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題名 衡量發展之外森林依賴性的迷思：以 Prey Lang 森林為例
Measuring Forest Dependence Outside the Development Myth: A Case in the Prey Lang Forest
作者 小愷以璜
Calle, Juan Esteban Berrio
貢獻者 吳考甯
Courtney Work
小愷以璜
Juan Esteban Berrio Calle
關鍵詞 生長度減少
資產價值
貧困
經濟可持續性
經濟成長
環境經濟學
生活水平
森林依賴
Degrowth
Real Wealth
Poverty
Economic Sustainability
Economic Growth
Environmental Economics
Standard of Living
Forest Dependence
日期 2023
上傳時間 2-Aug-2023 14:02:46 (UTC+8)
摘要 這個碩士學位的研究基於「去成長」（degrowth）理論，該理論批評了經濟增長的範式，並認為源自新自由主義政策和經濟學的發展和市場一體化是不可持續的。這些政策影響了發展中國家依賴森林提供的貨物和服務來全面或部分維持自身的森林依賴型社區的財富、貧困和與環境的關係。
為了理解貧困、財富和效用，我們需要分析不同組織、政府和多邊組織使用的衡量標準和定義。通過對世界銀行發展報告的數據挖掘，我們可以揭示它們的政策如何受到發展敘事和自然資源概念與利用方式的變化所影響，包括在發展中國家借助非政府組織和國際組織進行土地徵用和資源開採等可疑行為（Work 等，2022 年，第5 頁）。
主要的論點使用了"森林依賴指數"（Forest Dependency Index，FDI）（Nerfa 等，2020 年）來展示發展政策如何與新自由主義增長理論相一致，導致土地和資源被徵用，從而影響了依賴森林資源的弱勢社區的財富。FDI 是通過使用"貧困與環境全球數據集"（Poverty and Environment global dataset，PEN）和"柬埔寨人口普查農
業調查"（Cambodia Inter-Censal Agricultural Survey，CIAS）的數據來計算的。樣本包括來自磅同省、桔井省、上丁省、柏威夏省的家庭，因為這些省份是普雷朗森林（Prey Lang Forest）所在地區。由於政府和其他國際組織推動的刺激經濟增長的政策，在過去的二十年里，普雷朗森林遭受了巨大的森林砍伐，這對周圍和森林內的依賴森林的家庭，尤其是歸族人，產生了影響。隨著他們被吸納到市場中作為減輕貧困和開發該地區的解決方案，他們的財富、生活方式和生計迅速消失。
研究結果顯示，家庭採集森林產品的情況出現了顯著下降，採集任何森林產品的家庭比例從 2008 年的 67%下降到 2019 年的 15%。平均森林收入下降了 80%，在考慮物價因素時，整體家庭平均收入下降了 6.76%。家庭收入下降的主要原因是森林採集的減少，主要是由於非法砍伐和森林砍伐，導致了森林產品的供應減少，需要更多的人力資源進行採集。實際收入的下降意味著 2019 年家庭的狀況比 2008 年更糟糕，降低了他們的購買力，以及通過森林產品補充市場收入的能力。
柬埔寨的資源驅動型發展政策推動了總體生產，並獲得國際組織在脫貧方面的支持。
然而，研究結果顯示，這些政策降低了實際收入，並削弱了靠近普雷朗森林的家庭對森林的依賴，導致他們生計的下降。這突顯了一種關於發展的錯誤觀念，即認為僅靠經濟增長就能帶來財富。
該研究的結果使用 FDI 指標來揭示在柬埔寨等發展中國家的資源徵用和新殖民主義，同時揭示了對森林依賴度測量的數據缺乏。研究提供了替代性方法來取代以收入為導向的方法，如 RFI，強調政府機構、多邊組織和外國資本如何掩蓋並推行新殖民叙述。
在政策方面，政府應該取消對普雷朗森林資源小規模使用的限制，讓社區能夠自給自足並保護其文化。限制大型資本通過伐木和採礦特許權來消耗森林資源。柬埔寨政府應該採用一種測量森林依賴度的方法，以更全面的方式衡量貧困，使其能夠真正展示除了收入貧困以外的其他貧困形式。柬埔寨應該探索不那麼依賴原始天然資源（如木材）的替代工業發展途徑。
This master`s degree work is rooted in the theory of degrowth, which is a set of ideas that criticize the paradigm of economic growth and argue the unsustainability of development and market integration derived from neoliberal policies and economics. These policies
have affected the wealth, poverty, and relationship with the environment of forest-dependent communities in developing countries that sustain themselves fully or partially
on the goods and services provided by the forest.
To understand poverty, wealth, and utility, we need to analyze their measurements and definitions used by different organizations, governments, and multilateral organizations.
Data mining of World Bank development reports can reveal how their policies, including dubious acts of land appropriation and resource extraction in developing countries with the
help of NGOs and international organizations (Work et al., 2022, p. 5), are influenced by the changing narrative of development and the concept and use of natural resources.
The main argument uses the Forest Dependency Index (FDI) (Nerfa et al., 2020) to show how development policies aligned with neoliberal growth theory led to land and resource appropriation, affecting the wealth of vulnerable communities that depend on forest resources. The FDI is calculated using data from the Poverty and Environment global dataset (PEN) and the Cambodia Inter-Censal Agricultural Survey (CIAS).
The sample consists of households in Kampong Thom, Kratie, Steung Treng, and Preah Vihear, as these provinces are where the Prey Lang Forest is located. Due to policies
promoted by the government and other international organizations to stimulate economic growth, the Prey Lang Forest has suffered enormous deforestation in the last twenty years, which has affected forest-dependent households around and inside the forest, particularly the Kuy people. Their wealth, ways of life, and livelihoods have rapidly disappeared as they are absorbed into the market as a solution to alleviate poverty and develop the area.
The results show a significant decline in forest product collection by households, with the percentage of households collecting any forest products decreasing from 67% in 2008 to 15% in 2019. The average forest income decreased by 80%, and the total average household income declined by 6.76% when considering prices. The primary cause of the decline in household income was the reduction in forest collection, mainly due to illegal logging and deforestation, which decreased the supply of forest products and required more human resources for collection. The decline in real income implies a worse situation for households in 2019 than in 2008, reducing their acquisition power and their ability to supplement their market income through forest products.
The resource-driven development policy in Cambodia has boosted overall production and gained support from international organizations for poverty reduction. However, the results reveal that these policies have decreased real income and weakened households` forest dependence near Prey Lang Forest, leading to a decline in their livelihoods. This highlights the fallacy of the development myth that promises wealth solely through economic growth.
The study`s findings use the FDI measurement to expose resource appropriation and neocolonialism in developing countries like Cambodia, revealing a lack of data on forest
dependence measurements. It provides alternative ethodologies to income-oriented approaches like the RFI, highlighting how government institutions, multilateral
organizations, and foreign capital conceal and perpetrate neocolonial narratives.
In terms of policy, the government should lift restrictions on the small-scale use of Prey Lang Forest resources, enabling communities to sustain themselves and preserve their culture. Limit big capital`s consumption of forest resources through logging and mining concessions. The government of Cambodia should adopt a methodology that measures forest dependence so as to measure poverty in a more holistic way that allows it to truly show poverty in other ways than just income poverty. Cambodia should explore alternative avenues of industrialization that are less reliant on raw natural resources like timber.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)
110266026
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110266026
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 吳考甯zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Courtney Worken_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 小愷以璜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Juan Esteban Berrio Calleen_US
dc.creator (作者) 小愷以璜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Calle, Juan Esteban Berrioen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Aug-2023 14:02:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Aug-2023 14:02:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Aug-2023 14:02:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110266026en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146563-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 110266026zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 這個碩士學位的研究基於「去成長」（degrowth）理論，該理論批評了經濟增長的範式，並認為源自新自由主義政策和經濟學的發展和市場一體化是不可持續的。這些政策影響了發展中國家依賴森林提供的貨物和服務來全面或部分維持自身的森林依賴型社區的財富、貧困和與環境的關係。
為了理解貧困、財富和效用，我們需要分析不同組織、政府和多邊組織使用的衡量標準和定義。通過對世界銀行發展報告的數據挖掘，我們可以揭示它們的政策如何受到發展敘事和自然資源概念與利用方式的變化所影響，包括在發展中國家借助非政府組織和國際組織進行土地徵用和資源開採等可疑行為（Work 等，2022 年，第5 頁）。
主要的論點使用了"森林依賴指數"（Forest Dependency Index，FDI）（Nerfa 等，2020 年）來展示發展政策如何與新自由主義增長理論相一致，導致土地和資源被徵用，從而影響了依賴森林資源的弱勢社區的財富。FDI 是通過使用"貧困與環境全球數據集"（Poverty and Environment global dataset，PEN）和"柬埔寨人口普查農
業調查"（Cambodia Inter-Censal Agricultural Survey，CIAS）的數據來計算的。樣本包括來自磅同省、桔井省、上丁省、柏威夏省的家庭，因為這些省份是普雷朗森林（Prey Lang Forest）所在地區。由於政府和其他國際組織推動的刺激經濟增長的政策，在過去的二十年里，普雷朗森林遭受了巨大的森林砍伐，這對周圍和森林內的依賴森林的家庭，尤其是歸族人，產生了影響。隨著他們被吸納到市場中作為減輕貧困和開發該地區的解決方案，他們的財富、生活方式和生計迅速消失。
研究結果顯示，家庭採集森林產品的情況出現了顯著下降，採集任何森林產品的家庭比例從 2008 年的 67%下降到 2019 年的 15%。平均森林收入下降了 80%，在考慮物價因素時，整體家庭平均收入下降了 6.76%。家庭收入下降的主要原因是森林採集的減少，主要是由於非法砍伐和森林砍伐，導致了森林產品的供應減少，需要更多的人力資源進行採集。實際收入的下降意味著 2019 年家庭的狀況比 2008 年更糟糕，降低了他們的購買力，以及通過森林產品補充市場收入的能力。
柬埔寨的資源驅動型發展政策推動了總體生產，並獲得國際組織在脫貧方面的支持。
然而，研究結果顯示，這些政策降低了實際收入，並削弱了靠近普雷朗森林的家庭對森林的依賴，導致他們生計的下降。這突顯了一種關於發展的錯誤觀念，即認為僅靠經濟增長就能帶來財富。
該研究的結果使用 FDI 指標來揭示在柬埔寨等發展中國家的資源徵用和新殖民主義，同時揭示了對森林依賴度測量的數據缺乏。研究提供了替代性方法來取代以收入為導向的方法，如 RFI，強調政府機構、多邊組織和外國資本如何掩蓋並推行新殖民叙述。
在政策方面，政府應該取消對普雷朗森林資源小規模使用的限制，讓社區能夠自給自足並保護其文化。限制大型資本通過伐木和採礦特許權來消耗森林資源。柬埔寨政府應該採用一種測量森林依賴度的方法，以更全面的方式衡量貧困，使其能夠真正展示除了收入貧困以外的其他貧困形式。柬埔寨應該探索不那麼依賴原始天然資源（如木材）的替代工業發展途徑。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This master`s degree work is rooted in the theory of degrowth, which is a set of ideas that criticize the paradigm of economic growth and argue the unsustainability of development and market integration derived from neoliberal policies and economics. These policies
have affected the wealth, poverty, and relationship with the environment of forest-dependent communities in developing countries that sustain themselves fully or partially
on the goods and services provided by the forest.
To understand poverty, wealth, and utility, we need to analyze their measurements and definitions used by different organizations, governments, and multilateral organizations.
Data mining of World Bank development reports can reveal how their policies, including dubious acts of land appropriation and resource extraction in developing countries with the
help of NGOs and international organizations (Work et al., 2022, p. 5), are influenced by the changing narrative of development and the concept and use of natural resources.
The main argument uses the Forest Dependency Index (FDI) (Nerfa et al., 2020) to show how development policies aligned with neoliberal growth theory led to land and resource appropriation, affecting the wealth of vulnerable communities that depend on forest resources. The FDI is calculated using data from the Poverty and Environment global dataset (PEN) and the Cambodia Inter-Censal Agricultural Survey (CIAS).
The sample consists of households in Kampong Thom, Kratie, Steung Treng, and Preah Vihear, as these provinces are where the Prey Lang Forest is located. Due to policies
promoted by the government and other international organizations to stimulate economic growth, the Prey Lang Forest has suffered enormous deforestation in the last twenty years, which has affected forest-dependent households around and inside the forest, particularly the Kuy people. Their wealth, ways of life, and livelihoods have rapidly disappeared as they are absorbed into the market as a solution to alleviate poverty and develop the area.
The results show a significant decline in forest product collection by households, with the percentage of households collecting any forest products decreasing from 67% in 2008 to 15% in 2019. The average forest income decreased by 80%, and the total average household income declined by 6.76% when considering prices. The primary cause of the decline in household income was the reduction in forest collection, mainly due to illegal logging and deforestation, which decreased the supply of forest products and required more human resources for collection. The decline in real income implies a worse situation for households in 2019 than in 2008, reducing their acquisition power and their ability to supplement their market income through forest products.
The resource-driven development policy in Cambodia has boosted overall production and gained support from international organizations for poverty reduction. However, the results reveal that these policies have decreased real income and weakened households` forest dependence near Prey Lang Forest, leading to a decline in their livelihoods. This highlights the fallacy of the development myth that promises wealth solely through economic growth.
The study`s findings use the FDI measurement to expose resource appropriation and neocolonialism in developing countries like Cambodia, revealing a lack of data on forest
dependence measurements. It provides alternative ethodologies to income-oriented approaches like the RFI, highlighting how government institutions, multilateral
organizations, and foreign capital conceal and perpetrate neocolonial narratives.
In terms of policy, the government should lift restrictions on the small-scale use of Prey Lang Forest resources, enabling communities to sustain themselves and preserve their culture. Limit big capital`s consumption of forest resources through logging and mining concessions. The government of Cambodia should adopt a methodology that measures forest dependence so as to measure poverty in a more holistic way that allows it to truly show poverty in other ways than just income poverty. Cambodia should explore alternative avenues of industrialization that are less reliant on raw natural resources like timber.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Abstract iv
List of Tables x
List of Figures x
Introduction 1
1. On the Measurements of Poverty and Wealth 4
1.1. Poverty 4
1.1.1. Absolute Poverty Approach 6
1.1.2. Relative Poverty Approach 7
1.1.3. Subjective Poverty Approach 8
1.1.4. Global Multi-Poverty Index 9
1.2 Wealth and Economic Growth 13
1.2.1. Gross Domestic Product as a measurement of wealth tied to production 16
2. The measurement of Utility and Society’s well-being 25
2.1. Utility 25
2.2. Development Theory 26
2.2.1. Modernization Theory: 26
2.2.2. Dependency Theory: 26
2.2.3. World Systems Theory: 27
2.2.4. Neoliberalism: 28
2.2.5. Human Development Theory: 28
2.2.6. Post-Development Theory: 29
2.3. Measuring well-being: Human Development Index 30
3. On Degrowing economies 35
3.1. Degrowth Economics 35
4. Measurements as Instruments of Control 42
5. Cambodia and the case of Prey Lang 46
7. The Economy of Appearances and the Shadow State: Green grabs and the myth of development in Cambodia 67
7.1. Changing narratives in the development discourse 75
7.1.1. Development in the Prey Lang Forest Area 81
7.2. Measuring Forest Dependency: Forest Income 84
7.2.1. Forest Dependency 87
7.2.2. Forest Dependency Index (FDI) 89
8. Methodology 91
9. Results and Discussion 96
10. Policy Implications 111
11. Conclusions 113
References 118
Appendix 134
Interviews 134
Interview #1 134
Interview #2 136
Interview #3 145
Interview #4 149
Interview #5 152		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2320048 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110266026en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 生長度減少zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資產價值zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 貧困zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 經濟可持續性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 經濟成長zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 環境經濟學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 生活水平zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 森林依賴zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Degrowthen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Real Wealthen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Povertyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Economic Sustainabilityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Economic Growthen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Environmental Economicsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Standard of Livingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Forest Dependenceen_US
dc.title (題名) 衡量發展之外森林依賴性的迷思：以 Prey Lang 森林為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Measuring Forest Dependence Outside the Development Myth: A Case in the Prey Lang Foresten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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