1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Communication
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 美國訂閱制隨選影音平台的併購案例分析
An Analysis of Mergers and Regulation in the US SVOD Market
作者 吳欣霖
Wu, Sin-Lin
貢獻者 盧建誌
Lu, Chien-Chih
吳欣霖
Wu, Sin-Lin
關鍵詞 訂閱制隨選影音平台
併購
反托拉斯法
Antitrust
SVOD
Merger
日期 2023
上傳時間 2-Aug-2023 14:14:25 (UTC+8)
摘要 隨著影音串流成為主流媒體，美國訂閱制隨選影音(SVOD)市場已逐漸成熟並變得更加集中化。過去幾年「串流戰爭」的出現，使得許多SVOD平台擴大了對內容的投資並試圖透過併購來對抗競爭者。儘管SVOD市場看似競爭激烈，且整合併購有助於提高效率，但對於近來的幾件大型併購案，仍有許多大眾和專業人士提出了市場壟斷的隱憂。由於SVOD具特殊的商業模式及數位平台的特性，且背後多有在媒體及科技領域涉獵多項業務的強大母公司支持，以至於反競爭效果很容易發生在SVOD市場。在此背景下，再加上主張加強競爭法並反對大型科技公司的新布蘭迪斯學派興起，近期的併購案，如迪士尼/福克斯、亞馬遜/米高梅、華納媒體/Discovery等，引發了一系列關於反壟斷議題的爭論。本篇論文旨在探討反托拉斯法和監管法規在面對串流之戰下的併購案時，應扮演何種角色。藉由綜合性文獻回顧及針對亞馬遜/米高梅收購案之案例分析，本研究發現反托拉斯法與監管策略應整合芝加哥學派和新布蘭迪斯學派，採取折衷雙方主張的方式。為了謀取SVOD市場的福祉，須將併購的好處與壞處都納入考慮。數位經濟中普遍存在的長期競爭問題需要被認真審視，然而政府應避免採用激進的結構主義手段，並秉持以消費者福祉為中心的觀念。本研究還認為，針對特定市場問題的事前行為監管可能是解決當前困境的另一種選擇，而在事前監管法規完備的前提下，美國 SVOD市場中的大多數的併購案應被允許。
With video streaming becoming mainstream, the US SVOD market has matured and gotten more consolidated. The past years have witnessed the streaming wars where SVOD platforms increase content spend and seek merger and acquisition to compete. While the SVOD market seems to be competitive, and many integrations could improve efficiencies, several mega-deal mergers had triggered antitrust concerns among the public and professionals. Due to SVOD`s business model, traits of digital platforms, and powerful parent companies that usually have multiple lines of business across the media and the tech sector, the SVOD market is prone to anticompetitive effects. In this context and especially with the rise of the Neo-Brandeis School of antitrust, which advocates stricter antitrust laws and is hostile towards large tech firms, recent mergers such as Disney/FOX acquisition, Amazon/MGM acquisition and WarnerMedia/Discovery merger have caused a series of antitrust debates. The present thesis aims to explore what role of antitrust and regulation should play in the face of mergers in the streaming wars. Relying on integrative literature review and a case study on the Amazon/MGM acquisition, this study finds that a compromised antitrust approach between the Chicago School and the Neo-Brandeis School is needed. For the sake of welfare in the SVOD market, both benefits and harms of the mergers should be considered. While long-term competitive concerns prevalent in the digital economy should be taken seriously, antitrust authorities should avoid radical structuralist means and focus on consumer welfare. The study also argues ex-ante behavioral regulation targeting market-specific issues could be an alternative to solve the dilemma, and that with the presence of some regulations, most mergers in the current US SVOD market should not be blocked.
參考文獻 Amazon. (2021). Amazon and MGM have signed an agreement for Amazon to acquire MGM. https://press.aboutamazon.com/2021/5/amazon-and-mgm-have-signed-an-agreement-for-amazon-to-acquire-mgm

Amazon. (2022). How to add channels like HBO Max, Discovery+, Starz, Paramount+, and Showtime on Prime Video. https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/what-are-prime-video-channels
Amazon. (2022). MGM joins Prime Video and Amazon Studios. https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/mgm-joins-prime-video-and-amazon-studios

Ampere Analysis. (2021). Content spend sees double digit growth and reaches $220 billion in 2021, driven by SVoD services. https://www.ampereanalysis.com/press/release/dl/content-spend-sees-double-digit-growth-and-reaches-220-billion-in-2021-driven-by-svod-se

Ashenfelter, O., Hosken, D., & Weinberg, M. (2014). Did Robert Bork understate the competitive impact of mergers? Evidence from consummated mergers. The Journal of Law and Economics, 57(S3), S67-S100. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w19939/w19939.pdf
Banerjee, A., Rappoport, P. N., & Alleman, J. (2014). Forecasting video cord-cutting: The bypass of traditional pay television. In Demand for Communications Services–Insights and Perspectives (pp. 59-82). Springer, Boston, MA.
Beaupre, J. (2020). Big Is Not Always Bad: The Misuse of Antitrust Law to Break up Big Tech Companies. DePaul Bus. & Comm. LJ, 18, 25.
Bork, R. H. (1967). The Goals of Antitrust Policy. The American Economic Review, 57(2), 242-253.
Bork, R. H. (1978). Antitrust. Paradox: A Policy at War with Itself New York: Basic Books.
Borsenberger, C., Hoang, M., & Joram, D. (2018). Open-data: a solution when data constitutes an essential facility?. In New Business and Regulatory Strategies in the Postal Sector (pp. 131-142). Springer, Cham.
Bostoen, F. (2019). Regulating Online Platforms Lessons From 100 Years Of Telecommunications Regulation. Technology Review, 335(2), 335-40.
Bourne, R., & Subramaniam, B. (2022). The “Big Tech” self-preferencing delusion.
Boutin, X., & Clemens, G. (2017). Defining `Big Data` in Antitrust. Competition Policy International: Antitrust Chronicle, 22-28. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2938397

Brookings. (2018). Concentration is high in markets with large returns to scale and network effects. Charts | The Hamilton Project. https://www.hamiltonproject.org/charts/concentration_is_high_in_markets_with_large_returns_to_scale_and_network_efge_returns_to_scale_and_network_efrge_returns_to_scale_and_network_ef
Broome, M. E. (2000). Integrative literature reviews for the development of concepts. Concept development in nursing: foundations, techniques and applications, 231, 250.
Budzinski, O., Gaenssle, S., & Lindstädt-Dreusicke, N. (2021). The battle of YouTube, TV and Netflix: an empirical analysis of competition in audiovisual media markets. SN Business & Economics, 1(9), 1-26.
Burns, L. (2021). The difference between Amazon vs. Amazon Marketplace, explained. Digital Marketing Agency Orange County CA | Your Marketing People. https://yourmarketingpeople.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-amazon-and-amazon-marketplace/

Burroughs, B. (2019). House of Netflix: Streaming media and digital lore. Popular Communication, 17(1), 1-17. http://doi:10.1080/15405702.2017.1343948

Carlton, D. W. (2018). Expert Report of Dennis W. Carlton (Redacted). https://appliedantitrust.com/12_nonhorizontal_mergers/2_vertical/att_tw/2_ddc/att_ddc_carlton_expert2_2_2018.pdf

Carlton, D. W., Israel, M. A., & Shampine, A. (2019). Lessons from AT&T/Time Warner. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3418362

Carroll, N. (2022). The 2022 Content Wars. VideoWeek. https://videoweek.com/2022/01/05/the-2022-content-wars/

Case, M. (2021). Google, Big Data, & Antitrust. Del. J. Corp. L., 46, 189.
Castillo, M. (2018). Netflix tries a different model for TV shows, paying more up front but keeping more later on big hits, insiders say. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/15/netflix-cost-plus-model-tv-shows-revenue-upside.html

CBS News. (2022). Streaming Wars: The fight for viewers. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/streaming-wars-the-fight-for-viewers/

Cederblom, M. L. (2022). Attack on Antitrust: Preventing A Grim Future for Anime Streaming. Hastings Business Law Journal, Forthcoming Fall.
Chan-Olmsted, S. M. (2019). A review of artificial intelligence adoptions in the media industry. International Journal on Media Management, 21(3-4), 193-215.
Chevalier, S. (2022). Largest online retailers in the U.S. 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/274255/market-share-of-the-leading-retailers-in-us-e-commerce/
Cho, W. (2022). Concerns for Hollywood Megadeals Emerge amid Justice Dept. Posturing. The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/worrying-signs-for-hollywood-mega-deals-1235081282/

Christian, T. (1995). The financial interest and syndication rules-Take Two. CommLaw Conspectus, 3, 107.
Coppola, D. (2023). Amazon Regional Net Revenue 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/266289/net-revenue-of-amazon-by-region/#:~:text=In%202021%2C%20Amazon`s%20total%20consolidated,net%20sales%20during%20the%20year.

Cost, R. B. (2008). Monopsony and Buyer Power. OECD. https://www.fne.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/OECD_-2008-Monopsony-and-buyer-power.pdf

Craig, D., & Cunningham, S. (2019). Social media entertainment: The new intersection of Hollywood and Silicon Valley. NYU Press.
Crane, D. A. (2009). Chicago, post-Chicago, and neo-Chicago. U. Chi. L. Rev., 76, 1911. https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1060&context=reviews

Crane, D. A. (2019). How Much Brandeis Do the Neo-Brandeisians Want?. The Antitrust Bulletin, 64(4), 531-539. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003603X19875039
Crowe, S., Cresswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., & Sheikh, A. (2011). The case study approach. BMC medical research methodology, 11(1), 1-9.
Curry, D. (2023). Amazon Statistics (2023). Business of Apps. https://www.businessofapps.com/data/amazon-statistics/

D’Annunzio, A. (2017). Vertical integration in the TV market: Exclusive provision and program quality. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 53, 114-144.
De Looper, C. (2022). Amazon Freevee: Everything you need to know about the free streaming service. US About Amazon. https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/what-is-amazon-freevee#:~:text=Amazon%20Freevee%2C%20formerly%20IMDb%20TV,%2C%20available%20anytime%2C%20for%20free.

Delrahim, M. (2004). Maintaining Flexibility in Antitrust Analysis: Meeting the Challenge of Innovation in the Media and Entertainment Industries. Colum. JL & Arts, 28, 343.
Delrahim, M., Kimmelman, G., Ohlhausen, M., Wessely, R., & Nalbandian, J. B. (2020). The Future of Antitrust: New Challenges to the Consumer Welfare Paradigm and Legislative Proposals. Cath. UL Rev., 69, 657
Demsetz, H. (1982). Barriers to entry. The American economic review, 72(1), 47-57.
Deryan, O. (2022). Everything about Amazon subsidiaries in 2022: Current value. OJ Digital Solutions. https://ojdigitalsolutions.com/amazon-subsidiaries/

Digital TV Research (2022. Hybrid AVOD-SVOD to drive major platforms. https://digitaltvresearch.com/hybrid-avod-svod-to-drive-major-platforms/

Disney+ (2022). Discover new inspiration and unlock your imagination. Sign up for Disney+, and stream all the classics and more anytime you want. https://www.disneyplus.com/en-tw

Dixon, C. (2022). The number of US AVOD users: 3 estimates head-to-head. nScreenMedia. https://nscreenmedia.com/number-of-us-avod-users-2022/

Doyle, G. (2016). Television production, funding models and exploitation of content. Icono14, 14(2), 75-96. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v14i1.991
Fagerjord, A., & Kueng, L. (2019). Mapping the core actors and flows in streaming video services: What Netflix can tell us about these new media networks. Journal of Media Business Studies, 16(3), 166-181.
Farhi, P. (1989). Columbia acceptance of bid puts Sony into the big time. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1989/09/28/columbia-acceptance-of-bid-puts-sony-into-the-big-time/3e0f7c36-d89a-4d34-b732-59641a792db2/

Farley, L. (2022). Someone’s Got to Lose the Streaming Wars, But Who?. https://collider.com/someones-got-to-lose-the-streaming-wars-but-who/#:~:text=For%20all%20intents%20and%20purposes,streaming%20video%20from%20its%20platform

Faro, E. (2021). Entertainment Consolidation, Content Monopolies, and the Future of Information. Cardozo Arts & Ent. LJ, 39, 1029.
Federal Trade Commission. (2022). The antitrust laws. https://www.ftc.gov/advice-guidance/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/antitrust-laws

Florence, K. (2016). How Netflix Works With ISPs Around the Globe to Deliver a Great Viewing Experience. Netflix. https://about.netflix.com/en/news/how-netflix-works-with-isps-around-the-globe-to-deliver-a-great-viewing-experience
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative inquiry, 12(2), 219-245.
Forristal, L. (2023). Amazon ramped up content spending to $16.6B in 2022, including $7B on Originals. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2023/02/03/amazon-ramped-up-content-spending-to-16-6b-in-2022-including-7b-on-originals/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANpcIx9a5oCO_EYssVCVYLKVksgj-6NWODbMLr-gIwUEvpQ6bgYnGC4Jth9OJR9bzrBru3bt_LFwyGe8WlvRYAf1KjrIQ5GQ9jCeQBo2n_vz8vFP6XEow5Ge0ZlFJUkrjVzk7LFEoK3r8-1O_WTn7Dzm0RL5lki23yyxYbb_1TQq#:~:text=Media%20%26%20Entertainment-,Amazon%20ramped%20up%20content%20spending%20to%20%2416.6B%20in,including%20%247B%20on%20originals&text=Amazon%20detailed%20the%20costs%20of,from%20%2413%20billion%20in%202021.
Fox, E. M., & Sullivan, L. A. (1987). Antitrust--Retrospective and Prospective: Where Are We Coming from--Where Are We Going. NYUL Rev., 62, 936.
Francis Jr., J. (2022). Why did the television reboot become all the rage?, The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/why-did-the-television-reboot-become-all-the-rage-96179
Frankel, D. (2021). Amazon reportedly in talks to buy MGM for around $9 billion. NextTV. https://www.nexttv.com/news/amazon-reportedly-in-talks-to-buy-mgm-for-around-dollar9-billion
Gillard, M. (2020). Who`s using Amazon Web Services? Contino: Global transformation consultancy. https://www.contino.io/insights/whos-using-aws
Georgiev, D. (2022). 15 Amazon prime statistics to show how big it is in 2023. Techjury. https://techjury.net/blog/amazon-prime-statistics/#gref

Gotts, I. K. (2019). Back to the Future: Should the “Consumer Welfare” Standard Be Replaced in US M&A Antitrust Enforcement. Antitrust Report, 1-2.
Gruenwedel, E. (2022). Analyst: Netflix Streaming Use Dipped 4% in Q2. Media Play News. https://www.mediaplaynews.com/analyst-netflix-streaming-use-dipped-4-percent-in-q2/

Hanssen, F. A., & Hazlett, T. W. (2022). Internet Streaming Overcomes Paramount.
Hatch, O. G. (2021). HOW MIGHT ANTITRUST APPLY TO BIG TECH?.
Hazlett, T. W. (2020). US Antitrust Policy in the Age of Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Apple, Netflix and Facebook. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3594934

Hennig-Thurau, T., & Houston, M. B. (2019). Entertainment science. Data Analytics and Practical Theory for Movies, Games, Books, and Music. Cham: Springer Nature.
Holt, J. (2011). Empires of entertainment: Media industries and the politics of deregulation, 1980-1996. Rutgers University Press.
House Judiciary Committee (2020). Investigation of Competition in Digital Markets. https://judiciary.house.gov/uploadedfiles/competition_in_digital_markets.pdf?utm_campaign=4493-519

Hulu. (2022). Plans and Prices. https://help.hulu.com/s/article/how-much-does-hulu-cost

Hylton, K. N. (2019). Digital platforms and antitrust law. Neb. L. Rev., 98, 272. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3246&context=nlr

Johnston, M. (2022). How Disney Makes Money. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/how-disney-makes-money-4799164

Jullien, B., & Sand-Zantman, W. (2021). The economics of platforms: A theory guide for competition policy. Information Economics and Policy, 54, 100880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2020.100880
JustWatch. (2022). JustWatch Streaming Performance Review - 2022 (Q3). SpoilerTV. https://www.spoilertv.com/2022/10/justwatch-streaming-performance-review.html

Katz, M. L. (2019). Multisided platforms, big data, and a little antitrust policy. Review of Industrial Organization, 54(4), 695-716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-019-09683-9

Keck, C. (2022). Yes, Netflix just got even more expensive / Your Netflix bill is going up. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/24/22993562/netflix-price-increase-us-plans-2022

Kennedy, J. (2020). Monopoly Myths: Do Internet Platforms Threaten Competition?. Information Technology and Innovation Foundation.
Keys, M. (2022). Amazon tops Netflix as biggest subscription streamer in U.S. Fierce Video. https://www.fiercevideo.com/video/data-shows-amazon-tops-netflix-biggest-subscription-streamer-us

Khan, L. M. (2017). Amazon`s antitrust paradox. Yale lJ, 126, 710.
Krämer, J. (2020). Digital markets and online platforms: new perspectives on regulation and competition law. Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE).
Krings, E. (2022). VOD streaming: How video on demand services work. Dacast. https://www.dacast.com/blog/vod-streaming/

Lane, M. (2019). How competitive is the tech industry? Disruptive Competition Project. https://www.project-disco.org/competition/072919-how-competitive-is-the-tech-industry/
Lerner, J. (2022). Glass onion: A knives out mystery and 3 other trailers you missed. LostRemote. https://www.adweek.com/lostremote/glass-onion-a-knives-out-mystery-and-3-other-trailers-you-missed/68244/

Litman, B. (1998). The economics of television networks: New dimensions and new alliances. Alexander A. et al, Media Economics: Theory and Practice, 131-50.
Lubbe, W., ten Ham-Baloyi, W., & Smit, K. (2020). The integrative literature review as a research method: A demonstration review of research on neurodevelopmental supportive care in preterm infants. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 26(6), 308-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2020.04.006

Lyons, D. (2014). Telecom Law Primer: Program Access and Program Carriage Rules. AEIdeas. https://www.aei.org/technology-and-innovation/telecommunications/telecom-law-primer-program-access-program-carriage-rules/

Maas, J. (2022). Amazon closes $8.5 billion acquisition of MGM. Variety. https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/amazon-mgm-merger-close-1235207852/
MacCarthy, M. (2020). Transparency requirements for digital social media platforms: Recommendations for policy makers and industry. Transatlantic Working Group.
MacMillan, A. (2019). Is Netflix going to follow in the footsteps of Blockbuster?. https://arthurmac.com/content-is-king/

Malin, Z. (2021). The shopper`s guide to Amazon Prime: Membership benefits, prices and more. NBC News Select. https://www.nbcnews.com/select/shopping/amazon-prime-benefits-cost-ncna1269672

Mancini, J., & Volpin, C. (2018). Quality Considerations in Digital Zero-Price Markets: OECD Background Paper. DAF/COMP (2018), 14.
Marietti, W. (2022). Video Streaming Service Industry. The Henry Fund. https://www.biz.uiowa.edu/henry/download/s22_Streaming.pdf

Martens, B. (2020). Data Access, Consumer Interests and Social Welfare: An Economic Perspective. Consumer Interests and Social Welfare: An Economic Perspective (May 18, 2020).
Maskin, E., & Tirole, J. (1987). A theory of dynamic oligopoly, III: Cournot competition. European economic review, 31(4), 947-968.
McAllister, M. (2009). Financial interest and syndication rules. The Museum of Broadcast Communication. https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~wgreene/entertainmentandmedia/FIN-SYN-RULES.pdf

McDonnell, M. E. (2022). Ensuring Fair Competition in the Midst of the Streaming Wars. Ohio St. LJ, 83, 641.
MehChu, N. (2019). Whole Foods, Fresh Concerns?. In New Developments in Competition Law and Economics (pp. 123-145). Springer, Cham.
Miller, C. (2021). Apple TV Channels lets you choose what you want to watch, here’s every option. 9TO5Mac. https://9to5mac.com/2021/06/29/apple-tv-channels-services/

Molla, R. (2018). Here’s what happens when the big media companies take their content off Netflix. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2018/12/5/18124117/netflix-media-companies-remove-content-charts
Munson, B. (2019). Amazon Fire TV, Roku Neck and neck in U.S. market, TDG research says. Fierce Video. https://www.fiercevideo.com/video/amazon-fire-tv-roku-tied-up-u-s-market-tdg-research-says

Mutlu, N. G. A. (2020). The future of film-making: data-driven movie-making techniques. Global Journal of Arts Education, 10(2), 167-174.
Myers, A. (2018). Amazon Doesn`t Have an Antitrust Problem: An Antitrust Analysis of Amazon`s Business Practices. Hous. J. Int`l L., 41, 387.
Naldi, M., & Flamini, M. (2014). The CR4 index and the interval estimation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index: an empirical comparison. Available at SSRN 2448656.
Naldi, M., & Flamini, M. (2014, March). Interval estimation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index under incomplete market information. In 2014 UKSim-AMSS 16th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation (pp. 318-323). IEEE.
Nathanson, M. (2022). How the streaming wars will alter the media landscape. Yale Insights. https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/how-the-streaming-wars-will-alter-the-media-landscape

Newman, J. (2022). Netflix loses subscribers in the wake of its price hikes. TechHive. https://www.techhive.com/article/633571/netflix-loses-subscribers-after-price-hikes.html

Newman, J. M. (2020). Antitrust in Attention Markets: Definition, Power, Harm. University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper, (3745839).
Newman, N. (2014). Search, antitrust, and the economics of the control of user data. Yale J. on Reg., 31, 401.
Nickolas, S. (2021). How Do I Determine the Market Share for a Company?. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/033015/how-do-i-determine-particular-companys-market-share.asp

Noam, E. (2009). Media ownership and concentration in America. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Noam, E. M. (2020). An Open Video System (OVD) to Overcome Market Power in Online Video Platforms.
OECD (1996). The Essential Facilities Concept. https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/1920021.pdf

Ohlhausen, M. K., & Okuliar, A. P. (2015). Competition, consumer protection, and the right [approach] to privacy. Antitrust LJ, 80, 121. https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_statements/686541/ohlhausenokuliaralj.pdf

Orbach, B. (2021). Amazon’s Flywheel, Streaming Wars, and Antitrust Battles. Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper, (21-14).
Osur, L. (2016). Netflix and the development of the internet television network.
Pakula, O. (2021). The Streaming Wars+: An Analysis of Anticompetitive Business Practices in Streaming Business. UCLA Ent. L. Rev., 28, 147.
Pallotta, F. (2022). The streaming wars are over. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/11/media/streaming-disney-netflix/index.html

Palmer, A. (2021). Amazon spent $11 billion on video and music content last year, up from $7.8 billion in 2019. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/15/amazon-spent-11-billion-on-video-and-music-content-last-year.html

Parrot Analysis. (2022). The leading SVOD platforms in the United States 2021: Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Disney+, Hulu, Apple TV+ and more. https://www.parrotanalytics.com/insights/leading-svod-platforms-in-the-united-states-2021/

Patton, J. m. (2022). Prime Video Beating Netflix Begins `The End` of the Streaming Wars. CBR.com. https://www.cbr.com/prime-video-netflix-streaming-wars-end/

Pike, C. (2020). Lines of Business Restrictions.
Piraino Jr, T. A. (2007). Reconciling the Harvard and Chicago Schools: a new antitrust approach for the 21st century. Ind. LJ, 82, 345. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1354&context=ilj

Portuese, A. (2021). Principles of dynamic antitrust: Competing through innovation. Information Technology and Innovation Foundation.
Posner, R. A. (1969). Conglomerate Mergers and Antitrust Policy: An Introduction. John`s L. Rev., 44, 529. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2900&context=journal_articles

Posner, R. A. (1969). Oligopoly and the antitrust laws: A suggested approach. J. Reprints Antitrust L. & Econ., 1, 1065. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2862&context=journal_articles

Posner, R. A. (1978). Natural monopoly and its regulation. J. Reprints Antitrust L. & Econ., 9, 767. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2861&context=journal_articles

Posner, R. A. (1978). The Chicago school of antitrust analysis. U. Pa. L. Rev., 127, 925.
Powers, R. (2021). Re: Strategic Consolidation, Market Power, and Efficiencies in the Media/Entertainment and Distribution Markets: Implications for Antitrust Reviews of Proposed Mergers. American Antitrust Institute. https://www.antitrustinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/AAI-Merger-Guidelines-Comments_4.21.22.pdf

Raftery, B. (2018). The streaming wars began in 2018-and they`ll only get worse. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/2018-streaming-wars/

Raustiala, K., & Sprigman, C. J. (2019). The second digital disruption: Streaming and the dawn of data-driven creativity. NYUL Rev., 94, 1555. https://www.nyulawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/NYULawReview-94-6-RaustialaSprigman.pdf

Rayburn, D. (2016). Troubling Trend: Content Licensing Costs So High, OTT Services Struggling To Become Profitable. Seeking Alpha. https://seekingalpha.com/article/4029315-troubling-trend-content-licensing-costs-high-ott-services-struggling-to-become-profitable
Reiff, N. (2023). 10 biggest companies in the world. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/111115/why-all-worlds-top-10-companies-are-american.asp

Renda, A. (2015). Antitrust, Regulation and the Neutrality Trap (No. 10472). Centre for European Policy Studies.
Reuters. (2022). WarnerMedia, Discovery complete merger, become Warner Bros Discovery. https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/warnermedia-discovery-complete-merger-become-warner-bros-discovery-2022-04-08/

Riordan, M. H., & Salop, S. C. (1994). Evaluating vertical mergers: A post-Chicago approach. Antitrust LJ, 63, 513.
Ryan, D. (2021). Big Data and the Essential Facilities Doctrine: A Law and Economics Approach to Fostering Competition and Innovation in Creative Industries. UCLJLJ, 10, 84.
Sacher, S. B., & Yun, J. M. (2018). Twelve fallacies of the neo-antitrust movement. Geo. Mason L. Rev., 26, 1491.
Schwartz, B. (2006). More isn`t always better. Harvard business review, 84(6), 22.
Shah, H. (2018). How Netflix became a $100 billion company in 20 Years. Product Habits. https://producthabits.com/how-netflix-became-a-100-billion-company-in-20-years/#:~:text=2007%3A%20Netflix%20introduces%20its%20online,first%20online%20streaming%20video%20service

Shapiro, C. (2018). Expert Report of Carl Shapiro. https://www.justice.gov/atr/case-document/file/1081336/download

Shapiro, E., Pastor, P., Kent, J. (2022). SVOD: It’s Not Dead Yet. Streaming Media Connect. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pczsURIduZ8

Sherman, A. (2022). The first act of the streaming wars saga is over — Netflix’s fall from grace has ushered in the pivotal second act. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/29/netflix-and-rivals-enter-pivotal-second-act-of-streaming-wars-saga.html

Sidak, J. G., & Teece, D. J. (2009). Dynamic competition in antitrust law. Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 5(4), 581-631. https://doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhp024

Sky News. (2022). Amazon to increase cost of Prime membership for the first time since 2014 due to `increased inflation and operation costs`. https://news.sky.com/story/amazon-to-increase-cost-of-prime-membership-for-the-first-time-since-2014-due-to-increased-inflation-and-operation-costs-12659124
Smith, E. (2017). Before Netflix: The World`s first streaming service. Tedium. https://tedium.co/2017/01/05/first-streaming-service-itv-hong-kong/

Smith, M. D. (2016). Streaming, Sharing, Stealing: Big data and the Future of Entertainment. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Sokol, D. D., & Comerford, R. E. (2016). Does antitrust have a role to play in regulating big data?. Cambridge Handbook of Antitrust, Intellectual Property and High Tech, Roger D. Blair & D. Daniel Sokol editors, Cambridge University Press, Forthcoming.
Song, M. (2021). Over-The-Top (OTT) Platforms` Strategies for Two-Sided Markets in Korea. International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication, 13(4), 55-65. http://doi.org/10.7236/IJIBC.2021.13.4.55
Spangler, T. (2022). Amazon values MGM`s content library at $3.4 billion. Variety. https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/amazon-mgm-content-library-value-1235254458/
Spangler, T. (2022). Netflix updates corporate culture memo, adding Anti-Censorship Section and a vow to “spend our members” money wisely’ (exclusive). Variety. https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/netflix-culture-memo-update-censorship-spending-1235264904/

Sprigman, C. J. (2021). What Does Antitrust`s Revival Mean for Copyright? (The 50th Annual Brace Memorial Lecture of the Copyright Society of the USA). The 50th Annual Brace Memorial Lecture of the Copyright Society of the USA, 68, 21-09.
Statista Research Department. (2023). Market share of leading film studios in the United States and Canada from 2010 to 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/187171/market-share-of-film-studios-in-north-america-2010/

Steinbaum, M., & Stucke, M. E. (2020). The Effective Competition Standard. The University of Chicago Law Review, 87(2), 595-623.
Stöhr, A., Noskova, V., Kunz-Kaltenhäuser, P., Gaenssle, S., & Budzinski, O. (2020). Happily ever after?: Vertical and horizontal mergers in the US media industry. World Competition, 43(1).
Stoll, J. (2021). Number of Amazon Video subscribers by country 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/760231/amazonvideo-subscribers-country/

Stoll, J. (2022). Market shares of selected Subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) services in the United States in 2020. Statistia. https://www.statista.com/statistics/496011/usa-svod-to-tv-streaming-usage/

Stoll, J. (2022). Number of ad-supported video-on-demand (AVOD) viewers in the United States from 2022 to 2026. Statistia. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1279839/avod-viewers-us/
Stoll, J. (2022). VOD services with the best originals in the U.S. 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1092542/original-svod-productions-us/
Stoll, J. (2023). Amazon Prime Video - statistics & facts. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/4740/amazon-prime-video/#:~:text=Around%2054%20percent%20of%20zoomers,once%20as%20of%20November%202022.
Stoll, J. (2023). U.S.: Quarterly Netflix paid subscribers count 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/250937/quarterly-number-of-netflix-streaming-subscribers-in-the-us/#:~:text=Quarterly%20Netflix%20paid%20streaming%20subscribers%20in%20the%20U.S.%20and%20Canada%202013%2D2022&text=Netflix%20reported%2074.3%20million%20paid,quarter%20of%20the%20previous%20year.

Strickland, R. A. (1996). Telecommunications act of 1996 (1996). The First Amendment Encyclopedia. https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1095/telecommunications-act-of-1996
Stucke, M. E., & Ezrachi, A. (2016). When competition fails to optimize quality: A look at search engines. Yale JL & Tech., 18, 70.
Stucke, M., & Grunes, A. (2015). Debunking the myths over big data and antitrust. CPI Antitrust Chronicle, 1.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of business research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039

Tang, X. (2021). Copyright`s Techno-Pessimist Creep. Fordham L. Rev., 90, 1151. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5900&context=flr

The Department of Justice (2010). Horizontal Merger Guidelines. https://www.justice.gov/atr/horizontal-merger-guidelines-08192010

The Department of Justice (2020). Vertical Merger Guidelines. https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/us-department-justice-federal-trade-commission-vertical-merger-guidelines/vertical_merger_guidelines_6-30-20.pdf

The Department of Justice. (2015). CHAPTER 5: ANTITRUST ISSUES IN THE TYING AND BUNDLING OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. https://www.justice.gov/atr/chapter-5-antitrust-issues-tying-and-bundling-intellectual-property-rights#ii

The Department of Justice. (2015). Hearing on Oligopoly Markets: OECD Background Paper. DAF/COMP/WD (2015), 45.
The Walt Disney Company (2019). Disney+ Launches Today—and a New Era of Disney Entertainment Begins. https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/disney-launches-today-and-a-new-era-of-disney-entertainment-begins/

Thierer, A. D. (2009). A Brief History of Media Merger Hysteria: From AOL-Time Warner to Comcast-NBC. Progress & Freedom Foundation, Progress on Point, 16(25). http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1517288
Torraco, R. J. (2005). Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human resource development review, 4(3), 356-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283

United States v. AT&T Inc., DirecTV Group Holdings, LLC, and Time Warner Inc., 310 F. 3d 161 (D.D.C 2018). https://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/sites/dcd/files/17-2511opinion.pdf

United States v. Microsoft Corporation, 253 F.3d 34 (D.C. Cir. 2001)
University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. (2016). 15.2 Government Regulation of Media. Understanding media and culture: An introduction to mass communication, 654-661. https://www2.palomar.edu/users/lpayn/115/GC115-Understanding-Media-and-Culture-An-Introduction-to-Mass-Communication.pdf
Vailshery, L. S. (2023). Global Cloud Infrastructure Market Share 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/967365/worldwide-cloud-infrastructure-services-market-share-vendor/#:~:text=In%20the%20fourth%20quarter%20of,with%2010%20percent%20market%20share.
Viens, T. (2022). Revealed: The AWS ecosystem in 2022. HG Insights. https://hginsights.com/data-report/hg-insights-intricately-aws-ecosystem-report-in-2022/
Waterman, D., Sherman, R., & Ji, S. W. (2013). The economics of online television: Industry development, aggregation, and “TV Everywhere”. Telecommunications Policy, 37(9), 725-736.
Webley, L. (2016). Stumbling blocks in empirical legal research: Case study research. Law and Method.
Weeds, H. (2016). TV wars: Exclusive content and platform competition in pay TV. The Economic Journal, 126(594), 1600-1633.
Werden, G. J. (1992). Four suggestions on market delineation. The Antitrust Bulletin, 37(1), 107-121.
Weprin, A. (2022). MGM`s Amazon Era begins with big, unanswered questions. The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/mgms-amazon-era-begins-with-big-unanswered-questions-1235116671/

Werpin, A., Chan, C., Huston, C. (2022). Streaming TV’s Next Battlefront: Free Services Seize Their Moment. The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/free-streaming-services-tubi-freevee-roku-1235143393/

Wilson, C.S. (2021). The Neo-Brandeisian Revolution: Unforced Errors and the Diminution of the FTC. Remarks for the ABA Antitrust Law Section’s 2021 Fall Forum. United States of America Federal Trade Commission. https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_statements/1598399/ftc_2021_fall_forum_wilson_final_the_neo_brandeisian_revolution_unforced_errors_and_the_diminution.pdf

Winslow, G. (2021). Kagan: Nextflix`s amortized content spend estimated to hit $13.6B in 2021. https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/kagan-nextflixs-amortized-content-spend-estimated-to-hit-dollar136b-in-2021

Wu, T. (2018). The curse of bigness. Columbia Global Reports, 75.

Yun, J. M. (2020). The Role of Big Data in Antitrust. The Global Antitrust Institute Report on the Digital Economy, 7.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
109461006
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109461006
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 盧建誌zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lu, Chien-Chihen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳欣霖zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu, Sin-Linen_US
dc.creator (作者) 吳欣霖zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wu, Sin-Linen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Aug-2023 14:14:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Aug-2023 14:14:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Aug-2023 14:14:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109461006en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146615-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109461006zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隨著影音串流成為主流媒體，美國訂閱制隨選影音(SVOD)市場已逐漸成熟並變得更加集中化。過去幾年「串流戰爭」的出現，使得許多SVOD平台擴大了對內容的投資並試圖透過併購來對抗競爭者。儘管SVOD市場看似競爭激烈，且整合併購有助於提高效率，但對於近來的幾件大型併購案，仍有許多大眾和專業人士提出了市場壟斷的隱憂。由於SVOD具特殊的商業模式及數位平台的特性，且背後多有在媒體及科技領域涉獵多項業務的強大母公司支持，以至於反競爭效果很容易發生在SVOD市場。在此背景下，再加上主張加強競爭法並反對大型科技公司的新布蘭迪斯學派興起，近期的併購案，如迪士尼/福克斯、亞馬遜/米高梅、華納媒體/Discovery等，引發了一系列關於反壟斷議題的爭論。本篇論文旨在探討反托拉斯法和監管法規在面對串流之戰下的併購案時，應扮演何種角色。藉由綜合性文獻回顧及針對亞馬遜/米高梅收購案之案例分析，本研究發現反托拉斯法與監管策略應整合芝加哥學派和新布蘭迪斯學派，採取折衷雙方主張的方式。為了謀取SVOD市場的福祉，須將併購的好處與壞處都納入考慮。數位經濟中普遍存在的長期競爭問題需要被認真審視，然而政府應避免採用激進的結構主義手段，並秉持以消費者福祉為中心的觀念。本研究還認為，針對特定市場問題的事前行為監管可能是解決當前困境的另一種選擇，而在事前監管法規完備的前提下，美國 SVOD市場中的大多數的併購案應被允許。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) With video streaming becoming mainstream, the US SVOD market has matured and gotten more consolidated. The past years have witnessed the streaming wars where SVOD platforms increase content spend and seek merger and acquisition to compete. While the SVOD market seems to be competitive, and many integrations could improve efficiencies, several mega-deal mergers had triggered antitrust concerns among the public and professionals. Due to SVOD`s business model, traits of digital platforms, and powerful parent companies that usually have multiple lines of business across the media and the tech sector, the SVOD market is prone to anticompetitive effects. In this context and especially with the rise of the Neo-Brandeis School of antitrust, which advocates stricter antitrust laws and is hostile towards large tech firms, recent mergers such as Disney/FOX acquisition, Amazon/MGM acquisition and WarnerMedia/Discovery merger have caused a series of antitrust debates. The present thesis aims to explore what role of antitrust and regulation should play in the face of mergers in the streaming wars. Relying on integrative literature review and a case study on the Amazon/MGM acquisition, this study finds that a compromised antitrust approach between the Chicago School and the Neo-Brandeis School is needed. For the sake of welfare in the SVOD market, both benefits and harms of the mergers should be considered. While long-term competitive concerns prevalent in the digital economy should be taken seriously, antitrust authorities should avoid radical structuralist means and focus on consumer welfare. The study also argues ex-ante behavioral regulation targeting market-specific issues could be an alternative to solve the dilemma, and that with the presence of some regulations, most mergers in the current US SVOD market should not be blocked.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Research Background: Streaming Wars and Consolidation in the SVOD Market 1
1.2 Research Motivation: Antitrust Debates and Lack Practical Guidelines for Mergers in the Streaming Wars 3
1.3 Research Scope and Questions 5
1.4 Research Methods and Thesis Structure 6
2. The US SVOD Market 8
2.1 Business Model and Mergers in the SVOD Market 8
2.1.1 The Rise of SVOD, and the Data-Centric and Vertically Integrated Business Model 8
2.1.2 The Streaming Wars and Merger Trends 9
2.2 Market Delineation and Market Structure 10
2.2.1 The Downstream Relevant Markets 11
2.2.2 The Upstream Relevant Market 15
3. Antitrust Concerns in the US SVOD Market 19
3.1 Data, Platform, and Vertical Integration Give Rise to High Entry Barriers and Power to Discriminate 20
3.1.1 General Concern of Data: High Entry Barriers 20
3.1.2 Data and High Entry Barriers among SVOD 21
3.1.3 General Concern of Online Intermediary: Entry Barriers and Discrimination 22
3.1.4 Online Intermediary, Entry Barriers and Discrimination among SVOD 22
3.2 Players with Multiple Business Lines Lead to Unfair Competition Process 23
3.2.1 The Issue of Predatory Pricing and Loss Leading 23
3.2.2 The Issue of Bundling 24
3.2.3 The Issue of Access Discrimination to Critical Infrastructures 25
3.3 Mergers in the Streaming Wars and Anticompetitive Effects 26
3.3.1 The Horizontal Harm 26
3.3.2 The Vertical Harm 27
3.4 Case Study: The Amazon/MGM Acquisition and Antitrust Concerns 28
3.4.1 Amazon 28
3.4.2 Anticompetitive Concerns of the Amazon/MGM Acquisition 30
4. Antitrust Crossroads and the Need to Compromise 33
4.1 The Chicago School 33
4.1.1 Values and Arguments 33
4.1.2 Impacts on M&A in the Media and the Digital Market 36
4.2 The Neo-Brandeis School 38
4.2.1 Values and Arguments 38
4.2.2 Reformation Acts and Impacts on M&A 41
4.3 An Antitrust Compromise for Mergers in the SVOD Market 44
4.3.1 Avoid Radical Structural Remedies 45
4.3.2 Focus on Consumer Welfare 48
4.3.3 Use ex-ante Sectoral and Behavioral Regulation to Solve Problems from the Root and Relieve Burdens on Merger Enforcement 48
4.4 Case Study: The Amazon/MGM Acquisition and Proper Antitrust Approach 50
5. Reflection and Regulatory Alternatives 53
5.1 Types of ex-ante Behavioral Regulation for the SVOD Market 53
5.1.1 Ensure Data Accessibility and Portability Rights of Content Producers 53
5.1.2 Require Certain Transparency but Not Neutrality of Content Platforms 57
5.1.3 Impose Some Behavioral Line of Business Restrictions on Covered Platforms 59
5.2 The Focus of Merger Review 62
5.3 Case Study: The Amazon/MGM Acquisition and Applicable Regulatory Alternatives 62
6. Conclusion 64
6.1 Answering RQ1: How should mergers in the US SVOD market be evaluated? 64
6.1.1 Identify Relevant Markets 64
6.1.2 Antitrust Concerns should be Evaluated Based on Traits of the SVOD Market 65
6.2 Answering RQ2: What remedies could truly benefit the consumers? 65
6.2.1 A Compromised Antitrust Approach between the Chicago and the Neo-Brandeis School is Necessary 65
6.2.2 Using Regulatory Alternatives to Complement Antitrust Laws Would Do Good to the SVOD Market and Consumer Welfare 66
6.3 Other Implications 67
6.4 Guidelines and Steps for Reviewing Future Mergers in the SVOD Market 68
6.5 Strength, Limitation, and Future Studies 69
References 71		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1736020 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109461006en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 訂閱制隨選影音平台zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 併購zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 反托拉斯法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Antitrusten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) SVODen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mergeren_US
dc.title (題名) 美國訂閱制隨選影音平台的併購案例分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) An Analysis of Mergers and Regulation in the US SVOD Marketen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Amazon. (2021). Amazon and MGM have signed an agreement for Amazon to acquire MGM. https://press.aboutamazon.com/2021/5/amazon-and-mgm-have-signed-an-agreement-for-amazon-to-acquire-mgm

Amazon. (2022). How to add channels like HBO Max, Discovery+, Starz, Paramount+, and Showtime on Prime Video. https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/what-are-prime-video-channels
Amazon. (2022). MGM joins Prime Video and Amazon Studios. https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/mgm-joins-prime-video-and-amazon-studios

Ampere Analysis. (2021). Content spend sees double digit growth and reaches $220 billion in 2021, driven by SVoD services. https://www.ampereanalysis.com/press/release/dl/content-spend-sees-double-digit-growth-and-reaches-220-billion-in-2021-driven-by-svod-se

Ashenfelter, O., Hosken, D., & Weinberg, M. (2014). Did Robert Bork understate the competitive impact of mergers? Evidence from consummated mergers. The Journal of Law and Economics, 57(S3), S67-S100. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w19939/w19939.pdf
Banerjee, A., Rappoport, P. N., & Alleman, J. (2014). Forecasting video cord-cutting: The bypass of traditional pay television. In Demand for Communications Services–Insights and Perspectives (pp. 59-82). Springer, Boston, MA.
Beaupre, J. (2020). Big Is Not Always Bad: The Misuse of Antitrust Law to Break up Big Tech Companies. DePaul Bus. & Comm. LJ, 18, 25.
Bork, R. H. (1967). The Goals of Antitrust Policy. The American Economic Review, 57(2), 242-253.
Bork, R. H. (1978). Antitrust. Paradox: A Policy at War with Itself New York: Basic Books.
Borsenberger, C., Hoang, M., & Joram, D. (2018). Open-data: a solution when data constitutes an essential facility?. In New Business and Regulatory Strategies in the Postal Sector (pp. 131-142). Springer, Cham.
Bostoen, F. (2019). Regulating Online Platforms Lessons From 100 Years Of Telecommunications Regulation. Technology Review, 335(2), 335-40.
Bourne, R., & Subramaniam, B. (2022). The “Big Tech” self-preferencing delusion.
Boutin, X., & Clemens, G. (2017). Defining `Big Data` in Antitrust. Competition Policy International: Antitrust Chronicle, 22-28. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2938397

Brookings. (2018). Concentration is high in markets with large returns to scale and network effects. Charts | The Hamilton Project. https://www.hamiltonproject.org/charts/concentration_is_high_in_markets_with_large_returns_to_scale_and_network_efge_returns_to_scale_and_network_efrge_returns_to_scale_and_network_ef
Broome, M. E. (2000). Integrative literature reviews for the development of concepts. Concept development in nursing: foundations, techniques and applications, 231, 250.
Budzinski, O., Gaenssle, S., & Lindstädt-Dreusicke, N. (2021). The battle of YouTube, TV and Netflix: an empirical analysis of competition in audiovisual media markets. SN Business & Economics, 1(9), 1-26.
Burns, L. (2021). The difference between Amazon vs. Amazon Marketplace, explained. Digital Marketing Agency Orange County CA | Your Marketing People. https://yourmarketingpeople.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-amazon-and-amazon-marketplace/

Burroughs, B. (2019). House of Netflix: Streaming media and digital lore. Popular Communication, 17(1), 1-17. http://doi:10.1080/15405702.2017.1343948

Carlton, D. W. (2018). Expert Report of Dennis W. Carlton (Redacted). https://appliedantitrust.com/12_nonhorizontal_mergers/2_vertical/att_tw/2_ddc/att_ddc_carlton_expert2_2_2018.pdf

Carlton, D. W., Israel, M. A., & Shampine, A. (2019). Lessons from AT&T/Time Warner. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3418362

Carroll, N. (2022). The 2022 Content Wars. VideoWeek. https://videoweek.com/2022/01/05/the-2022-content-wars/

Case, M. (2021). Google, Big Data, & Antitrust. Del. J. Corp. L., 46, 189.
Castillo, M. (2018). Netflix tries a different model for TV shows, paying more up front but keeping more later on big hits, insiders say. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/15/netflix-cost-plus-model-tv-shows-revenue-upside.html

CBS News. (2022). Streaming Wars: The fight for viewers. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/streaming-wars-the-fight-for-viewers/

Cederblom, M. L. (2022). Attack on Antitrust: Preventing A Grim Future for Anime Streaming. Hastings Business Law Journal, Forthcoming Fall.
Chan-Olmsted, S. M. (2019). A review of artificial intelligence adoptions in the media industry. International Journal on Media Management, 21(3-4), 193-215.
Chevalier, S. (2022). Largest online retailers in the U.S. 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/274255/market-share-of-the-leading-retailers-in-us-e-commerce/
Cho, W. (2022). Concerns for Hollywood Megadeals Emerge amid Justice Dept. Posturing. The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/worrying-signs-for-hollywood-mega-deals-1235081282/

Christian, T. (1995). The financial interest and syndication rules-Take Two. CommLaw Conspectus, 3, 107.
Coppola, D. (2023). Amazon Regional Net Revenue 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/266289/net-revenue-of-amazon-by-region/#:~:text=In%202021%2C%20Amazon`s%20total%20consolidated,net%20sales%20during%20the%20year.

Cost, R. B. (2008). Monopsony and Buyer Power. OECD. https://www.fne.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/OECD_-2008-Monopsony-and-buyer-power.pdf

Craig, D., & Cunningham, S. (2019). Social media entertainment: The new intersection of Hollywood and Silicon Valley. NYU Press.
Crane, D. A. (2009). Chicago, post-Chicago, and neo-Chicago. U. Chi. L. Rev., 76, 1911. https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1060&context=reviews

Crane, D. A. (2019). How Much Brandeis Do the Neo-Brandeisians Want?. The Antitrust Bulletin, 64(4), 531-539. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003603X19875039
Crowe, S., Cresswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., & Sheikh, A. (2011). The case study approach. BMC medical research methodology, 11(1), 1-9.
Curry, D. (2023). Amazon Statistics (2023). Business of Apps. https://www.businessofapps.com/data/amazon-statistics/

D’Annunzio, A. (2017). Vertical integration in the TV market: Exclusive provision and program quality. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 53, 114-144.
De Looper, C. (2022). Amazon Freevee: Everything you need to know about the free streaming service. US About Amazon. https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/what-is-amazon-freevee#:~:text=Amazon%20Freevee%2C%20formerly%20IMDb%20TV,%2C%20available%20anytime%2C%20for%20free.

Delrahim, M. (2004). Maintaining Flexibility in Antitrust Analysis: Meeting the Challenge of Innovation in the Media and Entertainment Industries. Colum. JL & Arts, 28, 343.
Delrahim, M., Kimmelman, G., Ohlhausen, M., Wessely, R., & Nalbandian, J. B. (2020). The Future of Antitrust: New Challenges to the Consumer Welfare Paradigm and Legislative Proposals. Cath. UL Rev., 69, 657
Demsetz, H. (1982). Barriers to entry. The American economic review, 72(1), 47-57.
Deryan, O. (2022). Everything about Amazon subsidiaries in 2022: Current value. OJ Digital Solutions. https://ojdigitalsolutions.com/amazon-subsidiaries/

Digital TV Research (2022. Hybrid AVOD-SVOD to drive major platforms. https://digitaltvresearch.com/hybrid-avod-svod-to-drive-major-platforms/

Disney+ (2022). Discover new inspiration and unlock your imagination. Sign up for Disney+, and stream all the classics and more anytime you want. https://www.disneyplus.com/en-tw

Dixon, C. (2022). The number of US AVOD users: 3 estimates head-to-head. nScreenMedia. https://nscreenmedia.com/number-of-us-avod-users-2022/

Doyle, G. (2016). Television production, funding models and exploitation of content. Icono14, 14(2), 75-96. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v14i1.991
Fagerjord, A., & Kueng, L. (2019). Mapping the core actors and flows in streaming video services: What Netflix can tell us about these new media networks. Journal of Media Business Studies, 16(3), 166-181.
Farhi, P. (1989). Columbia acceptance of bid puts Sony into the big time. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1989/09/28/columbia-acceptance-of-bid-puts-sony-into-the-big-time/3e0f7c36-d89a-4d34-b732-59641a792db2/

Farley, L. (2022). Someone’s Got to Lose the Streaming Wars, But Who?. https://collider.com/someones-got-to-lose-the-streaming-wars-but-who/#:~:text=For%20all%20intents%20and%20purposes,streaming%20video%20from%20its%20platform

Faro, E. (2021). Entertainment Consolidation, Content Monopolies, and the Future of Information. Cardozo Arts & Ent. LJ, 39, 1029.
Federal Trade Commission. (2022). The antitrust laws. https://www.ftc.gov/advice-guidance/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/antitrust-laws

Florence, K. (2016). How Netflix Works With ISPs Around the Globe to Deliver a Great Viewing Experience. Netflix. https://about.netflix.com/en/news/how-netflix-works-with-isps-around-the-globe-to-deliver-a-great-viewing-experience
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative inquiry, 12(2), 219-245.
Forristal, L. (2023). Amazon ramped up content spending to $16.6B in 2022, including $7B on Originals. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2023/02/03/amazon-ramped-up-content-spending-to-16-6b-in-2022-including-7b-on-originals/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANpcIx9a5oCO_EYssVCVYLKVksgj-6NWODbMLr-gIwUEvpQ6bgYnGC4Jth9OJR9bzrBru3bt_LFwyGe8WlvRYAf1KjrIQ5GQ9jCeQBo2n_vz8vFP6XEow5Ge0ZlFJUkrjVzk7LFEoK3r8-1O_WTn7Dzm0RL5lki23yyxYbb_1TQq#:~:text=Media%20%26%20Entertainment-,Amazon%20ramped%20up%20content%20spending%20to%20%2416.6B%20in,including%20%247B%20on%20originals&text=Amazon%20detailed%20the%20costs%20of,from%20%2413%20billion%20in%202021.
Fox, E. M., & Sullivan, L. A. (1987). Antitrust--Retrospective and Prospective: Where Are We Coming from--Where Are We Going. NYUL Rev., 62, 936.
Francis Jr., J. (2022). Why did the television reboot become all the rage?, The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/why-did-the-television-reboot-become-all-the-rage-96179
Frankel, D. (2021). Amazon reportedly in talks to buy MGM for around $9 billion. NextTV. https://www.nexttv.com/news/amazon-reportedly-in-talks-to-buy-mgm-for-around-dollar9-billion
Gillard, M. (2020). Who`s using Amazon Web Services? Contino: Global transformation consultancy. https://www.contino.io/insights/whos-using-aws
Georgiev, D. (2022). 15 Amazon prime statistics to show how big it is in 2023. Techjury. https://techjury.net/blog/amazon-prime-statistics/#gref

Gotts, I. K. (2019). Back to the Future: Should the “Consumer Welfare” Standard Be Replaced in US M&A Antitrust Enforcement. Antitrust Report, 1-2.
Gruenwedel, E. (2022). Analyst: Netflix Streaming Use Dipped 4% in Q2. Media Play News. https://www.mediaplaynews.com/analyst-netflix-streaming-use-dipped-4-percent-in-q2/

Hanssen, F. A., & Hazlett, T. W. (2022). Internet Streaming Overcomes Paramount.
Hatch, O. G. (2021). HOW MIGHT ANTITRUST APPLY TO BIG TECH?.
Hazlett, T. W. (2020). US Antitrust Policy in the Age of Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Apple, Netflix and Facebook. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3594934

Hennig-Thurau, T., & Houston, M. B. (2019). Entertainment science. Data Analytics and Practical Theory for Movies, Games, Books, and Music. Cham: Springer Nature.
Holt, J. (2011). Empires of entertainment: Media industries and the politics of deregulation, 1980-1996. Rutgers University Press.
House Judiciary Committee (2020). Investigation of Competition in Digital Markets. https://judiciary.house.gov/uploadedfiles/competition_in_digital_markets.pdf?utm_campaign=4493-519

Hulu. (2022). Plans and Prices. https://help.hulu.com/s/article/how-much-does-hulu-cost

Hylton, K. N. (2019). Digital platforms and antitrust law. Neb. L. Rev., 98, 272. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3246&context=nlr

Johnston, M. (2022). How Disney Makes Money. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/how-disney-makes-money-4799164

Jullien, B., & Sand-Zantman, W. (2021). The economics of platforms: A theory guide for competition policy. Information Economics and Policy, 54, 100880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2020.100880
JustWatch. (2022). JustWatch Streaming Performance Review - 2022 (Q3). SpoilerTV. https://www.spoilertv.com/2022/10/justwatch-streaming-performance-review.html

Katz, M. L. (2019). Multisided platforms, big data, and a little antitrust policy. Review of Industrial Organization, 54(4), 695-716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-019-09683-9

Keck, C. (2022). Yes, Netflix just got even more expensive / Your Netflix bill is going up. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/24/22993562/netflix-price-increase-us-plans-2022

Kennedy, J. (2020). Monopoly Myths: Do Internet Platforms Threaten Competition?. Information Technology and Innovation Foundation.
Keys, M. (2022). Amazon tops Netflix as biggest subscription streamer in U.S. Fierce Video. https://www.fiercevideo.com/video/data-shows-amazon-tops-netflix-biggest-subscription-streamer-us

Khan, L. M. (2017). Amazon`s antitrust paradox. Yale lJ, 126, 710.
Krämer, J. (2020). Digital markets and online platforms: new perspectives on regulation and competition law. Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE).
Krings, E. (2022). VOD streaming: How video on demand services work. Dacast. https://www.dacast.com/blog/vod-streaming/

Lane, M. (2019). How competitive is the tech industry? Disruptive Competition Project. https://www.project-disco.org/competition/072919-how-competitive-is-the-tech-industry/
Lerner, J. (2022). Glass onion: A knives out mystery and 3 other trailers you missed. LostRemote. https://www.adweek.com/lostremote/glass-onion-a-knives-out-mystery-and-3-other-trailers-you-missed/68244/

Litman, B. (1998). The economics of television networks: New dimensions and new alliances. Alexander A. et al, Media Economics: Theory and Practice, 131-50.
Lubbe, W., ten Ham-Baloyi, W., & Smit, K. (2020). The integrative literature review as a research method: A demonstration review of research on neurodevelopmental supportive care in preterm infants. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 26(6), 308-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2020.04.006

Lyons, D. (2014). Telecom Law Primer: Program Access and Program Carriage Rules. AEIdeas. https://www.aei.org/technology-and-innovation/telecommunications/telecom-law-primer-program-access-program-carriage-rules/

Maas, J. (2022). Amazon closes $8.5 billion acquisition of MGM. Variety. https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/amazon-mgm-merger-close-1235207852/
MacCarthy, M. (2020). Transparency requirements for digital social media platforms: Recommendations for policy makers and industry. Transatlantic Working Group.
MacMillan, A. (2019). Is Netflix going to follow in the footsteps of Blockbuster?. https://arthurmac.com/content-is-king/

Malin, Z. (2021). The shopper`s guide to Amazon Prime: Membership benefits, prices and more. NBC News Select. https://www.nbcnews.com/select/shopping/amazon-prime-benefits-cost-ncna1269672

Mancini, J., & Volpin, C. (2018). Quality Considerations in Digital Zero-Price Markets: OECD Background Paper. DAF/COMP (2018), 14.
Marietti, W. (2022). Video Streaming Service Industry. The Henry Fund. https://www.biz.uiowa.edu/henry/download/s22_Streaming.pdf

Martens, B. (2020). Data Access, Consumer Interests and Social Welfare: An Economic Perspective. Consumer Interests and Social Welfare: An Economic Perspective (May 18, 2020).
Maskin, E., & Tirole, J. (1987). A theory of dynamic oligopoly, III: Cournot competition. European economic review, 31(4), 947-968.
McAllister, M. (2009). Financial interest and syndication rules. The Museum of Broadcast Communication. https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~wgreene/entertainmentandmedia/FIN-SYN-RULES.pdf

McDonnell, M. E. (2022). Ensuring Fair Competition in the Midst of the Streaming Wars. Ohio St. LJ, 83, 641.
MehChu, N. (2019). Whole Foods, Fresh Concerns?. In New Developments in Competition Law and Economics (pp. 123-145). Springer, Cham.
Miller, C. (2021). Apple TV Channels lets you choose what you want to watch, here’s every option. 9TO5Mac. https://9to5mac.com/2021/06/29/apple-tv-channels-services/

Molla, R. (2018). Here’s what happens when the big media companies take their content off Netflix. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2018/12/5/18124117/netflix-media-companies-remove-content-charts
Munson, B. (2019). Amazon Fire TV, Roku Neck and neck in U.S. market, TDG research says. Fierce Video. https://www.fiercevideo.com/video/amazon-fire-tv-roku-tied-up-u-s-market-tdg-research-says

Mutlu, N. G. A. (2020). The future of film-making: data-driven movie-making techniques. Global Journal of Arts Education, 10(2), 167-174.
Myers, A. (2018). Amazon Doesn`t Have an Antitrust Problem: An Antitrust Analysis of Amazon`s Business Practices. Hous. J. Int`l L., 41, 387.
Naldi, M., & Flamini, M. (2014). The CR4 index and the interval estimation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index: an empirical comparison. Available at SSRN 2448656.
Naldi, M., & Flamini, M. (2014, March). Interval estimation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index under incomplete market information. In 2014 UKSim-AMSS 16th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation (pp. 318-323). IEEE.
Nathanson, M. (2022). How the streaming wars will alter the media landscape. Yale Insights. https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/how-the-streaming-wars-will-alter-the-media-landscape

Newman, J. (2022). Netflix loses subscribers in the wake of its price hikes. TechHive. https://www.techhive.com/article/633571/netflix-loses-subscribers-after-price-hikes.html

Newman, J. M. (2020). Antitrust in Attention Markets: Definition, Power, Harm. University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper, (3745839).
Newman, N. (2014). Search, antitrust, and the economics of the control of user data. Yale J. on Reg., 31, 401.
Nickolas, S. (2021). How Do I Determine the Market Share for a Company?. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/033015/how-do-i-determine-particular-companys-market-share.asp

Noam, E. (2009). Media ownership and concentration in America. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Noam, E. M. (2020). An Open Video System (OVD) to Overcome Market Power in Online Video Platforms.
OECD (1996). The Essential Facilities Concept. https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/1920021.pdf

Ohlhausen, M. K., & Okuliar, A. P. (2015). Competition, consumer protection, and the right [approach] to privacy. Antitrust LJ, 80, 121. https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_statements/686541/ohlhausenokuliaralj.pdf

Orbach, B. (2021). Amazon’s Flywheel, Streaming Wars, and Antitrust Battles. Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper, (21-14).
Osur, L. (2016). Netflix and the development of the internet television network.
Pakula, O. (2021). The Streaming Wars+: An Analysis of Anticompetitive Business Practices in Streaming Business. UCLA Ent. L. Rev., 28, 147.
Pallotta, F. (2022). The streaming wars are over. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/11/media/streaming-disney-netflix/index.html

Palmer, A. (2021). Amazon spent $11 billion on video and music content last year, up from $7.8 billion in 2019. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/15/amazon-spent-11-billion-on-video-and-music-content-last-year.html

Parrot Analysis. (2022). The leading SVOD platforms in the United States 2021: Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Disney+, Hulu, Apple TV+ and more. https://www.parrotanalytics.com/insights/leading-svod-platforms-in-the-united-states-2021/

Patton, J. m. (2022). Prime Video Beating Netflix Begins `The End` of the Streaming Wars. CBR.com. https://www.cbr.com/prime-video-netflix-streaming-wars-end/

Pike, C. (2020). Lines of Business Restrictions.
Piraino Jr, T. A. (2007). Reconciling the Harvard and Chicago Schools: a new antitrust approach for the 21st century. Ind. LJ, 82, 345. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1354&context=ilj

Portuese, A. (2021). Principles of dynamic antitrust: Competing through innovation. Information Technology and Innovation Foundation.
Posner, R. A. (1969). Conglomerate Mergers and Antitrust Policy: An Introduction. John`s L. Rev., 44, 529. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2900&context=journal_articles

Posner, R. A. (1969). Oligopoly and the antitrust laws: A suggested approach. J. Reprints Antitrust L. & Econ., 1, 1065. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2862&context=journal_articles

Posner, R. A. (1978). Natural monopoly and its regulation. J. Reprints Antitrust L. & Econ., 9, 767. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2861&context=journal_articles

Posner, R. A. (1978). The Chicago school of antitrust analysis. U. Pa. L. Rev., 127, 925.
Powers, R. (2021). Re: Strategic Consolidation, Market Power, and Efficiencies in the Media/Entertainment and Distribution Markets: Implications for Antitrust Reviews of Proposed Mergers. American Antitrust Institute. https://www.antitrustinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/AAI-Merger-Guidelines-Comments_4.21.22.pdf

Raftery, B. (2018). The streaming wars began in 2018-and they`ll only get worse. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/2018-streaming-wars/

Raustiala, K., & Sprigman, C. J. (2019). The second digital disruption: Streaming and the dawn of data-driven creativity. NYUL Rev., 94, 1555. https://www.nyulawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/NYULawReview-94-6-RaustialaSprigman.pdf

Rayburn, D. (2016). Troubling Trend: Content Licensing Costs So High, OTT Services Struggling To Become Profitable. Seeking Alpha. https://seekingalpha.com/article/4029315-troubling-trend-content-licensing-costs-high-ott-services-struggling-to-become-profitable
Reiff, N. (2023). 10 biggest companies in the world. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/111115/why-all-worlds-top-10-companies-are-american.asp

Renda, A. (2015). Antitrust, Regulation and the Neutrality Trap (No. 10472). Centre for European Policy Studies.
Reuters. (2022). WarnerMedia, Discovery complete merger, become Warner Bros Discovery. https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/warnermedia-discovery-complete-merger-become-warner-bros-discovery-2022-04-08/

Riordan, M. H., & Salop, S. C. (1994). Evaluating vertical mergers: A post-Chicago approach. Antitrust LJ, 63, 513.
Ryan, D. (2021). Big Data and the Essential Facilities Doctrine: A Law and Economics Approach to Fostering Competition and Innovation in Creative Industries. UCLJLJ, 10, 84.
Sacher, S. B., & Yun, J. M. (2018). Twelve fallacies of the neo-antitrust movement. Geo. Mason L. Rev., 26, 1491.
Schwartz, B. (2006). More isn`t always better. Harvard business review, 84(6), 22.
Shah, H. (2018). How Netflix became a $100 billion company in 20 Years. Product Habits. https://producthabits.com/how-netflix-became-a-100-billion-company-in-20-years/#:~:text=2007%3A%20Netflix%20introduces%20its%20online,first%20online%20streaming%20video%20service

Shapiro, C. (2018). Expert Report of Carl Shapiro. https://www.justice.gov/atr/case-document/file/1081336/download

Shapiro, E., Pastor, P., Kent, J. (2022). SVOD: It’s Not Dead Yet. Streaming Media Connect. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pczsURIduZ8

Sherman, A. (2022). The first act of the streaming wars saga is over — Netflix’s fall from grace has ushered in the pivotal second act. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/29/netflix-and-rivals-enter-pivotal-second-act-of-streaming-wars-saga.html

Sidak, J. G., & Teece, D. J. (2009). Dynamic competition in antitrust law. Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 5(4), 581-631. https://doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhp024

Sky News. (2022). Amazon to increase cost of Prime membership for the first time since 2014 due to `increased inflation and operation costs`. https://news.sky.com/story/amazon-to-increase-cost-of-prime-membership-for-the-first-time-since-2014-due-to-increased-inflation-and-operation-costs-12659124
Smith, E. (2017). Before Netflix: The World`s first streaming service. Tedium. https://tedium.co/2017/01/05/first-streaming-service-itv-hong-kong/

Smith, M. D. (2016). Streaming, Sharing, Stealing: Big data and the Future of Entertainment. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Sokol, D. D., & Comerford, R. E. (2016). Does antitrust have a role to play in regulating big data?. Cambridge Handbook of Antitrust, Intellectual Property and High Tech, Roger D. Blair & D. Daniel Sokol editors, Cambridge University Press, Forthcoming.
Song, M. (2021). Over-The-Top (OTT) Platforms` Strategies for Two-Sided Markets in Korea. International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication, 13(4), 55-65. http://doi.org/10.7236/IJIBC.2021.13.4.55
Spangler, T. (2022). Amazon values MGM`s content library at $3.4 billion. Variety. https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/amazon-mgm-content-library-value-1235254458/
Spangler, T. (2022). Netflix updates corporate culture memo, adding Anti-Censorship Section and a vow to “spend our members” money wisely’ (exclusive). Variety. https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/netflix-culture-memo-update-censorship-spending-1235264904/

Sprigman, C. J. (2021). What Does Antitrust`s Revival Mean for Copyright? (The 50th Annual Brace Memorial Lecture of the Copyright Society of the USA). The 50th Annual Brace Memorial Lecture of the Copyright Society of the USA, 68, 21-09.
Statista Research Department. (2023). Market share of leading film studios in the United States and Canada from 2010 to 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/187171/market-share-of-film-studios-in-north-america-2010/

Steinbaum, M., & Stucke, M. E. (2020). The Effective Competition Standard. The University of Chicago Law Review, 87(2), 595-623.
Stöhr, A., Noskova, V., Kunz-Kaltenhäuser, P., Gaenssle, S., & Budzinski, O. (2020). Happily ever after?: Vertical and horizontal mergers in the US media industry. World Competition, 43(1).
Stoll, J. (2021). Number of Amazon Video subscribers by country 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/760231/amazonvideo-subscribers-country/

Stoll, J. (2022). Market shares of selected Subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) services in the United States in 2020. Statistia. https://www.statista.com/statistics/496011/usa-svod-to-tv-streaming-usage/

Stoll, J. (2022). Number of ad-supported video-on-demand (AVOD) viewers in the United States from 2022 to 2026. Statistia. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1279839/avod-viewers-us/
Stoll, J. (2022). VOD services with the best originals in the U.S. 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1092542/original-svod-productions-us/
Stoll, J. (2023). Amazon Prime Video - statistics & facts. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/4740/amazon-prime-video/#:~:text=Around%2054%20percent%20of%20zoomers,once%20as%20of%20November%202022.
Stoll, J. (2023). U.S.: Quarterly Netflix paid subscribers count 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/250937/quarterly-number-of-netflix-streaming-subscribers-in-the-us/#:~:text=Quarterly%20Netflix%20paid%20streaming%20subscribers%20in%20the%20U.S.%20and%20Canada%202013%2D2022&text=Netflix%20reported%2074.3%20million%20paid,quarter%20of%20the%20previous%20year.

Strickland, R. A. (1996). Telecommunications act of 1996 (1996). The First Amendment Encyclopedia. https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1095/telecommunications-act-of-1996
Stucke, M. E., & Ezrachi, A. (2016). When competition fails to optimize quality: A look at search engines. Yale JL & Tech., 18, 70.
Stucke, M., & Grunes, A. (2015). Debunking the myths over big data and antitrust. CPI Antitrust Chronicle, 1.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of business research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039

Tang, X. (2021). Copyright`s Techno-Pessimist Creep. Fordham L. Rev., 90, 1151. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5900&context=flr

The Department of Justice (2010). Horizontal Merger Guidelines. https://www.justice.gov/atr/horizontal-merger-guidelines-08192010

The Department of Justice (2020). Vertical Merger Guidelines. https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/us-department-justice-federal-trade-commission-vertical-merger-guidelines/vertical_merger_guidelines_6-30-20.pdf

The Department of Justice. (2015). CHAPTER 5: ANTITRUST ISSUES IN THE TYING AND BUNDLING OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. https://www.justice.gov/atr/chapter-5-antitrust-issues-tying-and-bundling-intellectual-property-rights#ii

The Department of Justice. (2015). Hearing on Oligopoly Markets: OECD Background Paper. DAF/COMP/WD (2015), 45.
The Walt Disney Company (2019). Disney+ Launches Today—and a New Era of Disney Entertainment Begins. https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/disney-launches-today-and-a-new-era-of-disney-entertainment-begins/

Thierer, A. D. (2009). A Brief History of Media Merger Hysteria: From AOL-Time Warner to Comcast-NBC. Progress & Freedom Foundation, Progress on Point, 16(25). http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1517288
Torraco, R. J. (2005). Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human resource development review, 4(3), 356-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283

United States v. AT&T Inc., DirecTV Group Holdings, LLC, and Time Warner Inc., 310 F. 3d 161 (D.D.C 2018). https://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/sites/dcd/files/17-2511opinion.pdf

United States v. Microsoft Corporation, 253 F.3d 34 (D.C. Cir. 2001)
University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. (2016). 15.2 Government Regulation of Media. Understanding media and culture: An introduction to mass communication, 654-661. https://www2.palomar.edu/users/lpayn/115/GC115-Understanding-Media-and-Culture-An-Introduction-to-Mass-Communication.pdf
Vailshery, L. S. (2023). Global Cloud Infrastructure Market Share 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/967365/worldwide-cloud-infrastructure-services-market-share-vendor/#:~:text=In%20the%20fourth%20quarter%20of,with%2010%20percent%20market%20share.
Viens, T. (2022). Revealed: The AWS ecosystem in 2022. HG Insights. https://hginsights.com/data-report/hg-insights-intricately-aws-ecosystem-report-in-2022/
Waterman, D., Sherman, R., & Ji, S. W. (2013). The economics of online television: Industry development, aggregation, and “TV Everywhere”. Telecommunications Policy, 37(9), 725-736.
Webley, L. (2016). Stumbling blocks in empirical legal research: Case study research. Law and Method.
Weeds, H. (2016). TV wars: Exclusive content and platform competition in pay TV. The Economic Journal, 126(594), 1600-1633.
Werden, G. J. (1992). Four suggestions on market delineation. The Antitrust Bulletin, 37(1), 107-121.
Weprin, A. (2022). MGM`s Amazon Era begins with big, unanswered questions. The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/mgms-amazon-era-begins-with-big-unanswered-questions-1235116671/

Werpin, A., Chan, C., Huston, C. (2022). Streaming TV’s Next Battlefront: Free Services Seize Their Moment. The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/free-streaming-services-tubi-freevee-roku-1235143393/

Wilson, C.S. (2021). The Neo-Brandeisian Revolution: Unforced Errors and the Diminution of the FTC. Remarks for the ABA Antitrust Law Section’s 2021 Fall Forum. United States of America Federal Trade Commission. https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_statements/1598399/ftc_2021_fall_forum_wilson_final_the_neo_brandeisian_revolution_unforced_errors_and_the_diminution.pdf

Winslow, G. (2021). Kagan: Nextflix`s amortized content spend estimated to hit $13.6B in 2021. https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/kagan-nextflixs-amortized-content-spend-estimated-to-hit-dollar136b-in-2021

Wu, T. (2018). The curse of bigness. Columbia Global Reports, 75.

Yun, J. M. (2020). The Role of Big Data in Antitrust. The Global Antitrust Institute Report on the Digital Economy, 7.		zh_TW