1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Social Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 南非經濟增長的部門趨同和決定因素
Sectoral Convergence and Determinants of Economic Growth in South Africa
作者 符雪莉
Vilakati, Michelle Seluliwe
貢獻者 莊奕琦
Chuang, Yih Chi
符雪莉
Vilakati, Michelle Seluliwe
關鍵詞 南非
工人人均產出
貝塔收斂
前沿經濟
增長決定因素
固定效應模型
South Africa
Output per Worker
Beta Convergence
Frontier Economies
Growth Determinants
Fixed Effects Model
日期 2023
上傳時間 2-Aug-2023 14:02:59 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究評估了 1960 年至 2019 年南非在 8 個經濟部門的人均產出與經合組織前沿經濟體的趨同情況。利用固定效應模型，評估宏觀層面的條件趨同並估計趨同時間。 該研究通過推進對南非趨同和經濟增長因素的理論理解，通過使用計量經濟學技術和數據分析提供相關的經驗證據，通過確定影響趨同的因素和建議有針對性的干預措施來提供政策影響，並有助於促進背景研究 了解南非的增長挑戰。 研究結果表明，早期收斂低於 Sala-i-Marti 設定的 2% 基準，該研究探討了對未來經濟增長和結構性因素的影響。
This study evaluates South Africa`s convergence of output per worker with the OECD frontier economies in 8 economic sectors from 1960 to 2019. Using a fixed effects model, it assesses macro-level conditional convergence and estimates the time to convergence. The study contributes by advancing the theoretical understanding of convergence and economic growth factors in South Africa, providing relevant empirical evidence through the use of econometric techniques and data analysis, offering policy implications by identifying factors influencing convergence and suggesting targeted interventions, and contributing to a contextual understanding of growth challenges in South Africa. The findings indicate early-stage convergence below the 2% benchmark set by Sala-i-Martin, and the study explores implications for future economic growth and structural factors.
參考文獻 Acemoglu, D. (2009). Introduction to Modern Economic Growth.
Adams, R. H. (2003). Economic growth, inequality, and poverty : findings from a new data set. Policy Research Working Paper Series 2972. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Andreoni, A., & Tregenna, F. (2020). Escaping the middle-income technology trap: A comparative analysis of industrial policies in China, Brazil and South Africa. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 54(C), 324-340.
Andreoni, A., & Tregenna, F. (2021). The Middle-Income Trap and Premature Deindustrialization in South Africa. Structural Transformation in South Africa: The Challenges of Inclusive Industrial Development in a Middle-Income Country, 237-260.
Arora, V., & Vamvakidis, A. (2005, March). The Implications of South African Economic Growth for the Rest of Africa. IMF Working Paper, 58.
Barro, R. (1991, May). Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. 106(2), 407–443.
Barro, R. (1991, May). Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Countries. Quaarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407-443.
Barro, R. (1996, March). Democracy and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 1(1), 1-27.
Barro, R. (2003). Determinants of Economic Growth in a Panel of Countries. CEMA Working Papers, 505.
Barro, R. (2016, January). Economic Growth and Convergence, Applied to China. China and World Economy, 24, 5-19.
Barro, R. (2016, September 15). Economic Growth and Convergence, Applied to China. China & World Economy, 24(5), 5-19.
Barro, R., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992, April). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223-251.
Barro, R., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (2004). Economic Growth. (Vol. 2nd Edition). Cambridge: MIT.
Bernard, A., & Jones, C. (1996). Productivity across Industries and Countries: Time Series Theory and Evidence. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 78(1), 135-46.
Blundell, R., & Bond , S. (1998, August). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115-143.
Bond, S., Hoeffler, A., & Temple, J. (2001). GMM Estimation of Empirical Growth Models. Economic Papers, W21.
Branstetter, L. (2001). Are knowledge spillovers international or intranational in scope?: Microeconometric evidence from the U.S. and Japan. Journal of International Economics, 53(1), 53-79.
Burgess, M., Langendorf, R., Pielke, R., & Ippoloto, T. (2020, July 9). Optimistically biased economic growth forecasts and negatively skewed annual variation. SocArXiv vndqr.
Clark, J. (1940, June). Toward a Concept of Workable Competition . The American Economic Review, 30(2), 241-256.
DeLong, J. B. (2000, March). Cornucopia: The Pace of Economic Growth in the Twentieth Century. NBER Working Paper 7602.
Duarte , M., & Restuccia, D. (2007). The Role of the Structural Transformation in Aggregate Productivity. Working Papers tecipa-300.
Duernecker, G., Herrendorf, B., & Valentinyi, A. (2017). Structural Change within the Service Sector and the Future of Baumol`s Disease. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP12467.
Durlauf, S. N. (2009 ). The Rise and Fall of Cross-Country Growth Regressions. History of Political Economy, 41(5), 315-333.
Felipe, J., Abdon, A., & Kumar, U. (2012, April). Tracking the Middle-Income Trap: What is It, Who is in It, and Why? . Working Paper, 715.
Fisher, A. G. (1939). PRODUCTION, PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY. Economic Record, 15(1), 24-38.
Friedman, M. (1992, December). Do Old Fallacies Ever Die. Journal of Economic Literature, 30(4), 2129-2132.
Herrendorf, B., Rogerson, R., & Valentinyi, A. (2014). Growth and Structural Transformations. Handbook of Economic Growth, 2, 855-941.
Hirschmann, A. (1975). Policymaking and policy analysis in Latin America—A return journey. Policy Sci, 6, 385-402.
Hurwicz, L. (1950). Least squares bias in time series. Statistical Inference in Dynamic Economic Models, 266-301.
Jones, S., & Inggs, J. (1999). An overview of the South African economy in the 1970s. South African Journal of Economic History, 14, 1-10.
Jorgensen, D., & Timmer, M. (2011, February 17). Structural Change in Advanced Nations: A New Set of Stylised Facts. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 113(1), 1-29.
Kaldor, N. (1966). Causes of the Slow Rate of Economic Growth of the United Kingdom. Modern Economy, 40, 5.
Lawrence, R., & Edwards, L. (2013). US Employment Deindustrialization: Insights from History and the International Experience. Policy Briefs, PB13-27.
Luiz, J. M. (2016, March). The Political Economy of Middle Income Traps: Is South Africa Bound in a Long Run Growth Trap? South African Journal of Economics, 84(1), 3-19.
Mankiw, G. N., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The QUrterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
Matonana, N., & Phiri, A. (2020). Convergence Dynamics between South Africa and Her Main Trading Partners. Managing Global Transitions, 19(1), 25-44.
McMillan, M., & Rodrik, D. (2011). Globalization, Structural Change and Productivity Growth. NBER Working Papers, 17143, 2-12.
Mihut, I. S., & Lutas, M. (2013). ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CONVERGENCE CRITERIA ACROSS EMERGING ECONOMIES FROM CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. Babeș-Bolyai University.
Morema, K. J., & Alton, T. (2019, August). A Novel Supply-Side Approach to Estimating the Impact of Load Shedding on GDP. Occasional Bulletin of Economic Notes, 02.
Murthy, N. V., & Ukpolo, V. (1999, November). A test of the conditional convergence hypothesis: econometric evidence from African countries. Economics Letters, 65(2), 249-253.
Nattras, N., & Seekings, J. (2001, September). Democracy and Distribution in Highly Unequal Economies: The Case of South Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 39(3), 471-498.
Nickell, S. (1981, November). Biases in Dynamic Models with Fixed Effects. Econometrica, 49(6), 1417-1426.
O`Mahoney, M., & Timmer, M. (2009). Output, Input and Productivity Measures at the Industry Level. Economic Journal, 119(538), F374-F403.
Quah, D. (1993, December). Galton`s Fallacy and Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 95(4), 427-443.
Quah, D. (1996, July). Twin Peaks: Growth and Convergence in Models of Distribution Dynamics. The Economic Journal, 106(437), 1045-1055.
Rodrik, D. (2011, September). The Future of Economic Convergence. Proceedings - Economic Policy Symposium (pp. 13-52). Jackson Hole: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
Rodrik, D. (2016, March). Premature Deindustrialization. Journal of Economic Growth, 21(1), 1-33.
Romer, P. M. (1986, October). Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.
Rowthorn, R. E., & Ramaswamy, R. (1997). Deindustrialization: Causes and Implications. IMF Working Paper No. 97/42.
SACCI. (2021). Business Confidence Index. Johannesburg: South African Chamber of Commerce.
Sala-i-Martin, X. (1996). The Classical Approach to Convergence Analysis. Economic Journal, 106(437), 1019-36.
Sala-i-Martin, X. (1997, May). I Just Ran Two Million Regressions. American Economic Review, 87(2), 178-183.
Santacreu, A. M., & LaBelle, J. (2022, April 21). Supply Chain Disruptions During the Covid-19 Recession. Economic Review , 104, pp. 78-91.
Sasaki, T., Sakata, T., Mukuyoma, Y., & Yoshino, K. (2021). China’s Long-Term Growth Potential: Can Productivity Convergence Be Sustained? Bank of Japan Working Papers Series, 21(E7).
Solow, R., & Swan, T. (1956). Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation. Economic Record, 32, 334-361.
Su, D., & Yao, Y. (2016, May). Manufacturing as the Key Engine of Economic Growth for Middle- Income Economies. ADBI Working Series(573).
Sulla, V., Zikhali, P., & Cuevas, P. F. (2022). Inequality in Southern Africa : An Assessment of the Southern African Customs Union (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
Summers, L. H. (2015, May). Demand Side Secular Stagnation. American Economic Review, 105(5), 60-65.
Temple, J. R. (1998). Robustness Tests of the Augmented Solow Model. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 13(4), 361-375.
Tregenna, F. (2009, May). Characterising deindustrialisation: An analysis of changes in manufacturing employment and output internationally. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(3), 433-466.
van Ark, B., O`Mahoney, M., & Timmer, M. (2008). The Productivity Gap between Europe and the United States: Trends and Causes. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(1), 25-44.
World Bank, W. (2022). Gini Index - South Africa. World Development Indicators. Washington, D.C.
Young, A., Higgins, M., & Levy, D. (2008, August). Sigma Convergence versus Beta Convergence: Evidence from U.S. County-Level Data. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 40(5), 1083-1093.
Zhu, M., Zhang, L., & Peng, D. (2019, November 27). China’s Productivity Convergence and Growth Potential—A Stocktaking and Sectoral Approach. 263, 46.
Rodrik, D. (2008, October). Understanding South Africa`s Economic Puzzles. The Economics of Transition, 16(4), 769-797.
Hanusch, M. (2019, July 23). World Bank Blogs. Retrieved August, 2022 from World Bank: https://blogs.worldbank.org/africacan/why-south-african-manufacturing-under-pressure-and-what-do-about-it
Fukase, E. (2010, March). Revisiting Linkages between Openness, Education and Economic Growth: System GMM Approach. Journal of Economic Integration, 25(1), 194-223.
Daly, H. (2013, February 12). A further critique of growth economics. Ecological Economics, 88, 20-24.
Barro, R., & Lee, J.-W. (1993, December). International comparisons of educational attainment. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32(3), 363-394.
Salisu I., W., Norashidah M., N., A., N. M., & A., P. (2016, April). Effect of the Prevalence of HIV/AIDS and the Life Expectancy Rate on Economic Growth in SSA Countries: Difference GMM Approach. Global Journal of Health Science, 8(4), 212-220.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)
110266027
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110266027
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 莊奕琦zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chuang, Yih Chien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 符雪莉zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Vilakati, Michelle Seluliween_US
dc.creator (作者) 符雪莉zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Vilakati, Michelle Seluliween_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Aug-2023 14:02:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Aug-2023 14:02:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Aug-2023 14:02:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110266027en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146564-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 110266027zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究評估了 1960 年至 2019 年南非在 8 個經濟部門的人均產出與經合組織前沿經濟體的趨同情況。利用固定效應模型，評估宏觀層面的條件趨同並估計趨同時間。 該研究通過推進對南非趨同和經濟增長因素的理論理解，通過使用計量經濟學技術和數據分析提供相關的經驗證據，通過確定影響趨同的因素和建議有針對性的干預措施來提供政策影響，並有助於促進背景研究 了解南非的增長挑戰。 研究結果表明，早期收斂低於 Sala-i-Marti 設定的 2% 基準，該研究探討了對未來經濟增長和結構性因素的影響。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study evaluates South Africa`s convergence of output per worker with the OECD frontier economies in 8 economic sectors from 1960 to 2019. Using a fixed effects model, it assesses macro-level conditional convergence and estimates the time to convergence. The study contributes by advancing the theoretical understanding of convergence and economic growth factors in South Africa, providing relevant empirical evidence through the use of econometric techniques and data analysis, offering policy implications by identifying factors influencing convergence and suggesting targeted interventions, and contributing to a contextual understanding of growth challenges in South Africa. The findings indicate early-stage convergence below the 2% benchmark set by Sala-i-Martin, and the study explores implications for future economic growth and structural factors.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Abstract 5
SECTORAL CONVERGENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH 8
1 Introduction 8
1.2 Global economic conditions 10
1.3 Output per Worker and Economic Convergence 12
1.4 Choice of variables and South Africa 13
2 Literature Review 17
2.1 Unconditional Convergence 17
2.2 Conditional Convergence 19
2.3 Years to Convergence 22
2.4 Determinants of Economic Growth 25
3 Methodology and Data Sources 30
3.1 Unconditional Convergence 30
3.2 Conditional Convergence 33
3.3 Years to convergence 36
3.4 Determinants of economic growth 38
4 Data Analysis 45
4.1 Descriptive Statistics for Sectoral Productivity Growth 45
4.2 Descriptive Statistics for Conditional Convergence Control Variables 47
4.3 Descriptive Statistics for Determinants of Economic Growth 49
4.4 Diagnostic Tests for Fixed Effects 54
4.5 Correlation Analysis of Control Variables 56
5 Results and Considerations 59
5.1 Unconditional Beta Convergence 59
5.2 Conditional Convergence 62
5.3 Years to Convergence 84
5.4 Determinants of Economic Growth 90
6 Sensitivity Analysis and Robustness Checks 96
6.1 Model Robustness for Economy-Wide Convergence 96
6.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Time Series for Convergence 98 6.3 Robustness Check for Reverse Causality in Determinants of Economic Growth 102
7 Conclusion 105
Bibliography 109		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1106268 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110266027en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 南非zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 工人人均產出zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 貝塔收斂zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 前沿經濟zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 增長決定因素zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 固定效應模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) South Africaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Output per Workeren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Beta Convergenceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Frontier Economiesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Growth Determinantsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Fixed Effects Modelen_US
dc.title (題名) 南非經濟增長的部門趨同和決定因素zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Sectoral Convergence and Determinants of Economic Growth in South Africaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Acemoglu, D. (2009). Introduction to Modern Economic Growth.
Adams, R. H. (2003). Economic growth, inequality, and poverty : findings from a new data set. Policy Research Working Paper Series 2972. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Andreoni, A., & Tregenna, F. (2020). Escaping the middle-income technology trap: A comparative analysis of industrial policies in China, Brazil and South Africa. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 54(C), 324-340.
Andreoni, A., & Tregenna, F. (2021). The Middle-Income Trap and Premature Deindustrialization in South Africa. Structural Transformation in South Africa: The Challenges of Inclusive Industrial Development in a Middle-Income Country, 237-260.
Arora, V., & Vamvakidis, A. (2005, March). The Implications of South African Economic Growth for the Rest of Africa. IMF Working Paper, 58.
Barro, R. (1991, May). Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. 106(2), 407–443.
Barro, R. (1991, May). Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Countries. Quaarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407-443.
Barro, R. (1996, March). Democracy and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 1(1), 1-27.
Barro, R. (2003). Determinants of Economic Growth in a Panel of Countries. CEMA Working Papers, 505.
Barro, R. (2016, January). Economic Growth and Convergence, Applied to China. China and World Economy, 24, 5-19.
Barro, R. (2016, September 15). Economic Growth and Convergence, Applied to China. China & World Economy, 24(5), 5-19.
Barro, R., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992, April). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223-251.
Barro, R., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (2004). Economic Growth. (Vol. 2nd Edition). Cambridge: MIT.
Bernard, A., & Jones, C. (1996). Productivity across Industries and Countries: Time Series Theory and Evidence. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 78(1), 135-46.
Blundell, R., & Bond , S. (1998, August). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115-143.
Bond, S., Hoeffler, A., & Temple, J. (2001). GMM Estimation of Empirical Growth Models. Economic Papers, W21.
Branstetter, L. (2001). Are knowledge spillovers international or intranational in scope?: Microeconometric evidence from the U.S. and Japan. Journal of International Economics, 53(1), 53-79.
Burgess, M., Langendorf, R., Pielke, R., & Ippoloto, T. (2020, July 9). Optimistically biased economic growth forecasts and negatively skewed annual variation. SocArXiv vndqr.
Clark, J. (1940, June). Toward a Concept of Workable Competition . The American Economic Review, 30(2), 241-256.
DeLong, J. B. (2000, March). Cornucopia: The Pace of Economic Growth in the Twentieth Century. NBER Working Paper 7602.
Duarte , M., & Restuccia, D. (2007). The Role of the Structural Transformation in Aggregate Productivity. Working Papers tecipa-300.
Duernecker, G., Herrendorf, B., & Valentinyi, A. (2017). Structural Change within the Service Sector and the Future of Baumol`s Disease. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP12467.
Durlauf, S. N. (2009 ). The Rise and Fall of Cross-Country Growth Regressions. History of Political Economy, 41(5), 315-333.
Felipe, J., Abdon, A., & Kumar, U. (2012, April). Tracking the Middle-Income Trap: What is It, Who is in It, and Why? . Working Paper, 715.
Fisher, A. G. (1939). PRODUCTION, PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY. Economic Record, 15(1), 24-38.
Friedman, M. (1992, December). Do Old Fallacies Ever Die. Journal of Economic Literature, 30(4), 2129-2132.
Herrendorf, B., Rogerson, R., & Valentinyi, A. (2014). Growth and Structural Transformations. Handbook of Economic Growth, 2, 855-941.
Hirschmann, A. (1975). Policymaking and policy analysis in Latin America—A return journey. Policy Sci, 6, 385-402.
Hurwicz, L. (1950). Least squares bias in time series. Statistical Inference in Dynamic Economic Models, 266-301.
Jones, S., & Inggs, J. (1999). An overview of the South African economy in the 1970s. South African Journal of Economic History, 14, 1-10.
Jorgensen, D., & Timmer, M. (2011, February 17). Structural Change in Advanced Nations: A New Set of Stylised Facts. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 113(1), 1-29.
Kaldor, N. (1966). Causes of the Slow Rate of Economic Growth of the United Kingdom. Modern Economy, 40, 5.
Lawrence, R., & Edwards, L. (2013). US Employment Deindustrialization: Insights from History and the International Experience. Policy Briefs, PB13-27.
Luiz, J. M. (2016, March). The Political Economy of Middle Income Traps: Is South Africa Bound in a Long Run Growth Trap? South African Journal of Economics, 84(1), 3-19.
Mankiw, G. N., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The QUrterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
Matonana, N., & Phiri, A. (2020). Convergence Dynamics between South Africa and Her Main Trading Partners. Managing Global Transitions, 19(1), 25-44.
McMillan, M., & Rodrik, D. (2011). Globalization, Structural Change and Productivity Growth. NBER Working Papers, 17143, 2-12.
Mihut, I. S., & Lutas, M. (2013). ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CONVERGENCE CRITERIA ACROSS EMERGING ECONOMIES FROM CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. Babeș-Bolyai University.
Morema, K. J., & Alton, T. (2019, August). A Novel Supply-Side Approach to Estimating the Impact of Load Shedding on GDP. Occasional Bulletin of Economic Notes, 02.
Murthy, N. V., & Ukpolo, V. (1999, November). A test of the conditional convergence hypothesis: econometric evidence from African countries. Economics Letters, 65(2), 249-253.
Nattras, N., & Seekings, J. (2001, September). Democracy and Distribution in Highly Unequal Economies: The Case of South Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 39(3), 471-498.
Nickell, S. (1981, November). Biases in Dynamic Models with Fixed Effects. Econometrica, 49(6), 1417-1426.
O`Mahoney, M., & Timmer, M. (2009). Output, Input and Productivity Measures at the Industry Level. Economic Journal, 119(538), F374-F403.
Quah, D. (1993, December). Galton`s Fallacy and Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 95(4), 427-443.
Quah, D. (1996, July). Twin Peaks: Growth and Convergence in Models of Distribution Dynamics. The Economic Journal, 106(437), 1045-1055.
Rodrik, D. (2011, September). The Future of Economic Convergence. Proceedings - Economic Policy Symposium (pp. 13-52). Jackson Hole: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
Rodrik, D. (2016, March). Premature Deindustrialization. Journal of Economic Growth, 21(1), 1-33.
Romer, P. M. (1986, October). Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.
Rowthorn, R. E., & Ramaswamy, R. (1997). Deindustrialization: Causes and Implications. IMF Working Paper No. 97/42.
SACCI. (2021). Business Confidence Index. Johannesburg: South African Chamber of Commerce.
Sala-i-Martin, X. (1996). The Classical Approach to Convergence Analysis. Economic Journal, 106(437), 1019-36.
Sala-i-Martin, X. (1997, May). I Just Ran Two Million Regressions. American Economic Review, 87(2), 178-183.
Santacreu, A. M., & LaBelle, J. (2022, April 21). Supply Chain Disruptions During the Covid-19 Recession. Economic Review , 104, pp. 78-91.
Sasaki, T., Sakata, T., Mukuyoma, Y., & Yoshino, K. (2021). China’s Long-Term Growth Potential: Can Productivity Convergence Be Sustained? Bank of Japan Working Papers Series, 21(E7).
Solow, R., & Swan, T. (1956). Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation. Economic Record, 32, 334-361.
Su, D., & Yao, Y. (2016, May). Manufacturing as the Key Engine of Economic Growth for Middle- Income Economies. ADBI Working Series(573).
Sulla, V., Zikhali, P., & Cuevas, P. F. (2022). Inequality in Southern Africa : An Assessment of the Southern African Customs Union (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
Summers, L. H. (2015, May). Demand Side Secular Stagnation. American Economic Review, 105(5), 60-65.
Temple, J. R. (1998). Robustness Tests of the Augmented Solow Model. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 13(4), 361-375.
Tregenna, F. (2009, May). Characterising deindustrialisation: An analysis of changes in manufacturing employment and output internationally. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(3), 433-466.
van Ark, B., O`Mahoney, M., & Timmer, M. (2008). The Productivity Gap between Europe and the United States: Trends and Causes. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(1), 25-44.
World Bank, W. (2022). Gini Index - South Africa. World Development Indicators. Washington, D.C.
Young, A., Higgins, M., & Levy, D. (2008, August). Sigma Convergence versus Beta Convergence: Evidence from U.S. County-Level Data. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 40(5), 1083-1093.
Zhu, M., Zhang, L., & Peng, D. (2019, November 27). China’s Productivity Convergence and Growth Potential—A Stocktaking and Sectoral Approach. 263, 46.
Rodrik, D. (2008, October). Understanding South Africa`s Economic Puzzles. The Economics of Transition, 16(4), 769-797.
Hanusch, M. (2019, July 23). World Bank Blogs. Retrieved August, 2022 from World Bank: https://blogs.worldbank.org/africacan/why-south-african-manufacturing-under-pressure-and-what-do-about-it
Fukase, E. (2010, March). Revisiting Linkages between Openness, Education and Economic Growth: System GMM Approach. Journal of Economic Integration, 25(1), 194-223.
Daly, H. (2013, February 12). A further critique of growth economics. Ecological Economics, 88, 20-24.
Barro, R., & Lee, J.-W. (1993, December). International comparisons of educational attainment. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32(3), 363-394.
Salisu I., W., Norashidah M., N., A., N. M., & A., P. (2016, April). Effect of the Prevalence of HIV/AIDS and the Life Expectancy Rate on Economic Growth in SSA Countries: Difference GMM Approach. Global Journal of Health Science, 8(4), 212-220.		zh_TW