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題名 試論我國建構數位身分法制之框架 —從金融場景出發
On the framework of constructing the legal system of digital identity in Taiwan —starting from the financial scenarios作者 連忻
Lien, Hsin貢獻者 臧正運
Tsang, Cheng-Yun
連忻
Lien, Hsin關鍵詞 數位身分
數位身分證
數位身分識別
身分驗證
信物
eIDAS 規則
可信任的數位身分法案
負責任創新
Digital Identity
E-ID Card
Digital Identification
Authentication
Credential
EIDAS Regulation
Trusted Digital Identity Bill 2021
Responsible Innovation日期 2023 上傳時間 2-Jun-2023 11:41:00 (UTC+8) 摘要 人與人交易與互動的基礎是「信任」，而信任很大程度由「知道對方你(妳)是誰」開展，隨著電子商務發展與近年 COVID-19 疫情的侵襲，時至今日許多經濟活動的互動和交易都已不在實體環境中進行，而於數位、線上的環境中完成，如何在這樣的情境中維繫前述信任，須仰賴有效的數位身分識別，而數位身分識別的效率與效能關鍵在於能否充分運用數位身分。金融服務是許多社會經濟活動的命脈，也因此在前述當今互動和交易高度數位化的時代，金融服務的申辦與近用是否能有效運用數位身分顯得至關重要。本文觀察我國金管會近八年的政策脈動，雖有逐步重視金融領域下數位身分識別議題之趨勢，但就現行規範面而言仍存在許多困境，而就解方而言，本文認為應建構屬於我國金融領域的數位身分法制。比較法上，本文參考近年積極推動數位身分法制的歐盟與澳洲二法域，借助比較法和文獻分析法，觀察比較法制的「數位身分規範方式」、「數位身分生態系範圍的劃定」、「法制本身之內涵」、「生態系中參與者各自的義務與責任」和「監理機關如何監理參與者」等環節，再輔以學理上負責任創新(Responsible Innovation)的研究取徑作為補充性觀點，本文嘗試提出我國建構金融領域下的數位身分法制，其具體應涵括哪些面向與內容，有哪些輔助法制健全治理數位身分生態系的因子，並簡述本文認為我國發展數位身分法制路徑之建議，以期為我國數位金融注入另一股活水。
The basis of our daily transactions and interactions is “trust” and trust is largely underlined by “knowing who you are”. With the development of e-commerce and the wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in recent years, many of our economic transactions and interactions are no longer taking place in a physical environment, but in the digital and online environment. How to maintain the aforementioned trust in such scenarios relies on effective digital identification, and the efficiency and effectiveness of digital identification heavily depend on fully utilized digital identity.Financial services are the lifeline of many socio-economic activities, and therefore, in today`s highly digital era, it is crucial to ensure that people can effectively utilize digital identities whenever they apply for and access financial services. This thesis stocktakes Financial Supervisory Commission’s (FSC) policies regarding digital identification in the past eight years. Although there is a trend that FSC has gradually emphasized the issue of digital identification in the financial sector, there are still many difficulties in terms of current laws. As for the solution, this thesis argues that we shall construct our digital identity legislation in the financial sector in Taiwan.From the view of comparative jurisprudence, this thesis refers to the two jurisdictions, those are the European Union and Australia, which have actively promoted their digital identity legislations in recent years. By comparative jurisprudence and literature analysis, I observe “how to regulate digital identities”, “delineation of the scope of the digital identity ecosystem”, “the contents of digital identity legislation”, “responsibilities and liabilities of participants in the ecosystem”, and “how supervisory authorities supervise participants” in those two jurisdictions. Furthermore, the thesis refers “Responsible Innovation” research approach as a complementary perspective. 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MANDY THAM, FINTECH: THE NEW DNA OF FINANCIAL SERVICES (2019).二、 專書論文1. Arner, Douglas W., Ross P. Buckley & Dirk A. Zetzsche, Open Banking, Open Data and Open Finance: Lessons from the European Union, in: OPEN BANKING (Linda Jeng eds. 2021), 37.2. Owen, Richard, Jack Stilgoe, Phil Macnaghten, Mike Gorman, Erik Fisher & Dave Gusten, A Framework for Responsible Innovation, in RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION: MANAGING THE RESPONSIBLE EMERGENCE OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IN SOCIETY 27, 31 (Richard Owen, John Bessant & Maggy Heintz ed., 2013).3. Toth, Kalman C., Ann Cavoukian & Alan Anderson-Priddy, Privacy by Design Identity Architecture Using Agents and Digital Identities, in PRIVACY TECHNOLOGIES AND POLICY (Luís Antunes, Maurizio Naldi, Giuseppe F. Italiano, Kai Rannenberg & Prokopios Drogkaris eds., 2020).三、 期刊1. Anand, Nishant & Irina Brass, Responsible innovation for digital identity systems, 3 DATA & POLICY E35 (2021).2. Braun, Dietmar, Organising the political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies, 35 SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY 227 (2008).3. Kaiser, David & Jonathan D. Moreno, Self-censorship is not enough, 492 NATURE 345 (2012).4. Lips, Miriam, Rethinking citizen – government relationships in the age of digital identity: Insights from research, 15 INFORMATION POLITY 273 (2010).5. Rashid, Naeha, Deploying the Once-Only Policy: A Privacy-Enhancing Guide for Policymakers and Civil Society Actors, ASH CENTER FOR DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE AND INNOVATION POLICY BRIEFS SERIES (2020), https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/deploying-once-only-policy.pdf?m=1605912398.6. Stilgoe, Jack, Richard Owen & Phil Macnaghten, Developing a framework for responsible innovation, 42 RESEARCH POLICY 1568 (2013).7. Sullivan, Clare, Digital identity – From emergent legal concept to new reality, 34 COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW 723 (2018).8. Tsang, Cheng-Yun & Ping-Kuei Chen, Understanding policy diffusion mechanism of financial regulatory innovation: the experience of Taiwan, 30(1) ASIA PACIFIC LAW REVIEW 21 (2020).9. Van der Bruggen, Koos, Possibilities, Intentions and Threats: Dual Use in the Life Sciences Reconsidered, 18 SCI. ENG. ETHICS 741 (2012).10. Weart, Spencer, Scientists with a secrect, 29 PHYSICS TODAY 23 (1976).四、 國際組織及政府官方文件1. AFI, Fintech for financial inclusion: a framework digital financial transformation (2018), https://ssrn.com/abstract=3245287.2. Atick, Joseph J., Digital identity: The essential guide, ID4AFRICA (2014), https://www.id4africa.com/main/files/Digital_Identity_The_Essential_Guide.pdf.3. Australian Government, Relationship Authorisation Manager (RAM) User Guide, 3, https://www.publicaccountants.org.au/media/2582031/ATO_RAM-User-Guide_vfinal_v20.pdf.4. Australian Government Digital Identity, TDIF 01 - Glossary of Abbreviations and Terms (Mar. 2022), https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-03/TDIF%2001%20Glossary%20-%20Release%204.6%20%28Doc%20Version%201.5%29.pdf.5. Australian Government Digital Identity, Your guide to the Digital Identity legislation (Oct. 1, 2021), https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-10/Your%20guide%20to%20the%20Digital%20Identity%20legislation.pdf.6. Bank for International Settlements [BIS], BIS Annual Economic Report 2021 (2021), https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2021e3.pdf.7. Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2015/1502 of 8 September 2015 on setting out minimum technical specifications and procedures for assurance levels for electronic identification means pursuant to Article 8(3) of Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market, OJ [2015] L 235/7, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32015R1502&from=ES.8. Commission Proposal for Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity, Explanatory Memorandum, COM (2021) 281 final (Mar. 6, 2021).9. Commission Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union, repealing Directive (EU) 2016/1148, Explanatory Memorandum, COM (2020) 823 final (Dec. 16 2020).10. Di Castri, Simone, Stefan Hohl, Arend Kulenkampff & Jermy Prenio, The suptech generations, FSI INSIGHTS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION, NO 19 (Oct. 2019), https://www.bis.org/fsi/publ/insights19.pdf.11. Di Mira, Eugenio (Gene), Digital Identification Methods and Testing for AML Programs, CAMS-AUDIT ADVANCED CERTIFICATION WHITE PAPER (2021), https://www.acamstoday.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/DiMira-Digital-ID-Define-Test-Whitepaper.pdf.12. Digital Transformation Agency [DTA], Trusted Digital Identity Framework 02 – Overview (Mar. 2022), https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-03/TDIF%2002%20Overview%20-%20Release%204.6%20%28Doc%20Version%201.3%29.pdf.13. DTA, About us, https://www.dta.gov.au/about-us#mission.14. DTA, Annual Report 2017-2018 (Sep. 28, 2018), https://www.dta.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/Annual%20reports/18459%20DTA%20-%20Annual%20Report%202017%E2%80%9318-wcag%20(3).pdf.15. DTA, Fourth release of the Trusted Digital Identity Framework (May 4, 2020), https://www.dta.gov.au/news/fourth-release-trusted-digital-identity-framework.16. Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ [1995] L281/31, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.1995.281.01.0031.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AL%3A1995%3A281%3ATOC.17. Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures, OJ [2000] L 13/12, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31999L0093#.18. 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G20 & GPFI, G20 High-Level Principles for Digital Financial Inclusion, (2016), https://www.gpfi.org/sites/gpfi/files/G20%20High%20Level%20Principles%20for%20Digital%20Financial%20Inclusion.pdf28. International Organization for Standardization [ISO], ISO/IEC 29115:2013(E), Information technology — Security techniques — Entity authentication assurance framework.29. ISO, ISO/IEC 2382-37:2017, https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-iec:2382:-37:ed-2:v1:en:term:3.9.2.30. MyGovID, myGovID Privacy Policy (Aug. 2021), https://www.mygovid.gov.au/mygovid-privacy-policy.31. National Institute of Standards and Technology [NIST], NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-63A Digital Identity Guidelines: Enrollment and Identity Proofing, https://pages.nist.gov/800-63-3-Implementation-Resources/63A/referees/.32. NIST, NIST 800-63 (b) Digital Identity Guidelines: Authentication and Lifecycle Management, https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-63b.pdf.33. NIST, blockchain technology overview (2018), https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2018/NIST.IR.8202.pdf34. OECD, Digital Identity Management: Enabling Innovation and Trust in the Internet Economy (2011), https://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/49338380.pdf.35. Police and Border Guard Board [PBGB], Estonian eID scheme: ID card, https://ec.europa.eu/cefdigital/wiki/download/attachments/62885749/EE%20eID%20LoA%20mapping%20-%20ID%20card.pdf.36. PBGB, Estonian eID scheme: Mobiil-ID, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/wikis/download/attachments/62885749/EE%20eID%20LoA%20mapping%20-%20Mobiil-ID.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1531759816924&api=v2.37. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity - General approach, 14959/22 (Nov. 25 2022).38. Regulation (EU) no 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC, OJ [2014] L 257/73, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2014.257.01.0073.01.ENG.39. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)，https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679.40. The Council of the European Union, Council configurations, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/configurations/.41. The Council of the European Union, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity - General approach (Dec. 6, 2022), https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-14959-2022-INIT/en/pdf.42. The Council of the European Union, Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council (Telecommunications) (Jun. 3 2022), https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/tte/2022/06/03/.43. The European Commission, Communication from The Commission Consumer Financial Services Action Plan: Better Products, More Choice, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52017DC0139.44. The European Commission, Communication: Shaping Europe’s digital future (Feb. 19, 2020), https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/84c05739-547a-4b86-9564-76e834dc7a49_en?filename=communication-shaping-europes-digital-future-feb2020_en.pdf.45. The European Commission, Commission Recommendation of 3.6.2021 on a common Union Toolbox for a coordinated approach towards a European Digital Identity Framework, https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/redirection/document/76610.46. The European Commission, European Digital Identity Architecture and Reference Framework – Outline (Feb. 22, 2022), https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/european-digital-identity-architecture-and-reference-framework-outline.47. The European Commission, Estonia eID notification form for electronic identity scheme under Article 9(5) of Regulation (EU) no. 910/2014, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/wikis/download/attachments/62885749/ESTONIAN%20eID%20NOTIFICATION%20FORM%20FOR%20ELECTRONIC%20IDENTITY%20SCHEME%20UNDER%20ARTICLE%209%20OF%20eIDAS%20REGULATION%20v1.1.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1585726532858&api=v2.48. The European Commission, Estonian ID Scheme: Mobiil-ID (Feb. 27, 2018), https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiK64zOg-P8AhWEGogKHYMlCCwQFnoECBMQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fdigital-building-blocks%2Fwikis%2Fdownload%2Fattachments%2F62885749%2FEE%2520eID%2520LoA%2520mapping%2520-%2520Mobiil-ID.pdf%3Fversion%3D1%26modificationDate%3D1531759816924%26api%3Dv2&usg=AOvVaw2KKcGuo4cpXAbJKVHd4wpG.49. The European Commission, Inception impact assessment - Ares(2020)3899583 (Feb. 19, 2020), https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12528-EU-digital-ID-scheme-for-online-transactions-across-Europe_en.50. The European Council, European Council conclusions, 1-2 October 2020 (Oct. 2, 2022), https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/45910/021020-euco-final-conclusions.pdf.51. The Council of the European Union, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity - Progress report (May 17, 2022), https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-8701-2022-INIT/en/pdf.52. The European Parliament, Handbook on the ordinary legislative procedure, (Sep., 2020), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/255709/OLP_2020_EN.pdf.53. The European Parliament Legislative Train Schedule, Revision of the eIDAS Regulation – European Digital Identity (EUid), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/spotlight-JD22/file-eid.54. The White House, National Strategy for Trust Identities in Cyberspace, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/NSTICstrategy_041511.pdf.55. 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World Bank Group, GSMA & SIA, Digital Identity: Toward Shared Principles for Public and Private Sector Cooperation, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/600821469220400272/pdf/107201-WP-PUBLIC-WB-GSMA-SIADigitalIdentity-WEB.pdf.60. World Economic Forum [WEF], A Blueprint for Digital Identity, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_A_Blueprint_for_Digital_Identity.pdf.五、 網路資料1. Australian Government Digital Identity, Phase 1 – Legislation consultation, https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/have-your-say/phase-1-digital-identity-legislation.2. Australian Government Digital Identity, Phase 2 – Legislation consultation, https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/have-your-say/phase-2-digital-identity-legislation.3. Australian Government Digital Identity, Phase 3 – Legislation consultation, https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/consultation/phase-3-legislation-consultation.4. Australian Government Digital Identity, Trusted Digital Identity Framework (TDIF), https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/tdif.5. Australian Government Relationship Authorisation Manager [RAM], Manage authorisations, https://info.authorisationmanager.gov.au/manage-authorisations.6. Cavoukian, Ann, Privacy by Design: The 7 Foundational Principles, https://www.ipc.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/resources/pbd-implement-7found-principles.pdf.7. Centre on Regulation in Europe [CERRE], eIDAS 2.0: DIGITAL IDENTITY SERVICES IN THE PLATFORM ECONOMY, ISSUE PAPER (2022), https://cerre.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/CERRE_Digital-Identity_Issue-Paper_FINAL-2.pdf.8. Cyrilla, Analysing the impact of Digital ID frameworks on Marginalised Groups in Sub-Saharan Africa (2021), https://news.cyrilla.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Analysing-The-impact-of-Digital-ID-frameworks-on-Marginalised-Groups-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-18.01.2021-colums-1.pdf.9. E-Estonia, Discovering the most widely used e-services (Jan. 18, 2020), https://e-estonia.com/speakers-corner-most-widely-used-e-services/.10. E-Estonia, Ease of doing business, https://e-estonia.com/solutions/ease_of_doing_business/e-tax/.11. E-Estonia, Estonia’s fully remote e-notary service – 1st state e-service of its kind in Europe (Nov. 17, 2021), https://e-estonia.com/estonias-fully-remote-e-notary-service-1st-state-e-service-of-its-kind-in-europe/.12. E-Estonia, Factsheet: e-identity, https://e-estonia.com/wp-content/uploads/e-identity-factsheet-aug2022.pdf.13. E-Estonia, Story, https://e-estonia.com/story/.14. E-Estonia, This is the story of the world`s most advanced digital society, https://e-estonia.com/story/.15. European Commission eIDAS Dashboard, National Accreditation Bodies and Conformity Assessments Bodies for QTSP/QTS, https://eidas.ec.europa.eu/efda/notification-tool/#/screen/browse/list/CAB_NAB.16. Financial Services Consumer Panel, Consumer Panel Members, https://www.fs-cp.org.uk/who-is-on-the-panel.17. Financial Services Consumer Panel, What is the Panel, https://www.fs-cp.org.uk/consumer-panel/what-panel.18. Fredrikson, Christian, Year-end report January-December 2017, FINGERPRINTS CARD AB (Feb. 9, 2018), https://www.fingerprints.com/uploads/nasdaq/press-releases/2018/02/fingerprints-q4-2017-eng_final.pdf.19. Gelb, Alan & Julia Clark, Identification for Development: The Biometrics Revolution, CENTER FOR GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT WORKING PAPER NO. 315 (2013), https://ssrn.com/abstract=222659420. Global Risk Institute, Data-sharing frameworks in financial services: discussing open banking regulation for Canada (2020), https://ssrn.com/abstract=2983066.21. ID.ee, Authentication in e-services, https://www.id.ee/en/article/authentication-in-e-services/.22. ID.ee, Mobile ID application and activation, https://www.id.ee/artikkel/mobiil-id-taotlemine/.23. Information System Authority, Integration tools of eID, https://www.ria.ee/en/state-information-system/electronic-identity-eid-and-trust-services/integration-tools-eid.24. Innovatics, false accept rate definition, https://www.innovatrics.com/glossary/false-accept-rate-far/.25. Information System Authority, eID competence centre, https://www.ria.ee/en/state-information-system/electronic-identity-eid-and-trust-services/eid-competence-centre#ppa.26. iTnews, myGovID goes live on Android OS (Oct. 9, 2019), https://www.itnews.com.au/news/mygovid-goes-live-on-android-os-532030.27. Kalvet, Tarmo, The Estonian Information society developments since the 1990s, PRAXIS WORKING PAPER 29 (2007), https://praxis.ee/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2007-Estonian-information-society-developments.pdf28. Kitsing, Meelis, An Evaluation of E-Government in Estonia, paper prepared for the conference Internet, Politics and Policy 2010: An Impact Assessment conference at Oxford University, UK, on September 16-17, 2010, http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/ipp-conference/sites/ipp/files/documents/IPP2010_Kitsing_1_Paper_0.pdf.29. Kluwgant, Benjamin, AUSkey retires next month, replaced by new myGovID system, MYOB (Feb. 3, 2020), https://www.myob.com/au/blog/mygovid-arrives-replacing-auskey/.30. M., Ghouse, Australian Government releases Framework for Digital Identity, LINKEDIN (Mar. 6, 2018), https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/australian-government-releases-framework-digital-ghouse-mohammad31. McKinsey Global Institute, Digital identification: A key to inclusive growth (2019), https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/McKinsey%20Digital/Our%20Insights/Digital%20identification%20A%20key%20to%20inclusive%20growth/MGI-Digital-identification-Report.ashx.32. Metcalfe, Les, Building Capacities for Integration: The Future Role of the Commission, UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH (May. 13, 1996), http://aei.pitt.edu/827/1/1.htm.33. Moseling, Brett, myGov ID & Relationship Authorisation Manager, CHEESEMAN APPLEGARTH & PARTNERS (Jan. 1, 2022), https://www.applegarth.com.au/post/mygov-id-relationship-authorisation-manager.34. MyGovID, How to use it, https://www.mygovid.gov.au/how-use-it.35. MyGovID, myGovID Terms of use – User (Aug. 2021), https://www.mygovid.gov.au/mygovid-terms-of-use-user.36. MyGovID, Where to use it, https://www.mygovid.gov.au/where-to-use.37. Owen, Richard, John Bessant & Maggy Heintz, Author Biography, in RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION: MANAGING THE RESPONSIBLE EMERGENCE OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IN SOCIETY (Apr. 2, 2013), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118551424.38. RAM, Authorised users and administrators, https://info.authorisationmanager.gov.au/authorised-users-and-administrators.39. 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Thakkar, Danny, Top Five Biometrics (Face, Fingerprint, Iris, Palm and Voice) Modalities Comparison, BAYOMETRIC, https://www.bayometric.com/biometrics-face-finger-iris-palm-voice/.49. Thales, Digital identity trends – 5 forces that are shaping 2022 (Dec. 29, 2021), https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/government/identity/digital-identity-services/trends.50. Thales, Trusted digital identity for everyone everything everyday (2021), https://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/default/files/database/document/2021-06/Thales-DIS-Digital-Identity.pdf.51. UK Research and Innovation, Responsible innovation, https://www.ukri.org/about-us/policies-standards-and-data/good-research-resource-hub/responsible-innovation/.52. Vassil, Kristjan, Estonian e-Government Ecosystem: Foundation, Applications, Outcomes, WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 (Jun. 2015), https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/165711456838073531-0050022016/original/WDR16BPEstonianeGovecosystemVassil.pdf.53. Vergara, David, NIST Softens Guidance on SMS Authentication, ONESPAN BLOG (Oct. 24, 2017), https://www.onespan.com/blog/nist-softens-guidance-sms-authentication54. We Are Social, Digital in 2018: World’s Internet Users Pass The 4 Billion Mark (Jan. 30, 2018), https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018/.55. Weinert, Alex, It`s Time to Hang Up on Phone Transports for Authentication, MICROSOFT (Nov. 10, 2020), https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-entra-azure-ad-blog/it-s-time-to-hang-up-on-phone-transports-for-authentication/ba-p/1751752.56. xUpery, Two Countries / Two Decades / Two Outcomes: A brief comparison of e-government solutions in Estonia and Switzerland (Jan. 19, 2017), http://xupery.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/A-brief-comparison-of-e-government-solutions-in-Estonia-and-Switzerland.pdf. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學系
108651041資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108651041 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 臧正運 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Tsang, Cheng-Yun en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 連忻 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lien, Hsin en_US dc.creator (作者) 連忻 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lien, Hsin en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Jun-2023 11:41:00 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Jun-2023 11:41:00 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Jun-2023 11:41:00 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108651041 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/145067 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 法律學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 108651041 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 人與人交易與互動的基礎是「信任」，而信任很大程度由「知道對方你(妳)是誰」開展，隨著電子商務發展與近年 COVID-19 疫情的侵襲，時至今日許多經濟活動的互動和交易都已不在實體環境中進行，而於數位、線上的環境中完成，如何在這樣的情境中維繫前述信任，須仰賴有效的數位身分識別，而數位身分識別的效率與效能關鍵在於能否充分運用數位身分。金融服務是許多社會經濟活動的命脈，也因此在前述當今互動和交易高度數位化的時代，金融服務的申辦與近用是否能有效運用數位身分顯得至關重要。本文觀察我國金管會近八年的政策脈動，雖有逐步重視金融領域下數位身分識別議題之趨勢，但就現行規範面而言仍存在許多困境，而就解方而言，本文認為應建構屬於我國金融領域的數位身分法制。比較法上，本文參考近年積極推動數位身分法制的歐盟與澳洲二法域，借助比較法和文獻分析法，觀察比較法制的「數位身分規範方式」、「數位身分生態系範圍的劃定」、「法制本身之內涵」、「生態系中參與者各自的義務與責任」和「監理機關如何監理參與者」等環節，再輔以學理上負責任創新(Responsible Innovation)的研究取徑作為補充性觀點，本文嘗試提出我國建構金融領域下的數位身分法制，其具體應涵括哪些面向與內容，有哪些輔助法制健全治理數位身分生態系的因子，並簡述本文認為我國發展數位身分法制路徑之建議，以期為我國數位金融注入另一股活水。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The basis of our daily transactions and interactions is “trust” and trust is largely underlined by “knowing who you are”. With the development of e-commerce and the wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in recent years, many of our economic transactions and interactions are no longer taking place in a physical environment, but in the digital and online environment. How to maintain the aforementioned trust in such scenarios relies on effective digital identification, and the efficiency and effectiveness of digital identification heavily depend on fully utilized digital identity.Financial services are the lifeline of many socio-economic activities, and therefore, in today`s highly digital era, it is crucial to ensure that people can effectively utilize digital identities whenever they apply for and access financial services. This thesis stocktakes Financial Supervisory Commission’s (FSC) policies regarding digital identification in the past eight years. Although there is a trend that FSC has gradually emphasized the issue of digital identification in the financial sector, there are still many difficulties in terms of current laws. As for the solution, this thesis argues that we shall construct our digital identity legislation in the financial sector in Taiwan.From the view of comparative jurisprudence, this thesis refers to the two jurisdictions, those are the European Union and Australia, which have actively promoted their digital identity legislations in recent years. By comparative jurisprudence and literature analysis, I observe “how to regulate digital identities”, “delineation of the scope of the digital identity ecosystem”, “the contents of digital identity legislation”, “responsibilities and liabilities of participants in the ecosystem”, and “how supervisory authorities supervise participants” in those two jurisdictions. Furthermore, the thesis refers “Responsible Innovation” research approach as a complementary perspective. In the end, the thesis attempts to propose the construction of digital identity legislation in the financial sector in Taiwan, including specific aspects and contents, factors that support the sound governance of the digital identity ecosystem, and briefly outlines the suggestions for the development of the digital identity ecosystem in Taiwan. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與目的 1一、 研究動機 1二、 研究目的 1第二節 研究範圍與方法 2一、 研究範圍 2二、 研究方法 2第三節 研究架構 3第四節 研究限制 4第二章 解構數位身分 5第一節 何謂身分識別 5第二節 身分識別流程——以 ISO/IEC 29115 為例 7一、 六個角色和三個階段 7二、 具體案例:網路銀行開戶 14第三節 何謂數位身分 17一、 數位身分的定義 17二、 數位身分分類 19第四節 國際上數位身分的效益與挑戰 23一、 對數位身分的需求 24二、 對數位身分的隱憂 35第五節 代小結:概念釐清與統一翻譯 44第三章 我國金融領域應用數位身分識別的發展現況與困境 48第一節 緒論 48第二節 政策面 49一、 政策脈動 49二、 本文觀察 62第三節 規範面 65一、 銀行業 65二、 電子支付業 79三、 證券業 91四、 投信投顧業 94五、 保險業 98第四節 我國金融領域應用數位身分識別之困境 104一、 規範層級過低 104二、 數位化程度不足 110三、 法人數位身分的局限性 111四、 資料共享的障礙 112五、 個資隱私保護的疑慮 114第五節 小結:我國須建構數位身分法制 115第四章 比較法下的數位身分法制 117第一節 緒論 117第二節 歐盟 118一、 歐盟法層級:以 eIDAS 規則為中心 118二、 內國法層級:以愛沙尼亞為例 152第三節 澳洲 161一、 應用現況 161二、 法制動態 166第四節 兩地法制比較分析與我國困境之對應 183第五章 對我國金融領域建構數位身分法制之建議 190第一節 以「負責任創新」作為比較法之補充性觀點 190一、 比較法視角的局限 190二、 數位身分推動關鍵:公民的信任 192三、 負責任創新之概念與內涵 194四、 負責任創新下的數位身分治理框架 197第二節 法制內容之建議 204一、 法制範圍之界定 204二、 身分管理 205三、 最低技術規格和資安措施 207四、 與個資法的調和 208五、 參與者義務與責任 211六、 數位身分監理機關 216七、 資料共享 217第三節 輔助健全治理生態系之因子 219一、 監理協作 219二、 創新監理工具 223三、 公民的參與 225第四節 我國發展路徑之建議 229一、 我國數位身分監理機關之歸屬? 229二、 路徑一:直接建立所有產業一體適用的數位身分法制。 233三、 路徑二:先就我國金融領域建構數位身分法制，再逐步擴張至跨產業一體適用。 233第五節 小結 235第六章 結論 237參考文獻 240 zh_TW dc.format.extent 4550717 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108651041 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 數位身分 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 數位身分證 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 數位身分識別 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 身分驗證 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 信物 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) eIDAS 規則 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 可信任的數位身分法案 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 負責任創新 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Digital Identity en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) E-ID Card en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Digital Identification en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Authentication en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Credential en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) EIDAS Regulation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Trusted Digital Identity Bill 2021 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Responsible Innovation en_US dc.title (題名) 試論我國建構數位身分法制之框架 —從金融場景出發 zh_TW dc.title (題名) On the framework of constructing the legal system of digital identity in Taiwan —starting from the financial scenarios en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 書籍1. 連子清、杜宏毅，身分識別之書，臺灣網路認證股份有限公司，2022年。二、 專書論文1. 陳奕甫、李偉琪，數位環境信任機制的重中之重——數位身分，載：谷湘儀、臧正運，變革中的金融科技法制，2019年6月。2. 黃舒芃，純粹法學如何看待規範與現實的關係？——以司法院釋字第728號解釋之檢討為例，載：憲法解釋之理論與實務第十輯，頁188，2020年7月。三、 學位論文1. 陳詩穎，評我國金融監管與競爭政策之分工 — 以金融科技發展為中心，國立政治大學法律學研究所碩士論文，2022年。四、 期刊1. 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Leadership（11/03/2016），ISO/IEC 27001：2022 資訊安全管理系統 Information Security Management System , ISMS，https://www.isoleader.com.tw/home/iso-coaching-detail/ISO27001。84. Inside (04/29/2021)，廣告越準我越怕？科技巨頭隱私新政下的台灣網民調查出爐，數位廣告未來往哪走？，https://www.inside.com.tw/article/23343-ad2-digitalad-insight。85. iThome（11/26/2020），【政府FIDO應用實例】內政部TW FidO介接便民服務與公務系統，讓國人登入政府服務簡易又安全，https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/141254。86. iThome (01/12/2021)，【2021資安大預測】趨勢7：法規遵循｜臺灣資安法及個資法都面臨修法壓力，https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/142118。87. Yahoo!新聞（05/11/2023），反對推動換發數位身分證 58人告內政部敗訴，https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E6%8E%A8%E5%8B%95%E6%8F%9B%E7%99%BC%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E8%BA%AB%E5%88%86%E8%AD%89-58%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%8A%E5%85%A7%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8%E6%95%97%E8%A8%B4-041707967.html七、 其他1. 政大金融科技研究中心監理科技創新實驗室主辦「Digital Transformation of Regulatory Institutions Academic Salon」研討會，會中Jermy Prenio和Louise Malady的發言，2021年11月3日。2. 臧正運教授於2022年6月22日赴澳移地研究專訪Shannon Peterson之內容轉述。 英文資料（按第一作者姓氏字母排序）一、 書籍1. GUPTA, PRANAY & T. MANDY THAM, FINTECH: THE NEW DNA OF FINANCIAL SERVICES (2019).二、 專書論文1. Arner, Douglas W., Ross P. Buckley & Dirk A. Zetzsche, Open Banking, Open Data and Open Finance: Lessons from the European Union, in: OPEN BANKING (Linda Jeng eds. 2021), 37.2. Owen, Richard, Jack Stilgoe, Phil Macnaghten, Mike Gorman, Erik Fisher & Dave Gusten, A Framework for Responsible Innovation, in RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION: MANAGING THE RESPONSIBLE EMERGENCE OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IN SOCIETY 27, 31 (Richard Owen, John Bessant & Maggy Heintz ed., 2013).3. Toth, Kalman C., Ann Cavoukian & Alan Anderson-Priddy, Privacy by Design Identity Architecture Using Agents and Digital Identities, in PRIVACY TECHNOLOGIES AND POLICY (Luís Antunes, Maurizio Naldi, Giuseppe F. Italiano, Kai Rannenberg & Prokopios Drogkaris eds., 2020).三、 期刊1. Anand, Nishant & Irina Brass, Responsible innovation for digital identity systems, 3 DATA & POLICY E35 (2021).2. Braun, Dietmar, Organising the political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies, 35 SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY 227 (2008).3. Kaiser, David & Jonathan D. Moreno, Self-censorship is not enough, 492 NATURE 345 (2012).4. Lips, Miriam, Rethinking citizen – government relationships in the age of digital identity: Insights from research, 15 INFORMATION POLITY 273 (2010).5. Rashid, Naeha, Deploying the Once-Only Policy: A Privacy-Enhancing Guide for Policymakers and Civil Society Actors, ASH CENTER FOR DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE AND INNOVATION POLICY BRIEFS SERIES (2020), https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/deploying-once-only-policy.pdf?m=1605912398.6. Stilgoe, Jack, Richard Owen & Phil Macnaghten, Developing a framework for responsible innovation, 42 RESEARCH POLICY 1568 (2013).7. Sullivan, Clare, Digital identity – From emergent legal concept to new reality, 34 COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW 723 (2018).8. Tsang, Cheng-Yun & Ping-Kuei Chen, Understanding policy diffusion mechanism of financial regulatory innovation: the experience of Taiwan, 30(1) ASIA PACIFIC LAW REVIEW 21 (2020).9. Van der Bruggen, Koos, Possibilities, Intentions and Threats: Dual Use in the Life Sciences Reconsidered, 18 SCI. ENG. ETHICS 741 (2012).10. Weart, Spencer, Scientists with a secrect, 29 PHYSICS TODAY 23 (1976).四、 國際組織及政府官方文件1. AFI, Fintech for financial inclusion: a framework digital financial transformation (2018), https://ssrn.com/abstract=3245287.2. Atick, Joseph J., Digital identity: The essential guide, ID4AFRICA (2014), https://www.id4africa.com/main/files/Digital_Identity_The_Essential_Guide.pdf.3. Australian Government, Relationship Authorisation Manager (RAM) User Guide, 3, https://www.publicaccountants.org.au/media/2582031/ATO_RAM-User-Guide_vfinal_v20.pdf.4. Australian Government Digital Identity, TDIF 01 - Glossary of Abbreviations and Terms (Mar. 2022), https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-03/TDIF%2001%20Glossary%20-%20Release%204.6%20%28Doc%20Version%201.5%29.pdf.5. Australian Government Digital Identity, Your guide to the Digital Identity legislation (Oct. 1, 2021), https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-10/Your%20guide%20to%20the%20Digital%20Identity%20legislation.pdf.6. Bank for International Settlements [BIS], BIS Annual Economic Report 2021 (2021), https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2021e3.pdf.7. Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2015/1502 of 8 September 2015 on setting out minimum technical specifications and procedures for assurance levels for electronic identification means pursuant to Article 8(3) of Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market, OJ [2015] L 235/7, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32015R1502&from=ES.8. Commission Proposal for Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity, Explanatory Memorandum, COM (2021) 281 final (Mar. 6, 2021).9. Commission Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union, repealing Directive (EU) 2016/1148, Explanatory Memorandum, COM (2020) 823 final (Dec. 16 2020).10. Di Castri, Simone, Stefan Hohl, Arend Kulenkampff & Jermy Prenio, The suptech generations, FSI INSIGHTS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION, NO 19 (Oct. 2019), https://www.bis.org/fsi/publ/insights19.pdf.11. Di Mira, Eugenio (Gene), Digital Identification Methods and Testing for AML Programs, CAMS-AUDIT ADVANCED CERTIFICATION WHITE PAPER (2021), https://www.acamstoday.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/DiMira-Digital-ID-Define-Test-Whitepaper.pdf.12. Digital Transformation Agency [DTA], Trusted Digital Identity Framework 02 – Overview (Mar. 2022), https://www.digitalidentity.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-03/TDIF%2002%20Overview%20-%20Release%204.6%20%28Doc%20Version%201.3%29.pdf.13. DTA, About us, https://www.dta.gov.au/about-us#mission.14. DTA, Annual Report 2017-2018 (Sep. 28, 2018), https://www.dta.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/Annual%20reports/18459%20DTA%20-%20Annual%20Report%202017%E2%80%9318-wcag%20(3).pdf.15. DTA, Fourth release of the Trusted Digital Identity Framework (May 4, 2020), https://www.dta.gov.au/news/fourth-release-trusted-digital-identity-framework.16. Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ [1995] L281/31, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.1995.281.01.0031.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AL%3A1995%3A281%3ATOC.17. Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures, OJ [2000] L 13/12, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31999L0093#.18. Directive (EU) 2016/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union，https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32016L1148.19. Draft Report on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity, PE732.707v01-00 (May. 5 2022).20. European Data Protection Board [EDPB], The Belgian data protection authority imposes a fine of € 10,000 (Sep. 19, 2019), https://edpb.europa.eu/news/national-news/2019/belgian-data-protection-authority-imposes-fine-eu-10000_en.21. EDPB, Dutch DPA: CP&A receives fine for violating privacy of sick employees (Jun. 9, 2021), https://edpb.europa.eu/news/national-news/2021/dutch-dpa-cpa-receives-fine-violating-privacy-sick-employees-0_en.22. Electronic identification schemes notified pursuant to Article 9(1) of Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market, OJ [2018] C401/7, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.C_.2018.401.01.0007.01.ENG&toc=OJ:C:2018:401:FULL.23. E-Estonia, Factsheet: Cyber security, https://e-estonia.com/wp-content/uploads/cyber-security-factsheet-aug2022.pdf.24. FATF, Guidance on Digital Identity (2020), https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/Guidance-on-Digital-Identity.pdf.25. FATF, The FATF Recommendations (2012), https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/pdfs/FATF%20Recommendations%202012.pdf26. GDPR Hub, Rb. Amsterdam - C/13/687315 / HA RK 20-207, https://gdprhub.eu/index.php?title=Rb._Amsterdam_-_C/13/687315_/_HA_RK_20-207#Facts.27. G20 & GPFI, G20 High-Level Principles for Digital Financial Inclusion, (2016), https://www.gpfi.org/sites/gpfi/files/G20%20High%20Level%20Principles%20for%20Digital%20Financial%20Inclusion.pdf28. International Organization for Standardization [ISO], ISO/IEC 29115:2013(E), Information technology — Security techniques — Entity authentication assurance framework.29. ISO, ISO/IEC 2382-37:2017, https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-iec:2382:-37:ed-2:v1:en:term:3.9.2.30. MyGovID, myGovID Privacy Policy (Aug. 2021), https://www.mygovid.gov.au/mygovid-privacy-policy.31. National Institute of Standards and Technology [NIST], NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-63A Digital Identity Guidelines: Enrollment and Identity Proofing, https://pages.nist.gov/800-63-3-Implementation-Resources/63A/referees/.32. NIST, NIST 800-63 (b) Digital Identity Guidelines: Authentication and Lifecycle Management, https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-63b.pdf.33. NIST, blockchain technology overview (2018), https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2018/NIST.IR.8202.pdf34. OECD, Digital Identity Management: Enabling Innovation and Trust in the Internet Economy (2011), https://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/49338380.pdf.35. Police and Border Guard Board [PBGB], Estonian eID scheme: ID card, https://ec.europa.eu/cefdigital/wiki/download/attachments/62885749/EE%20eID%20LoA%20mapping%20-%20ID%20card.pdf.36. PBGB, Estonian eID scheme: Mobiil-ID, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/wikis/download/attachments/62885749/EE%20eID%20LoA%20mapping%20-%20Mobiil-ID.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1531759816924&api=v2.37. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity - General approach, 14959/22 (Nov. 25 2022).38. Regulation (EU) no 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC, OJ [2014] L 257/73, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2014.257.01.0073.01.ENG.39. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)，https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679.40. The Council of the European Union, Council configurations, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/configurations/.41. The Council of the European Union, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity - General approach (Dec. 6, 2022), https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-14959-2022-INIT/en/pdf.42. The Council of the European Union, Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council (Telecommunications) (Jun. 3 2022), https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/tte/2022/06/03/.43. The European Commission, Communication from The Commission Consumer Financial Services Action Plan: Better Products, More Choice, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52017DC0139.44. The European Commission, Communication: Shaping Europe’s digital future (Feb. 19, 2020), https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/84c05739-547a-4b86-9564-76e834dc7a49_en?filename=communication-shaping-europes-digital-future-feb2020_en.pdf.45. The European Commission, Commission Recommendation of 3.6.2021 on a common Union Toolbox for a coordinated approach towards a European Digital Identity Framework, https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/redirection/document/76610.46. The European Commission, European Digital Identity Architecture and Reference Framework – Outline (Feb. 22, 2022), https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/european-digital-identity-architecture-and-reference-framework-outline.47. The European Commission, Estonia eID notification form for electronic identity scheme under Article 9(5) of Regulation (EU) no. 910/2014, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/wikis/download/attachments/62885749/ESTONIAN%20eID%20NOTIFICATION%20FORM%20FOR%20ELECTRONIC%20IDENTITY%20SCHEME%20UNDER%20ARTICLE%209%20OF%20eIDAS%20REGULATION%20v1.1.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1585726532858&api=v2.48. The European Commission, Estonian ID Scheme: Mobiil-ID (Feb. 27, 2018), https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiK64zOg-P8AhWEGogKHYMlCCwQFnoECBMQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fdigital-building-blocks%2Fwikis%2Fdownload%2Fattachments%2F62885749%2FEE%2520eID%2520LoA%2520mapping%2520-%2520Mobiil-ID.pdf%3Fversion%3D1%26modificationDate%3D1531759816924%26api%3Dv2&usg=AOvVaw2KKcGuo4cpXAbJKVHd4wpG.49. The European Commission, Inception impact assessment - Ares(2020)3899583 (Feb. 19, 2020), https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12528-EU-digital-ID-scheme-for-online-transactions-across-Europe_en.50. The European Council, European Council conclusions, 1-2 October 2020 (Oct. 2, 2022), https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/45910/021020-euco-final-conclusions.pdf.51. The Council of the European Union, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity - Progress report (May 17, 2022), https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-8701-2022-INIT/en/pdf.52. The European Parliament, Handbook on the ordinary legislative procedure, (Sep., 2020), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/255709/OLP_2020_EN.pdf.53. The European Parliament Legislative Train Schedule, Revision of the eIDAS Regulation – European Digital Identity (EUid), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/spotlight-JD22/file-eid.54. The White House, National Strategy for Trust Identities in Cyberspace, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/NSTICstrategy_041511.pdf.55. 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