1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Commerce
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 子女影響父母消費決策之前因與調節因素實證研究
The Antecedents and Moderators of Children Influence on Parents` Decision Making on Shopping: An Empirical Study
作者 日嘉瑜
Jih, Chia-Yu
貢獻者 洪為璽<br>陳江明
Hung, Wei-Hsi<br>Chen, Jiang-Ming
日嘉瑜
Jih, Chia-Yu
關鍵詞 兒童影響力
消費決策
包裝消費品
廣告行銷
Children’s influence
Consumption decision
Consumer packaged goods
Advertising communication
日期 2023
上傳時間 6-Jul-2023 16:19:19 (UTC+8)
摘要 少子化是全球化的趨勢，不僅改變了家長消費決策因素，也擴大了親子消費市場營業規模，觀察其中包裝消費品 (Consumer Packaged Goods, CPG) 產業快速成長且競爭激烈，而國內卻顯少有相關領域的實證研究。因此，本研究針對12歲以下的兒童家長進行訪談並比對過去相關文獻，分析歸納出三大構面變數，包括—產品外觀、功能、價值與價格與十一項假說，並再加入家長年齡、職業、平均月收入和家長教育程度等四項家庭背景調節變數，是以探討兒童影響父母消費決策之變數關係與其影響力。
     研究結果發現，關於子女影響父母消費決策因素之所有假説中，除了美學價值與實用性二項為絕對因素，家長不受兒童影響之外，其餘九項 (含象徵價值、人因價值、引起注意、產品品質、產品獨特性、健康性、產品價格、主觀知識、促銷活動）則皆有正向顯著相關性。家庭背景調節變項中，家長教育程度在產品象徵價值與兒童影響力、產品品質與兒童影響力、產品獨特性與兒童影響力等三項假説中有顯著調節效果，此外，家長職業亦對所有十一項假説皆具有調節效果。最後，根據研究結果提出觀點討論、理論意涵與貢獻、限制與未來研究等，以供後續產學界之相關研究參考。
The worldwide trend of low birth rates has greatly changed the factors influencing parents` consumption decisions and expanded the consumption scale of companies targeting the parent-child market. Therefore, this study aims to explore how children influence parents` consumption decisions regarding consumer packaged goods and the extent to which this applies in the market. In this study, interviews are conducted with parents whose children are younger than 12 years old. By making comparisons with previous literature, this study attempts to analyze and generalize the factors of three dimensions, including product appearance, function, and price, as well as 11 hypotheses. A total of 377 parents were sampled and asked to complete a questionnaire for further research.
     Among the 11 hypotheses on how children influence their parents` purchase decisions, the results show that parents were not influenced by children in terms of absolute factors, including aesthetic value and practicality, while the other nine factors (symbolic value, ergonomic value, attention, product quality, product uniqueness, health perception, product price, subjective knowledge, and promotion) all had a positive and significant effect on their decisions. Since the factors influencing parent-child consumer product decisions have been less explored in previous studies, this study is expected to contribute to the relevant literature and provide a reference for marketing decisions for companies in the parent-child industry.
參考文獻 Alexa, S. -O. (2007). Life span and resiliency theory: A critical review, Advances in Social Work, 8(1), 152-168. https://doi.org/10.18060/138
     Agmeka, F., Wathoni, R. N., & Santoso, A. S. (2019). The influence of discount framing towards brand reputation and brand image on purchase intention and actual behaviour in e-commerce. Procedia Computer Science, 161, 851-858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.192
     Aldous, J. (1990). Family development and the life course: Two perspectives on family change, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(3), 571-583.
     Arif, M., & Siregar, I. K (2021). Purchase decision affects, price, product quality and word of mouth. International Journal of Economic Technology and Social Sciences, 2(1), 260-273.
     Aurisicchio, M., Eng, N. L., Ortiz Nicolas, J., Childs, P. R. N., & Bracewell, R. (2011, August 15-18). On the functions of products. In proceedings of ICED 11 - 18th International Conference on Engineering Design - Impacting Society Through Engineering Design, Lyngby/Copenhagen, Denmark, 1, 443-455.
     Awaludin, M. N., & Sukmono, S. (2020). The effect of social media marketing and brand awareness on purchase decisions with viral marketing as intervening variables on Janji Jiwa coffee consumers among students using social media area Jabodeta. AFEBI Management and Business Review, 5(1), 54-68.
     Bamossy, G., Scammon, D. L., & Johnston, M. (1983). A Preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of an aesthetic judgment test. In R. P. Bagozzi & A. M. Tybout (Eds.), In Advances in Consumer Research: Advances in Consumer Research, 10(1), 685-690. Ann Abor, MI, USA.
     Barnes, C., & Lillford, S.P. (2009). Decision support for the design of affective products. Journal of Engineering Design, 20(5), 477-492.
     Bartels, M., Tillack, K., & Lin, C-T. (2018). Communicating nutrition information at the point of purchase: An eye-tracking study of shoppers at two grocery stores in the United States. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 42(5), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12474
     Baumrind, D. (1973). The development of instrumental competence through socialization. In A. D. Pick (Ed.), Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 3-46). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
     Bei, L-T., & Simpson, E. M. (1995). The determinants of consumers purchase decisions for recycled products: An application of acquisition-transaction utility theory. In R. K. Frank & M. Sujan (Eds), In NA-Advances in Consumer Research, 22(1), 257-261. Association for Consumer Research: Provo UT, USA.
     Belk, R.W. (1998). Possessions and the extended self. The Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139-168.
     Bell, R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review, 75(2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025583
     Bengtson, V. L., & Allen, K. R. (1993). The life-course perspective applied to families over time. In P. Boss, W. J. Doherty, R. LaRossa, W. R. Schumm & S. K. Steinmetz (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methods: A contextual approach (pp. 469-504). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
     Berkowitz, M. (1987). Product shape as a design innovation strategy. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 4(4), 274-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5885.440274
     Beurkens, N. M., Hobson, J. A., & Hobson, R. P. (2013). Autism severity and qualities of parent-child relations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(1), 168-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1562-4
     Bloch, P. H. (1995). Seeking the ideal form: Product design and consumer response. Journal of Marketing, 59(3), 16-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299505900302
     Bloomenthal, A. (2021). Consumer packaged goods (CPG). Investopedia.
     Retrieved 2021, September 17, from: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cpg.asp
     Bomstein, M. (Ed.) (1995). Handbook of Parenting: Volume I: Children and Parenting. Psychology Press. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Brucks, M. (1985). The effects of product class knowledge on information search behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1086/209031
     Carter, O. B. (2006). The weighty issue of Australian television food advertising and childhood obesity. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 17(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1071/HE06005
     Castro, I. A., Miles, M. P., Gonzalez, G. R., & Ayala, G. X. (2021). Children`s perceptions of their parent`s parenting strategies and child influence on purchases in a supermarket. Appetite 162(1), 105149.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105149
     Chae, H., Kim, S., Lee, J., & Park, K. (2020). Impact of product characteristics of limited edition shoes on perceived value, brand trust, and purchase intention; focused on the scarcity message frequency. Journal of Business Research, 120, 398-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.040
     Chao, R., & Liao, P. (2016). The impact of brand image and discounted price on purchase intention in outlet mall: Consumer attitude as mediator. The Journal of Global Business Management, 12(2), 119-128.
     Charlotte, G. -B. (2011). Consumer Preferences for 99-ending prices: the mediating role of price consciousness. Working papers, Business Economics, WB. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Economía de la Empresa. http://hdl.handle.net/10016/10707
     Chen, H. -J. (2020). Parent-child Decision-making Factors for The Purchase of Consumer Packaged Goods-M Company. [Master dissertation, National Chengchi University]. http://doi.org/10.6814/NCCU202000704
     Chen, H., Wang, X., Li, Z., & Zhu, Z. (2019). The impact of neighborhood environment on women’s willingness to have a second child in china. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958019833232
     Chen, H. -M. (2012). Study of Population Policy (RDEC-RES-100-005). Research, Development and Evaluation Commission, Executive Yuan.
     Chen, Y. -H., & Tsai, C. -L. (2011). Very Low Fertility in East Asian Countries: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Response. Journal of Population Studies, 42, 155-163.
     Chiu, L. -H. (1987). Child-rearing attitudes of Chinese, Chinese-American, and Anglo-American mothers. International Journal of Psychology, 22(4), 409-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598708246782
     Creusen, M. E., & Schoormans, J. P. (2005). The different roles of product appearance in consumer choice. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 22(1), 63-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0737-6782.2005.00103.x
     Crilly, N., Moultrie, J., & Clarkson, P. J. (2004). Seeing things: Consumer response to the visual domain in product design. Design Studies, 25(6), 547-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2004.03.001
     Darian, J. C. (1998). Parent-child decision making in children’s clothing stores. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 26(11), 421-428. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590559810246377
     Dawar, N., & Parker, P. (1994). Marketing universals: Consumers’ use of brand name, price, physical appearance, and retailer reputation as signals of product quality. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299405800207
     Deliya, M. M., & Parmar, B. J. (2012). Role of packaging on consumer buying behavior a patan district. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 12(10), 49-67. https://journalofbusiness.org/index.php/GJMBR/article/view/100226
     De Mol, J., & Buysse, A. (2008). The phenomenology of children’s influence on parents. Journal of Family Therapy, 30(2), 163-193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2008.00424.x.
     Dickson, P. R. (1994). Marketing Management. The Dryden Press: Orlando, USA, 1994.
     Dittmar, H. (2005). Compulsive buying–a growing concern? An examination of gender, age, and endorsement of materialistic values as predictors. British Journal of Psychology, 96(4), 467-491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000712605X53533
     Dodds, W. B., Monroe, K. B., & Grewal, D. (1991). Effects of price, brand and store information on buyers` product evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research, 28 (3), 307-319. https://doi.org/10.2307/3172866
     Dornbusch, S. M., Ritter, P., Leiderman, P. H., Roberts, D. F., & Fraleigh, M. J. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 58(5), 1244-1257. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130618
     Ekasasi, S. R. (2005). The role of children in family decision making a theoretical review. Journal Siasat Bisnis, 3, 25-41. https://doi.org/10.20885/jsb.ed.khus1.art3
     Gam, H. J. (2011). Are fashion‐conscious consumers more likely to adopt eco‐friendly clothing? Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 15(2), 178-193. https://doi.org/10.1108/13612021111132627
     Charlotte, G. -B. (2011). Consumer Preferences for 99-ending prices: the mediating role of price consciousness. Working papers, Business Economics, WB. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Economía de la Empresa. http://hdl.handle.net/10016/10707
     Jones, G. W. (2019). Ultra-low fertility in East Asia: Policy responses and challenges. Asian Population Studies, 15(2), 131-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2019.1594656
     Govers, P. C. M. (2004). Product Personality [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Delft University of Technology. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5496771a-b5a1-4366-87e0-0a10bf566c32
     Hassenzahl, M. (2008). Aesthetics in Interactive Products: Correlates and Consequences of Beauty. In: Product Experience, Schifferstein, H.N.J. & Hekkert, P. Eds., Elsevier: Amsterdam, NL, 11, 287-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045089-6.50014-9
     Hekkert, P., Snelders, D., & Van Wieringen, P. C. W. (2003). Most advanced yet acceptable: Typicality and novelty as joint predictors of aesthetic preference in industrial design. British Journal of Psychology, 94(1), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712603762842147
     Henry, P. (2002). Systematic variation in purchase orientations across social classes. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 19(5), 424-438. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760210437641
     Holbrook, M. B. (1980). Some Preliminary Notes on Research in Consumer Esthetics. In: Advances in Consumer Research, 7(1); Olson, J. C. Eds.; Association for Consumer Research: Ann Arbor, MI, 104-108.
     Holman, T. B., & Burr, W. R. (1980). Beyond the beyond: The growth of family theories in the 1970s. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42(4), 729-741. https://doi.org/10.2307/351821
     Homburg, C., Schwemmle, M., & Kuehnl, C. (2015). New product design: Concept, measurement, and consequences. Journal of Marketing, 79(3), 41-56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43784405
     Hu, H., & Lu, W. -F. (2020). Design specification representation for intelligent product appearance design. E3S Web Conferences, 179, 02004. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017902004
     Hong, S. H. and Zhou, L. D. (2011). The Impact of family development stages and family structure on the life satisfaction of the middle-aged generation. Journal of Human Development, 13, 75-100. https://doi.org/10.2307/582058
     Ishaque A., & Tufail, M. W. (2014). Influence of children on family purchase decision: empirical evidence from Pakistan. International Review of Management and Business Research, 3, 162-173
     Jick, T. D. (1979). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 602-611. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2392366
     Kaur, P., & Singh, R. (2006). Children in family purchase decision making in India and the West: A review. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 8, 1-30. http://www.amsreview.org/article/kaur08-2006.pd
     Kao, S. -K. (1990). The effects of family variables on the social behavior of adolescents. Journal of Women and Gender Studies, 1, 49 - 86. https://doi.org/10.6255/JWGS.1990.1.49
     Geçi̇t, B.B., & Kayacan, M. (2017, October 5-7). Effect of Price and Brand on Purchase Decision–An Application on Turkish Smart Phone Consumers [Paper presentation]. International Conference of Eurasian Economies 2017, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. https://doi.org/10.36880/C09.01960
     Kumar, S. (2013). The impact of television advertisements on children in the process of family purchase decision. International Journals of Marketing and Technology, 3(7), 182-192.
     Kusumawardhani, A., Esmeralda, E, Utama, J. P., & Anggraeni, A. (2021). Factors affecting purchase decision in Indonesian E-Commerce industry. Budapest International Research and Critics Institue-Journal, 4(3), 4173-4186. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i3.2191
     Lee, J. (2021). The impact of Consumption values on environmentally friendly product purchase decision. The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management, 9(4), 31-43. DOI:10.1108/SRJ-05-2020-0191.
     Lee, P. -C. (2007). Parent-child interaction of children with ADHD: Research and clinical implications. Journal of Taiwan Occupational Therapy Association R.O.C., 25(1), 34-44. https://dx.doi.org/10.6594/JTOTA.2007.25(1).03
     Leibowitz, A. (1977). Parental inputs and children`s achievement. The Journal of Human Resources, 12(2), 242-251. https://doi.org/10.2307/145387
     Liang, J. & Xu, Y. (2018). Second‐hand clothing consumption: A generational cohort analysis of the Chinese market. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 42(1), 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12393
     Ligas, M. (2000). People, products, pursuits: Exploring the relationships between consumer goals and product meanings. Psychology & Marketing, 17(11), 983-1003. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6793(200011)17:11<983::AID-MAR4>3.0.CO;2-J
     Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22, 5-55. https://legacy.voteview.com/pdf/Likert_1932.pdf
     Lin, P. -C., & Huang, Y. -H. (2012). The influence factors on choice behavior regarding green products based on the theory of consumption values. Journal of Cleaner Production, 22(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.10.002
     Liu, H. L. (2019). Mastering the changing family: Reflections on the development of family life course theory and research. Journal of Social Policy and Social Work 23(1), 91-130.
     Liu, P., Wang, K., Yang, K., Chen, H., Zhao, A., Xue, Y., & Zhou, L. (2020). An Aesthetic Measurement approach for evaluating product appearance design. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2020, 1791450, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1791450
     Liu, Y. -L., & Wang, T. -M. (2005). Analysis of total fertility in Taiwan: Changes in completed fertility rate and fertility rhythm. Journal of Population Studies, 30, 97-123.
     Sears, R. R., Maccoby, E. E., & Levin, H. (1957). Patterns of Child Rearing. Row, Peterson and company.
     Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28(6), 1006-1017. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1006
     Maccoby, E. E. (2001). Parenting and its effects on children: On reading and misreading behavior genetics. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.1
     Martensen, A., & Gronholdt, L. (2008). Children`s influence on family decision making. Innovative Marketing, 4(4), 14-22.
     Maulana, T., & Susandy, G. (2019). The influence of viral marketing and price discounts through social media instagram to purchase decision on marketplace shopee. DIMENSIA (Diskursus Ilmu Manajemen STIESA), 16(2), 1-10. https://ojs.stiesa.ac.id/index.php/dimensia/article/view/115
     McCarthy, J. R., & Edwards, R. (2011). Key Concepts in Family Studies. SAGE Publications Ltd.
     McCracken, G. (1986). Culture and consumption: A theoretical account of the structure and movement of the cultural meaning of consumer goods. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(1), 71-84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2489287
     Mcneal, J. U. (1992). Kids as Customers. A Handbook of Marketing to Children (pp. 191-205). Lexington Books.
     Merton, R. K. (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure. Free Press.
     Michaelidou, N., & Hassan, L. M. (2008). The role of health consciousness, food safety concern and ethical identity on attitudes and intentions towards organic food. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 32(2), 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2007.00619.x
     Miles, L. D. (1961). Techniques of Value Analysis and Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
     Noergaard, M. K., Brunsø, K., Christensen, P. H., & Mikkelsen, M. R. (2007). Children`s influence on family decision-making in food buying. Young Consumers, 8(3), 197-216. https://doi.org/10.1108/17473610710780945
     Hair, J. F. (2011). In M. Lovric (Ed), International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_395
     Hee, O. C. (2014). Validity and reliability of the customer-oriented behaviour scale in the health tourism hospitals in Malaysia. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 7(3), 771-775.
     Nelson, J. A. (1989). Individual consumption within the household: A study of expenditures on clothing. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 23(1), 21-44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23859118
     Niu, H. J. (2019). Qualia: Touching the inner needs of consumers’ hearts. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 27(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2018.11.003
     Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed). McGraw-Hill.
     Ogawa, N., Matsukura, R., Lee, S, -H., Tung, A. -C., & Masson, A. (2015). Very Low Fertility and the High Costs of Children and the Elderly in East Asia. In: Ogawa, N., & Shah, I. (Eds), Low Fertility and Reproductive Health in East Asia. International Studies in Population, 11, pp. 31-58. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9226-4_3
     Ogba, I. E., & Johnson, R. (2010). How packaging affects the product preferences of children and the buyer behaviour of their parents in the food industry. Young Consumers Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers11(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1108/17473611011026037
     Orquin, J. L., & Loose, S. M. (2013). Attention and choice: A review on eye movements in decision making. Acta Psychologica, 144(1), 190-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.06.003
     Pandit, N. R. (1996). The creation of theory: A recent application of the grounded theory method. The Qualitative Report, 2(4), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/1996.2054
     Pardini, D. A. (2008). Novel insights into longstanding theories of bidirectional parent–child influences: Introduction to the special section. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(5), 627-631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9231-y
     Park, C. W., & Lessig, V. P. (1981). Familiarity and its impact on consumer decision biases and heuristics. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(2), 223-230. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2488834
     Jeong, K., Yoon, J., Cho, H. J., Kim, S., & Jang, J. (2022). The relationship between changes in the korean fertility rate and policies to encourage fertility. BMC Public Health 22, 2298. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14722-4
     Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive Family Process, 3. Castalia Publishing Company.
     Rosenkranz, R. R., & Dzewaltowski, D. A. (2008). Model of the home food environment pertaining to childhood obesity. Nutrition Reviews, 66(3), 123-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00017.x
     Sadegh, M. S., & Shokouhyar, S. (2021). Actual consumers` response to purchase refurbished smartphones: Exploring perceived value from product reviews in online retailing. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 102652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102652
     Satriawan K.A., & Setiawan P.Y. (2020). The role of purchase intention in mediating the effect of perceived price and perceived quality on purchase decision. International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Sciences, 7(3), 38-49. https://doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v7n3.887
     Setiawan, B., & Rabuani, C. C. (2019). The influence of advertising and endorsers on brand awareness and its impact on purchasing decisions. Riset, 1(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.35212/277621
     Wei, S. T. (2002). Assessing parenting styles in Chinese culture. Journal of Ilan Institute of Technology, Human and social work 9, 341-369. https://doi.org/10.6179/nit.lam.2002.09.32
     Sovacool, B. K., Kester, J., Noel, L., & de Rubens, G. Z. (2018). The demographics of decarbonizing transport: The influence of gender, education, occupation, age, and household size on electric mobility preferences in the Nordic region. Global Environmental Change, 52, 86-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.06.008
     Morgan, S. P. (2003). Is low fertility a twenty-first-century demographic crisis?. Demography, 40(4), 589-603. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2003.0037
     Srinivasan, V., Lovejoy, W. S., & Beach, D. (1997). Integrated product design for marketability and manufacturing. Journal of Marketing Research，34(1), 154-163. https://doi.org/10.2307/3152072
     Suwandinata, H. (2011). Children`s Influence on the Family Decision-Making Process in Food Buying and Consumption: An Empirical Study of Children`s Influence in Jakarta-Indonesia. [Doctoral dissertation, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany]. http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2012/8589/
     Sweeney, J. C., & Soutar, G. N. (2001). Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing, 77(2), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(01)00041-0
     The World Facebook . Available online: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/total-fertility-rate/country-comparison (accessed on 26 May 2022)
     Toufani, S., Stanton, J. P., & Chikweche, T. (2017). The importance of aesthetics on customers’ intentions to purchase smartphones. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35(3), 316-338. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-12-2015-0230
     Tung, A. -C. (2012), "Who Will Support the Elderly?" In: Taiwan Population Association Annual Meeting Papers.
     Turrell, G., Hewitt, B., Patterson, C., & Oldenburg, B. (2003). Measuring socio-economic position in dietary research: is choice of socio-economic indicator important? Public Health Nutrition, 6(2), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2002416
     White, J. M., & Klein, D. M. (2008). Family Theories (3rd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
     Veryzer Jr, R. W. (1995). The place of product design and aesthetics in consumer research. Advances in Consumer Research, 22(1), 641-645.
     Wang, J., & Hsu, Y. (2019). Does sustainable perceived value play a key role in the purchase intention driven by product aesthetics? Taking smartwatch as an example. Sustainability, 11(23), 6806. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236806
     Wang, K. C., Hsieh, A. T., Yeh, Y. C., & Tsai, C. W. (2004). Who is the decision-maker: the parents or the child in group package tours? Tourism Management, 25(2), 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00093-1
     White, J. M., & Klein, D. M. (2008). Family Theories (3rd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
     Whitfield, A.; Wiltshire, T. Color. In: Industrial Design in Engineering. Charles H. F. ed., The Design Council: Worcester, UK, 1983, 133-157.
     Widyastuti, S., & Said, M. (2017). Consumer consideration in purchase decision of SPECS sports shoes product through brand image, product design and price perception. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 6(4), 199-207
     Wood, M. (1998). Socio-economic status, delay of gratification, and impulse buying. Journal of Economic Psychology, 19(3), 295-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(98)00009-9
     Xing, Y., Tarimo, C. S., Weicun, R., & Liang, Z. (2022). The impact of health insurance policy on the fertility intention of rural floating population in China: Empirical evidence from cross-sectional data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010175
     Yamamoto, M., & Lambert, D. R. (1994). The impact of product aesthetics on the evaluation of industrial products. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 11(4), 309-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/0737-6782(94)90086-8
     Yang, H., Yu, J., Zo, H., & Choi, M. (2016). User acceptance of wearable devices: An extended perspective of perceived value. Telematics and Informatics, 33(2), 256-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.08.007
     Yang, C., & Liu, Y. (2002). The family life courses in Taiwan (NSC89-2412-H-343-009) [Grant]. Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 27, 77-105. https://dx.doi.org/10.6786/TJS.200206.0077
     Yang, L.-H. (2013). Theories of family development and family development. Journal of Family Education Bimonthly, 43, 31-39. https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?DocID=18169651-201305-201306110011-201306110011-31-39&PublishTypeID=P001
描述 博士
國立政治大學
資訊管理學系
107356503
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107356503
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 洪為璽<br>陳江明zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hung, Wei-Hsi<br>Chen, Jiang-Mingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 日嘉瑜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Jih, Chia-Yuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 日嘉瑜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Jih, Chia-Yuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 6-Jul-2023 16:19:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 6-Jul-2023 16:19:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 6-Jul-2023 16:19:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0107356503en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/145732-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 資訊管理學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 107356503zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 少子化是全球化的趨勢，不僅改變了家長消費決策因素，也擴大了親子消費市場營業規模，觀察其中包裝消費品 (Consumer Packaged Goods, CPG) 產業快速成長且競爭激烈，而國內卻顯少有相關領域的實證研究。因此，本研究針對12歲以下的兒童家長進行訪談並比對過去相關文獻，分析歸納出三大構面變數，包括—產品外觀、功能、價值與價格與十一項假說，並再加入家長年齡、職業、平均月收入和家長教育程度等四項家庭背景調節變數，是以探討兒童影響父母消費決策之變數關係與其影響力。
     研究結果發現，關於子女影響父母消費決策因素之所有假説中，除了美學價值與實用性二項為絕對因素，家長不受兒童影響之外，其餘九項 (含象徵價值、人因價值、引起注意、產品品質、產品獨特性、健康性、產品價格、主觀知識、促銷活動）則皆有正向顯著相關性。家庭背景調節變項中，家長教育程度在產品象徵價值與兒童影響力、產品品質與兒童影響力、產品獨特性與兒童影響力等三項假説中有顯著調節效果，此外，家長職業亦對所有十一項假説皆具有調節效果。最後，根據研究結果提出觀點討論、理論意涵與貢獻、限制與未來研究等，以供後續產學界之相關研究參考。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The worldwide trend of low birth rates has greatly changed the factors influencing parents` consumption decisions and expanded the consumption scale of companies targeting the parent-child market. Therefore, this study aims to explore how children influence parents` consumption decisions regarding consumer packaged goods and the extent to which this applies in the market. In this study, interviews are conducted with parents whose children are younger than 12 years old. By making comparisons with previous literature, this study attempts to analyze and generalize the factors of three dimensions, including product appearance, function, and price, as well as 11 hypotheses. A total of 377 parents were sampled and asked to complete a questionnaire for further research.
     Among the 11 hypotheses on how children influence their parents` purchase decisions, the results show that parents were not influenced by children in terms of absolute factors, including aesthetic value and practicality, while the other nine factors (symbolic value, ergonomic value, attention, product quality, product uniqueness, health perception, product price, subjective knowledge, and promotion) all had a positive and significant effect on their decisions. Since the factors influencing parent-child consumer product decisions have been less explored in previous studies, this study is expected to contribute to the relevant literature and provide a reference for marketing decisions for companies in the parent-child industry.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 中文摘要 1
     ABSTRACT 2
     TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
     LIST OF FIGURES 4
     LIST OF TABLES 5
     1. INTRODUCTION 6
     1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUNDS 6
     1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS, PROCEDURE, AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 7
     2. LITERATURE REVIEW 9
     2.1 LOW FERTILITY PHENOMENON AND SOCIAL IMPACT 9
     2.2 THE CONNOTATION OF FAMILY DEVELOPMENT THEORY 14
     2.3 DECREASING BIRTH RATE AND FAMILY PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP 17
     2.4 DECISIONS ON PARENT-CHILD CONSUMPTION 20
     2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMER DECISIONS 21
     3. RESEARCH METHODS 27
     3.1 RESEARCH PROCESS DESIGN 28
     3.2 CONSTRUCTS AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS 31
     3.3 RESEARCH DIMENSIONS AND HYPOTHESIS 33
     3.4 DATA COLLECTION AND DESIGN OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE 40
     3.5 DATA ANALYSIS METHODS 41
     4. RESEARCH RESULTS 54
     4.1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 54
     4.2 RELIABILITY TEST 58
     4.3 CORRELATION ANALYSIS AND DIMENSION VALIDITY 60
     4.4 CORRELATION ANALYSIS 68
     4.5 REGRESSION ANALYSIS 70
     4.6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 76
     5. CONCLUSION 83
     5.1 RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS 84
     5.2 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 85
     REFERENCES 86
     APPENDIX 1 - SURVEY ITEMS 101		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107356503en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 兒童影響力zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 消費決策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 包裝消費品zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 廣告行銷zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Children’s influenceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Consumption decisionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Consumer packaged goodsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Advertising communicationen_US
dc.title (題名) 子女影響父母消費決策之前因與調節因素實證研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Antecedents and Moderators of Children Influence on Parents` Decision Making on Shopping: An Empirical Studyen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alexa, S. -O. (2007). Life span and resiliency theory: A critical review, Advances in Social Work, 8(1), 152-168. https://doi.org/10.18060/138
     Agmeka, F., Wathoni, R. N., & Santoso, A. S. (2019). The influence of discount framing towards brand reputation and brand image on purchase intention and actual behaviour in e-commerce. Procedia Computer Science, 161, 851-858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.192
     Aldous, J. (1990). Family development and the life course: Two perspectives on family change, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(3), 571-583.
     Arif, M., & Siregar, I. K (2021). Purchase decision affects, price, product quality and word of mouth. International Journal of Economic Technology and Social Sciences, 2(1), 260-273.
     Aurisicchio, M., Eng, N. L., Ortiz Nicolas, J., Childs, P. R. N., & Bracewell, R. (2011, August 15-18). On the functions of products. In proceedings of ICED 11 - 18th International Conference on Engineering Design - Impacting Society Through Engineering Design, Lyngby/Copenhagen, Denmark, 1, 443-455.
     Awaludin, M. N., & Sukmono, S. (2020). The effect of social media marketing and brand awareness on purchase decisions with viral marketing as intervening variables on Janji Jiwa coffee consumers among students using social media area Jabodeta. AFEBI Management and Business Review, 5(1), 54-68.
     Bamossy, G., Scammon, D. L., & Johnston, M. (1983). A Preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of an aesthetic judgment test. In R. P. Bagozzi & A. M. Tybout (Eds.), In Advances in Consumer Research: Advances in Consumer Research, 10(1), 685-690. Ann Abor, MI, USA.
     Barnes, C., & Lillford, S.P. (2009). Decision support for the design of affective products. Journal of Engineering Design, 20(5), 477-492.
     Bartels, M., Tillack, K., & Lin, C-T. (2018). Communicating nutrition information at the point of purchase: An eye-tracking study of shoppers at two grocery stores in the United States. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 42(5), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12474
     Baumrind, D. (1973). The development of instrumental competence through socialization. In A. D. Pick (Ed.), Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 3-46). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
     Bei, L-T., & Simpson, E. M. (1995). The determinants of consumers purchase decisions for recycled products: An application of acquisition-transaction utility theory. In R. K. Frank & M. Sujan (Eds), In NA-Advances in Consumer Research, 22(1), 257-261. Association for Consumer Research: Provo UT, USA.
     Belk, R.W. (1998). Possessions and the extended self. The Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139-168.
     Bell, R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review, 75(2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025583
     Bengtson, V. L., & Allen, K. R. (1993). The life-course perspective applied to families over time. In P. Boss, W. J. Doherty, R. LaRossa, W. R. Schumm & S. K. Steinmetz (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methods: A contextual approach (pp. 469-504). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
     Berkowitz, M. (1987). Product shape as a design innovation strategy. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 4(4), 274-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5885.440274
     Beurkens, N. M., Hobson, J. A., & Hobson, R. P. (2013). Autism severity and qualities of parent-child relations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(1), 168-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1562-4
     Bloch, P. H. (1995). Seeking the ideal form: Product design and consumer response. Journal of Marketing, 59(3), 16-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299505900302
     Bloomenthal, A. (2021). Consumer packaged goods (CPG). Investopedia.
     Retrieved 2021, September 17, from: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cpg.asp
     Bomstein, M. (Ed.) (1995). Handbook of Parenting: Volume I: Children and Parenting. Psychology Press. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Brucks, M. (1985). The effects of product class knowledge on information search behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1086/209031
     Carter, O. B. (2006). The weighty issue of Australian television food advertising and childhood obesity. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 17(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1071/HE06005
     Castro, I. A., Miles, M. P., Gonzalez, G. R., & Ayala, G. X. (2021). Children`s perceptions of their parent`s parenting strategies and child influence on purchases in a supermarket. Appetite 162(1), 105149.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105149
     Chae, H., Kim, S., Lee, J., & Park, K. (2020). Impact of product characteristics of limited edition shoes on perceived value, brand trust, and purchase intention; focused on the scarcity message frequency. Journal of Business Research, 120, 398-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.040
     Chao, R., & Liao, P. (2016). The impact of brand image and discounted price on purchase intention in outlet mall: Consumer attitude as mediator. The Journal of Global Business Management, 12(2), 119-128.
     Charlotte, G. -B. (2011). Consumer Preferences for 99-ending prices: the mediating role of price consciousness. Working papers, Business Economics, WB. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Economía de la Empresa. http://hdl.handle.net/10016/10707
     Chen, H. -J. (2020). Parent-child Decision-making Factors for The Purchase of Consumer Packaged Goods-M Company. [Master dissertation, National Chengchi University]. http://doi.org/10.6814/NCCU202000704
     Chen, H., Wang, X., Li, Z., & Zhu, Z. (2019). The impact of neighborhood environment on women’s willingness to have a second child in china. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958019833232
     Chen, H. -M. (2012). Study of Population Policy (RDEC-RES-100-005). Research, Development and Evaluation Commission, Executive Yuan.
     Chen, Y. -H., & Tsai, C. -L. (2011). Very Low Fertility in East Asian Countries: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Response. Journal of Population Studies, 42, 155-163.
     Chiu, L. -H. (1987). Child-rearing attitudes of Chinese, Chinese-American, and Anglo-American mothers. International Journal of Psychology, 22(4), 409-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598708246782
     Creusen, M. E., & Schoormans, J. P. (2005). The different roles of product appearance in consumer choice. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 22(1), 63-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0737-6782.2005.00103.x
     Crilly, N., Moultrie, J., & Clarkson, P. J. (2004). Seeing things: Consumer response to the visual domain in product design. Design Studies, 25(6), 547-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2004.03.001
     Darian, J. C. (1998). Parent-child decision making in children’s clothing stores. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 26(11), 421-428. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590559810246377
     Dawar, N., & Parker, P. (1994). Marketing universals: Consumers’ use of brand name, price, physical appearance, and retailer reputation as signals of product quality. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299405800207
     Deliya, M. M., & Parmar, B. J. (2012). Role of packaging on consumer buying behavior a patan district. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 12(10), 49-67. https://journalofbusiness.org/index.php/GJMBR/article/view/100226
     De Mol, J., & Buysse, A. (2008). The phenomenology of children’s influence on parents. Journal of Family Therapy, 30(2), 163-193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2008.00424.x.
     Dickson, P. R. (1994). Marketing Management. The Dryden Press: Orlando, USA, 1994.
     Dittmar, H. (2005). Compulsive buying–a growing concern? An examination of gender, age, and endorsement of materialistic values as predictors. British Journal of Psychology, 96(4), 467-491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000712605X53533
     Dodds, W. B., Monroe, K. B., & Grewal, D. (1991). Effects of price, brand and store information on buyers` product evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research, 28 (3), 307-319. https://doi.org/10.2307/3172866
     Dornbusch, S. M., Ritter, P., Leiderman, P. H., Roberts, D. F., & Fraleigh, M. J. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 58(5), 1244-1257. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130618
     Ekasasi, S. R. (2005). The role of children in family decision making a theoretical review. Journal Siasat Bisnis, 3, 25-41. https://doi.org/10.20885/jsb.ed.khus1.art3
     Gam, H. J. (2011). Are fashion‐conscious consumers more likely to adopt eco‐friendly clothing? Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 15(2), 178-193. https://doi.org/10.1108/13612021111132627
     Charlotte, G. -B. (2011). Consumer Preferences for 99-ending prices: the mediating role of price consciousness. Working papers, Business Economics, WB. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Economía de la Empresa. http://hdl.handle.net/10016/10707
     Jones, G. W. (2019). Ultra-low fertility in East Asia: Policy responses and challenges. Asian Population Studies, 15(2), 131-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2019.1594656
     Govers, P. C. M. (2004). Product Personality [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Delft University of Technology. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5496771a-b5a1-4366-87e0-0a10bf566c32
     Hassenzahl, M. (2008). Aesthetics in Interactive Products: Correlates and Consequences of Beauty. In: Product Experience, Schifferstein, H.N.J. & Hekkert, P. Eds., Elsevier: Amsterdam, NL, 11, 287-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045089-6.50014-9
     Hekkert, P., Snelders, D., & Van Wieringen, P. C. W. (2003). Most advanced yet acceptable: Typicality and novelty as joint predictors of aesthetic preference in industrial design. British Journal of Psychology, 94(1), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712603762842147
     Henry, P. (2002). Systematic variation in purchase orientations across social classes. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 19(5), 424-438. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760210437641
     Holbrook, M. B. (1980). Some Preliminary Notes on Research in Consumer Esthetics. In: Advances in Consumer Research, 7(1); Olson, J. C. Eds.; Association for Consumer Research: Ann Arbor, MI, 104-108.
     Holman, T. B., & Burr, W. R. (1980). Beyond the beyond: The growth of family theories in the 1970s. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42(4), 729-741. https://doi.org/10.2307/351821
     Homburg, C., Schwemmle, M., & Kuehnl, C. (2015). New product design: Concept, measurement, and consequences. Journal of Marketing, 79(3), 41-56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43784405
     Hu, H., & Lu, W. -F. (2020). Design specification representation for intelligent product appearance design. E3S Web Conferences, 179, 02004. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017902004
     Hong, S. H. and Zhou, L. D. (2011). The Impact of family development stages and family structure on the life satisfaction of the middle-aged generation. Journal of Human Development, 13, 75-100. https://doi.org/10.2307/582058
     Ishaque A., & Tufail, M. W. (2014). Influence of children on family purchase decision: empirical evidence from Pakistan. International Review of Management and Business Research, 3, 162-173
     Jick, T. D. (1979). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 602-611. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2392366
     Kaur, P., & Singh, R. (2006). Children in family purchase decision making in India and the West: A review. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 8, 1-30. http://www.amsreview.org/article/kaur08-2006.pd
     Kao, S. -K. (1990). The effects of family variables on the social behavior of adolescents. Journal of Women and Gender Studies, 1, 49 - 86. https://doi.org/10.6255/JWGS.1990.1.49
     Geçi̇t, B.B., & Kayacan, M. (2017, October 5-7). Effect of Price and Brand on Purchase Decision–An Application on Turkish Smart Phone Consumers [Paper presentation]. International Conference of Eurasian Economies 2017, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. https://doi.org/10.36880/C09.01960
     Kumar, S. (2013). The impact of television advertisements on children in the process of family purchase decision. International Journals of Marketing and Technology, 3(7), 182-192.
     Kusumawardhani, A., Esmeralda, E, Utama, J. P., & Anggraeni, A. (2021). Factors affecting purchase decision in Indonesian E-Commerce industry. Budapest International Research and Critics Institue-Journal, 4(3), 4173-4186. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i3.2191
     Lee, J. (2021). The impact of Consumption values on environmentally friendly product purchase decision. The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management, 9(4), 31-43. DOI:10.1108/SRJ-05-2020-0191.
     Lee, P. -C. (2007). Parent-child interaction of children with ADHD: Research and clinical implications. Journal of Taiwan Occupational Therapy Association R.O.C., 25(1), 34-44. https://dx.doi.org/10.6594/JTOTA.2007.25(1).03
     Leibowitz, A. (1977). Parental inputs and children`s achievement. The Journal of Human Resources, 12(2), 242-251. https://doi.org/10.2307/145387
     Liang, J. & Xu, Y. (2018). Second‐hand clothing consumption: A generational cohort analysis of the Chinese market. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 42(1), 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12393
     Ligas, M. (2000). People, products, pursuits: Exploring the relationships between consumer goals and product meanings. Psychology & Marketing, 17(11), 983-1003. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6793(200011)17:11<983::AID-MAR4>3.0.CO;2-J
     Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22, 5-55. https://legacy.voteview.com/pdf/Likert_1932.pdf
     Lin, P. -C., & Huang, Y. -H. (2012). The influence factors on choice behavior regarding green products based on the theory of consumption values. Journal of Cleaner Production, 22(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.10.002
     Liu, H. L. (2019). Mastering the changing family: Reflections on the development of family life course theory and research. Journal of Social Policy and Social Work 23(1), 91-130.
     Liu, P., Wang, K., Yang, K., Chen, H., Zhao, A., Xue, Y., & Zhou, L. (2020). An Aesthetic Measurement approach for evaluating product appearance design. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2020, 1791450, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1791450
     Liu, Y. -L., & Wang, T. -M. (2005). Analysis of total fertility in Taiwan: Changes in completed fertility rate and fertility rhythm. Journal of Population Studies, 30, 97-123.
     Sears, R. R., Maccoby, E. E., & Levin, H. (1957). Patterns of Child Rearing. Row, Peterson and company.
     Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28(6), 1006-1017. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1006
     Maccoby, E. E. (2001). Parenting and its effects on children: On reading and misreading behavior genetics. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.1
     Martensen, A., & Gronholdt, L. (2008). Children`s influence on family decision making. Innovative Marketing, 4(4), 14-22.
     Maulana, T., & Susandy, G. (2019). The influence of viral marketing and price discounts through social media instagram to purchase decision on marketplace shopee. DIMENSIA (Diskursus Ilmu Manajemen STIESA), 16(2), 1-10. https://ojs.stiesa.ac.id/index.php/dimensia/article/view/115
     McCarthy, J. R., & Edwards, R. (2011). Key Concepts in Family Studies. SAGE Publications Ltd.
     McCracken, G. (1986). Culture and consumption: A theoretical account of the structure and movement of the cultural meaning of consumer goods. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(1), 71-84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2489287
     Mcneal, J. U. (1992). Kids as Customers. A Handbook of Marketing to Children (pp. 191-205). Lexington Books.
     Merton, R. K. (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure. Free Press.
     Michaelidou, N., & Hassan, L. M. (2008). The role of health consciousness, food safety concern and ethical identity on attitudes and intentions towards organic food. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 32(2), 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2007.00619.x
     Miles, L. D. (1961). Techniques of Value Analysis and Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
     Noergaard, M. K., Brunsø, K., Christensen, P. H., & Mikkelsen, M. R. (2007). Children`s influence on family decision-making in food buying. Young Consumers, 8(3), 197-216. https://doi.org/10.1108/17473610710780945
     Hair, J. F. (2011). In M. Lovric (Ed), International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_395
     Hee, O. C. (2014). Validity and reliability of the customer-oriented behaviour scale in the health tourism hospitals in Malaysia. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 7(3), 771-775.
     Nelson, J. A. (1989). Individual consumption within the household: A study of expenditures on clothing. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 23(1), 21-44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23859118
     Niu, H. J. (2019). Qualia: Touching the inner needs of consumers’ hearts. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 27(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2018.11.003
     Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed). McGraw-Hill.
     Ogawa, N., Matsukura, R., Lee, S, -H., Tung, A. -C., & Masson, A. (2015). Very Low Fertility and the High Costs of Children and the Elderly in East Asia. In: Ogawa, N., & Shah, I. (Eds), Low Fertility and Reproductive Health in East Asia. International Studies in Population, 11, pp. 31-58. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9226-4_3
     Ogba, I. E., & Johnson, R. (2010). How packaging affects the product preferences of children and the buyer behaviour of their parents in the food industry. Young Consumers Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers11(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1108/17473611011026037
     Orquin, J. L., & Loose, S. M. (2013). Attention and choice: A review on eye movements in decision making. Acta Psychologica, 144(1), 190-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.06.003
     Pandit, N. R. (1996). The creation of theory: A recent application of the grounded theory method. The Qualitative Report, 2(4), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/1996.2054
     Pardini, D. A. (2008). Novel insights into longstanding theories of bidirectional parent–child influences: Introduction to the special section. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(5), 627-631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9231-y
     Park, C. W., & Lessig, V. P. (1981). Familiarity and its impact on consumer decision biases and heuristics. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(2), 223-230. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2488834
     Jeong, K., Yoon, J., Cho, H. J., Kim, S., & Jang, J. (2022). The relationship between changes in the korean fertility rate and policies to encourage fertility. BMC Public Health 22, 2298. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14722-4
     Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive Family Process, 3. Castalia Publishing Company.
     Rosenkranz, R. R., & Dzewaltowski, D. A. (2008). Model of the home food environment pertaining to childhood obesity. Nutrition Reviews, 66(3), 123-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00017.x
     Sadegh, M. S., & Shokouhyar, S. (2021). Actual consumers` response to purchase refurbished smartphones: Exploring perceived value from product reviews in online retailing. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 102652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102652
     Satriawan K.A., & Setiawan P.Y. (2020). The role of purchase intention in mediating the effect of perceived price and perceived quality on purchase decision. International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Sciences, 7(3), 38-49. https://doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v7n3.887
     Setiawan, B., & Rabuani, C. C. (2019). The influence of advertising and endorsers on brand awareness and its impact on purchasing decisions. Riset, 1(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.35212/277621
     Wei, S. T. (2002). Assessing parenting styles in Chinese culture. Journal of Ilan Institute of Technology, Human and social work 9, 341-369. https://doi.org/10.6179/nit.lam.2002.09.32
     Sovacool, B. K., Kester, J., Noel, L., & de Rubens, G. Z. (2018). The demographics of decarbonizing transport: The influence of gender, education, occupation, age, and household size on electric mobility preferences in the Nordic region. Global Environmental Change, 52, 86-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.06.008
     Morgan, S. P. (2003). Is low fertility a twenty-first-century demographic crisis?. Demography, 40(4), 589-603. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2003.0037
     Srinivasan, V., Lovejoy, W. S., & Beach, D. (1997). Integrated product design for marketability and manufacturing. Journal of Marketing Research，34(1), 154-163. https://doi.org/10.2307/3152072
     Suwandinata, H. (2011). Children`s Influence on the Family Decision-Making Process in Food Buying and Consumption: An Empirical Study of Children`s Influence in Jakarta-Indonesia. [Doctoral dissertation, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany]. http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2012/8589/
     Sweeney, J. C., & Soutar, G. N. (2001). Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing, 77(2), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(01)00041-0
     The World Facebook . Available online: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/total-fertility-rate/country-comparison (accessed on 26 May 2022)
     Toufani, S., Stanton, J. P., & Chikweche, T. (2017). The importance of aesthetics on customers’ intentions to purchase smartphones. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35(3), 316-338. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-12-2015-0230
     Tung, A. -C. (2012), "Who Will Support the Elderly?" In: Taiwan Population Association Annual Meeting Papers.
     Turrell, G., Hewitt, B., Patterson, C., & Oldenburg, B. (2003). Measuring socio-economic position in dietary research: is choice of socio-economic indicator important? Public Health Nutrition, 6(2), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2002416
     White, J. M., & Klein, D. M. (2008). Family Theories (3rd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
     Veryzer Jr, R. W. (1995). The place of product design and aesthetics in consumer research. Advances in Consumer Research, 22(1), 641-645.
     Wang, J., & Hsu, Y. (2019). Does sustainable perceived value play a key role in the purchase intention driven by product aesthetics? Taking smartwatch as an example. Sustainability, 11(23), 6806. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236806
     Wang, K. C., Hsieh, A. T., Yeh, Y. C., & Tsai, C. W. (2004). Who is the decision-maker: the parents or the child in group package tours? Tourism Management, 25(2), 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00093-1
     White, J. M., & Klein, D. M. (2008). Family Theories (3rd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
     Whitfield, A.; Wiltshire, T. Color. In: Industrial Design in Engineering. Charles H. F. ed., The Design Council: Worcester, UK, 1983, 133-157.
     Widyastuti, S., & Said, M. (2017). Consumer consideration in purchase decision of SPECS sports shoes product through brand image, product design and price perception. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 6(4), 199-207
     Wood, M. (1998). Socio-economic status, delay of gratification, and impulse buying. Journal of Economic Psychology, 19(3), 295-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(98)00009-9
     Xing, Y., Tarimo, C. S., Weicun, R., & Liang, Z. (2022). The impact of health insurance policy on the fertility intention of rural floating population in China: Empirical evidence from cross-sectional data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010175
     Yamamoto, M., & Lambert, D. R. (1994). The impact of product aesthetics on the evaluation of industrial products. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 11(4), 309-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/0737-6782(94)90086-8
     Yang, H., Yu, J., Zo, H., & Choi, M. (2016). User acceptance of wearable devices: An extended perspective of perceived value. Telematics and Informatics, 33(2), 256-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.08.007
     Yang, C., & Liu, Y. (2002). The family life courses in Taiwan (NSC89-2412-H-343-009) [Grant]. Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 27, 77-105. https://dx.doi.org/10.6786/TJS.200206.0077
     Yang, L.-H. (2013). Theories of family development and family development. Journal of Family Education Bimonthly, 43, 31-39. https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?DocID=18169651-201305-201306110011-201306110011-31-39&PublishTypeID=P001		zh_TW