耀明zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hsu, Yao-Mingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李宜靜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) LI, Yi-Chingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李宜靜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) LI, Yi-Chingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 6-Apr-2023 18:05:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 6-Apr-2023 18:05:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 6-Apr-2023 18:05:42 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108651045en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/144064-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 108651045zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 氣候變遷下權利保障所須仰賴之司法救濟，近年來因為指標個案決定之作成而受到關注。各界以氣候訴訟一詞泛指此概念，然而其定義和指涉範圍則因為學門、研究方法、觀點等因素而產生差異。本論文核心問題在於，當人民意識到其權利可能或已經因為氣候變遷而受到不利影響，且立法部門和行政部門怠於採取積極行動應對時，能否透過司法部門之救濟，釐清人民權利之內涵與國家義務之範疇，並強制使國家或政府落實其法定義務，如採取具體措施以應對氣候變遷帶來之不利影響，且使人民於損害發生時獲得賠償。

當氣候變遷作為新興問題，但各國法律對於氣候變遷與人民權利之關係與內涵規範尚不完足，此時國際社會共同之法規範，即國際法，是否對國家和政府具有法律拘束力，以及其規範內容是否能夠解決內國法律中人民權利規範不足之問題，自然成為國際社會各界關注之重點。本論文將針對與氣候變遷相關之國際氣候法與國際人權法，在氣候訴訟中之適用及救濟有效性進行探討，以嘗試回應氣候訴訟當前面臨之法律爭議－即可司法性、權力分立與當事人適格問題。

本論文嘗試透過現有案例研析，觀察各國法院對於氣候訴訟之態度，以及其中關於國際法適用、救濟有效性及法律爭點認定之論述，以回應本論文欲探討之核心問題。由於本論文不僅限於人民權利之探討，亦包含國家義務之界定，故在案例選擇上，本論文僅選擇人民對於國家或政府提起訴訟，且爭訟主要議題為氣候變遷之案例，並將地理範圍限縮在近年具有突破性發展，以及在國際社會中積極適用國際法之歐盟，最終選擇荷蘭、法國、德國、比利時之個案進行分析。經過規範檢視與案例分析，本論文認為國際氣候法與國際人權法之適用，在氣候訴訟中確實扮演重要角色，影響氣候變遷下人民權利司法救濟之有效性。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The judicial remedy for the protection of rights under climate change has received much attention in recent years due to the developments of the landmark cases. The term "climate litigation" has been used to refer to this concept in general, but its definition and scope vary depending on the discipline, the research method, and the perspective. In addition, the core issue of this paper is whether the people`s rights can be ensured through relief by the judiciary when they are aware that their rights may be or have been adversely affected by climate change and the legislature and the executive branch are not taking positive actions to cope with it.

As climate change is an emerging issue, the relationship between climate change and people`s rights is not yet fully regulated by the laws of various countries. In this situation, whether the common legal regulation of the international community, as known as international law, is legally binding on countries and governments, and whether the content of its regulation can solve the problem of the insufficiency of people`s rights regulation in domestic laws, naturally becomes the focus of attention of the international community. This paper will explore the application and effectiveness of international climate law and international human rights law in climate litigation, in an attempt to respond to the legal controversies facing climate litigation, i.e., justiciability, separation of powers, and standing.

This paper intends to examine the attitude of domestic courts toward climate litigation, and their discussions on the application of international law, the effectiveness of relief, and the recognition of legal disputes through the analysis of existing case practice, in order to respond to the core issues that this paper sets out to explore. Since this paper is not only limited to the study in people`s rights, but also includes the clarification of state obligations, this paper only selects cases in which people have filed lawsuits against the state or government and the main issue of the lawsuit is climate change, and limits the geographical scope of the case selection to European Union, which has made a breakthrough in recent years and has actively applied international law in the international community. In the End, the cases in the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Belgium were selected for analysis.

After the regulatory review and the case analysis, this paper concludes that the application of international climate law and international human rights law does play an important role in climate litigation and affects the effectiveness of judicial remedies for people`s rights under climate change.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 碩士學位論文回顧 2
第三節 研究問題與範圍 5
第四節 研究方法與限制 7
第五節 研究架構與章節規劃 8

第二章 氣候變遷與國際氣候法制 11
第一節 氣候變遷概論 11
第二節 聯合國氣候變遷綱要公約 19
第三節 締約方大會之重要決議 39
第四節 本章小結 58

第三章 氣候變遷與國際人權法制 59
第一節 國際人權法制簡介 59
第二節 氣候變遷與人權概論 61
第三節 實體權利 65
第四節 程序權利 98
第五節 救濟權 103
第六節 本章小結 104

第四章 氣候變遷訴訟 106
第一節 氣候訴訟概論 106
第二節 氣候訴訟之法律議題 114
第三節 氣候訴訟之重要性 128
第四節 本章小結 132

第五章 歐盟會員國內國法院氣候訴訟案例分析 134
第一節 緒論 134
第二節 荷蘭案例 137
第三節 法國案例 153
第四節 德國案例 158
第五節 比利時案例 170
第六節 案例分析與比較 181
第七節 本章小結 193

第六章 結論 194


參考文獻 203
一、中文文獻 203
(一)專書 203
(二)期刊論文 203
(三)網路資料 204
二、外文文獻 204
(一)專書 204
(二)專書論文 205
(三)期刊論文 207
(四)NGO 或國際組織出版品 208
(五)內國法規 211
(六)內國法院判決 212
(七)國際條約與憲章 213
(八)國際組織決議或文書 215
(九)網路資料 219

附錄 法條原文 223
附錄一《聯合國氣候變遷綱要公約》(英文版) 223
附錄二 其他國際氣候法規範(英文版) 247
附錄三 氣候變遷相關國際人權法規範(英文版) 262
附錄四 選取四案例中涉及之歐盟法規範(英文版) 282
附錄五 選取四案例中涉及之各國法規範(英/法/德文) 284		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 3450678 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108651045en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 氣候變遷訴訟zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 氣候訴訟zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 氣候變遷zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 溫室氣體減排zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際法在內國法院之適用zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 司法救濟有效性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 氣候變遷與人權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際氣候法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際人權法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Climate Change Litigationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Climate Litigationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Climate Changeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissionsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Application of International Law in Domestic Courts,en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Effectiveness of Judicial Remedies,en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Climate Change and Human Rightsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) International Climate Lawen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) International Human Rights Lawen_US
dc.title (題名) 國際氣候法及國際人權法在氣候訴訟中之適用－以荷法德比案例為核心zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Application of International Climate Law and International Human Rights Law on Climate Litigation: Focusing on Dutch, French, German and Belgian Casesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻

一、中文文獻

（一）專書

丘宏達著、陳純一修訂（2021），現代國際法，台北市：三民書局。

林春元（2017），氣候變遷全球行政法的演變、形貌與影響，台北市：台大出版中心。

吳嘉生（2012），國際環境法專論，台北市：五南圖書。

葉俊榮（2015），氣候變遷治理與法律，台北市：台大出版中心。

（二）期刊論文

石忠山（2007），當代比利時憲政體制，台灣國際法研究季刊，第3卷第4期，頁1-36。

李建良（1997），論司法審查的政治界線：美國「政治問題原則」初探，人文及社會科學集刊，第9卷第4期，頁65-110。

李建良（2021），氣候變遷、基本人權與憲法訴訟－2021年德國氣候訴訟裁判釋論，台灣法律人，第2期，頁1-20。

吳信華（2020），論「裁判憲法審查」（上）——制度的繼受、施行與展望，國立中正大學法學集刊，第67期，頁167-216。

柳婉郁、林國慶（2012），REDD源起與運作機制之分析，台灣林業第38卷第6期，2012年12月，頁15-19。

許耀明（2017），巴黎協議一週年：回顧與展望，月旦法學雜誌，第263期，頁206-222。

許耀明（2021），「世紀判決」－法國一歐元氣候訴訟，月旦法學教室，第227期，頁34-37。

（三）網路資料

行政院環境保護署，溫室氣體專用名詞手冊，民國99年7月，取自：https://ghgregistry.epa.gov.tw/upload/%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A%E7%89%88990705v9.pdf（最後瀏覽日期：2023年01月07日）

氣候正義與全球行動（中），環報第71期：翻轉森林，環境品質文教基金會，取自：http://www.eqpf.org/envinews/epContent.aspx?dsn=272&cId=1（最後瀏覽日期：2023年01月03日）


二、外文文獻

（一）專書

Alogna, Ivano et al.. 2021. Climate Change Litigation: Global Perspectives. Nijhoff: Brill.

Atapattu, Sumudu. 2016. Human Rights Approaches to Climate Change-Challenges and Opportunities. New York: Routledge.

Bantekas, Ilias et al.. 2020. International Human Rights Law and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bodansky, Daniel et al.. 2017. International Climate Change Law. New York: Oxford University Press.

Brunnée, Jutta et al.. 2012. Climate Change Liability: Transnational Law and Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Faure, Michael and Peeters, Marjan. 2011. Climate Change Liability. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Jayawickrama, Nihal. 2017. The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law: National, Regional and International Jurisprudence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mazzeschi, Riccardo Pisillo. 2021. International Human Rights Law: Theory and Practice. Cham: Springer.

Quirico, Ottavio et al.. 2016. Human Rights Approaches to Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities. New York: Routledge.

Sindico, Francesco et al.. 2021. Comparative Climate Change Litigation: Beyond the Usual Suspects. Cham: Springer.

Smith, Rhona K.M. 2020. International Human Rights Law. Oxford : Oxford University Press.

Wewerinke-Singh, Margaretha. 2019. State Responsibility, Climate Change and Human Rights under International Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing.

（二）專書論文

Alogna, Ivano et al.. 2021. Climate Change Litigation: Global Perspectives—An Introduction, in Climate Change Litigation: Global Perspectives 1-30, edited by Ivano Alogna et al.. Leiden: Brill.

Brunnée, Jutta et al.. 2012. Introduction, in Climate Change Liability: Transnational Law and Practice 3-7, edited by Richard Lord et al.. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Fairbrass, Jenny and Jordan, Andrew. 2004. Multi-level Governance and Environmental Policy, in Multi-level Governance 147-164, edited by Ian Bache and Matthew Flinders. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Faure, Michael and Peeters, Marjan. 2011. Introduction, in Climate Change Liability 3-12, edited by Michael Faure & Marjan Peeters. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Francioni, Francesco and Quirico, Ottavio. 2016. Untying the Gordian Knot: Towards the human right to a climatically sustainable environment?, in Climate Change and Human Rights: An international and comparative law perspective 133-156, edited by Ottavio Quirico & Mouloud Boumghar. New York: Routledge.

Mead, Sarah and Maxwell, Lucy. 2022. Climate Change Litigation: National Courts as Agents of International Law Development, in The Environment Through the Lens of International Courts and Tribunals 617-648, edited by Edgardo Sobenes et al.. Heidelberg: Springer.

Peel, Jacqueline. 2017. Climate Change, in The Practice of Shared Responsibility in International Law 1009-1050, edited by André Nollkaemper & Ilias Plakokefalos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Peel, Jacqueline and Osofsky, Hari M.. 2019. Litigation as a Climate Regulatory Tool, in International Judicial Practice on the Environment: Questions of Legitimacy 311-366, edited by Christina Voigt & Universitetet i Oslo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Savaresi, Annalisa. 2021. Inter-State Climate Change Litigation: ‘Neither a Chimera nor a Panacea’, in Climate Change Litigation: Global Perspectives 366-392 , edited by Ivano Alogna et al.. Leiden: Brill.

Sindico, Francesco et al.. 2021. Climate Change Litigation and the Individual: An Overview, in Comparative Climate Change Litigation: Beyond the Usual Suspects 1-33, edited by Francesco Sindico et al.. Cham: Springer.

Wewerinke-Singh, Margaretha. 2018. State responsibility for human rights violations associated with climate change, in Routledge Handbook of Human Rights and Climate Governance 75-89, edited by Sébastien Duyck et al.. New York: Routledge.

（三）期刊論文

Bodansky, Daniel. 2016. The Legal Character of the Paris Agreement, The Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 25(2): 142-150.

Burman, Thomas. 2022. A New Causal Pathway for Recovery in Climate Change Litigation?, Environmental Law Reporter 52: 10038-10064.

Fernando, Inura. 2018. Litigating Climate Change - Of Politics and Political Questions: A Comparative Analysis of Justiciability of Climate Change in the United States and Canada, Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 49: 315-340.

Gupta, Joyeeta. 2008. The multi-level governance challenge of climate change, Environmental Science 4(3): 131-137.

Jodoin, Sébastien et al.. 2021. Rights-based approaches to climate decision-making, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 52: 45-53.

Keller, Moritz & Kapoo, Sunny. 2020. Climate Change Litigation: Civil Liability for Greenhouse Gas Emissions, European Energy and Environmental Law Review 29(2): 49-57.

Knox, John H.. 2019. Bringing Human Rights to Bear on Climate Change, Climate Law 9: 165-179.

Mcgoldrick, Dominic. 2010. The Boundaries of Justiciability, International & Comparative Law Quarterly 59(4): 981-1019.

Minnerop, Petra & Otto, Friederike. 2019-2020. Climate Change and Causation: Joining Law and Climate Science on the Basis of Formal Logic, Buffalo Environmental law Journal 27: 49-86.

Osofsky, Hari M.. 2010. The Continuing Importance of Climate Change Litigation, Climate Law 1: 3-47.

Quirico, Ottavio. 2018. Climate Change and State Responsibility for Human Rights Violations: Causation and Imputation, Netherlands International Law Review 65: 185-215.

Peel, Jacqueline and Osofsky, Hari M.. 2020. Climate Change Litigation, Annual Review of Law and Social Science 16: 21-38.

Pouikli, Kleoniki. 2022. Editorial: a short history of the climate change litigation boom across Europe, Era Forum 22: 569-548.

Savaresi, Annalisa. 2021. Human rights and the impacts of climate change: Revisiting the assumptions, Oñati Socio-Legal Series 11(1): 231-253.

Wegener, Lennart. 2020. Can the Paris Agreement Help Climate Change Litigation and Vice Versa ?, Transnational Environmental Law 9(1): 17-36.

Wewerinke, Margaretha and Doebbler, Curtis F.J.. 2011. Exploring the Legal Basis of a Human Rights Approach to Climate Change, Chinese Journal of International Law 10: 141-160.

（四）NGO或國際組織出版品

Climate Change Secretariat, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Handbook (2006), available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/handbook.pdf (last visited: Nov. 5th, 2022).

Elizabeth Ferris. 2011. Climate Change and Internal Displacement: A Contribution to the Discussion, Prepared for UNHCR Roundtable Bellagio, The Brookings Institution – University of Bern Project on Internal Displacement.

Human Rights Council, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Relationship between Climate Change and Human Rights, A/HRC/10/61, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G09/103/44/PDF/G0910344.pdf?OpenElement (last visited 10th August 2022)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland (2007).

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2014. Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Rajendra K. Pachauri and Leo Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland (2014).

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2022. Summary for Policymakers of Working Group I (WGI) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2022. Summary for Policymakers of Working Group II (WGII) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2022. Summary for Policymakers of Working Group III (WGIII) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2018. Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (2018a).

Joana Setzer and Rebecca Byrnes. 2019. Global trends in climate change litigation: 2019 snapshot, Policy Report published by Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.

Joana Setzer and Catherine Higham. 2022. Global trends in climate change litigation: 2022 snapshot, Policy Report published by Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.

Saito-Jensen, Moeko. 2015. Multilevel Governance Theory, in Theories and Methods for the Study of Multilevel Environmental Governance, Project Guide and Methods Training Manual, published by Center for International Forestry Research.

UN Environment Programme, The Status of Climate Change Litigation: A Global Review, available at: https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/20767 (last visited: Nov. 16th, 2022)

UN Environment Programme, Global Climate Litigation Report: 2020 STATUS REVIEW, available at: https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-climate-litigation-report-2020-status-review (last visited: Nov. 16th, 2022)

UN General Assembly, The right to adequate housing : note / by the Secretary-General, 6 August 2009, A/64/255, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/4aa762e10.html [accessed 6 February 2023]

UN General Assembly, Adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and the right tonon-discrimination in this context / by the Secretary-General, A/74/183, 17 July 2019, available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N19/220/89/PDF/N1922089.pdf?OpenElement (last visited: Feb. 6th, 2023)

UN General Assembly, Towards a just transformation: climate crisis and the right to housing, Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to nondiscrimination in this context, Balakrishnan Rajagopal, A/HRC/52/28, 23 December 2022, available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G22/612/32/PDF/G2261232.pdf?OpenElement (last visited: Feb. 6th, 2023)

UN General Assembly, Guidelines for the Implementation of the Right to Adequate Housing, Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context, A/HRC/43/43, 26 December 2019, available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G19/353/90/PDF/G1935390.pdf?OpenElement (last visited: Feb. 6th, 2023)

UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Climate change and the human right to adequate food, Contribution of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Mr Olivier De Schutter, to the meeting convened by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung with the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Geneva, May 13th, 2010, available at: https://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/docs/climate-change-and-hr-adequate-food.pdf (last visites: Feb. 6th, 2023)

UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights & Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council, Mandate of the Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Climate Change and the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Water/Climate_Change_Right_Water_Sanitation.pdf (last visited: Feb. 6th, 2023)

UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights & Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council, Mandate of the Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Climate Change and the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation (Draft), available at: https://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/water/iexpert/docs/climatechange_hrtws.pdf (last visited: Feb. 6th, 2023)

（五）內國法規

Royaume de Belgique / Koninkrijk België /Königreich Belgien. Constitution 2017.

Royaume de Belgique / Koninkrijk België /Königreich Belgien. Civil Code 2007.

Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz 2020.

Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1949.

Bundesrepublik Deutschland Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz 1975.

Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Gesetz über das Bundesverfassungsgericht 1951.

République Française. La Charte de l`Environnement 2005.

République Française. Le Code de l`Energie 2019.

République Française. Le Code de l`environnement 2019.

The Netherlands. Constitution 2018.

The Netherlands. Civil Code 1992.

（六）內國法院判決

1. 本論文選取分析之四個案例

Neubauer et al. v. Germany, Case No. BvR 2656/18/1, BvR 78/20/1, BvR 96/20/1, BvR 288/20, Bundesverfassungsgericht (2021).

Urgenda Foundation v. The State of The Netherlands (Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment), ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2015:7145, Rechtbank Den Haag, Case No. C/09/456689 / HA ZA 13-1396 (English translation) (2015).

The State of The Netherlands (Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment) v. Urgenda Foundation, ECLI:NL:GHDHA:2018:2610, Gerechtshof Den Haag, Case No. 200.178.245/01 (Engelse vertaling) (2018).

The State of The Netherlands (Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment) v. Stiching Urgenda, ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007, Hoge Raad, Case No. 19/00135 (Engels) (2019).

VZW Klimaatzaak v. Kingdom of Belgium & Others, French-speaking Court of First Instance of Brussels, Civil Section, 2015/4585/A (2021) (Unofficial English Transition Version by Climate Litigation Network).

3 février 2021, L’Affaire du Siècle: l’Etat reconnu responsable de manquements dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique, Communiqué de Presse, Tribunal administratif de Paris, named Notre Affaire à Tous and Others v. France or Oxfam et al. v. France (numéros 1904967, 1904968, 1904972, 1904976/4-1). Full Text: http://paris.tribunal-administratif.fr/content/download/179360/1759761/version/1/file/1904967190496819049721904976.pdf (French) (last visited：Dec. 16th, 2022)

2. 其他引用案例

Affaire Cordella et autres c. Italie (Requêtes nos 54414/13 et 54264/15), Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 24 January 2019, available at: https://www.refworld.org/cases,ECHR,5e67caf54.html (French) (last visited: Jan. 7th, 2023)

Am. Elec. Power v. Connecticut, 564 U.S. at 415; see also Kivalina, 696 F.3d at 856.

Connecticut v. Am. Elec. Power, 406 F. Supp. 2d 265, 267 (S.D.N.Y. 2005).

Connecticut v. Am. Elec. Power, 582 F.3d 309 (2d Cir. 2009).

Engels and Others v. Germany, European Court of Human Rights, Case no. 46906/22 (Undecided).

Juliana, et al. v. United States of America, et al., 947 F.3d 1159 (9th Cir. 2020).

Landgericht Essen [District Court Essen] Dec. 15, 2016, 2 0 285/15 (Ger.).

Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency, 549 U.S. 497 (2007).

1 juillet 2021, Émissions de gaz à effet de serre: le Conseil d`État annule le refus du Gouvernement de prendre des mesures supplémentaires et lui enjoint de prendre ces mesures avant le 31 mars 2022, Communiqué de Presse, Conseil d`État (numéros 427301), Judgment in French, available at: https://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/arianeweb/CE/decision/2020-11-19/427301 (last visited: Dec. 16th, 2022).

（七）國際條約與憲章

Agreement for the establishment of the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law, October 31, 2021, available at: https://commonwealthfoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Commission-of-Small-Island-States-on-Climate-Change-and-International-Law.pdf (last visited: Feb. 7th, 2023)

Charter of United Nations, Oct.24, 1945, 1 U.N.T.S. XVI.

Convention on Biological Diversity, Jun. 5, 1992, 31 I.L.M. 818.

Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, 2161 UNTS 447, 38 ILM 517 (1999).

Council of Europe, European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14, 4 November 1950, ETS 5, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3b04.html [accessed 7 January 2023]

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, 2 May 1948, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3710.html [accessed 1 February 2023]

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Dec.16, 1996, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Dec.16, 1996, 993 U.N.T.S. 3.

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec. 10, 1997, 2303 U.N.T.S. 162.

Organization of American States (OAS), American Convention on Human Rights, "Pact of San Jose", Costa Rica, 22 November 1969, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36510.html [accessed 1 February 2023]

Organization of American States (OAS), Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ("Protocol of San Salvador"), 16 November 1999, A-52, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3b90.html [accessed 1 February 2023]

Organization of American States (OAS), Charter of the Organisation of American States, 30 April 1948, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3624.html [accessed 1 February 2023]

Organization of African Unity (OAU), African Charter on Human and Peoples` Rights ("Banjul Charter"), 27 June 1981, CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3630.html [accessed 1 February 2023]

Organization of African Unity (OAU), Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People`s Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and People`s Rights, 10 June 1998, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f4b19c14.html [accessed 1 February 2023]

Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec. 12, 2015, T.I.A.S. No. 16-1104.

The Convention on the Rights of Children, Nov. 10, 1989, 1557 U.N.T.S. 3.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, May 9, 1992, S. Treaty Doc. No. 102-38.

（八）國際組織決議或文書

1. 國際環境法決議與文書

Stockholm Declaration, in environmental law guidelines and principles, See U.N. General Assembly Resolutions 2994/XXVII, 2995/UVII and 2996/XXII (1972).

Rio Declaration, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26 (vol. I), 31 ILM 874 (1992).

2. 國際氣候法決議與文書

COP15, Decision 2/CP.15, Copenhagen Accord, FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1 (2009).

COP16, Decision 1/CP.16, The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention, FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1 (2010).

COP17, Decision 1/CP.17, Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add (2011).

COP18, Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, available at: https://unfccc.int/process/the-kyoto-protocol/the-doha-amendment (last visited: Jan. 7th, 2003)

COP19, Decision 2/CP.19, Warsaw international mechanism for loss and damage associated with climate change impacts, FCCC/CP/2013/10/Add.1 (2013).

COP20, Decision 1/CP.20, Lima Call for Climate Action, FCCC/CP/2014/10/Add.1 (2014).

COP26, Decision 1/CP.26, Glasgow Climate Pact, Nov. 13, 2021.

COP 27, Draft decision -/CP.27 -/CMA.4, FCCC/CP/2022/L.18–FCCC/PA/CMA/2022/L.20, Funding arrangements for responding to loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including a focus on addressing loss and damage, available at: https://unfccc.int/event/cop-27?item=8%20f (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022).

COP 27, Draft decision -/CP.27, FCCC/CP/2022/L.5/Rev.1, Santiago network for averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage under the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts, available at: https://unfccc.int/event/cop-27?item=7 (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022)

Guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, available at: https://unfccc.int/documents/310510 (last visited: Nov. 5th, 2022).

3. 國際人權法決議與文書

(1) 區域人權法體系文書

Petition to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Seeking Relief from Violations Resulting from Global Warming Caused by Acts and Omissions of the United States, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/petition-to-the-inter-american-commission-on-human-rights-seeking-relief-from-violations-resulting-from-global-warming-caused-by-acts-and-omissions-of-the-united-states/ (last visited: Nov. 6th, 2022)

(2) 聯合國大會決議與文書

UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III), available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html [accessed 7 January 2023].

UN General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly, 2 October 2007, A/RES/61/295, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/471355a82.html (last visited: Jan. 7th, 2023)

(3) 聯合國核心人權公約一般性意見及其他文書

UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment No. 6: Article 6 (Right to Life), 30 April 1982, UN Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I).

UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 23: Rights of Minorities (Article 27 of the Covenant), 8 April 1994, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.5.

UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 25: Participation in Public Affairs and the Right to Vote (Article 25 of the Covenant), 12 July 1996, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.7.

UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), General comment no. 36, Article 6 (Right to Life), 3 September 2019, CCPR/C/GC/36.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 4: The Right to Adequate Housing (Article 11 (1) of the Covenant), 13 December 1991, E/1992/23.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 7: The right to adequate housing (Article11.1): forced evictions, 20 May 1997, E/1998/22.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 12: The Right to Adequate Food (Article 11 of the Covenant), E/C.12/1999/5.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Article 12 of the Covenant), 11 August 2000, E/C.12/2000/4.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant), 20 January 2003, E/C.12/2002/11.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 18: The Right to Work (Article 6 of the Covenant), 6 February 2006, E/C.12/GC/18.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 21: Right of everyone to take part in cultural life (Article 15, para.1(a) of the Covenant), 21 December 2009, E/C.12/GC/21.

UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), Substantive Issues Arising in The Implementation of The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. E/C.12/2002/11.

UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 5: General Measures of Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Arts. 4, 42 and 42, para. 6), UN Doc. CRC/GC/2003/5.

(4) 聯合國人權高級專員辦公室文書

UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, OHCHR`s response to the UNFCCC Secretariat request for submissions on the Nairobi Work Programme on the questions of impact, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change: health impacts, including occupational health, safety and social protection, August 29, 2016, FCCC/SBSTA/2016/2.

(5) 聯合國人權理事會決議

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 10/4, A/HRC/RES/10/4, Mar. 25th , 2009.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 18/22, A/HRC/RES/18/22, Oct. 17th, 2011.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 29/15, A/HRC/RES/29/15, Jul. 3rd, 2015.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 32/33, A/HRC/RES/32/33, Jul. 1st, 2016.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 35/20, A/HRC/RES/35/20, Jun. 22th, 2017.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 38/4, A/HRC/RES/38/4, Jul. 5th, 2018.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 41/21, A/HRC/RES/41/21, 23 July 2019.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 43/14, A/HRC/RES/43/14, 6 Jul. 2020.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 44/7, A/HRC/RES/44/7, Jul. 16th, 2020.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 47/24, A/HRC/RES/47/24, Jul. 14th, 2021.

UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 50/9, A/HRC/RES/50/9, Jul. 14th , 2022.

（九）網路資料

Brief Juridique sur la Requete Deposee au Tribunal Administratif De Paris Le 14 Mars 2019, L’Affaire du Siècle, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2019/20190314_NA_complaint.pdf (last visited: Dec. 16th, 2022).

Case Summary, Neubauer et al. v. Germany, Climate Change Litigation Database, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/neubauer-et-al-v-germany/ (last visited: Dec. 20th, 2022).

Case Summary, Notre Affaire à Tous and Others v. France, Climate Change Litigation Database, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/notre-affaire-a-tous-and-others-v-france/ (last visited: Dec. 16th, 2022).

Case Summary, VZW Klimaatzaak v. Kingdom of Belgium & Others, Climate Change Litigation Database, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/vzw-klimaatzaak-v-kingdom-of-belgium-et-al/ (last visited: Dec. 21th, 2022).

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