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題名 跨國整合支付系統現況與發展
Current Status and Development of Cross-Border Integrated Payment Systems
作者 吳宜旻
Wu, Yi-Min
貢獻者 林靖庭
吳宜旻
Wu, Yi-Min
關鍵詞 跨境匯款
立陶宛金融科技
SWIFT
RippleNet
CBDC
CENTROlink
Cross-border remittances
Lithuania Fintech
日期 2023
上傳時間 6-Jul-2023 16:45:51 (UTC+8)
摘要 跨境匯款一直存在著高昂成本的問題。目前SWIFT在金融機構間普遍被使用，由於參與者需要每年進行KYC，導致整體交易成本高。為了解決此問題，市面上出現其他跨境匯款的方式希望能夠降低成本，如虛擬貨幣及RippleNet，雖然這兩者改善成本高的問題，但仍有衍生出的缺點。前者在法律和監管方面仍未全面發展，其價值容易受到重大波動的影響，使其成為高風險投資；後者提供實時交易和結算服務，可以事先評估費用和AML檢查，但由於合作效率低，許多銀行不願意加入，如果成員數量較少，系統仍需要中介進行結算，與SWIFT相較之下，在成本和時間節省方面沒有顯著的優勢。
因此，新興支付方式不斷湧現，央行數位貨幣是其中之一，透過設計新的數位法定貨幣以降低跨境匯款成本，目前有11個國家已發行CBDC，主要在新興和發展中國家。另一新興支付為立陶宛央行開發的CENTROlink系統，整合並連接歐洲區域的多個系統，讓參與者能夠進入單一歐元支付區，除了傳統金融機構，金融科技業者也能加入。國際間存在許多降低跨境匯款成本的應對方案，從數位貨幣、支付系統甚至是監管技術都值得臺灣借鏡學習。
Cross-border remittances suffer from high costs, necessitating the exploration of alternative solutions. SWIFT, the prevalent system used by financial institutions, incurs significant expenses due to annual KYC requirements. Virtual currencies and RippleNet offer potential cost reduction but have associated drawbacks. Virtual currencies lack comprehensive legal and regulatory frameworks, making them high-risk investments due to their volatile value. RippleNet provides real-time transaction and settlement services, but its low cooperation efficiency discourages bank participation and necessitates intermediaries for settlement, offering limited advantages over SWIFT in terms of cost and time savings.
To tackle these challenges, emerging payment methods have emerged, including central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). CBDCs aim to lower cross-border remittance costs by introducing new digital fiat currencies. Currently, 11 countries have issued CBDCs, primarily in emerging and developing nations. Additionally, the Bank of Lithuania has developed the CENTROlink system, integrating and connecting multiple systems within the European region to enable access to a unified euro payment area, accommodating not only traditional financial institutions but also fintech companies.
Numerous international initiatives are addressing the issue of high cross-border remittance costs. These encompass the implementation of CBDCs, the development of payment systems, and the utilization of regulatory technologies. Such solutions provide valuable insights and lessons for Taiwan and other countries seeking to mitigate the challenges associated with costly cross-border remittances.
參考文獻 Adrian, T. (2019). Stablecoins, central bank digital currencies, and cross-border payments: A new look at the international monetary system. Remarks at the IMF-Swiss National Bank Conference, Zurich, May 2019. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2019/05/07/sp050719-stablecoins-central-bank-digital-currencies-and-cross-border-payments
Atlantic Council, Retrieved from https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/cbdctracker/
Bank for International Settlements. (2018). Central bank digital currencies. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d174.htm
Bank for International Settlements. (2020). Central bank digital currencies: Foundational principles and core features. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/othp33.pdf
Bank of Ghana, Retrieved from https://www.bog.gov.gh/news/design-paper-of-the-digital-cedi-ecedi/
Bech, M. L., & Garratt, R. (2017). Central bank cryptocurrencies. BIS Quarterly Review September. , 55-70. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt1709f.htm
Bindseil, U. (2020). Tiered CBDC and the financial system. Available at SSRN 3513422.
Bitter, L. (2020). Banking crises under a central bank digital currency (CBDC). Journal of Banking & Finance, 110, 105701. doi: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2019.105701
Bofinger, P., & Haas, T. (2021). Central bank digital currencies risk becoming a gigantic flop. Voxeu. org, 1.
Bordo, M. D., & Levin, A. T. (2017). Central bank digital currency and the future of monetary policy (No. w23711). National Bureau of Economic Research. doi: 10.3386/w23711
Carstens, A. (2021). Central bank digital currencies: putting a big idea into practice. speech at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, 31.
Chiu, J., Davoodalhosseini, M., Jiang, J., & Zhu, Y. (2019). Bank market power and central bank digital currency: Theory and quantitative assessment. (Bank of Canada Staff Working Paper No. 2019-7). Bank of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/swp2019-7.pdf
CPMI. (2018). Cross-border retail payments. Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d178.pdf
CPMI-MC. (2018). Central bank digital currencies. Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures - Markets Committee. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d174.pdf
Davoodalhosseini, M., Rivadeneyra, F., & Zhu, Y. (2020). CBDC and monetary policy (Bank of Canada Staff Working Paper No. 2020-4). Bank of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.bankofcanada.ca/2020/05/staff-working-paper-2020-4/
Deng, Q. (2020). Application analysis on blockchain technology in cross-border payment. In 5th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2020) (pp. 287-295). Atlantis Press.
Fatás, A. (2019). The economics of Fintech and Digital Currencies. London : CEPR Press.
Fung, B. S., & Halaburda, H. (2016). Central bank digital currencies: a framework for assessing why and how. Available at SSRN 2994052.
Gross, J., & Schiller, J. (2021). A model for central bank digital currencies: Implications for bank funding and monetary policy. Available at SSRN 3721965. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3721965
Group of Central Banks (2020). Central bank digital currencies: foundational principles and core features. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/othp33.htm
Group of Twenty (2011). Building Our Common Future: Renewed Collective Action for the Benefit of All. Cannes Summit Final Declaration, Communique, November.
Hashemi Joo, M., Nishikawa, Y., & Dandapani, K. (2020). Cryptocurrency, a successful application of blockchain technology. Managerial Finance, 46(6), 715-733.
Holotiuk, F., Pisani, F., & Moormann, J. (2017). The impact of blockchain technology on business models in the payments industry.
Invest Lithuania (2021). The Fintech Landscape in Lithuania 2020-2021, Retrieved from https://investlithuania.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Fintech-landscape-in-Lithuania-2020-2021.pdf
Invest Lithuania (2022). The Fintech Landscape in Lithuania 2021-2022, Retrieved from https://investlithuania.com/report/fintech-report-2021-2022/
JUNIPER RESEARCH, Retrieved from https://www.juniperresearch.com/pressreleases/cross-border-b2b-payments-to-surpass-$40tn
Juškaitė, A., Šiaudinis, S., & Reichenbachas, T. (2019). CBDC-in a Whirlpool of Discussion. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 30(4), 383-391. doi: 10.5755/j01.ee.30.4.23430
Kiff, M. J., Alwazir, J., Davidovic, S., Farias, A., Khan, M. A., Khiaonarong, M. T., ... & Zhou, P. (2020). A survey of research on retail central bank digital currency. International Monetary Fund.
Kim, Y. S., & Kwon, O. (2019). Central bank digital currency and financial stability. Bank of Korea WP, 6.
KNOMAD, Retrieved from https://www.knomad.org/data/remittances
Kumhof, M., & Noone, C. (2018). Central bank digital currencies-design principles and balance sheet implications. (IMF Working Paper No. 18/240). International Monetary Fund. doi: 10.5089/9781484377633.001
Laboure, M., Müller, H.-P., Heinz, G., Singh, S., & Köhling, S. (2021). Cryptocurrencies and CBDC: The route ahead. Global Policy, 12(5), 663-676. doi: 10.1111/1758-5899.12928
Lietuvos bankas (2020). Electronic money institutions, Retrieved from https://www.lb.lt/en/fs-electronic-money-institutions
Lietuvos bankas (2020). Newcomer Programme: single entry point for new market participants, Retrieved from https://www.lb.lt/en/newcomer-programme
Lietuvos bankas (2022). CENTROlink, Retrieved from https://www.lb.lt/en/centrolink
Lietuvos bankas. (2020). RegTech. Retrieved from https://www.lb.lt/en/regtech
Lietuvos bankas. (2020). Regulatory sandbox, Retrieved from https://www.lb.lt/en/regulatory-sandbox
Lietuvos bankas. (2023). Authorisation of Electronic Money Institutions, Retrieved from https://www.lb.lt/en/authorisation-of-electronic-money-institutions
Meaning, J., Dyson, B., Barker, J., & Clayton, E. (2018). Broadening narrow money: Monetary policy with a central bank digital currency. Bank of England Staff Working Paper No. 706. Retrieved from https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/working-paper/2018/broadening-narrow-money-monetary-policy-with-a-central-bank-digital-currency
Mersch, Y. (2018). Yves Mersch: Virtual or virtueless? The evolution of money in the digital age.
Minchin, J. (2022). Policies for Managing Disintermediation with CBDCs.
Murray, J. (2019). Central banks and the future of money. CD Howe Institute Commentary, 540. Retrieved from https://www.cdhowe.org/public-policy-research/central-banks-and-future-money
Nigeria: Digital Currency Launched. (2021). African Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series, 58(1), 23630A-23630C. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2021.10304.x
Ozili, P. K. (2022). Central bank digital currency in Nigeria: opportunities and risks. In E. W. Qiao, A. Hasan, & R. Faff (Eds.), The New Digital Era: Digitalisation, Emerging Risks and Opportunities (Vol. 109, pp. 125-133). Emerald Publishing Limited. doi: 10.1108/S1569-375920220000109009
Qiu, T., Zhang, R., & Gao, Y. (2019). Ripple vs. SWIFT: Transforming cross border remittance using blockchain technology. Procedia computer science, 147, 428-434.
Ripple. (2023). Transforming the Way Money Moves. Retrieved from https://ripple.com/reports/Blockchain_and_Crypto_in_Payments.pdf
Selgin, G. (2022). A “Narrow” Path to Efficient Digital Currency. Cato Journal, 42(1), 45-66.
Syed, M. (2021). An Assessment of the Disintermediation Implications Resulting from the Development of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC).
The World Bank. (2022). Remittance Prices Worldwide Quarterly. Retrieved from https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/rpw_main_report_and_annex_q322_final.pdf
Ye, S., Zhu, Y., & Lu, E. (2019). The innovation of retail banks in the cross-border payment fund transfer system: Take OCBC as an example. Modern Economy, 10(05), 1479-1495. doi: 10.4236/me.2019.105096
財政部貿易統計資料，取自https://web02.mof.gov.tw/njswww/WebMain.aspx?sys=100&funid=defjsptgl
國家發展委員會，取自https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=44CB0EDF55E07A07
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
金融學系
110352006
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110352006
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林靖庭zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳宜旻zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu, Yi-Minen_US
dc.creator (作者) 吳宜旻zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wu, Yi-Minen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 6-Jul-2023 16:45:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 6-Jul-2023 16:45:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 6-Jul-2023 16:45:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110352006en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/145855-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 金融學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 110352006zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 跨境匯款一直存在著高昂成本的問題。目前SWIFT在金融機構間普遍被使用，由於參與者需要每年進行KYC，導致整體交易成本高。為了解決此問題，市面上出現其他跨境匯款的方式希望能夠降低成本，如虛擬貨幣及RippleNet，雖然這兩者改善成本高的問題，但仍有衍生出的缺點。前者在法律和監管方面仍未全面發展，其價值容易受到重大波動的影響，使其成為高風險投資；後者提供實時交易和結算服務，可以事先評估費用和AML檢查，但由於合作效率低，許多銀行不願意加入，如果成員數量較少，系統仍需要中介進行結算，與SWIFT相較之下，在成本和時間節省方面沒有顯著的優勢。
因此，新興支付方式不斷湧現，央行數位貨幣是其中之一，透過設計新的數位法定貨幣以降低跨境匯款成本，目前有11個國家已發行CBDC，主要在新興和發展中國家。另一新興支付為立陶宛央行開發的CENTROlink系統，整合並連接歐洲區域的多個系統，讓參與者能夠進入單一歐元支付區，除了傳統金融機構，金融科技業者也能加入。國際間存在許多降低跨境匯款成本的應對方案，從數位貨幣、支付系統甚至是監管技術都值得臺灣借鏡學習。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Cross-border remittances suffer from high costs, necessitating the exploration of alternative solutions. SWIFT, the prevalent system used by financial institutions, incurs significant expenses due to annual KYC requirements. Virtual currencies and RippleNet offer potential cost reduction but have associated drawbacks. Virtual currencies lack comprehensive legal and regulatory frameworks, making them high-risk investments due to their volatile value. RippleNet provides real-time transaction and settlement services, but its low cooperation efficiency discourages bank participation and necessitates intermediaries for settlement, offering limited advantages over SWIFT in terms of cost and time savings.
To tackle these challenges, emerging payment methods have emerged, including central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). CBDCs aim to lower cross-border remittance costs by introducing new digital fiat currencies. Currently, 11 countries have issued CBDCs, primarily in emerging and developing nations. Additionally, the Bank of Lithuania has developed the CENTROlink system, integrating and connecting multiple systems within the European region to enable access to a unified euro payment area, accommodating not only traditional financial institutions but also fintech companies.
Numerous international initiatives are addressing the issue of high cross-border remittance costs. These encompass the implementation of CBDCs, the development of payment systems, and the utilization of regulatory technologies. Such solutions provide valuable insights and lessons for Taiwan and other countries seeking to mitigate the challenges associated with costly cross-border remittances.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第二章 現有跨國支付模式 4
第一節 SWIFT 4
第二節 虛擬貨幣 8
第三節 RippleNet 9
第三章 央行數位貨幣(CBDC) 12
第四章 新興跨國整合支付系統 22
第一節 CENTROlink系統 22
第二節 其他應對CENTROlink的發展 25
第五章 給臺灣的建議 32
參考文獻 38		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1812224 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110352006en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨境匯款zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 立陶宛金融科技zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) SWIFTen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) RippleNeten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) CBDCen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) CENTROlinken_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cross-border remittancesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Lithuania Fintechen_US
dc.title (題名) 跨國整合支付系統現況與發展zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Current Status and Development of Cross-Border Integrated Payment Systemsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Adrian, T. (2019). Stablecoins, central bank digital currencies, and cross-border payments: A new look at the international monetary system. Remarks at the IMF-Swiss National Bank Conference, Zurich, May 2019. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2019/05/07/sp050719-stablecoins-central-bank-digital-currencies-and-cross-border-payments
Atlantic Council, Retrieved from https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/cbdctracker/
Bank for International Settlements. (2018). Central bank digital currencies. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d174.htm
Bank for International Settlements. (2020). Central bank digital currencies: Foundational principles and core features. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/othp33.pdf
Bank of Ghana, Retrieved from https://www.bog.gov.gh/news/design-paper-of-the-digital-cedi-ecedi/
Bech, M. L., & Garratt, R. (2017). Central bank cryptocurrencies. BIS Quarterly Review September. , 55-70. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt1709f.htm
Bindseil, U. (2020). Tiered CBDC and the financial system. Available at SSRN 3513422.
Bitter, L. (2020). Banking crises under a central bank digital currency (CBDC). Journal of Banking & Finance, 110, 105701. doi: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2019.105701
Bofinger, P., & Haas, T. (2021). Central bank digital currencies risk becoming a gigantic flop. Voxeu. org, 1.
Bordo, M. D., & Levin, A. T. (2017). Central bank digital currency and the future of monetary policy (No. w23711). National Bureau of Economic Research. doi: 10.3386/w23711
Carstens, A. (2021). Central bank digital currencies: putting a big idea into practice. speech at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, 31.
Chiu, J., Davoodalhosseini, M., Jiang, J., & Zhu, Y. (2019). Bank market power and central bank digital currency: Theory and quantitative assessment. (Bank of Canada Staff Working Paper No. 2019-7). Bank of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/swp2019-7.pdf
CPMI. (2018). Cross-border retail payments. Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d178.pdf
CPMI-MC. (2018). Central bank digital currencies. Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures - Markets Committee. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d174.pdf
Davoodalhosseini, M., Rivadeneyra, F., & Zhu, Y. (2020). CBDC and monetary policy (Bank of Canada Staff Working Paper No. 2020-4). Bank of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.bankofcanada.ca/2020/05/staff-working-paper-2020-4/
Deng, Q. (2020). Application analysis on blockchain technology in cross-border payment. In 5th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2020) (pp. 287-295). Atlantis Press.
Fatás, A. (2019). The economics of Fintech and Digital Currencies. London : CEPR Press.
Fung, B. S., & Halaburda, H. (2016). Central bank digital currencies: a framework for assessing why and how. Available at SSRN 2994052.
Gross, J., & Schiller, J. (2021). A model for central bank digital currencies: Implications for bank funding and monetary policy. Available at SSRN 3721965. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3721965
Group of Central Banks (2020). Central bank digital currencies: foundational principles and core features. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/othp33.htm
Group of Twenty (2011). Building Our Common Future: Renewed Collective Action for the Benefit of All. Cannes Summit Final Declaration, Communique, November.
Hashemi Joo, M., Nishikawa, Y., & Dandapani, K. (2020). Cryptocurrency, a successful application of blockchain technology. Managerial Finance, 46(6), 715-733.
Holotiuk, F., Pisani, F., & Moormann, J. (2017). The impact of blockchain technology on business models in the payments industry.
Invest Lithuania (2021). The Fintech Landscape in Lithuania 2020-2021, Retrieved from https://investlithuania.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Fintech-landscape-in-Lithuania-2020-2021.pdf
Invest Lithuania (2022). The Fintech Landscape in Lithuania 2021-2022, Retrieved from https://investlithuania.com/report/fintech-report-2021-2022/
JUNIPER RESEARCH, Retrieved from https://www.juniperresearch.com/pressreleases/cross-border-b2b-payments-to-surpass-$40tn
Juškaitė, A., Šiaudinis, S., & Reichenbachas, T. (2019). CBDC-in a Whirlpool of Discussion. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 30(4), 383-391. doi: 10.5755/j01.ee.30.4.23430
Kiff, M. J., Alwazir, J., Davidovic, S., Farias, A., Khan, M. A., Khiaonarong, M. T., ... & Zhou, P. (2020). A survey of research on retail central bank digital currency. International Monetary Fund.
Kim, Y. S., & Kwon, O. (2019). Central bank digital currency and financial stability. Bank of Korea WP, 6.
KNOMAD, Retrieved from https://www.knomad.org/data/remittances
Kumhof, M., & Noone, C. (2018). Central bank digital currencies-design principles and balance sheet implications. (IMF Working Paper No. 18/240). International Monetary Fund. doi: 10.5089/9781484377633.001
Laboure, M., Müller, H.-P., Heinz, G., Singh, S., & Köhling, S. (2021). Cryptocurrencies and CBDC: The route ahead. Global Policy, 12(5), 663-676. doi: 10.1111/1758-5899.12928
Lietuvos bankas (2020). Electronic money institutions, Retrieved from https://www.lb.lt/en/fs-electronic-money-institutions
Lietuvos bankas (2020). Newcomer Programme: single entry point for new market participants, Retrieved from https://www.lb.lt/en/newcomer-programme
Lietuvos bankas (2022). CENTROlink, Retrieved from https://www.lb.lt/en/centrolink
Lietuvos bankas. (2020). RegTech. Retrieved from https://www.lb.lt/en/regtech
Lietuvos bankas. (2020). Regulatory sandbox, Retrieved from https://www.lb.lt/en/regulatory-sandbox
Lietuvos bankas. (2023). Authorisation of Electronic Money Institutions, Retrieved from https://www.lb.lt/en/authorisation-of-electronic-money-institutions
Meaning, J., Dyson, B., Barker, J., & Clayton, E. (2018). Broadening narrow money: Monetary policy with a central bank digital currency. Bank of England Staff Working Paper No. 706. Retrieved from https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/working-paper/2018/broadening-narrow-money-monetary-policy-with-a-central-bank-digital-currency
Mersch, Y. (2018). Yves Mersch: Virtual or virtueless? The evolution of money in the digital age.
Minchin, J. (2022). Policies for Managing Disintermediation with CBDCs.
Murray, J. (2019). Central banks and the future of money. CD Howe Institute Commentary, 540. Retrieved from https://www.cdhowe.org/public-policy-research/central-banks-and-future-money
Nigeria: Digital Currency Launched. (2021). African Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series, 58(1), 23630A-23630C. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2021.10304.x
Ozili, P. K. (2022). Central bank digital currency in Nigeria: opportunities and risks. In E. W. Qiao, A. Hasan, & R. Faff (Eds.), The New Digital Era: Digitalisation, Emerging Risks and Opportunities (Vol. 109, pp. 125-133). Emerald Publishing Limited. doi: 10.1108/S1569-375920220000109009
Qiu, T., Zhang, R., & Gao, Y. (2019). Ripple vs. SWIFT: Transforming cross border remittance using blockchain technology. Procedia computer science, 147, 428-434.
Ripple. (2023). Transforming the Way Money Moves. Retrieved from https://ripple.com/reports/Blockchain_and_Crypto_in_Payments.pdf
Selgin, G. (2022). A “Narrow” Path to Efficient Digital Currency. Cato Journal, 42(1), 45-66.
Syed, M. (2021). An Assessment of the Disintermediation Implications Resulting from the Development of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC).
The World Bank. (2022). Remittance Prices Worldwide Quarterly. Retrieved from https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/rpw_main_report_and_annex_q322_final.pdf
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財政部貿易統計資料，取自https://web02.mof.gov.tw/njswww/WebMain.aspx?sys=100&funid=defjsptgl
國家發展委員會，取自https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=44CB0EDF55E07A07		zh_TW