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題名 韓國流行音樂在美國： 防彈少年團與混和陽剛味作為進入主流媒體的捷徑
K-Pop in the United States: BTS and Hybrid Masculinity as a Pathway into Mainstream Media
作者 雪芷
Winter, Jasmine Elif
貢獻者 劉曉鵬
Philip Hsiao-Pong Liu
雪芷
Jasmine Elif Winter
關鍵詞 韓流
混合男性氣概
韓國流行樂隊形成
BTS
跨國文化流動
Hallyu
Hybrid Masculinity
K-pop Group Formation
BTS
Transnational Cultural Flows
日期 2023
上傳時間 2-Aug-2023 13:47:27 (UTC+8)
摘要 本主題通過韓國流行音樂探討韓流及其在美國的成功方式。韓國流行音樂在美國取得成功有很多策略，但這項研究是針對韓國流行音樂組合防彈少年團的混合男性氣質。 混合男性氣質可以被認為是韓國流行樂隊連接美國文化邊界的一種方式。這也可以成為這些團體在音樂產業中創造跨國文化流動的一種方式。這項研究的目標是增加人們對男性氣質如何影響全球流行文化的了解。這項研究的結果表明，韓國流行樂隊的發展使得混合型男性氣質可以在樂隊中得到表達。這種混合的陽剛之氣可以在不同時間和不同團體成員的 BTS 中看到。 BTS 展現混合男性氣質的方式可以被視為美國媒體的成功策略。
This topic focuses on the impact of The Korean Wave, specifically through the lens of Korean pop, and the methods that have allowed for its success in the United States. While there are numerous strategies to consider when addressing Korean pop’s growing popularity in the United States, the focus of this research is on hybrid masculinity as it is utilized within the K-pop idol group BTS. By understanding hybrid masculinity as a means with which Korean male idol groups may have successfully crossed cultural boundaries and negotiated their status in the United States, it may be also considered a means with which these groups have facilitated transnational cultural flows within the industry. This research further aims to enrich the current understanding of how global pop culture may be impacted through social constructs such as that of masculinities. The findings indicate that, by addressing how K-pop idol group formation allows for varied and hybridized expressions of masculinity in the group at different phases in time, the ability of the group to cater to hybrid masculinities may be considered a strategy with which these male idol groups have been able to enter United States media successfully and with popular reception.
參考文獻 Publications
Chae, Y.E. (2014). Winter Sonata and Yonsama, Ideal Love, and Masculinity: Nostalgic Desire and Colonial Memory. In: Kuwahara, Y. (eds) The Korean Wave. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press
Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: society, the person and sexual politics. Sydney Boston: Allen and Unwin.
Jin, D.Y. (2016) New Korean Wave: Transnational Cultural Power in the Age of Social Media, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Jung, S. (2011). Korean Masculinities and Transcultural Consumption: Yonsama, Rain, Oldboy, K-Pop Idols. Hong Kong University Press.
Kim Kyŏng-hyŏn (2021). Hegemonic Mimicry Korean popular culture of the twenty-first century. Duke University Press.
Levesque, R.J.R. (2011). Gender Coding. In: Levesque, R.J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Springer, New York, NY.
Ng, Eve (2023). Cancel culture: A Critical Analysis. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Octobre, Sylvie and Cicchelli, Vincenzo (2021). Sociology of Hallyu Pop Culture: Surfing the Korean Wave. Springer Nature.

Journal Articles
Bae, Eun-song, Meehyang, Eung-Suk, and Dae-cheol (2017). "The effect of Hallyu on tourism in Korea". Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity.
Bridges, Tristan and Pascoe, C. (2014). Hybrid Masculinities: New Directions in the Sociology of Men and Masculinities. Sociology Compass.
Butler, J. (1988). Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory.
Choo, H. Y., & Ferree, M. M. (2010). Practicing Intersectionality in Sociological Research: A Critical Analysis of Inclusions, Interactions, and Institutions in the Study of Inequalities. Sociological Theory, 28(2), 129–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2010.01370.x
Christensen, Ann-Dorte & Jensen, Sune Qvotrup, (2014) Combining hegemonic masculinity and intersectionality, NORMA, 9:1, 60-75, DOI: 10.1080/18902138.2014.892289
Crowe, S., Cresswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., and Sheikh, A., The case study approach. BMC Med Res Methodol 11, 100 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-100
Donaldson, M. (1993). What Is Hegemonic Masculinity? Theory and Society, 22(5), 643–657. http://www.jstor.org/stable/657988
Driessens, Olivier. (2013). Celebrity capital: Redefining celebrity using field theory. Theory and Society. 42. 543-560. 10.1007/s11186-013-9202-3.
Elfving-Hwang, Joanna (2011). `Not So Soft After All: Kkonminam Masculinities in Contemporary South Korean Popular Culture` Conference Proceedings of the KSAA 7th Biennial Conference. pp. 2–21.
Iwamoto, Derek. (2003). Tupac Shakur: Understanding the Identity Formation of Hyper-Masculinity of Popular Hip-Hop Artist. The Black Scholar. 33:2, 44-49, DOI: 10.1080/00064246.2003.11413215
Kim, Bok-rae (2016). Past, Present and Future of Hallyu ( Korean Wave). American International Journal of Contemporary Research
Kim, E.M., and Ryoo, J. (2007). South Korean culture goes global K-Pop and the Korean Wave.
Kim L. Bissell and Jee Young Chung (2009). Americanized beauty? Predictors of perceived attractiveness from US and South Korean participants based on media exposure, ethnicity, and socio-cultural attitudes toward ideal beauty. Asian Journal of Communication. 19:2, pp. 227-247,
Kim, S., Long, P. and Robinson, M. (2009). Small Screen, Big Tourism: The Role of Popular Korean Television Dramas in South Korean Tourism. Tourism Geographies, pp. 308-333.
Kim, M. and Lopez, A (2021). The deployment of gender for masculine balance: analyzing multi-platform K-pop performances. Feminist Media Studies
Kim, Y. (2022). Soft power of the Korean Wave: Parasite, Bts and drama. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.
Lee, Chew Ging and How, Shi-Min (2022). Hallyu Tourism: Impacts on Inbound Tourists to South Korea. Current Issues in Tourism. pp. 1361-1367
Lee, J.J., Lee, R., & Park, J.H. (2020). Unpacking K-pop in America: The Subversive Potential of Male K-pop Idols’ Soft Masculinity. International Journal of Communication, 14, 20.
Lim, Sungkyu and Giouvris, Evangelos (2020). Tourist arrivals in Korea: Hallyu as a pull factor, Current Issues in Tourism. pp. 99-130.
Lin, H.S. (2012). Emotions, Desires, and Fantasies: What Idolizing Means for Yon-sama Fans in Japan. In: Galbraith, P.W., Karlin, J.G. (eds) Idols and Celebrity in Japanese Media Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
​​Lin, Xi and Rudolf, Robert (2017). Does K-pop Reinforce Gender Inequalities? Empirical Evidence from a New Data Set. Asian Women. pp. 27-54.
Macnamara, J. (2005). Media Content Analysis: Its Uses, Benefits and Best Practice Methodology. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal.
Mayring, P. (2015). Qualitative Content Analysis: Theoretical Background and Procedures. In: Bikner-Ahsbahs, A., Knipping, C., Presmeg, N. (eds) Approaches to Qualitative Research in Mathematics Education. Advances in Mathematics Education. Springer, Dordrecht.
Miyose, Colby and Engstrom, Erika. (2015). Boys Over Flowers: Korean Soap Opera and the Blossoming of a New Masculinity. Popular Culture Review. pp. 2-13.
Monocello, Lawrence and Dressler, William. (2020). Flower boys and muscled men: Comparing South Korean and American male body ideals using cultural consensus analysis. Anthropology and Medicine.
Oh, Chuyun. (2014). The Politics of the Dancing Body: Racialized and Gendered Femininity in Korean Pop. In: Kuwahara, Y. (eds) The Korean Wave. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137350282_4
Oh, Chuyun (2015). Queering Spectatorship in K-pop: The Androgynous Male Dancing Body and Western Female Fandom. The Journal of Fandom Studies.
​​Oh, Y. (2018). 3. Image Producers: The (Re)Production of K-Pop Idols. In Pop City: Korean Popular Culture and the Selling of Place (pp. 105-135). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501730733-007
Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. (pp. 169-186). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Rashid, Y., Rashid, A., Warraich, M. A., Sabir, S. S., and Waseem, A. (2019). Case Study Method: A Step-by-Step Guide for Business Researchers. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18.
Ryoo, Woongjae (2009). Globalization, or the Logic of Cultural Hybridization: The Case of the Korean Wave. Asian Journal of Communication. 19:2. pp. 137-151
Shepherd, R. (2002). “Commodification, Culture and Tourism.” Tourist Studies. London: Sage Publications. pp. 183-201.
Song, Kirsten and Velding, Victoria. (2019). Transnational Masculinity in the Eyes of Local Beholders? Young Americans’ Perception of K-Pop Masculinities. The Journal of Men’s Studies. 28.
Vandello, J. A., Bosson, J. K., Cohen, D., Burnaford, R. M., & Weaver, J. R. (2008). Precarious manhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1325–1339. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012453
Xiao, Hong. (2007). Theorising Chinese Masculinity: Society and Gender in China (review). China Review International. 14. 10.1353/cri.0.0000.
Yang, Fang-chih Irene (2012). From Korean Wave to Korean Living: Meteor Garden and the Politics of Love Fantasies in Taiwan. Korea Observer. 43. pp. 419-445.
Yu, Ya-ting and Sui, Hongsheng (2022). The anxiety over soft masculinity: a critical discourse analysis of the “prevention of feminisation of male teenagers” debate in the Chinese-language news media. Feminist Media Studies.
Zhang, Ruonan and Bi, Nicky Chang (2019). Do K-Pop Consumption and Direct Contact with Koreans Affect American Audiences` Perception on South Korea and Its Products?. 16. 72-104.

News Articles
Benjamin, J. (2016). BTS ``Wings` sets new U.S. record for highest-charting, best-selling K-Pop Album. Billboard.
Billboard. (2017, May 22). BTS accept the Top Social Media Artist Award at the Billboard Music Awards. Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/video/bts-accept-the-top-social-media-artist-award-at-the-billboard-music-awards-7801213/
Choi, A. (2016, October 12). BTS continues reign on top of the US itunes albums charts. Soompi. https://www.soompi.com/article/905615wpp/bts-continues-reign-top-us-itunes-albums-charts
Dong-woo, Chang. 2017. “(News Focus) Catching Fire: Grassroots Campaign That Sold BTS to Mainstream America.” Yonhap News Agency. en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20171222003200315.
Herman, T. (2023, February 7). BTS awarded Order of Cultural merit by South Korean government. Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/bts-awarded-order-of-cultural-merit-by-south-korean-government-8481640/
Johar, A. (2022, June 13). Understanding BTS’ foundation in hip-hop. Rolling Stone India. https://rollingstoneindia.com/understanding-bts-foundation-in-hip-hop/
Kaufman, G. (2023, April 18). RM reveals the Influence Drake & Eminem had on him, how BTS used to be “mocked.” Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/rm-drake-eminem-influence-bts-mocked-9574276/
Kelley, C. (2017, September 20). BTS smashes K-pop records with “DNA” music video. Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/bts-k-pop-records-dna-music-video-7972894/
Mane, A. (2022, June 8). KBS bans two new tracks from BTS’ proof album for crude language. Sports News. https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/news-kbs-bans-three-new-tracks-bts-proof-album-crude-language
Merrill, Philip. 2017. “BTS Wrap up Successful U.S. Tour on ‘Ellen.’” Recording Academy. www.grammy.com/news/bts-wrap-successful-us-tour-ellen.
Mier, T. & Paul, L. (2022, May 31). White House press unleash their Inner Army during BTS briefing. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/bts-visits-white-house-1360788/
Pascual, D. (2023, June 13). BTS’ 15 top songs on the Billboard hot 100. Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/lists/bts-top-songs-billboard-hot-100/
Rainey, A. (2022, July 4). Here’s the fashion evolution of BTS (so far). TheThings. https://www.thethings.com/fashion-evolution-of-bts/#bts-rsquo-fashion-looks-got-softer-in-their-wings-era
Rapkin, M. (2022). Covid-19 couldn`t stop K-pop`s global rise. Travel. National Geographic.
Rolli, B. (2020, January 24). BTS is the first Korean Act to earn an RIAA platinum album certification. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bryanrolli/2020/01/24/bts-is-the-first-korean-act-to-earn-an-riaa-platinum-album-certification/?sh=617bd1ee2153
Rosca, J. (2017, October 9). BTS “DNA” played on over 170 radio stations in the USA and Canada. Korea Portal. http://en.koreaportal.com/articles/42155/20171009/bts-dna-played-on-over-170-radio-stations-in-the-usa-and-canada.htm
Rowley, Glenn. 2020. “BTS & Halsey’s ‘boy with Luv’ Video Officially Crosses the Billion Views Mark on YouTube.” Billboard. www.billboard.com/music/music-news/bts-halsey-boy-with-luv-hits-1-billion-views-youtube-9474959/
Soompi. (2016, October 23). BTS’s “Blood sweat & tears” MV breaks another record as views continue to soar. Soompi. https://www.soompi.com/article/909239wpp/bts-blood-sweat-tears-mv-breaks-another-record-views-continue-soar
Stangarone, T. (2021). 2021 in review: K-pop surviving through the pandemic. Korea Economic Institute of America.
The Ellen Show. 2017. “BTS Fans Get the Surprise of a Lifetime.” Video. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtVz0qxQM_U. Accessed 29 June 2023.
The Korea Herald. 2016.. Big Hit Entertainment apologizes for BTS’ misogynistic lyrics (full translation). K-Pop Herald. https://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201607061726135533447_2
Thomas, C. (2018). BTS: The K-pop group that finally won America over. Forbes.
Trust, Gary. 2021. “BTS’ ‘dynamite’ Breaks Record for Most Weeks at No. 1 on Digital Song Sales Chart.” Billboard. www.billboard.com/pro/bts-dynamite-record-weeks-no-1-digital-song-sales-chart/.
UNICEF (2021). UNICEF and BTS celebrate success of “groundbreaking” love myself campaign. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-and-bts-celebrate-success-groundbreaking-love-myself-campaign
Vaidehi. (2022, June 20). BTS’ firsts: Music show win, Daesang, and more. Sports News.
Wickman, G. (2018, October 19). Love yourself: The message behind BTS’s record breaking album series. Medium. https://medium.com/bangtan-journal/love-yourself-the-message-behind-btss-record-breaking-album-series-229119e81902

Videos
BTS Being BTS. 20 Nov, 2017. BTS (방탄소년단) - ‘DNA’ (Live At The AMAs 2017) U.S. Television Debut (아메리칸 뮤직 어워드가 한 2017) Video. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLdNrclbne0. Accessed 25 June 2023.
Hybe Labels. (2013). BTS (방탄소년단) “No More Dream” Official MV Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBG5L7UsUxA.
Hybe Labels. (2015). [MV] BTS(방탄소년단) _ I NEED U Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMdTd9e-LEI.
Hybe Labels. (2016a). BTS (방탄소년단) 2017 BTS LIVE TRILOGY EPISODE III THE WINGS TOUR Trailer Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuntXwPvvaE.
Hybe Labels. (2016b). BTS (방탄소년단) “피 땀 눈물 (Blood Sweat & Tears)” Official MV Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmE9f-TEutc.
Hybe Labels. (2017a). BTS (방탄소년단) “DNA” Official MV Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBdVXkSdhwU.
Hybe Labels. (2017b). BTS (방탄소년단) “MIC Drop (Steve Aoki Remix)” Official MV Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTlv5_Bs8aw.
Hybe Labels. (2018). BTS (방탄소년단) “IDOL (Feat. Nicki Minaj)” Official MV Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1scjjbfNsk.
Hybe Labels. (2019). BTS (방탄소년단) “Make It Right (feat. Lauv)” Official MV Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 29, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXBu09fwe3I.
United Nations. (2021). BTS Shine Spotlight on the United Nations as Envoys of the President of the Republic of Korea Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 29, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAXcMD5dOBA.
Washington Post. (2018). BTS’ Speech at the United Nations (Full Speech from 2018) Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 29, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhJ-LAQ6e_Y.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
109926025
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109926025
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 劉曉鵬zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Philip Hsiao-Pong Liuen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 雪芷zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Jasmine Elif Winteren_US
dc.creator (作者) 雪芷zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Winter, Jasmine Elifen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Aug-2023 13:47:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Aug-2023 13:47:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Aug-2023 13:47:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109926025en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146503-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109926025zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本主題通過韓國流行音樂探討韓流及其在美國的成功方式。韓國流行音樂在美國取得成功有很多策略，但這項研究是針對韓國流行音樂組合防彈少年團的混合男性氣質。 混合男性氣質可以被認為是韓國流行樂隊連接美國文化邊界的一種方式。這也可以成為這些團體在音樂產業中創造跨國文化流動的一種方式。這項研究的目標是增加人們對男性氣質如何影響全球流行文化的了解。這項研究的結果表明，韓國流行樂隊的發展使得混合型男性氣質可以在樂隊中得到表達。這種混合的陽剛之氣可以在不同時間和不同團體成員的 BTS 中看到。 BTS 展現混合男性氣質的方式可以被視為美國媒體的成功策略。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This topic focuses on the impact of The Korean Wave, specifically through the lens of Korean pop, and the methods that have allowed for its success in the United States. While there are numerous strategies to consider when addressing Korean pop’s growing popularity in the United States, the focus of this research is on hybrid masculinity as it is utilized within the K-pop idol group BTS. By understanding hybrid masculinity as a means with which Korean male idol groups may have successfully crossed cultural boundaries and negotiated their status in the United States, it may be also considered a means with which these groups have facilitated transnational cultural flows within the industry. This research further aims to enrich the current understanding of how global pop culture may be impacted through social constructs such as that of masculinities. The findings indicate that, by addressing how K-pop idol group formation allows for varied and hybridized expressions of masculinity in the group at different phases in time, the ability of the group to cater to hybrid masculinities may be considered a strategy with which these male idol groups have been able to enter United States media successfully and with popular reception.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements i
Abstract iii
Table of Contents v
List of Figures vi
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 What is Hallyu? 1
1.2 Rationale and Purpose 2
1.3 Gaps in Existing Research 5
Chapter 2: Literature Review & Methodology 6
2.1 Hallyu: A Global Success Story 6
2.2 K-Pop and Digital Media 9
2.3 Soft Masculinity in K-Pop 12
2.4 Criticisms of Soft Masculinity in K-Pop 15
2.5 Research Question & Methodology 16
2.7 Coding BTS Performances as Hegemonic, Hybrid, or Soft Masculinity 21
Chapter 3: The Success of K-Pop 27
3.1 The Emergence of K-Pop 27
3.2 K-Pop: The Genre 28
3.3 BTS Background & Group Formation 34
Chapter 4: Hybrid Masculinity in BTS 40
4.1 BTS Debut Image & Hegemonic Masculinity 40
4.2 BTS Expression of Hybrid Masculinity 47
4.3 Soft Masculine Performance in BTS 52
Chapter 5: Global Cultural Flows through Hybrid Masculinity 61
5.1 Hybrid Masculinity & Crossing Cultural Boundaries 61
5.2 Negotiating Masculine Performance Between the East and West 62
5.3 Global Cultural Flow Through K-Pop 68
Chapter 6: Conclusion 73
6.1 BTS Negotiating Hybrid Masculinity for Success 73
6.2 Limitations & Further Research 75
References 78		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 7535044 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109926025en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 韓流zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 混合男性氣概zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 韓國流行樂隊形成zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) BTSzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨國文化流動zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hallyuen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hybrid Masculinityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) K-pop Group Formationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) BTSen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Transnational Cultural Flowsen_US
dc.title (題名) 韓國流行音樂在美國： 防彈少年團與混和陽剛味作為進入主流媒體的捷徑zh_TW
dc.title (題名) K-Pop in the United States: BTS and Hybrid Masculinity as a Pathway into Mainstream Mediaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Publications
Chae, Y.E. (2014). Winter Sonata and Yonsama, Ideal Love, and Masculinity: Nostalgic Desire and Colonial Memory. In: Kuwahara, Y. (eds) The Korean Wave. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press
Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: society, the person and sexual politics. Sydney Boston: Allen and Unwin.
Jin, D.Y. (2016) New Korean Wave: Transnational Cultural Power in the Age of Social Media, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Jung, S. (2011). Korean Masculinities and Transcultural Consumption: Yonsama, Rain, Oldboy, K-Pop Idols. Hong Kong University Press.
Kim Kyŏng-hyŏn (2021). Hegemonic Mimicry Korean popular culture of the twenty-first century. Duke University Press.
Levesque, R.J.R. (2011). Gender Coding. In: Levesque, R.J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Springer, New York, NY.
Ng, Eve (2023). Cancel culture: A Critical Analysis. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Octobre, Sylvie and Cicchelli, Vincenzo (2021). Sociology of Hallyu Pop Culture: Surfing the Korean Wave. Springer Nature.

Journal Articles
Bae, Eun-song, Meehyang, Eung-Suk, and Dae-cheol (2017). "The effect of Hallyu on tourism in Korea". Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity.
Bridges, Tristan and Pascoe, C. (2014). Hybrid Masculinities: New Directions in the Sociology of Men and Masculinities. Sociology Compass.
Butler, J. (1988). Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory.
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News Articles
Benjamin, J. (2016). BTS ``Wings` sets new U.S. record for highest-charting, best-selling K-Pop Album. Billboard.
Billboard. (2017, May 22). BTS accept the Top Social Media Artist Award at the Billboard Music Awards. Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/video/bts-accept-the-top-social-media-artist-award-at-the-billboard-music-awards-7801213/
Choi, A. (2016, October 12). BTS continues reign on top of the US itunes albums charts. Soompi. https://www.soompi.com/article/905615wpp/bts-continues-reign-top-us-itunes-albums-charts
Dong-woo, Chang. 2017. “(News Focus) Catching Fire: Grassroots Campaign That Sold BTS to Mainstream America.” Yonhap News Agency. en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20171222003200315.
Herman, T. (2023, February 7). BTS awarded Order of Cultural merit by South Korean government. Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/bts-awarded-order-of-cultural-merit-by-south-korean-government-8481640/
Johar, A. (2022, June 13). Understanding BTS’ foundation in hip-hop. Rolling Stone India. https://rollingstoneindia.com/understanding-bts-foundation-in-hip-hop/
Kaufman, G. (2023, April 18). RM reveals the Influence Drake & Eminem had on him, how BTS used to be “mocked.” Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/rm-drake-eminem-influence-bts-mocked-9574276/
Kelley, C. (2017, September 20). BTS smashes K-pop records with “DNA” music video. Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/bts-k-pop-records-dna-music-video-7972894/
Mane, A. (2022, June 8). KBS bans two new tracks from BTS’ proof album for crude language. Sports News. https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/news-kbs-bans-three-new-tracks-bts-proof-album-crude-language
Merrill, Philip. 2017. “BTS Wrap up Successful U.S. Tour on ‘Ellen.’” Recording Academy. www.grammy.com/news/bts-wrap-successful-us-tour-ellen.
Mier, T. & Paul, L. (2022, May 31). White House press unleash their Inner Army during BTS briefing. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/bts-visits-white-house-1360788/
Pascual, D. (2023, June 13). BTS’ 15 top songs on the Billboard hot 100. Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/lists/bts-top-songs-billboard-hot-100/
Rainey, A. (2022, July 4). Here’s the fashion evolution of BTS (so far). TheThings. https://www.thethings.com/fashion-evolution-of-bts/#bts-rsquo-fashion-looks-got-softer-in-their-wings-era
Rapkin, M. (2022). Covid-19 couldn`t stop K-pop`s global rise. Travel. National Geographic.
Rolli, B. (2020, January 24). BTS is the first Korean Act to earn an RIAA platinum album certification. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bryanrolli/2020/01/24/bts-is-the-first-korean-act-to-earn-an-riaa-platinum-album-certification/?sh=617bd1ee2153
Rosca, J. (2017, October 9). BTS “DNA” played on over 170 radio stations in the USA and Canada. Korea Portal. http://en.koreaportal.com/articles/42155/20171009/bts-dna-played-on-over-170-radio-stations-in-the-usa-and-canada.htm
Rowley, Glenn. 2020. “BTS & Halsey’s ‘boy with Luv’ Video Officially Crosses the Billion Views Mark on YouTube.” Billboard. www.billboard.com/music/music-news/bts-halsey-boy-with-luv-hits-1-billion-views-youtube-9474959/
Soompi. (2016, October 23). BTS’s “Blood sweat & tears” MV breaks another record as views continue to soar. Soompi. https://www.soompi.com/article/909239wpp/bts-blood-sweat-tears-mv-breaks-another-record-views-continue-soar
Stangarone, T. (2021). 2021 in review: K-pop surviving through the pandemic. Korea Economic Institute of America.
The Ellen Show. 2017. “BTS Fans Get the Surprise of a Lifetime.” Video. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtVz0qxQM_U. Accessed 29 June 2023.
The Korea Herald. 2016.. Big Hit Entertainment apologizes for BTS’ misogynistic lyrics (full translation). K-Pop Herald. https://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201607061726135533447_2
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Trust, Gary. 2021. “BTS’ ‘dynamite’ Breaks Record for Most Weeks at No. 1 on Digital Song Sales Chart.” Billboard. www.billboard.com/pro/bts-dynamite-record-weeks-no-1-digital-song-sales-chart/.
UNICEF (2021). UNICEF and BTS celebrate success of “groundbreaking” love myself campaign. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-and-bts-celebrate-success-groundbreaking-love-myself-campaign
Vaidehi. (2022, June 20). BTS’ firsts: Music show win, Daesang, and more. Sports News.
Wickman, G. (2018, October 19). Love yourself: The message behind BTS’s record breaking album series. Medium. https://medium.com/bangtan-journal/love-yourself-the-message-behind-btss-record-breaking-album-series-229119e81902

Videos
BTS Being BTS. 20 Nov, 2017. BTS (방탄소년단) - ‘DNA’ (Live At The AMAs 2017) U.S. Television Debut (아메리칸 뮤직 어워드가 한 2017) Video. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLdNrclbne0. Accessed 25 June 2023.
Hybe Labels. (2013). BTS (방탄소년단) “No More Dream” Official MV Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBG5L7UsUxA.
Hybe Labels. (2015). [MV] BTS(방탄소년단) _ I NEED U Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMdTd9e-LEI.
Hybe Labels. (2016a). BTS (방탄소년단) 2017 BTS LIVE TRILOGY EPISODE III THE WINGS TOUR Trailer Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuntXwPvvaE.
Hybe Labels. (2016b). BTS (방탄소년단) “피 땀 눈물 (Blood Sweat & Tears)” Official MV Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmE9f-TEutc.
Hybe Labels. (2017a). BTS (방탄소년단) “DNA” Official MV Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBdVXkSdhwU.
Hybe Labels. (2017b). BTS (방탄소년단) “MIC Drop (Steve Aoki Remix)” Official MV Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTlv5_Bs8aw.
Hybe Labels. (2018). BTS (방탄소년단) “IDOL (Feat. Nicki Minaj)” Official MV Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1scjjbfNsk.
Hybe Labels. (2019). BTS (방탄소년단) “Make It Right (feat. Lauv)” Official MV Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 29, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXBu09fwe3I.
United Nations. (2021). BTS Shine Spotlight on the United Nations as Envoys of the President of the Republic of Korea Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 29, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAXcMD5dOBA.
Washington Post. (2018). BTS’ Speech at the United Nations (Full Speech from 2018) Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 29, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhJ-LAQ6e_Y.		zh_TW