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題名 越南投資者的個人財務規劃
Personal financial planning for Vietnamese investors作者 陳英雲
Van, Tran Thi Anh貢獻者 蔡政憲
Tsai, Jason
陳英雲
Tran Thi Anh Van關鍵詞 越南
金融市場
多樣化
投資組合
個人規劃
Vietnam
Financial market
Diversification
Portfolio
Personal planning日期 2023 上傳時間 2-May-2023 15:06:35 (UTC+8) 摘要 AbstractPersonal Financial Planning for Vietnamese Investors.By Anh Van TranIn recent years, the Vietnamese stock market has become increasingly popular among individual investors, especially after the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. However, given the nascent history of Vietnam`s securities environment and the inherent disadvantage of individual securities investors, in terms of capital and financial knowledge, constantly beating the market and getting rich in the securities remains a significant challenge. This research aims to provide readers, particularly individual investors with comprehensive insights into the investment landscape in Vietnam. Besides, by highlighting the relationship between Risk and Returns, the study sheds light on the importance of portfolio diversification, offering Vietnamese investors a strategy to diversify their portfolios more effectively. 參考文獻 Anh Tho. (2022, October 8). Bao Chinh Phu. From baochinhphu.vn: https://baochinhphu.vn/dai-dien-ngan-hang-nha-nuoc-chi-nhanh-tphcm-scb-dang-hoat-dong-binh-thuong-on-dinh-102221008163018383.htmBao An. (2022, August 25). Cong An. Retrieved from congan.com: https://congan.com.vn/an-ninh-kinh-te/cuu-chu-tich-flc-trinh-van-quyet-va-2-em-gai-bi-khoi-to-them-toi-lua-dao_136045.htmlBerk, J., & DeMarzo, P. (2020). Corporate Finance. London: Pearson Education.Bodie, Kane, & Marcus. (2019). Investment and Portfolio Management. McGraw-Hill Europe.Dao Vu. (2022, June 1). Vietnam`s financial market 2022: Opportunities and challenges. From VnEconomy: https://vneconomy.vn/thi-truong-tai-chinh-viet-nam-2022-co-hoi-dan-xen-thach-thuc.htmDepartment of Financial Informatics and Statics. (2021, December 10). Statistical Yearbook 2020. From Ministry of Finance: https://mof.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/btcvn/pages_r/l/tin-bo-tai-chinh?dDocName=MOFUCM217262Dezan Shira & Associates. (n.d.). Vietnam’s International Free Trade Agreements. From Vietnam Briefing: Vietnam’s International Free Trade AgreementsDo, K. T., & Nguyen, N. (2021). Vietnam Real Estate Market 2021 amid Covid-19 Pandamic. From Bat Dong San: https://batdongsan.com.vn/interaktivestory/thi-truong-bat-dong-san-viet-nam-2021-qua-cac-lan-song-covid-19/Dragon Capital Vietnam Fund Management Joint Stock Company (DCVFM). (2023, December). Update Fund Activities VFMVN DIAMOND. From Dragon Capital: https://dragoncapital.com.vn/cap-nhat-hoat-dong-quy-vfmvn-diamond/?report_type=cap-nhat-hoat-dong-quy&fund_code=FUEVFVNDDragon Capital Vietnam Fund Management Joint Stock Company. (2022, December). VFMVN30 ETF - Fund Information. From Dragon Capital: https://dragoncapital.com.vn/quy-hoan-doi-danh-muc-etf-vfmvn30/etf-thong-tin-ve-quy/Dragon Capital Vietnam Fund Management Joint Stock Company. (2022, December). VFMVN DIAMOND ETF - Fund Information. From Dragon Capital: https://dragoncapital.com.vn/quy-ETFs-vfmvn-diamond/thong-tin-ve-quy/Forbes Media LLC. (2023). Profile Tran Dinh Long. From Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/profile/tran-dinh-long/?sh=77ee4761608dFusion Media Co., L. (2023, February). Vietnam Dairy Products Joint Stock Company (VNM). From Investing.com: https://vn.investing.com/equities/vietnam-dairy-products-jscFusion Media Co., Ltd. (2023, February). HNX (HNXI). From Investing.com: https://vn.investing.com/indices/hnxFusion Media Co., Ltd. (2023, February). Hoa Phat Group Joint Stock Company (HPG). From Investing.com: https://vn.investing.com/equities/hoa-phat-group-jscFusion Media Co., Ltd. (2023, February). VN Index (VNI). From Investing.com: https://vn.investing.com/indices/vnFusion Media Limited. (2023, February). Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam (BID). From Investing.com: https://www.investing.com/equities/commercial-bank-investment-developFusion Media Limited. (2023, February). USD/VND - US Dollar Vietnamese Dong. From Investing.com: https://www.investing.com/currencies/usd-vnd-historical-dataFusion Media Limited. (2023, February). Vingroup JSC (VIC). From Investing.com: https://www.investing.com/equities/vingroup-jscG.Malkiel, B. (2019). A Random Walk Down Wall. New York: W.W. Norton &Company.General Statistics Office. (2022, December 29). Infographic of socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and 2022. From General Statistics: https://www.gso.gov.vn/tin-tuc-thong-ke/2022/12/infographic-tinh-hinh-kinh-te-xa-hoi-quy-iv-va-nam-2022/General Statistics Office. (2022, January 13). Infographic Population, labor and employment in 2021. From General Statistics: https://www.gso.gov.vn/du-lieu-va-so-lieu-thong-ke/2022/01/infographic-dan-so-lao-dong-va-viec-lam-nam-2021/Hanoi Stock Exchange. (2023, February). Stock List. From Hanoi Stock Exchange: https://hnx.vn/vi-vn/cophieu-ETFs/chung-khoan-ny.htmlHo Chi Minh Stock Exchange. (2022, December). Basket of shares VNDIAMOND. From Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange: https://www.hsx.vn/Modules/Listed/Web/StockIndexView/188802591Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange. (2023, February). Listing Size. From Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange: https://www.hsx.vn/Modules/Listed/Web/ListingSummary/153?fid=a1b28509a59441f28d508074c0a72aadHong Thuy. (2022, December 19). Comprehensive finance to underpin Vietnam’s sustainabble growth. From Vietnam Investment Review: https://vir.com.vn/comprehensive-finance-to-underpin-vietnams-sustainabble-growth-98622.htmlInformation Center – Ministry of Construction. (2022, January 28). Disclosure of Information on Housing and Real Estate Market in the fourth quarter of 2021 and the whole year of 2021. From Information system on Housing and Reak Estate Market: https://bds.xaydung.gov.vn/FileUpload/d5ebbd26-a4dd-47c2-a4c5-3701effa3b59_06tb_0001_20220128030337270270_signed20220128030347.pdfKhang, D., & Chung, T. (2022, March 25). Vietnamese lawmakers agree to cut environment tax on fuel by half. From Tuoi Tre News: https://tuoitrenews.vn/news/business/20220325/vietnamese-lawmakers-agree-to-cut-environment-tax-on-fuel-by-half/66329.htmlPhan, L. T., & Trinh, H. (2023, January 16). SJC gold price chart over the years. From The Bank: https://theBank.vn/blog/21950-bieu-do-gia-vang-sjc.htmlSai Gon Joint Stock Commercial Bank. (n.d.). About SCB. From SCB: https://www.scb.com.vn/vie/gioi-thieuSai Gon Times Group. (2022, June 18). Finance Ministry proposes further lowering environment tax on fuels. From The Sai Gon Times: https://english.thesaigontimes.vn/finance-ministry-proposes-further-lowering-environment-tax-on-fuels-2/Saigon Jewelry Company Limited. (n.d.). General Introduction. From SJC: https://sjc.com.vn/gioi-thieu.htmlSavills company. (2019, April 3). Vietnam Real Estate Price Index Quarterly (2019Q1VN). From Savills Vietnam: https://pdf.savills.asia/asia-pacific-research/vietnam-research/savills-property-price-index/sppi-vn-q1-2019-vn.pdfSo Lieu Kinh Te. (n.d.). GDP of Vietnam. From So Lieu Kinh Te: https://solieukinhte.com/gdp-cua-viet-namSSI Securities Joint Stock Company. (2022, December). SSIAM VNFIN LEAD ETF FUND. From SSI Asset Management: https://ssiam.com.vn/thong-tin-chung-ssiam-vnfin-leadSSI Securities Joint Stock Company. (2023, December). SSIAM VNX50 ETF FUND. From SSI Asset Management: https://ssiam.com.vn/thong-tin-chung-ssiam-vnx50State Securities Committee. (2022, October 12). Market Cap September 2022. From State Securities Committee: https://www.ssc.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/ubck/pages_r/m/thngtinthtrng/thngkthtrng/quymthtrng?selectedPage=3&docType=TepTaiLieu&mucHienThi=184Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative. (n.d.). Hanoi Stock Exchange. From Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative: https://sseinitiative.org/Stock-Exchange/hnx/The World Bank Group. (2021). Deposit interest rate (%) - Vietnam. From The World Bank: https://data.worldBank.org/indicator/FR.INR.DPST?locations=VNThe World Bank Group. (2021). Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) - Vietnam. From The World Bank: https://data.worldBank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?locations=VNVCCorp Joint Stock Company. (2022, February 11). ROS. From Cafef.com: https://s.cafef.vn/hose/ROS-cong-ty-co-phan-xay-dung-flc-faros.chnVCCorp Joint Stock Company. (2023, February 11). HPG. From Cafef.com: https://s.cafef.vn/hose/HPG-cong-ty-co-phan-tap-doan-hoa-phat.chnVietcombank. (2022, December 3). Lãi Suất Dành Cho Khách Hàng Cá Nhân. From Vietcombank: https://portal.vietcombank.com.vn/Personal/lai-suat/Pages/lai-suat.aspx?devicechannel=defaultVietnam Bonds Market Association. (2022, 1). Tóm tắt thị trường trái phiếu Việt Nam 2021. From VBMA: https://vbma.org.vn/storage/reports/March2022/VIE_VBMA_TOM%20TAT%20TTTP%202021.pdfVinaCapital. (2022, December). ETF VinaCapital VN100 (FUEVN100). From Vina Capital: https://wm.vinacapital.com/investment-solutions/onshore-funds/vinacapital-vn100-etf/World Data. (2021). Inflation rates in Vietnam. From Worlddata.info: https://www.worlddata.info/asia/vietnam/inflationrates.php#:~:text=For%202021%2C%20an%20inflation%20rate,at%20the%20beginning%20of%202022. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
110933065資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110933065 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 蔡政憲 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Tsai, Jason en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳英雲 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tran Thi Anh Van en_US dc.creator (作者) 陳英雲 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Van, Tran Thi Anh en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-May-2023 15:06:35 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-May-2023 15:06:35 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-May-2023 15:06:35 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110933065 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/144604 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110933065 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) AbstractPersonal Financial Planning for Vietnamese Investors.By Anh Van TranIn recent years, the Vietnamese stock market has become increasingly popular among individual investors, especially after the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. However, given the nascent history of Vietnam`s securities environment and the inherent disadvantage of individual securities investors, in terms of capital and financial knowledge, constantly beating the market and getting rich in the securities remains a significant challenge. This research aims to provide readers, particularly individual investors with comprehensive insights into the investment landscape in Vietnam. Besides, by highlighting the relationship between Risk and Returns, the study sheds light on the importance of portfolio diversification, offering Vietnamese investors a strategy to diversify their portfolios more effectively. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 1. Introduction 11.1. A Recent Scandal 11.2. The Motivation for Research 22. Methodology 42.1. Data Description 42.2. Measurements 42.2.1. Average Annual Returns 42.2.2. Variance (Var) and Volatility of Returns 52.2.3. Expected Return 62.2.4. Covariance between Returns of two Securities 62.2.5. Correlation 72.2.6. Future Value of a Cash flow 82.2.7. Constructing Efficient Frontier 83. Vietnam Economy Overview 93.1. GDP Growth rate in Vietnam 93.2. Inflation 113.3. Vietnam Financial Markets 124. Bonds Markets 144.1. Overview 144.2. Government Bonds 154.3. Corporate Bonds 175. Bank Deposits 205.1. Interest rates of Deposits 205.2. Vietnam Bank Bankruptcy History 216. Stock Markets 226.1. Overview 226.2. Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange 256.3. Hanoi Stock Exchange 276.4. Annual Returns and Standard Deviation of VN-Index and HNX index 286.5. The relation between risk and return 297. Other Investment Tools 347.1. Real estate 347.2. Gold 357.3. Foreign Exchange 387.4. Mutual Funds and ETFs 397.5. Comparisons of Risk and Returns 438. Guide to Investment 468.1. The Importance of Long-time Investment 468.2. The Importance of Diversification 478.2.1. Efficient Frontier with two-stock Portfolios 488.2.2. Efficient Frontier for Multiple Stock Portfolios 518.2.3. The Importance of Diversification 549. Recommendation 589.1. Vietnamese Tolerance of Risk 589.2. Recommendations of Asset Allocations by different stage of life 619.3. Conclusion 65References 68Appendix 73 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1506066 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110933065 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 越南 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 金融市場 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多樣化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 投資組合 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 個人規劃 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Vietnam en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Financial market en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Diversification en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Portfolio en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Personal planning en_US dc.title (題名) 越南投資者的個人財務規劃 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Personal financial planning for Vietnamese investors en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anh Tho. (2022, October 8). Bao Chinh Phu. From baochinhphu.vn: https://baochinhphu.vn/dai-dien-ngan-hang-nha-nuoc-chi-nhanh-tphcm-scb-dang-hoat-dong-binh-thuong-on-dinh-102221008163018383.htmBao An. (2022, August 25). Cong An. Retrieved from congan.com: https://congan.com.vn/an-ninh-kinh-te/cuu-chu-tich-flc-trinh-van-quyet-va-2-em-gai-bi-khoi-to-them-toi-lua-dao_136045.htmlBerk, J., & DeMarzo, P. (2020). Corporate Finance. London: Pearson Education.Bodie, Kane, & Marcus. (2019). Investment and Portfolio Management. McGraw-Hill Europe.Dao Vu. (2022, June 1). Vietnam`s financial market 2022: Opportunities and challenges. From VnEconomy: https://vneconomy.vn/thi-truong-tai-chinh-viet-nam-2022-co-hoi-dan-xen-thach-thuc.htmDepartment of Financial Informatics and Statics. (2021, December 10). Statistical Yearbook 2020. From Ministry of Finance: https://mof.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/btcvn/pages_r/l/tin-bo-tai-chinh?dDocName=MOFUCM217262Dezan Shira & Associates. (n.d.). Vietnam’s International Free Trade Agreements. From Vietnam Briefing: Vietnam’s International Free Trade AgreementsDo, K. T., & Nguyen, N. (2021). Vietnam Real Estate Market 2021 amid Covid-19 Pandamic. From Bat Dong San: https://batdongsan.com.vn/interaktivestory/thi-truong-bat-dong-san-viet-nam-2021-qua-cac-lan-song-covid-19/Dragon Capital Vietnam Fund Management Joint Stock Company (DCVFM). (2023, December). Update Fund Activities VFMVN DIAMOND. From Dragon Capital: https://dragoncapital.com.vn/cap-nhat-hoat-dong-quy-vfmvn-diamond/?report_type=cap-nhat-hoat-dong-quy&fund_code=FUEVFVNDDragon Capital Vietnam Fund Management Joint Stock Company. (2022, December). VFMVN30 ETF - Fund Information. From Dragon Capital: https://dragoncapital.com.vn/quy-hoan-doi-danh-muc-etf-vfmvn30/etf-thong-tin-ve-quy/Dragon Capital Vietnam Fund Management Joint Stock Company. (2022, December). VFMVN DIAMOND ETF - Fund Information. From Dragon Capital: https://dragoncapital.com.vn/quy-ETFs-vfmvn-diamond/thong-tin-ve-quy/Forbes Media LLC. (2023). Profile Tran Dinh Long. From Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/profile/tran-dinh-long/?sh=77ee4761608dFusion Media Co., L. (2023, February). Vietnam Dairy Products Joint Stock Company (VNM). From Investing.com: https://vn.investing.com/equities/vietnam-dairy-products-jscFusion Media Co., Ltd. (2023, February). HNX (HNXI). From Investing.com: https://vn.investing.com/indices/hnxFusion Media Co., Ltd. (2023, February). Hoa Phat Group Joint Stock Company (HPG). From Investing.com: https://vn.investing.com/equities/hoa-phat-group-jscFusion Media Co., Ltd. (2023, February). VN Index (VNI). From Investing.com: https://vn.investing.com/indices/vnFusion Media Limited. (2023, February). Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam (BID). From Investing.com: https://www.investing.com/equities/commercial-bank-investment-developFusion Media Limited. (2023, February). USD/VND - US Dollar Vietnamese Dong. From Investing.com: https://www.investing.com/currencies/usd-vnd-historical-dataFusion Media Limited. (2023, February). Vingroup JSC (VIC). From Investing.com: https://www.investing.com/equities/vingroup-jscG.Malkiel, B. (2019). A Random Walk Down Wall. New York: W.W. Norton &Company.General Statistics Office. (2022, December 29). Infographic of socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and 2022. From General Statistics: https://www.gso.gov.vn/tin-tuc-thong-ke/2022/12/infographic-tinh-hinh-kinh-te-xa-hoi-quy-iv-va-nam-2022/General Statistics Office. (2022, January 13). Infographic Population, labor and employment in 2021. From General Statistics: https://www.gso.gov.vn/du-lieu-va-so-lieu-thong-ke/2022/01/infographic-dan-so-lao-dong-va-viec-lam-nam-2021/Hanoi Stock Exchange. (2023, February). Stock List. From Hanoi Stock Exchange: https://hnx.vn/vi-vn/cophieu-ETFs/chung-khoan-ny.htmlHo Chi Minh Stock Exchange. (2022, December). Basket of shares VNDIAMOND. From Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange: https://www.hsx.vn/Modules/Listed/Web/StockIndexView/188802591Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange. (2023, February). Listing Size. From Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange: https://www.hsx.vn/Modules/Listed/Web/ListingSummary/153?fid=a1b28509a59441f28d508074c0a72aadHong Thuy. (2022, December 19). Comprehensive finance to underpin Vietnam’s sustainabble growth. From Vietnam Investment Review: https://vir.com.vn/comprehensive-finance-to-underpin-vietnams-sustainabble-growth-98622.htmlInformation Center – Ministry of Construction. (2022, January 28). Disclosure of Information on Housing and Real Estate Market in the fourth quarter of 2021 and the whole year of 2021. From Information system on Housing and Reak Estate Market: https://bds.xaydung.gov.vn/FileUpload/d5ebbd26-a4dd-47c2-a4c5-3701effa3b59_06tb_0001_20220128030337270270_signed20220128030347.pdfKhang, D., & Chung, T. (2022, March 25). Vietnamese lawmakers agree to cut environment tax on fuel by half. From Tuoi Tre News: https://tuoitrenews.vn/news/business/20220325/vietnamese-lawmakers-agree-to-cut-environment-tax-on-fuel-by-half/66329.htmlPhan, L. T., & Trinh, H. (2023, January 16). SJC gold price chart over the years. From The Bank: https://theBank.vn/blog/21950-bieu-do-gia-vang-sjc.htmlSai Gon Joint Stock Commercial Bank. (n.d.). About SCB. From SCB: https://www.scb.com.vn/vie/gioi-thieuSai Gon Times Group. (2022, June 18). Finance Ministry proposes further lowering environment tax on fuels. From The Sai Gon Times: https://english.thesaigontimes.vn/finance-ministry-proposes-further-lowering-environment-tax-on-fuels-2/Saigon Jewelry Company Limited. (n.d.). General Introduction. From SJC: https://sjc.com.vn/gioi-thieu.htmlSavills company. (2019, April 3). Vietnam Real Estate Price Index Quarterly (2019Q1VN). From Savills Vietnam: https://pdf.savills.asia/asia-pacific-research/vietnam-research/savills-property-price-index/sppi-vn-q1-2019-vn.pdfSo Lieu Kinh Te. (n.d.). GDP of Vietnam. From So Lieu Kinh Te: https://solieukinhte.com/gdp-cua-viet-namSSI Securities Joint Stock Company. (2022, December). SSIAM VNFIN LEAD ETF FUND. From SSI Asset Management: https://ssiam.com.vn/thong-tin-chung-ssiam-vnfin-leadSSI Securities Joint Stock Company. (2023, December). SSIAM VNX50 ETF FUND. From SSI Asset Management: https://ssiam.com.vn/thong-tin-chung-ssiam-vnx50State Securities Committee. (2022, October 12). Market Cap September 2022. From State Securities Committee: https://www.ssc.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/ubck/pages_r/m/thngtinthtrng/thngkthtrng/quymthtrng?selectedPage=3&docType=TepTaiLieu&mucHienThi=184Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative. (n.d.). Hanoi Stock Exchange. From Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative: https://sseinitiative.org/Stock-Exchange/hnx/The World Bank Group. (2021). Deposit interest rate (%) - Vietnam. From The World Bank: https://data.worldBank.org/indicator/FR.INR.DPST?locations=VNThe World Bank Group. (2021). Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) - Vietnam. From The World Bank: https://data.worldBank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?locations=VNVCCorp Joint Stock Company. (2022, February 11). ROS. From Cafef.com: https://s.cafef.vn/hose/ROS-cong-ty-co-phan-xay-dung-flc-faros.chnVCCorp Joint Stock Company. (2023, February 11). HPG. From Cafef.com: https://s.cafef.vn/hose/HPG-cong-ty-co-phan-tap-doan-hoa-phat.chnVietcombank. (2022, December 3). Lãi Suất Dành Cho Khách Hàng Cá Nhân. From Vietcombank: https://portal.vietcombank.com.vn/Personal/lai-suat/Pages/lai-suat.aspx?devicechannel=defaultVietnam Bonds Market Association. (2022, 1). Tóm tắt thị trường trái phiếu Việt Nam 2021. From VBMA: https://vbma.org.vn/storage/reports/March2022/VIE_VBMA_TOM%20TAT%20TTTP%202021.pdfVinaCapital. (2022, December). ETF VinaCapital VN100 (FUEVN100). From Vina Capital: https://wm.vinacapital.com/investment-solutions/onshore-funds/vinacapital-vn100-etf/World Data. (2021). Inflation rates in Vietnam. From Worlddata.info: https://www.worlddata.info/asia/vietnam/inflationrates.php#:~:text=For%202021%2C%20an%20inflation%20rate,at%20the%20beginning%20of%202022. zh_TW
